INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

& PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Stephen Jo T. Bonilla
OBJECTIVES & LEARNING
OUTCOMES:
After reading this section, the student should be
able to:
1. Define related terms
2. Understand the 6 Levels of Human Body
Structural Organization
3. Enumerate the 12 Human Organ Systems
4. Understand the 6 Characteristics of Life
5. Draw the Anatomical Position
6. Define the different Directional Terms
7. Understand the different Planes of Body Sections
8. Understand the different Body Cavities
BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVE:
BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVE:
26 Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image,
according to Our likeness; and let them rule over
the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky
and over the cattle and over all the earth, and
over every creeping thing that creeps on the
earth.” 27 God created man in His own image, in
the image of God He created him; male and
female He created them. 28 God blessed them;
and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply,
and fill the earth, and subdue it; and rule over the
fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and
over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
(Genesis 1:26-28)
EVOLUTIONISM
? belief that the physical universe and life were not
created, but happened by natural processes. It is
not a part of science. No human observed the
beginning of the universe. No one recorded
observations of the evolutionary processes that
supposedly began shaping living things.
Evolution must be accepted by faith.
BIBLICAL CREATIONISM
? belief that the physical universe, including the
earth and all living things, was created by God.
This belief is NOT a part of science (like
evolutionism) because science is based on
observation, and no human observed creation.
Therefore creation must also be accepted by faith.
BIBLICAL CREATIONISM
? However, God has revealed enough about His
creative acts to contradict any evolutionary view.
God did not begin an evolutionary process; He
spoke living & non-living things into existence.
John 1:3 says, “All things were made through
Him; and without Him was not any thing made
that was made.” God made everything from
nothing – further evidence of His unlimited
power.
BIBLICAL CREATIONISM
? God also created a universe that operates in
predictable ways. Only by His power will it
continue such operation until the end times. The
universe and all living things exist entirely by
the power of God (Psalm 104; Colossians 1:17).
God reveals His power through His creation.
Even those who have never read the Bible can
look at the world and know that a powerful,
all-knowing God exist (Romans 1:20).
BIBLICAL CREATIONISM
? With man, God did not speak him into existence
like with the rest of creation. He specially formed
him and breathed into him “the breath of life; and
man became a living soul” (Genesis 2:7). God did
not give souls to His other living creations. God
also gave mankind dominion over His creation
(Genesis 1:26).
BIBLICAL CREATIONISM
? Man is special creation who is superior to
everything else in God’s physical creation. He is
not just an animal that has evolved more than
other living things. Because man belongs to God,
he is accountable to God for his actions.
Evolutionists, however, believe that man does not
belong to God. They say that since man evolved
by natural causes, he does not belong to anyone.
If man is not accountable to anyone, he can do as
he pleases. Ignoring God, however, does not
eliminate Him.
BIBLICAL CREATIONISM
? God created a world that was “very good”
(Genesis 1:31). Because of Adam and Eve’s sin,
God cursed the world (Genesis 3:6-19). Although
the present world shows the power of God, it is
not anymore perfect as it once was. The Bible
says that things are getting worse and wearing
out ) Psalm 102; Isaiah 51:6; Romans 8:20-22; 1
Peter 1:24).
BIBLICAL CREATIONISM
? Someday, however, the earth will no longer be
under the effect of God’s curse (Isaiah 11:6-9;
Revelations 22:3). One day, for those who believe
in Jesus Christ, they will be given a glorified
body, and they will live eternally in a place called
Heaven where there is no pain, suffering and
death. But for those who doesn’t, they will be
judged according to their sins and will be thrown
into the Lake of Fire (Hell) where there is eternal
torment, pain, and suffering.
PRE-LEC QUIZ 1
PRE-LEC QUIZ 1
1. Define anatomy
PRE-LEC QUIZ 1
1. Define anatomy
2-3. Give 2 divisions of anatomy
PRE-LEC QUIZ 1
1. Define anatomy
2-3. Give 2 divisions of anatomy
4. Define physiology
PRE-LEC QUIZ 1
1. Define anatomy
2-3. Give 2 divisions of anatomy
4. Define physiology
5-10. Enumerate (in order) the 6 levels of
structural organization of the body
ANATOMY
ANATOMY
? Science or study of body structure (parts)
through “dissection” (separation or cutting apart)
ANATOMY
? Systemic

? Regional
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
? Study of body by organ systems

? Nervous; Cardiovascular; Pulmonary

REGIONAL ANATOMY
REGIONAL ANATOMY
? Study of body by areas

? Head; Neck; Chest; Upper extremities

ANATOMY
? Surface Anatomy
- study of external features (bony projections) as
landmarks for locating deeper structures
ANATOMY
? Surface Anatomy
- study of external features (bony projections) as
landmarks for locating deeper structures

? Anatomical Imaging
- use of technology (x-ray, ultrasound) to create
pictures of internal structures
PHYSIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
? Science or study of body processes or functions
PHYSIOLOGY
Goals:
> to understand and predict the body’s response
to stimuli
> to understand how the body maintains
conditions within a narrow range of values in the
presence of continually changing internal and
external environments 🡪 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
PHYSIOLOGY
? Human, animal, cellular, or systemic
? Anatomy = Structure

? Physiology = Function
HUMAN BODY STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION
? 6 Levels of Structural Organization

? 12 Organ Systems
6 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism
6 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism
CHEMICAL
? Atoms 🡪 Molecules
CHEMICAL
? Atoms 🡪 Molecules

? Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen = ?

CHEMICAL
? Atoms 🡪 Molecules

? Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen = ?

? Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen + Nitrogen = ?
CHEMICAL
? Atoms 🡪 Molecules

? Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen = ?

? Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen + Nitrogen = ?

? Molecule structure is related to its function

CHEMICAL
? Atoms 🡪 Molecules

? Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen = ?

? Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen + Nitrogen = ?

? Molecule structure is related to its function

? Collagen molecules 🡪 strong, ‘ropelike’ fibers for
skin flexibility & strength
6 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism
CELL
? Basic structural and functional units of
organisms
CELL
? Basic structural and functional units of
organisms

? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles (Nucleus;

Mitochondria; Ribosomes) 🡪 Cell
CELL
? Basic structural and functional units of
organisms

? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles (Nucleus;

Mitochondria; Ribosomes) 🡪 Cell

? “Same but NOT the same”

CELL
? Basic structural and functional units of
organisms

? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles (Nucleus;

Mitochondria; Ribosomes) 🡪 Cell

? “Same but NOT the same”

? Point of differentiation
CELL
? Basic structural and functional units of
organisms

? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles (Nucleus;

Mitochondria; Ribosomes) 🡪 Cell

? “Same but NOT the same”

? Point of differentiation
- cell structure & function change (generalized
to specific)
6 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism
TISSUE
? Group of similar cells + surrounding materials
TISSUE
? Group of similar cells + surrounding materials

? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles 🡪 Cell + Cells +

Cells 🡪 Tissue
TISSUE
? Group of similar cells + surrounding materials

? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles 🡪 Cell + Cells +

Cells 🡪 Tissue

? 4 Primary Types:
TISSUE
? Group of similar cells + surrounding materials

? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles 🡪 Cell + Cells +

Cells 🡪 Tissue

? 4 Primary Types:
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
6 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism
ORGAN
? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles 🡪 Cell + Cells +
Cells 🡪 Tissues + Tissues + Tissues 🡪 Organ

? Ex: Urinary Bladder

6 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism
ORGAN SYSTEM
? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles 🡪 Cell + Cells +
Cells 🡪 Tissues + Tissues + Tissues 🡪 Organ +
Organ + Organ 🡪 Organ System
ORGAN SYSTEM
? Atoms 🡪 Molecules 🡪 Organelles 🡪 Cell + Cells +
Cells 🡪 Tissues + Tissues + Tissues 🡪 Organ +
Organ + Organ 🡪 Organ System

? Ex: Kidneys + Ureters + Urinary Bladder +

Urethra = Urinary / Renal System
HUMAN BODY STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION
? 6 Levels of Structural Organization

? 11 Organ Systems
 12 ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Cardiovascular
2. Urinary
3. Respiratory
4. Digestive
5. Immune
6. Nervous
7. Skeletal
8. Muscular
9. Integumentary
10. Lymphatic
11. Endocrine
12. Reproductive
ORGANISM
6 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism
ORGANISM
? “living thing”
ORGANISM
? “living thing”

? Bacterium 🡪 single-cell organism

ORGANISM
? “living thing”

? Bacterium 🡪 single-cell organism

? Human 🡪 trillion-cell, complex organ system

12 ORGAN SYSTEMS: “CURD IN SMILER”
 12 ORGAN SYSTEMS: “CURD IN SMILER”
1. Cardiovascular
2. Urinary
3. Respiratory
4. Digestive
5. Immune
6. Nervous
7. Skeletal
8. Muscular
9. Integumentary
10. Lymphatic
11. Endocrine
12. Reproductive
ORGANISM
? “living thing”

? Bacterium 🡪 single-cell organism

? Human 🡪 trillion-cell, complex organ system

6 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
6 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. Organization – interrelationship of body parts
6 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. Organization – interrelationship of body parts
2. Metabolism – energy use
6 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. Organization – interrelationship of body parts
2. Metabolism – energy use
3. Responsiveness – adjustment to changes
6 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. Organization – interrelationship of body parts
2. Metabolism – energy use
3. Responsiveness – adjustment to changes
4. Growth – increase in size or number
6 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. Organization – interrelationship of body parts
2. Metabolism – energy use
3. Responsiveness – adjustment to changes
4. Growth – increase in size or number
5. Development – changes through time
6 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. Organization – interrelationship of body parts
2. Metabolism – energy use
3. Responsiveness – adjustment to changes
4. Growth – increase in size or number
5. Development – changes through time
6. Reproduction – new cell / organism formation
BODY PLANE TERMINOLOGIES
ANATOMICAL POSITION
ANATOMICAL POSITION
? Standing erect
ANATOMICAL POSITION
? Standing erect
? Face directed forward
ANATOMICAL POSITION
? Standing erect
? Face directed forward
? Upper limbs to the sides
ANATOMICAL POSITION
? Standing erect
? Face directed forward
? Upper limbs to the sides
? Palm facing forward
POSITIONS
? Supine – lying face forward
ANATOMICAL POSITION
? Prone – lying face downward
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
? Right & Left
? Up – Superior
? Down – Inferior
? Front – Anterior / Ventral
? Back – Posterior / Dorsal
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
? Proximal – near
? Distal – far
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
? Proximal – near
? Distal – far

? Medial – towards the midline

DIRECTIONAL TERMS
? Proximal – near
? Distal – far

? Medial – towards the midline

? Lateral – away from the midline
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
? Proximal – near
? Distal – far

? Medial – towards the midline

? Lateral – away from the midline

? Superficial – close to upper body surface

DIRECTIONAL TERMS
? Proximal – near
? Distal – far

? Medial – towards the midline

? Lateral – away from the midline

? Superficial – close to upper body surface

? Deep –away from upper body surface
BODY PARTS
? Head
? Neck
? Trunk
? Upper limb
? Lower limb
ABDOMEN SUBDIVISIONS
ABDOMEN SUBDIVISIONS
ABDOMEN SUBDIVISIONS
PLANES OF BODY SECTIONS
 PLANES OF BODY SECTIONS
? Sagittal – left & right
 PLANES OF BODY SECTIONS
? Sagittal – left & right
? Midsagittal – equal left
& right
 PLANES OF BODY SECTIONS

? Transverse /
Horizontal – superior
& inferior
 PLANES OF BODY SECTIONS

? Frontal / Coronal –
anterior & posterior
 PLANES OF BODY SECTIONS

Sections:
? Longitudinal

? Transverse

? Oblique
BODY CAVITIES
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

Serous Membranes:
1. Visceral – inner layer
2. Parietal – outer layer
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

Serous Membranes:
1. Visceral – inner layer
2. Parietal – outer layer

In-between: Cavity
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

Serous Membranes:
1. Visceral – inner layer
2. Parietal – outer layer

In-between: Cavity
1. Pleural
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

Serous Membranes:
1. Visceral – inner layer
2. Parietal – outer layer

In-between: Cavity
1. Pleural
2. Pericardial
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

? Abdominal
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

? Abdominal

- Visceral & Parietal peritoneum

BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

? Abdominal

- Visceral & Parietal peritoneum

- Peritoneal cavity
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

? Abdominal

- Visceral & Parietal peritoneum

- Peritoneal cavity
- Mesentery 🡪 Visceral & Parietal peritoneum
fused together
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

? Abdominal

- Visceral & Parietal peritoneum

- Peritoneal cavity
- Mesentery 🡪 Visceral & Parietal peritoneum
fused together
> anchor
> pathway for nerves & blood vessels
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

? Abdominal
BODY CAVITIES
? Thoracic

? Abdominal

? Pelvic