The Ancient Mediterranean Social

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“This book is a triumphant demonstration of how
major social-scientific models used in biblical
interpretation have the closest of connections with
ancient Mediterranean culture, of how the etic
embraces the emic. Across a range of critical issues—
such as economy, kinship, patronage, honor and
shame, collectivism, gossip, space, gender, ritual,
purity, and the evil eye—the contributors uncover a
mother lode of primary evidence from Judean,
Greek, and Latin texts, inscriptions, and papyri. It
represents a unique and indispensable resource for
understanding the ancient social contexts in relation
to which we must interpret the biblical texts for their
historical meaning.”
—PHILIP F. ESLER
University of Gloucestershire

“If the past is a foreign country, then Crook’s

sourcebook gives readers the tools to enter and
experience that foreign culture. It primes them to
articulate both traditional and newer social-scientific
frameworks that can help guide their reading and
interpretation of ancient texts. Drawing on a diverse
range of sources, from Graeco-Roman philosophy
and history to the Dead Sea Scrolls, from New
Testament and early Christian texts to rabbinic
literature, such a resource ensures that we
understand as best we can the lived experience of
the people represented in ancient texts and that we
are not misled by our modern, often anachronistic
assumptions, about society and culture.”
—SARAH E. ROLLENS
Rhodes College

“Social-scientific criticism of the New Testament

entails the creation of models that are useful for
explaining how people in the ancient Mediterranean
understood and experienced their social world. This
helpful sourcebook provides carefully chosen
selections from the varied ancient texts that
undergird the models applied in traditional and
emergent areas of social-scientific criticism, from
patronage and honor to space and secrecy. It is an
indispensable resource for students and scholars of
the social contexts of the New Testament.”
—ANTHONY KEDDIE
University of British Columbia
THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN
SOCIAL WORLD
A Sourcebook

Edited by Zeba A. Crook

WILLIAM B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING COMPANY

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN
Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
4035 Park East Court SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546
www.eerdmans.com

© 2020 Zeba A. Crook

All rights reserved
Published 2020

26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ISBN 978-0-8028-7356-9
eISBN 978-1-4674-5828-3

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Crook, Zeba A., editor.

Title: The ancient Mediterranean social world : a sourcebook / edited
by Zeba A. Crook.
Description: Grand Rapids, Michigan : William B. Eerdmans
Publishing Company, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references
and index. | Summary: “Makes the rich social context of the
ancient Mediterranean available to readers through the selection
of translated primary sources and by emphasizing the
interrelatedness of the topics”—Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019054550 | ISBN 9780802873569 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Sociology, Biblical—Sources. | Mediterranean Region
—Civilization—Sources. | Mediterranean Region—Social conditions
—Sources. | Bible—Social scientific criticism.
Classification: LCC BS670 .A63 2020 | DDC 930/.5—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019054550
Translations of the Bible are cited or adapted from the New Revised
Standard Version Bible, © 1989 National Council of the Churches of
Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights
reserved.
Contents

Foreword by Peter Oakes

Abbreviations
Cited Primary Sources
Introduction

PART I: INSTITUTIONS

1. Economy
DOUGLAS E. OAKMAN
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Mediterranean/Biblical Agriculture
1. Gezer Calendar
2. John 4:35–37
Mediterranean/Agrarian Economic Values
3. Matthew 20:15
4. Luke 10:35
5. Luke (Q) 16:13
Political Economy: Elite Control of
Production, Estates, and Land Tenure
6. Gospel of Thomas 65
7. P.Yadin 16
Political Economy: Organization of Labor
8. Sirach 38:24–30
9. Cicero, On Duties 1.69
10. Suetonius, Vespasian 18
Political Economy: Taxation, Rents, and So-
Called Surpluses
11. 1 Kings 4:7, 22–23
12. 1 Maccabees 10:29–31
13. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 17.306–9
14. Tacitus, Annals 2.42
15. P.London 306
Political Economy: Control of Peasant Labor
through Agrarian Debt
16. P.Yadin 11
17. Philo, Special Laws 3.159–60
18. Nehemiah 5:1–5
Political Economy: Elite Control of and
Benefit from Commerce
 19. Ezekiel 27:12–17
20. Pliny the Elder, Natural History
12.32.63–65
Vocabulary of Economy
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

2. Kinship
ERIN K. VEARNCOMBE
Introduction
Ancient Texts
The Family Unit, or Household
1. Ulpian, Digest 50, 16.195
2. Acts 16:25–34
3. Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds
and Sayings 6.3.9
4. Cicero, On Duties 1.54
Marriage and Divorce
5. Josephus, Jewish War 1.241
6. Jubilees 30:7–12
7. Wadi Murabba’at 19
 Inheritance
8. P.Michigan 5.322a
Fictive Kinship
9. 1 Peter 4:17
10. Mark 3:31–35
11. IPhrygR 30
Lineage, Ancestry, and Descent
12. Plutarch, Alexander 2.1–3
13. Tobit 5:11–14
Genealogy
14. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 18.134–
41
15. Matthew 13:53–58
16. 2 Samuel 5:9–16
17. Exodus 28:1
18. Plutarch, Numa 1.1
19. Luke 3:23–38
20. Herodotus, Histories 1.134
Vocabulary of Kinship
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts
3. Patronage
ZEBA A. CROOK
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Social Importance of Patronage and
Brokerage
1. Seneca, On Benefits 1.4.2–3
2. Dio Chrysostom, Reputation (Or. 66)
1–2
Types of Patronage
3. Cicero, For Archias 5
4. Pliny the Younger, Letters 10.104
5. Plutarch, The E at Delphi 384e
6. 2 Samuel 9:1, 7
7. Petronius, Satyricon 57
Relationship to Friendship
8. Dio Chrysostom, Kingship 3 (Or. 3)
94–96
9. Horace, Satires 1.6.45–62
Opposing, Critiquing, and Avoiding
Patronage
 10. Martial, Epigrams 9.88
Benefaction/Euergetism
11. BGU 1.19
Client Obligation
12. ILS 6109
13. SEG 36.1207
14. Seneca, On Benefits 4.18.1
Divine Patronage and Brokers
15. Aelius Aristides, Speech for Asclepius
40.1–2
16. 1 Corinthians 15:10
17. Epictetus, Discourses 4.1.97–98
18. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 4.315–18
19. IKyme 41.3–29
20. John 10:7–9
Vocabulary of Patronage
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

PART II: SOCIAL INTERACTION

4. Honor
RICHARD L. ROHRBAUGH
Introduction
Ancient Texts
The Love of Honor
1. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
1123b18–20
2. Philo, On God 150
3. Xenophon, Hiero 7.3
The Honor Code
4. Cornelius Nepos, On Eminent Foreign
Leaders, preface
Ascribed and Acquired Honor
5. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1390b20–25
6. Plutarch, On the Education of Children
1a–c
7. Dio Chrysostom, Friendship for His
Native Land (Or. 44) 1–5
8. Sirach 10:19
9. Augustine, City of God 5.12
Giving, Receiving, and Recognizing Honor
10. Herodotus, Histories 1.134
 11. Philo, On the Life of Joseph 203–4
12. Isocrates, To Demonicus 1.16
13. Plutarch, Dinner of the Seven
Wisemen 147d
14. Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 2.2.1–10
15. Proverbs 31:25–31
16. Judith 13:18–20
Challenge and Response
17. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
1163b13–19
18. Seneca, On Anger 2.34.1
Honoring God
19. Isocrates, To Demonicus 1.13–14
20. Revelation 4:8–11
Vocabulary of Honor
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

5. Shame
RONALD D. ROBERTS
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Shame as the Loss of Honor
1. 1 Samuel 20:30
2. 3 Maccabees 7:14
3. Josephus, Jewish War 3.137
4. Plato, Laws 646e–647a
5. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things
3.41–42
6. 2 Corinthians 4:2
Positive Shame
7. Sirach 4:20–21
8. Appian, Illyrian Wars 3.4.20
9. Mark 12:6–12
10. Shepherd of Hermas, Similitudes
9.11.1–3 (88.1–3)
Shamelessness
11. Jeremiah 6:15
12. Tobit 14:9 (14:10 ET)
13. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1383b13–22
14. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 4.267–68
15. Suetonius, Nero 39.3
Women and Shame
 16. Hosea 2:7–9 (2:5–7 ET)
17. Sirach 26:13–15
18. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.596–99
19. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent
Philosophers 8.43
20. 1 Corinthians 11:3–15
Vocabulary of Shame
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

6. Collectivism
DENNIS DULING AND RICHARD ROHRBAUGH
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Ethnic Collectivism
1. Herodotus, Histories 8.144.2
2. Aeschylus, Persians 402–5
3. Homer, Odyssey 10.325
4. Jonah 1:8
City-State Collectivism
 5. Plutarch, On the Delays of Divine
Vengeance 559d
6. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman
Antiquities 6.86.2–4
Kinship and Household Collectivism
7. Philo, On the Unchangeableness of
God 17
8. Philo, On the Unchangeableness of
God 19
9. Philo, On the Special Laws 1.68
Religious Collectivism
10. Josephus, Against Apion 2.195–96
11. Tobit 4:12–13
12. 1 Maccabees 1:10–15, 41–43, 62 (LXX
1:11–15, 41–43, 62)
Voluntary Collectivism
13. CIL 6.26032
14. Rule of the Community (1QS) V, 1–7a
Friendship and Dyadism
15. Cicero, On Friendship 23
Stereotyping
16. Ovid, Sorrows 5.10.29–38
 17. Strabo, Geography 1.2.34
18. Tacitus, Histories 5.4–5
19. Vergil, Aeneid 2.65
20. Titus 1:12
Vocabulary of Collectivism
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

7. Gossip
DIETMAR NEUFELD AND JOHN W. DANIELS JR.
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Evaluating Gossip, Gossiping, and Gossipers
1. Lucian, Slander 1
2. Plutarch, On Being a Busybody 519b
3. Plato, Crito 44d
4. Basil, Letters 22
5. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 5.18
6. Tibullus, Incerti Auctoris 19
7. Proverbs 16:27–28
 8. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and
Clitophon 6.10
9. b. Arakhin 15b
10. Dio Chrysostom, Reputation (Or. 66)
23
Gossip and Gender
11. Andocides, On the Mysteries 130
12. Vergil, Aeneid 4.173–75
13. Plautus, A Funny Thing Happened on
the Way to the Wedding 2.8
14. John 4:39–42
15. Plutarch, Table Talk 716a
16. Plutarch, On Talkativeness 509a
Narrative Descriptions of Gossiping
17. Joseph and Aseneth 4.12–14a
18. Mark 1:25–28
Gossip and Honor/Challenge-Riposte
19. Matthew 23:1–7
20. John 7:25–27
Vocabulary of Gossip
Select Bibliography
 Additional Texts

8. Space
ERIC STEWART, WITH MISCHA HOOKER AND EMIL KRAMER
Introduction
Ancient Texts
The Edges, Range, and Extent of the
Oikoumenē
1. Homer, Odyssey 9.275–80, 284
2. Herodotus, Histories 4.36
3. Vergil, Aeneid 1.255–79
4. Herodotus, Histories 4.106
Centrality and Klimata
5. Pliny the Elder, Natural History
2.80.189–90
6. Claudius Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos 2.2.55–
57
Centrality and Omphalos
7. Plato, Republic 427c
8. Strabo, Geography 9.3.6
9. Tanhuma, Kedoshim 10
10. Livy, History of Rome 5.52.5
 City and Village
11. Strabo, Geography 3.4.13
12. 1 Maccabees 5:65
City and Countryside
13. Cicero, For Roscius Amerinus 39
14. Thucydides, History 2.41
15. Mark 6:53–56
Private and Public/Gendered Spaces
16. Xenophon, Oeconomicus 9.2–5
17. Columella, On Agriculture 12; preface
2, 7
Restricted Spaces
18. Psalm 24:3–4
19. Josephus, Jewish War 5.194–95, 198–
99, 219
20. Pausanias, Description of Greece
7.5.7–8
Vocabulary of Space
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

9. Gender
ALICIA J. BATTEN
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Gender
1. Plutarch, Advice to Bride and Groom
139c
2. Sirach 25:16–26 (LXX)
3. Polemo of Laodicea, Physiognomy 2
4. Dio Chrysostom, To the People of
Rhodes (Or. 31) 162–63
5. Clement of Alexandria, Christ the
Educator 3.21
Gender and Sex
6. Genesis 1:26–27; 5:1–2 (LXX)
7. Aristotle, On the Generation of
Animals 728a18
8. Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomics
809a26–b14
9. Galen, On the Usefulness of the Parts
of the Body 14.6
10. Phlegon of Tralles, On Marvels 6.2–3
Gender and the Body
 11. Leviticus 21:16–21 (LXX)
12. Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.5.6
13. James 5:1–3, 5
14. Passion of Perpetua and Felicity 10.7
15. Galen, Of Temperaments 2.4
Gender and Dress
16. 1 Corinthians 11:2–16
17. Philo of Alexandria, On the Virtues
18–21
18. Ezekiel 16:8–13a (LXX)
19. Ovid, Cure for Love 347–56
20. Livy, History of Rome 34.7
Vocabulary of Gender
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

PART III: SOCIAL INTERACTION WITH GOD AND THE GODS

10. Ritual, Domestic

JASON T. LAMOREAUX
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Ritual of Childbirth
1. The Greek Anthology 6.200
2. Artemidorus, Interpretation of Dreams
1.13
3. Leviticus 12:1–8
Ritual of Marriage
4. Isaeus, Ciron 8.18
5. The Greek Anthology 6.280
6. Euripides, Iphigeneia at Aulis 905–8
7. Heliodorus, Ethiopian Story 6.8
8. Gaius, Institutes 1.112
Ritual of Burial
9. Demosthenes, Against Macartatus (Or.
43) 62
10. Vergil, Aeneid 9.687–92
11. Plutarch, Roman Questions 267a
12. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.46
13. Sophocles, Elektra 51–53
14. Plutarch, Letter to Apollonius 113a
Festivals
15. Ovid, Festivals 3.531–38
 16. Livy, History of Rome 22.1.17–18
17. Diodorus Siculus, Library of History
4.3.3
Rituals Involving Meals
18. Columella, On Agriculture 11.1.19
19. Plutarch, Table Talk 713a
20. Plato, Symposium 176a
Vocabulary of Domestic Ritual
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

11. Ritual, Public

AMY MARIE FISHER
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Temple
1. Ezra 3:10–11
2. Bacchylides, Epinicians, Ode 3.15–20
3. Livy, History of Rome 3.7.6–8
4. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.367–83
 Public Cult Officials
5. Exodus 40:12–15
6. Cicero, On the Laws 2.20–21
7. Livy, History of Rome 5.40.7–10
8. Aristophanes, Lysistrata 646
The Altar
9. 1 Maccabees 4:44–51
10. Aeschylus, Persians 200–10
11. Isaeus, On the Estate of Menecles
2.31–32
12. Luke 1:8–11
Sacrifice
13. 2 Chronicles 29:27–28
14. 1 Samuel 1:24–28
15. Aristophanes, Birds 847–55
16. Homer, Odyssey 3.165–79
Ideology
17. Jubilees 16:20–25
18. Homeric Hymns 2.265–74
19. Tacitus, Annals 1.14
20. Livy, History of Rome 1.20.1–7
Vocabulary of Public Ritual
 Selected Bibliography
Additional Texts

12. Purity
RITVA H. WILLIAMS
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Temporary Physical Pollution
1. Leviticus 12:1–5 (LXX)
2. SEG 9.72
3. 11QT XLV, 7–12
4. SEG 28.421
5. Tibullus, Elegies 1.3.23–26
6. Vergil, Aeneid 2.717–20
7. IG II2 1366.2–7
Examples of Ingested Pollution
8. Leviticus 17:10–13 (LXX)
9. Herodotus, Histories 2.41.1–3
10. 1 Maccabees 1:62–63
11. Juvenal, Satires 6.O1–6 (Oxford
Fragment)
 12. Romans 14:14–17
13. Statius, Thebaid 8.758–66
Examples of Internal Personal Pollution
14. Ezekiel 33:25–26, 28–29
15. Demosthenes, Against Neaera (Or. 59)
86
16. Plato, Laws 872e–873a
17. Cicero, For Roscius Amerinus 66
18. Catullus, Poems 64.397–405
19. Epictetus, Discourses 4.11.3–8
20. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 20.165–
66
Vocabulary of Purity
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

13. Alternate States of Consciousness

COLLEEN SHANTZ
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Dreams
 1. Aristotle, On Prophecy in Sleep 462b
2. Genesis 40:5–8; 41:15–16, 25
3. Aelius Aristides, Sacred Tales 50, 68
Spirit Possession
4. Mark 1:23–27a
5. Lucian, Lover of Lies 14–18
6. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 4.118–19
Visions
7. Ezekiel 1:4–8a
8. 2 Baruch 6:2–7
9. Mark 9:2–8
Auditions
10. 1 Samuel 3:3b–5
11. Augustine, Confessions 8.12.29
12. Plato, Apology 31c–d
Ascent
13. 2 Corinthians 12:2–4
14. 1 Enoch 70:1–4a
Trance
15. Plato, Timaeus 71e–72a
16. 1 Corinthians 14:13–15
 17. Acts 10:9–13
Means of Achieving
18. 1 Kings 18:26–29a
19. Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH) V, 30–33
20. Plotinus, Enneads 1.9
Vocabulary of Alternate States of
Consciousness
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

14. Healing
AGNES CHOI
Introduction
Ancient Texts
The Value of Health
1. Plato, Gorgias 451e
2. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Ethicists
48–49
Personal Dimensions of Illness and Health
3. Libanius, Orations 1.248–50
4. IG V 1145
 5. Plato, Charmides 155e–156e
6. 1 Kings 17:17–22
7. John 9:1–7
8. Hippocrates, On the Diseases of
Young Women 1.7
9. Hippocrates, On the Diseases of
Young Women 8.466–70
Social Dimensions of Illness and Health
10. Plato, Republic 406d–e
11. Hesiod, Works and Days 238–45
12. The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer,
lines 95–96
13. Pausanias, Description of Greece
10.32.12
14. Mark 2:1–4
Cosmic Dimensions of Illness and Health
15. Hippocrates, The Sacred Disease
4.21–33
16. Diodorus Siculus, Library of History
1.25.2–5
17. Exodus 15:26
18. Plutarch, Pericles 13.7–8
19. Sirach 38:1–9
 20. Cato, On Agriculture 160
Vocabulary of Healing
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

PART IV: SOCIAL COMMODITIES

15. Loyalty
JASON T. LAMOREAUX
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Loyalty: General
1. Demosthenes, Olynthiac 3.25–26
2. Cicero, On Duties 1.23
3. Seneca, On Benefits 3.14.2
4. Cicero, For Plancius 80
5. Sophocles, The Women of Trachis
540–42
6. Pindar, Pythian 1.85–92
7. Cicero, On Oratorical Partitions 9
Loyalty to the Gods
 8. Philo, On the Life of Abraham 268
9. Sirach 15:13–15
10. 4 Maccabees 16:18–22
11. Galatians 2:15–16
12. Sophocles, Philoctetes 1433–44
13. Ps.-Aristotle, Rhetoric to Alexander
1423b
Client Kingship
14. Dio Chrysostom, Kingship 3 (Or. 3)
86–89
15. Polybius, Histories 3.30.1
16. Strabo, Geography 4.5.3
Slavery/Manumission
17. Seneca, On Benefits 3.25
18. Matthew 24:45–51
Philosophical Loyalty
19. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things
3.9–15, 30
20. Seneca, Epistles 90.28
Vocabulary of Loyalty
Select Bibliography
 Additional Texts

16. Friendship and Gifts

ZEBA A. CROOK AND GARY STANSELL
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Social Importance and Purpose of Gifts
1. Hesiod, Works and Days 353–61
2. Luke 6:38
3. 1 Kings 10:10
4. Urk IV 1326:1–5
5. Herodotus, Histories 3.97.2–5
6. Catullus, Poems 73
7. Seneca, On Benefits 1.1.9–13
Gifts and Friendship
8. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent
Philosophers 8.10
9. Homer, Iliad 9.119–55
10. Genesis 32:13–15, 18, 20
11. Homer, Odyssey 1.310–13
Nature of Friendship
12. Homer, Iliad 22.262–65
 13. Hesiod, Works and Days 707–13
14. Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics 1236a
15. Cicero, On Friendship 20
16. Plutarch, How to Tell a Flatterer from
a Friend 51c–d
Symbolic Friendship
17. Plutarch, On Brotherly Love 479c–d
18. Seneca, Epistles 3.2–3
19. Horace, Satires 1.6.45–65
20. IKilikiaBM 2.201, lines 21–34
Vocabulary of Friendship and Gifts
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

17. Limited Good and Envy

JOHN H. ELLIOTT, ZEBA A. CROOK, AND JEROME H. NEYREY,
SJ
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Perceptions of Limited Good
 1. Anonymous wise saying (recorded by
Iamblichus of Chalcis)
2. Plutarch, On Listening to Lectures 44b
3. Herodotus, Histories 7.10
4. Josephus, Life 122
5. Fronto, Letters (LCL 112: 72–73)
6. Philo of Alexandria, On Drunkenness
110
7. John 3:26–30
8. Mark 10:35–37, 41
Envy
9. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1387b22–25
10. Thucydides, History 6.16.2–3
11. Herodotus, Histories 1.32
12. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent
Philosophers 7.111
13. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 4.16–17
14. Galatians 5:19–21
15. Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.775–82
16. Plutarch, On Envy and Hate 538d
17. Callimachus, Hymn to Apollo 105–13
18. Basil, Concerning Envy 471
19. IAph 12.719.18–23
 20. Isocrates, Antidosis 141–43
Vocabulary of Limited Good and Envy
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

PART V: SOCIAL SUBTERFUGE AND CONTROL

18. Deviance
GIOVANNI BAZZANA
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Cannibalism
1. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
1148b20–27
2. Euripides, Hecuba 1056–75
3. Herodotus, Histories 3.25
4. Sallust, The War with Catiline 22.1–3
5. Josephus, Against Apion 2.95–96
6. Minucius Felix, Octavius 9.5–7
Sexual Perversion
7. Cicero, For Caelius 14
 8. Tacitus, Histories 5.5
9. Romans 1:22–27
10. Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical
History 3.29.1–2
11. John Chrysostom, Against the Jews
1.2.7–1.3.1
Magic and Witchcraft
12. Pliny the Elder, Natural History
18.8.41
13. Lucian, Lover of Lies 16
14. 1 Samuel 28:7–17
15. Origen, Contra Celsum 2.49
16. Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.13.1, 3
Self-Labeling
17. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 13.345–
46
18. Diogenes, Epistle 7.1
19. Josephus, Jewish War 6.204–13
20. John 6:52–56
Vocabulary of Deviance
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts
19. Mockery and Secrecy
DIETMAR NEUFELD AND ZEBA A. CROOK
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Mockery
1. Horace, Satires 1.3.56–58
2. Lucian, Carousal 19
3. Cicero, On the Republic 5.6
4. Proverbs 30:17
5. Mark 5:38–43
6. Plutarch, Cato the Elder 9.5
7. Philostratus, Life of Apollonius 4.20
8. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and
Clitophon 2.29
9. Luke 23:36–37
10. Suetonius, Claudius 4
The Nature of Secretism
11. Matthew 12:1–2
12. Tacitus, Annals 1.6
13. Romans 16:25–27
14. 1 Corinthians 15:51–52
 15. Dio Cassius, Roman History 53.19.2–3
16. Cicero, Against Catiline 1.1
17. Minucius Felix, Octavius 9.2–7
18. PGM IV. 2505–20
19. Daniel 2:19–22
20. 1QMysteries (1Q27) I
Vocabulary of Mockery and Secrecy
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

20. Evil Eye

JOHN H. ELLIOTT
Introduction
Ancient Texts
Causing Harm with an Ocular Glance
1. Plutarch, Table Talk 680f–681a
2. Plutarch, Table Talk 681d–e
3. Matthew 6:22–23
Conveying Hostile Dispositions and Emotions
4. Deuteronomy 15:9–10
5. Tobit 4:7–8, 16
 6. Testament of Issachar 3:3, 4, 8
7. Basil, Concerning Envy 372.32–376.7
8. Jerome, Commentary on Galatians,
comments on 3:1a
Possessors and Wielders of the Evil Eye
9. KTU 2 1.96 [= RS 22.225 = CAT 1.96
= UDB 1.96]
10. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.2.16–
18
11. Sirach 14:3–10 (LXX)
Victims of the Evil Eye
12. Plutarch, Table Talk 680d
13. Galatians 3:1
Damage Caused by the Evil Eye
14. BM 122691
15. Deuteronomy 28:54–57
16. Plutarch, Table Talk 682b
Protection from the Evil Eye
17. Anonymous Egyptian Formula
18. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.7.39
19. Persius, Satires 2.31–34
20. b. Berakhot 55b
 Vocabulary of the Evil Eye
Select Bibliography
Additional Texts

Bibliography
Contributors
Foreword

One of the most fortunate points in my doctoral

studies came when my submission of a conference
paper abstract was redirected from an already-full
seminar on Paul to a seminar on the social world of
the New Testament, chaired by Philip Esler. He
promptly set me to read Thomas Carney, The Shape
of the Past: Models and Antiquity, and the work of
Bruce Malina, John Pilch, and other members of the
Context Group for Biblical Research. I discovered the
great potential of triangulation between text,
historical evidence, and conscious reflection on
social-scientific theory.
In the book before you, scholars, who, between
them, have an unparalleled wealth of experience in
using various theoretical approaches, share with the
reader lists of ancient texts that they have found
particularly helpful in applying these theories to
biblical studies. Some of the texts indicate the
degree of prominence of concepts, such as honor,
patronage, or envy, associated with specific
theoretical areas. Others give a sense of the shape of
that concept in the writer’s culture. Others indicate
links into biblical texts. Lists of Hebrew, Greek, or
Latin terms also help the reader investigate
relationships between non-biblical and biblical texts
in each area.
The overall effect of this book is to give you a
sense of what it is about the ancient evidence that
has led these scholars into seeing each of the
theoretical approaches as a worthwhile way into
study of the biblical text. More importantly, it also
offers you resources for assessing and pursuing each
of those routes into the text.
Experience counts. The sad deaths of Dietmar
Neufeld and, more recently, John Pilch and Bruce
Malina bring home to me the importance of the
transmitting of the fruits of extended experience
working in specific areas. Each of the established
writers in this book has, of course, published studies
elsewhere. However, this book is a particular treasury
of what each scholar has found to be key go-to texts
in their area. The virtue of transmission is also shown
in the volume in another sense, in the appearance of
several younger scholars, who have received and are
exploring this academic legacy for the coming
generation. The resources developed through the
concentrated and persistent work of the book’s
contributors are a valuable provision for biblical
study, presented in a way readily accessible to every
student and scholar. Whatever your approach to the
biblical text, you will find that the use of this
collection of texts will considerably enrich your study.

PETER OAKES
Manchester
August 31, 2017
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