ProbluroA;

Calcul ali the modulattem Cndex

O modulati 6 peicni.
oniinkantanrou
odulating aqmal &caooteaoJtaga q
60 kinwct HOioomtE
Saspecki wly.
Sol e haue Vc= Ve in
wct
=50 inwet
. Vc=50
a l Vm V
e
inwmt
VmHo nowmt
Vme o
0V 0.8 30.
VC

he lúned cincult o the osiualov in

1he
a implo dm toasiuitta uwplos a
O H CoeL & a :ldf eapacitor. 4 The
O6ulaloy 0p s modulalid by aúdio
AROyuecy 66H, hhat a e ho lowa e
uppea sauband ayuocy the banduidi
Sa wir Rd to tranmmi thio AM 0ail

d HOuH, CEl8DF, 4m:66U

LsB ?,FusB ?, Bo:?

fe 174ox15°x1@xtó1
fi(Ac

fe t fm d30kt 5h : d85h H
usB
05k H
fBfe -fm: d30k -5 K
 Bsamdwidth JuSB-f-SB
=
0 B: fm
B 5 - å85h

Ceauudio Ra/uncy gsal t0meixscot

t e d Lo ámpli u t e modulali a caouei
O 50noabxios t. ind i) Madulaiom
Jndara) Sidubod Jveauenus,
t t dmpotlade each idehand ayuneiu
tv) BAoyuied a2
the load
v) Total poweakdeli vesed l o al
600
v) (va%m mioo uoc.
SoL t Modulatio Jndex
Vm Vm i o oowt

V m L0V wD=500
Dfm= 500

V Vc i n t
Ve 50, xo5

= V =J0 =0.d
Vc 50

/, o muod = O. dx[O0 = o / ,

ti Stdeband ea/uLndLu;
oe ha om= 600 Bfm 600

fm 600 H.
 x to5 :
dnjc
c t05 H
USB c +fm
loo6H]+500 =L00.5 KH
LSB He-fm
l00k H) -50D 99.ShH
=
=

)oplud oj nch iduband

sajuanúu
rpd o USB & KSB =
Ye = O.ax50

5
had uidth Reqjuiud
BE fm l6H

otal Pouuu dettuud thto a oad e soe

Photal Vet+m
R
Ptotal C50) St+ (oa)
2
o2X6 O0
105
a2nisien Etitinu
a =
(0-3) =0.019 6/

Or 0196x LD =I16
(6 dH00 O Canotea ts modul alid lo a
dupth 80. Calculal the total pouou
the' odutalid waue
So Gtven Pe =A00o, m =0.8 So/ Ptotal=?
Ptotal Pe S+m2 =h0of+ 082
2 2

58h
6 h e pot ve peaks Q an ampl i de
odudalad uoau IiN o a oaximuum
15Y daop to a minimum o5V
Jind modul ati on mder & ampli lid o
wnmodulali d caoviea , amumimg nuóidal

7=
Sotn Gtven: Vmax 16 v, Vmin =5V,

0 max - V min 0 5/

Vmay+ Vmin

Vc= Vmayf Vmm 10V

vadialu
bvvad cas tvamni lee
0h hohen nodulation peacantage
the
is 15. H0w Much qthis"carrie pouoe 9
cach kidtbamd
dlo calculalz the powu q

6iven Ptotal=&oko, m=75/., Pe 2

Sot
PsB 2
Ptotal Pctt2 = 20roi

Pe Ptotal = o x
 5. 6F

Stdebamd powea is given a

PsB Pcm

the otal
Am
auliMma tusRLd a
tansndttue îs 5A. nuodutatien
Emdur is o.6,
Caleulat antenna Ent
Kohen only the Cavviei is bent

Ic 1 total 6
t0.62
+ 2

Ic H6A
h e Ams amBeona tunent an AM
Tx inaLams by 15/. ove its uonmodulald
Valu, When nnuioidal nuodulatien
by KH igmal is applid. linin e
the modulati on iodx.

I4 Jet+ 15 /, Tc
on
Jcto. 15 Ic
4I5Je

t-0.
h e Cwusents i a antema byore &ali
modulation a 6 & A Aspectitely. calcidali
indix
the mcdul ation

6tve Jt =7A, 3c 6A, m: 9

0 85,
ly s
Acaries éaut qanm plilide
Qudio gmal
moduldlid by
ampli lide
p o d u c e s0,
AM, htht is the
idebamdi ?
amplilide eq
: 30/. : 0.8,
6iven Vc= 16V,
VLSB VmsB
02DVe D.3xIxios - 0-15kV
2

m o d u l alidtaue
ampli lu de
Com sicde an
07uth
6ideband
modulation index
CLLEth total
Calculal the
POws | A:85 K0.
the ca73ies powa 2
Powe tadialid &
(13) hu the giver
t6 S0oo total Pocoea t ao AM
Cuith e5 .
U0au
modulatiem the
Calcuali i
he potou thaninlted by
the caorter ,
tii) Pouwa tranTliud by
each idAubamd

in am AM
toaus, ide bands tiammits a
Poue o4 100 hats, w= 0.H.Jindthe powu
Tadiald by the complili dm uoau
PsB o0, O:0.H, Pe= 2, Pe = ?
Pt Pe (tt 2
sB+Pe = Pe 14) PSB+ Pc= Pe (t. 08)
2

Pse 1.08 Pc-Pc=e =

PsB =
taso K
O.08

Pt Pc+ YSB I &SO+LOD

Pt 1350W/
hyeauc wcylodulatiom

4JreqLny lodulatiom s diired as

procem ohich eyutncy å the caaiea
Cs chamqed in accordanee uith
the

Cmo htion igmal, Kuuping amplilade

&phaye o t a t .
Inormation is repre6nlid by bang
the cavrtes auLncy
Notse Ca eny ampliide modulali the
cao ea, Moise *nudilatiom do mot alleut
the inLO0mation cn the Caorte.

Modulating aral

afoabas

ax FM Oaur

me
diauorn
A rann nda.latinn
 d s moduul atn is
applid
duauny uf Enueaw & he cavuin

arcoddonco with poktt ve dina l

Peaks, regatru
4he EM. wau t, o
kighek iouet
R0uLny hen the mdulahne kionol
is at itA morinuum
gatiue peakA. poitivd &
han Jhe modulating s iqnol
anwwct dad, the carrta oauano uill
Vay , about ttA Cuntre vaue
wit tne. hiwoidaliy
4A the moduuatng Mamal
VOls, the cassi" AAousny ampiSid
vaiul abou
&belous s nov ol tunt puapuunuy.
h amount o change ön
carrla tiayuin
produucs d by the mdulaing kiqnal ts
oon as he 47eajuncy
dufaton or
reyuny shitt.
h e loaign the
udulatimg iqnal, the
Gualiuutu be the adn
hit
OT duiation fuom the Cent
kanuny
orex, {y the cemtre rayarcy o
a FM iqmal ts 1ooMH7, a audio
sgmal hduing 6mall ampli lud
mdy Caue a
/uency duiaftan
aom
lo0.0 M H? down to 4a,4qM to
the cav7tel tuyuin y .
 LO0.002 100.003 l00.0DH
1.99 A (00 00
99.9% 99.997 1.998

00M H
Cenlu
Carniu

OcpreTOD

he
* h e lmstan tanioy keayueny
aauocy adulalid t a u is aiven'bs4

f fc(l+ kVm Coswmt) o

shesee womoduulalid carsien haq/uency
k Propov tionalili Cotani
i s t a n taneouj modulatiwg
F COs (Cort
woltage
h e nax deuiation Jor his kignal uiu
take plac whe» the 'cone hba ?ts rax
valun that is t . heeore

4 leme may deuiatio d uiu be

6Vmfc -
X he istantaneo ampli ide of the
FM iqnal is given b4
 f e (1+ KVm Cos mt)
2 13
Dfc(+ bVmCos LOmi)
2
COc t KVm C06 LOmt)
o dalumint e, tt is neces say Ao tniqul
0T-t tiome
Jhu fco dt Soc l1+ 5Vro CoALomi)d
=

to dt coe (1t 5VnCos uomt) dt.

( 0 cet+ bVm inOmt

Wctf hVmOe imwmt

c t + 6Um fe)
Aincomb
Cct +
bVmgc mmmt 5
h9e bane
Vrofc om ea)n(3)

O Cct+_d n@mi

Sub ( t (4) we
qet
 V Ve in) wct + rnomt -

odulakion dex ouaio

Rakio :
he odulati om ndir o h i faAay UN Yt
ratto
odulolid o a e ia ditimed as the
deuiatom l the
h e pax a
taquncy (ne aunRd n rodiard)
9000dudoating

0 M acinum eo uencey duiadiop

Modulaimg nuan

Sub i i ; Vemnuoct t d inwmt1

f

V Ve s13(c t + nn(Omt

Pescewtage lodisiati cy: dctual uauny

duuiatier) XoD

Max allowed duayunt

duiattv
acia XDD
 D0duiolth
BO (d'+ fm)
o
eajuuny duiati em
m modulating riqmalayuune

ddvawtagu O FM
O In dea/uun y odulalid
6 cotant sla the amplilid
hence
t6 alyo costat andthiistoamoiltnd poue
alkv
Omodulation indur independant
the operating bamdauidth incaas,
large umbe of ide band components
aretncluded wtth in the same apeaahing
band, henu s/n elavij tnceai.
T r a Len cy modulalid slqnal ojhess be te
ose rDuni lg and zeduces"inl ene
which ts duw Iquavd band
imtter clgaul ls wed tn receivea
As
the noise is clipped oj duuing duModul ahion.
(5 FM opesalu tn the heayuicy *ange
OVHF E UHE
ts better tham Am /9.
Fidelilo FM 4/a

Oisadyaptagy hFMitniabo
is
Aiqmal recwpti o n
FM
he o
area

d td s06mX ypto lime o ight

too LE
to olemodlal
ceruit u d
tver
CIhe rece
Compur he
wce t
M 1g is Veey
 Aequired to convest FM lg to Am
them nodiAd domodulal
o tyammit basebamd sla q we
a larqea banduid th Han that
reqyuire
Am
Co0pane so Belideen AM &FM Simals
dompLinde Modulation 3eq/unc odulatitn
O fm dM he ampliliûde 1 FM the yuenc
caroies ts vasted ts vaote d poopootievdl
Propotiomal to thé to the nstaotaneoy
tostamtaweous valuuls valus Q bambamd
barbard siqmal
Kaaping daeatuerncy & 19 heapEmg ampd
Pha cóstawB
Phase cotant
he nuodulatio The nuodutlati on
indur aluoas lies imder is qvealti
than one.
bl
he toaM mittd 1he 4oay ml ted
Powea t dependunt POuwe ts tdopendend
On nuodulatioo Q modulation
indax cmdax
s modn ndux ds uodn indix
qTeali than
the 6yim clovil 0me the 6/m tlaoi
ts umlinuf lid
6 inulid.
61he B Am s The bamduitth o
Propost onal öD FM 6 Pwpoo tioodal
tulce the highe st to the nuoduutatt om
modulatng dajunty Emdex
 tM
FM
AM Ala is nuOTe
M m tmUAe
Uscepttble to noese t0 Doise
() he eceives cEscuit
aD AM Teceiver he ee elves ein
(0 aDFM ouit
ts lem compler. ecal veg
tS move
(8 Most o the
comple x.
toammi Most o the
-ted potoea l6 txd
poDes l6 wehul
CaToier pooes hence
the toasmi moo Powey beee 1he
eLece ts loco toammiiom
Hiciney ts htg.
Jos any value
o 1he uodulatt on
Mocuuletom de inlex delsmines
bnly LOD idu te no midehand
bahds aoe produud
he bamdidth he bamdeuidth
Teayd to 4oammlt cayuined to

AMAl9 tmmit FM A

obum
(dsinusoidal nuodulating sfme ampd
5 V& ktayuuna 5 6Hhdoeq/uuny
nuodul alid 6 the Hredjuec dleuiatioh
Cos tam+ is dkH) /v. Ind
a)hequency deuiation prvduced
b) Mocluulatlom index

Sol
ive Vo: 6 V, Jm= 5hH2
 3relncy duiaion = 6H SV

- 50K t

Aloduulatiom ndex 4reay dauiation

Nodulating
5O6H 10
56H)
15 6H audin siaal is e d lö qeoy
Nodula a 0OM Cardier cauing a

Caies duiatiomo 156 H). Ali Hune

a) Modulati on Jndex b) Bamdui dth o
,

the FM 1
o f m : 15 KH], c l00Mt, d: 156

5fro -5
15

BO (+fm)
1 5 +15):180 KH).

( 3 o h e n h e modulating a in Fm is hooH}
amd modulatingvottage s 6V, tbe nod
dsx is 60. Caloulali max deuiatiom
The
hat ts the modulati o indixu h9 heo
mod eayue ncy is Zduted to Ro G
kimultamem
the nuodulatinë o Llagi ls
 V

SoL o 40o H), Vm- 6V,

TD 60

ds duuiation ls pro pon tt omad

uodulahmg woltage Vm to

Vm

X AV &KH

Nuo nmodulati on imdex is

00 H)
( Jind the caTTtu &
moduilatimg uayusnein
the modulatiom indax &the Tdax duiafien
t h e FM toaue iepresented by the vtg
éaquatiom: V= lo rtn (to8t434h1ot)
=

>V Vc in cWct t 00f inwmt )

Ve tov, Oc =10, TD 3, wm=1ot

Corvs te uayuuny he _o8

x 8.14

15.9HM+),
Modulating Ireayuency Jm:
10 1.590KH.
2x3.1H
Maocimwm duiati on
0 m = 3
x50 X03

6 ind the cavnies diuy,

nodiulating
Aay, uOduulati om indix & the dea diiatien
0t hthe
e FM Wane Tepresen Ed by
l i n (6x ro8 t +64im
10501)
SO
V
FM
ea ( ct+ mD u0mt)
Ve =lov, We 6to 5, wD =1®S0

Je cc = 9548 MH

t o m = 148.91 H}

o T 4f» = 994SsH)

carrie isreyuen ct
hshen a 50 4m nodlativg
i r u u o l d a AF
modulalid by Teached
uayuwncy
sigoal,he Highest
ts 50.h05 MH Caleulali
diatiom prolucad
a)he o
Cadriir suuing o4 the oau
b) reached
lowest ayden cy
c)
MH],f4: 50. 405 M#, d
O He =50.4
 a)Tecyuunay Oeuiation =(Highuu heay
orhd)-(caru
50. H05 MH4 50. t M

5 h
b) Caavis Suing = d xkea duiation
x 56 =10h H /

c)
C)dowes? yune attained
Care fta -

duaj deuiatien
50 M 5h

50,896 MH
( 1 h e carvia ulng ol a quatuenc
the
Muodualid 8lg T6hH
mdulating sla is a TkH) ine L0au
nuodulation
Edex
index
Nelinnine V-tbe
the FM g
Carre suing: ax dhtaj deuiatiom

Tea duuiati en t0kH1 - a5hH

Modn Jrodex= reay deuiaho

Nodul ating y
35 k 05,
Calculali the casiu Auing, cauiu
uency, 4Rajuuncy deuiattèv E o d
index Jov a FM Mgnal ihlch eachu
a oay oyuncy q9.041 MH7 &
he
a diayuendy 9 9 . 9 3 M H.
moduil ating rgdal t
ay uency
6H.7
Cavria Áuing-Highest tay uLDCy
Canrin sutn Tedchrd by FM daue-
atachi d by
lowest ea
FM Wan

99.008MHJ
9.04 M H7 -

duuidtio = y
cavri suuing
bb) re
x IAKH2

ab
Highed gaaay
CCarriu Jreauuney
Teached-24a
deuiatien
18 K+1 =
99.035M H)
q9 OH M H2-
Modulaton Jndax: datay duiiatiom
d)
d) nodulaing ea

lkH =1.14/