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Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL PHILIPPINES STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Justo V. Valmayor Campus
San Carlos City, Negros Occidental
College Of Computer Studies
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, technology plays a crucial role in shaping our lives in the
modern world. It drives efficiency, connectivity, and convenience in various
aspects of our daily routine. Technology is about finding clever ways to solve
problems and do cool stuff. It's what helps us explore space, stay connected with
friends, and even play games on our phones. Powerful processors in our
computers and smartphones and sophisticated sensors in smart home devices
are some of the hardware innovations that enable us to stay connected and
enjoy a comfortable lifestyle. Hardware technology is playing a significant role in
driving sustainable innovations. Essentially, hardware technology is continuously
pushing the limits of what's possible, shaping the modern world, and improving
our lives in numerous ways.
Cities must now rely more on technology in waste segregation processes
to make things more easier and efficient. This can help the cities become
cleaner, healthier, and more organized. Technology is immensely beneficial and
reliable for a variety of tasks, such as finding innovative solutions that can help
mitigate the negative environmental impacts of human activities and promote
sustainability.
Waste management and segregation are essential processes in urban
areas and metro cities due to the spread of diseases. It is estimated that the
Philippines generates at least 61,000 million metric tons of waste daily, 24 per
cent of which is plastic waste, according to Department of Environment and
Natural Resources Secretary Maria Antonia Yulo-Loyzaga (Philippine Star 2023).
Improper waste management can lead to various types of disease-causing
bacteria and viruses, making it essential to segregate, transport, handle, and
dispose of waste properly. Waste lying littered in the surroundings or dumped on
open lands can pose a significant risk to public health and the environment.
The Innovating Waste Management for Garbage Segregation System, is
an Arduino-based solution we've developed, is a transformative tool that can help
to increase the efficiency and effectiveness to reduce contamination and improve
the quality of recyclable materials. To achieve this goal, we have integrated
Arduino technology into our system. This technology enables us to monitor waste
in real-time and automatically segregate different types of waste, such as
Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable. Therefore, this innovation not only

streamlines the waste collection process but also promotes environmental
aspects by encouraging the people inside the city of San Carlos by doing proper
disposal and recycling habits. However, this system simplifies the waste
management process but also paves the way for a more sustainable future.
Problem Statement
The challenge of ensuring sustainable waste disposal practices is
becoming increasingly urgent due to global challenges. As cities continue to
experience growth in both population and urban development, managing the
growing volumes of waste is becoming problematic. This is putting existing waste
disposal infrastructures under strain and causing further environmental damage.
Traditional waste management approaches often lack efficiency and fail to take
into account the complexities of waste streams, resulting in landfill overflow,
pollution, and resource depletion. Furthermore, improper segregation practices
are also contributing to the contamination of recyclable materials, thereby
hindering recycling efforts and limiting the potential for resource recovery.
However, by investing in research and innovation in garbage segregation
systems, we can develop more effective and sustainable solutions to these
pressing challenges.
General Objective
The general objective of this statement is to underscore the critical
importance of waste management and segregation in urban areas, particularly in
light of the significant volume of waste generated daily in the Philippines and the
associated risks to public health and the environment. By integrating Arduino
technology, the system enables real-time waste monitoring and automatic
segregation, thus streamlining the waste collection process and promoting proper
disposal and recycling habits among residents.
Specific Objectives
 The system has the capability to detect both Biodegradable and
Non-biodegradable waste.
 The system facilitates more efficient waste segregation than
traditional methods.
 The system has the ability to detect whether the trash bin is full or
not.
 The system provides with a hassle-free waste management
experience.
 To encouraging the people inside the city of San Carlos by doing
proper disposal habits.

Significance of the Study
This study will help the people around the city by making waste disposal
efficiency and effectiveness by using Garbage Segregation Systems, remarkably
implementing innovative approaches and technologies to improve waste
segregation processes, this study can significantly ease the strain on existing
waste disposal infrastructure and alleviate the mounting pressures of
urbanization and population growth. Thus, potential of sustainability lies in driving
positive environmental, economic, and social outcomes, ultimately contributing to
a more resilient society.
Scope and Limitations
The capstone project labeled, “Innovating Waste Management for
Garbage Segregation System”, this study aims promote environmental
sustainability. These systems employ various waste disposal practices and
incorporate advanced technologies and innovative strategies to improve the
accuracy and efficiency of waste segregation processes. The goal is to ensure
that waste is disposed of in an environmentally-friendly manner. Nevertheless,
Despite the potential benefits of garbage segregation systems, there are several
limitations that may impede their widespread adoption. The primary challenge is
financial constraints, which can hinder the implementation of comprehensive
waste segregation programs or the adoption of advanced technologies. This is
particularly true in regions with limited resources, where the cost of implementing
these systems may exceed available funds.
Definition of Terms
The following technical terms were defined for the readers to understand
this study better:
Innovating – refers to new ideas, methods, technologies, or approaches to
improve existing systems or practices requires creativity, problem-solving, and a
willingness to challenge conventional thinking to develop innovative solutions to
complex problems.
Management - refers to the process of planning, organizing, directing, and
controlling resources such as people, finances, materials, and equipment to
achieve specific goals and objectives efficiently and effectively.
Waste Segregation - is the process of separating different types of waste into
their own bins for recycling or disposal.

Sensor - is a device that produces an output signal for the purpose of detecting a
physical phenomenon.
Components - can be considered as a functionally independent part of any
system.
Biodegradables - are essential in nature as they help maintain the balance of
ecosystems and reduce waste.
Non-biodegredable - a kind of substance which cannot be broken down by
natural organisms and acts as a source of pollution.
Arduino - is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware
and software.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OR RELATED LITERATURES AND SYSTEMS
The literature review section of the thesis includes both local and foreign
sources. These sources consist of books, academic papers, websites, and
various forms of media. Such materials help in formulating and analyzing
systems that are relevant and applicable to the study. They offer valuable
insights and serve as the foundation for the researcher to grasp how to initiate
the analysis of the current manual recording process. This process of reviewing
literature enables the researcher to collect ideas and establish a framework for
evaluating the current manual recording procedures.
Review of Related Literatures
Foreign Literatures
According to Ling S, Hamidi A, and Suffian B (12 December 2015),
Malaysia allocates a lot of money, time and space for waste management
services. However, the recycling programmes have remained unsuccessful in
achieving the set targets. This study was carried out in Kuching, Sibu and Miri
municipalities to evaluate the community‟ 's attitude and suitability of collection
services and identify the problems and effectiveness of waste management
practices and recycling programmes implemented to date. The waste
management practices in three towns were determined. Surveys via
questionnaires were used to determine public awareness and public perception
on recycling. Landfill capping effects on greenhouse gas emissions were also
studied from three landfills in the areas under study. The average solid waste
generation rate per individual in Sarawak was 0.85 kg/person/day. The collection
time motion study showed that the average weight of solid waste collected for the
three towns was 323 kg/worker/collection hour with an efficiency of 65% of the
total collection time. With this finding, it can be concluded that the efficiency of
the collection system in Sarawak was quite satisfactory.
This study focuses on how cities in Malaysia manage their solid waste,
which includes things like household trash, commercial waste, and debris from
construction sites. The researchers looked at three cities in Malaysia: Kuching,
Miri, and Sibu. They wanted to understand how these cities handle their waste,
what challenges they face, and what solutions they've come up with. They
studied things like how waste is collected and transported, how it's treated and
disposed of, and what recycling programs are in place. They also looked at
factors like population growth, urban development, and environmental
regulations that can affect waste management practices.
According to Rispo A.Williams I. D.Shaw P. J. (October 2015) A waste
audit and a household questionnaire survey were conducted in high-density
housing estates in one of the most economically and socially deprived areas of
England (Haringey, London). Such areas are under-represented in published
research. The study examined source segregation, potential participation in a
food waste segregation scheme, and food waste prevention activities in five
estates (1034 households). The results showed that: contamination of
recyclables containers was low; ca. 28% of the mixed residual waste's weight
was recyclable food waste comprised a small proportion of the waste from these
residents, probably because of their relatively disadvantaged economic
circumstances; and the recycling profile reflected an intermittent pattern of
behaviour.
The research conducted on source segregation and food waste prevention
activities in high-density households located in a deprived urban area provides a
detailed examination of waste management practices and food waste reduction
strategies in a complex urban environment. Using a mixed-methods approach,
the study investigates the waste segregation behaviors of households residing in

densely populated and economically disadvantaged areas. By providing
evidence-based insights and recommendations, the study contributes to
advancing sustainable waste management practices, mitigating food waste in
high-density urban settings, and fostering resource-efficient communities.
According to Walailak Atthirawong (31 May- 3 June 2016) The number of
population in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is increasing every year. The
capital produces about 9,900 tons of garbage daily or 1.53 kilograms per person
which only 13% of waste is recycled per day. This presents a serious challenge
and concern of municipal authority in solid waste management. This study
examines Bangkok residents' practices, knowledge of waste management, as
well as the level of community mobilization and the level of household
participation in solid waste segregation and recycling. Additionally, the study also
analyzed factors affecting the level of household participation using Multiple
Regression Analysis. Data were collected by means of hand-delivered
questionnaires. A total of 400 respondents were selected using multi-stage
random sampling by dividing Bangkok into three zones. The results showed that
about two-thirds of the residents had got high level on knowledge and
understanding on waste management.

The study titled "Factors Affecting Household Participation in Solid Waste
Management Segregation and Recycling in Bangkok, Thailand" explores the
complex factors that influence waste management practices in households.
Through a thorough investigation using surveys, interviews, and observations,
the researchers shed light on the various socio-economic, cultural, and
infrastructural determinants that shape these behaviors. The study highlights the
crucial role of factors such as socio-economic status, educational level, and
cultural attitudes towards waste in influencing household participation in
segregation and recycling initiatives. By dissecting the barriers and motivators
that influence household engagement in waste management practices, the study
offers valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and community
leaders, contributes to the advancement of sustainable waste management
strategies in Bangkok, paving the way for a cleaner, greener, and more resilient
urban environment.
According to Sunil Kumar, Stephen R. Smith, Geoff Fowler, Costas Velis,
S. Jyoti Kumar, Shashi Arya, Rena, Rakesh Kumar, and Christopher Cheeseman
(22 March 2017), India faces major environmental challenges associated with
waste generation and inadequate waste collection, transport, treatment and
disposal. Current systems in India cannot cope with the volumes of waste
generated by an increasing urban population, and this impacts on the

environment and public health. The challenges and barriers are significant, but
so are the opportunities. This paper reports on an international seminar on
‘Sustainable solid waste management for cities: opportunities in South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries’ organized by the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute and the Royal Society. Waste segregation at source and use
of specialized waste processing facilities to separate recyclable materials has a
key role. Disposal of residual waste after extraction of material resources needs
engineered landfill sites and/or investment in waste-to-energy facilities.
Waste management in India, offers a detailed analysis of the waste
management practices in one of the world's most populous countries. The study
meticulously examines various factors such as population growth, rapid
urbanization, industrialization, and changing consumption patterns to shed light
on the significant challenges that India's waste management infrastructure is
facing. Furthermore, the study highlights the environmental and health
implications of poor waste management, including pollution, contamination of
water sources, and the spread of diseases. However, amidst these challenges,
the study also identifies a range of opportunities for improving waste
management practices in India, sustainable waste management strategies for

diverse Indian communities that protect public health and the environment while
promoting inclusivity.
According to Abdul Rafey & Faisal Zia Siddiqui (5 May 2021) Plastic waste
generation in India was around 9.4 million tonnes.year−1 in 2019 as compared to
the global generation rate of more than 380 million tonnes.year−1 in 2019. Thus,
India’s contribution was around 3.1% of the global plastic waste generation.
Globally, 42% of overall plastics produced are consumed by packaging sector
and 17% by the construction sector. Whereas in India 35% is consumed by the
packaging sector and 23% by construction sector. Bioplastic production is 1% out
of 300 million tonnes of conventional plastics produced annually. This review
attempts to analyse the plastic waste management rules, legislations, policies
and practices in India during the period 1992–2020. The worldwide trend of
bioplastic projects is reflected in studies in India, indicating a changed perception
of bioplastics as an alternative source to conventional plastics.
This serves as Challenges and opportunities" provides a examination of
the complex landscape of plastic waste management in one of the world's largest
and fastest-growing economies. The study has conducted a thorough analysis
that brings to light the various challenges that India encounters in managing its
plastic waste in an effective manner. These challenges comprise the widespread

use of disposable plastics, insufficient infrastructure that hinders the collection,
segregation, and recycling of waste, and the lack of public awareness and
participation in endeavors aimed at reducing plastic waste.
According to Yusof K.Ismail, F.Yunus, J.Kasmuni, N.Ramele@Ramli,
R.Omar, M.Jabar, I.Mustaffa H. (2019) This paper reviews the current practice
and challenges of community participation on waste segregation program in
Jasin Malacca since 2015-2017. The Solid Waste Management and Public
Cleansing (Act 672) which came into force on 1st September 2011, is
Governments’ effort to provide a systematic, coordinated, effective and efficient
solid waste management system in Malaysia including Malacca.. Since then,
there has been significance increase on the amount recycle waste collected.
However, the community participation on solid waste segregation and recycling
program still at low level due to lack of awareness, attitude and exposure on the
advantages of recycling in the long term. Further study will be conducted to
discover new approach on promoting waste segregation which could provide the
basis for success of 3R program in Malacca.
This study offers a thorough analysis of how community engagement
affects waste management practices, with a particular focus on the waste
segregation program in Malacca, Malaysia. The researchers use a mixed-

methods approach to explore the dynamics of community participation and how it
impacts the effectiveness of waste segregation initiatives. They use surveys,
interviews, and observational data to investigate the factors that influence
community involvement, including awareness, attitudes, and socio-economic
status. Moreover, the research identifies methods to enhance community
involvement, including targeted education and outreach programs, stakeholder
collaboration, and empowering local communities through initiatives to build
capacity.
According to Yuriy Vitaliyovych MOROZYUK, Antonina V. Sharkova, Irina
Anatolievna Merkulina, Oksana Nikolaevna VASILYEVA (2017) The article
considers the investment potential in the waste recycling industry in the Moscow
region of Russia. According to official data, about 63 mln tons is produced
annually in Russia; about 10% is recycled. Due to the increasing volume of
production and services provided, waste disposal has become a must for any
large city – otherwise, a metropolis can sink in its own waste that does not find
room on the periphery. Establishment of a safe and efficient system for handling
waste of production and consumption is more important today than ever before.
The engineering infrastructure has exhausted its capacity and cannot cope with
the increased volume. According to the Federal Supervisory Natural Resources
Management Service, there are less than 400 enterprises for sorting and
disposing of household waste operating in the country; there are a total of 1,092
landfills. None of the regions switched to the industrial waste recycling.
This study explores the innovative strategies and challenges the waste
recycling industry faces in adapting to the new economic context. It delves into
the various innovative approaches being adopted, such as utilizing advanced
technologies, developing circular economy models, and implementing
sustainable business practices. The study highlights the need for collaboration
between government, industry stakeholders, and civil society to unlock the
potential of the waste recycling industry and contribute to economic growth,
environmental protection, and social development.
According to Made Adi Widyatmika & Nomesh B. Bolia (07 March 2023)
The purpose of this study is to analyze citizen perceptions of composting and
segregation in two case studies from Jakarta and Delhi. The framework
incorporates primary and secondary data gathered via questionnaires,
interviews, and data from the available literature. Binomial and multinomial
logistic regression models are used to analyze residents’ perceptions of
composting and waste segregation. Therefore, four distinct models have been
developed to investigate people's viewpoints to waste composting, segregation,
and the incentives that can be offered to promote effective waste

management. The primary sources of concern at the household and community
levels of Jakarta are a lack of guarantees for proper waste management after
collection and a lack of land for composting. It is necessary to improve waste
management control and evaluation through training and reinforcing garbage
collectors’ commitment.
The study titled "Understanding Citizens’ Perception of Waste Composting
and Segregation" provides an in-depth investigation into the public's attitudes
and opinions towards waste management practices, specifically regarding
composting and segregation initiatives. The study examines the factors that
influence citizens' perceptions, which include socio-cultural norms, educational
background, and previous experiences with waste management systems. By
utilizing a mixed-methods approach that includes surveys, interviews, and focus
group discussions, the study identifies a range of views and opinions held by
citizens regarding composting and segregation. Furthermore, the study highlights
the significance of incorporating the concerns and preferences of citizens in the
development and implementation of waste management programs that are
considerate of cultural diversity, inclusive, and sustainable. This is achieved by
obtaining a deeper understanding of people's attitudes towards waste
segregation and composting.

According to Suja Giri, and Prasuj Mainali (3 February 2023) Source
segregation, the first important step for effective solid waste management, is
practiced by a handful of organizations in limited areas in Nepal. Though several
researchers have studied the role of stakeholders and the importance of youths
in the waste management sector, there is a paucity of studies on the role of
youths, particularly in waste segregation in Nepal. In this regard, this study was
conducted to understand the at-source household waste segregation practices
by youths in Nepal. However, the likelihood ratio significance showed no
association between the level of education and the practice of source
segregation. Hence, the source segregation practice of household solid waste
was found to be satisfactory among the youths of Nepal. Thus, there should be a
proper monitoring mechanism to ensure that household waste gets collected in a
segregated form causing less burden on landfills.
The study examines how young people in Nepal are managing their
household waste. It involves separating different types of waste, such as paper,
plastic, and food scraps, into distinct bins or piles even before disposing of them
outside. The researchers conducted a study to investigate the motivations and
methods of young people engaged in cleaning up their environment. They
gathered data by asking questions and observing their actions. The outcomes
revealed that many of these young individuals are aware of environmental issues
and are willing to take responsibility for maintaining a clean and healthy
environment. Some of them went as far as organizing events or campaigns to
educate others about proper waste disposal and separation.
According to Hari Bhakta Sharma a, Kumar Raja Vanapalli b, VR Shankar
Cheela a e, Ved Prakash Ranjan a, Amit Kumar Jaglan c, Brajesh Dubey a b,
Sudha Goel a b, Jayanta Bhattacharya (15 July 2020) The crisis brought upon by
the COVID-19 pandemic has altered global waste generation dynamics and
therefore has necessitated special attention. The unexpected fluctuations in
waste composition and quantity also require a dynamic response from
policymakers. This study highlights the challenges faced by the solid waste
management sector during the pandemic and the underlying opportunities to fill
existing loopholes in the system. The study presents specific cases for
biomedical waste, plastic waste, and food waste management - all of which have
been a major cause of concern during this crisis. It is expected that household
food waste generation may reduce due to increased conscious buying of more
non-perishable items during lockdown and due to concerns of food shortage.
However, there is a chance of increase in food waste from the broken supply
chains such as food items getting stuck on road due to restriction in vehicle
movements, lack of workers in the warehouse for handling the food products, etc.
The study also stresses the need for building localized resilient supply chains to
counter such situations during future pandemics.
This study aims to explore the ways in which we can effectively manage
the waste generated during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the
constant usage of safety items such as masks and gloves, the amount of waste
produced has increased to an alarming level. The researchers seek to identify
the challenges we face in managing this extra waste, which may require special
handling for medical waste or disruptions to waste collection services due to
lockdowns and restrictions. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify opportunities
to improve waste management during this period. In summary, this study is
focused on identifying effective strategies to manage the increased waste
generated during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Systems
According to Balagugan, Maheswaran, Savitha (2017) Rapid increase in
volume and types of solid and hazardous waste due to continuous economic
growth, urbanization and industrialization, is becoming a burgeoning problem for
national and local governments to ensure effective and sustainable management
of waste. The sensing unit consists of an IR (Infrared) sensor, a moisture sensor
and a metal sensor used to detect and identify various types of waste
respectively. The main architecture of the segregator comprises of three
prominent stages consisting of an IR sensor, a metal sensor, a moisture sensor
and the segregation bins. The IR sensor detects the arrival of waste.
Identification and separation of waste is done by sensors. The microcontroller
controls all the activity of sensors. Results have presented segregation of waste
into metal, wet and dry waste.
This study is all about using a special machine called an "automated
waste segregator" right in people's homes to help sort out their trash. Instead of
sorting through our garbage by hand, this machine does it for us. The
researchers wanted to see how well these machines work and if they could help
make waste sorting easier for people. They also wanted to know if using these
machines could help us recycle more of our trash and reduce the amount of
waste going to landfills. By studying the implementation of these automated
waste segregators at the household level, the researchers can learn more about
their benefits, challenges, and how they could be improved.
According to Dr. Naveen B, Kavya G, Kruthika S, Ranjitha K, and Sahana
C (2018), Industrialization, modernization, rapid advancements, and an increase
in population have led to a large generation of waste. Segregation makes it
possible to reuse and recycle the waste effectively. This paper proposes
implementation of an automated waste segregator at household level using
Arduino microcontroller, to control the entire process with ease and simplicity.
The sensing unit consists of an IR (Infrared) sensor, a moisture sensor and a
metal sensor used to detect and identify various types of waste respectively. The
main architecture of the segregator comprises of three prominent stages
consisting of an IR sensor, a metal sensor, a moisture sensor and the
segregation bins. The IR sensor detects the arrival of waste. Identification and
separation of waste is done by sensors. The microcontroller controls all the
activity of sensors. Results have presented segregation of waste into metal, wet
and dry waste.
This study is all about using a popular electronics platform called Arduino
to create an automated waste segregator. Here's how it works: You have
different bins for different types of waste, like plastic, paper, and metal. When
you throw something away, it goes into this machine. Inside, there are sensors
that can tell what kind of material it is. For example, it might recognize if it's
plastic, paper, or something else. Then, based on what it detects, the machine
moves the item into the right bin. By studying how to build and program an
automated waste segregator using Arduino, the researchers can learn more
about how to make waste sorting easier and more accessible.

According to Nina Lestari (2019), Academic community activities on
campus certainly produce various types of waste, especially paper, plastic
bottles, batteries, and various other types of waste. 18% of all criteria Green
Campus Criteria according to UI Greenmetric is waste management. Based on
the criteria, the campus needs to be focused on the waste management system
such as waste segregation, pre-recycling, recycling, organic waste management,
and policies on waste management at the university governance to reduce the
use of paper and plastic packaging. Technology can be used to improve waste
management systems, preparation for recycling waste by crushing it before
recycling, collection and transfer of waste to landfill, or organic waste composers
around the campus. Through the design of a technology-based waste
management system.
This study is all about finding ways to manage waste in a way that's good
for the environment, especially on college campuses. Imagine a campus where
everything that's thrown away is handled in a way that's eco-friendly and
sustainable. They're studying how to design waste management systems
specifically for college campuses, which are often called "green campuses"
because they focus on being environmentally friendly. This includes things like
recycling programs, composting bins, and reducing the amount of waste
produced in the first place. The researchers want to figure out the best ways to
set up these systems on campus, so they're looking at things like where to place
recycling bins, how to encourage students and staff to use them, and what to do
with the waste once it's collected.
According to Rahul Mapari, Shweta Narkhede, Anagha Navale and Jiyot
Babrah (25 July 2020) Rapid increase in population has led to improper waste
management in metro cities and urban areas which has resulted in spreading of
diseases. It is estimated that 2.02 billion tones of municipal solid waste was
generated universally in 2006. The segregation, transport, handling and disposal
of waste must be managed properly to minimize the risks to the public, and the
environment. An efficient method to dispose the waste has been designed in our
project, “automatic waste segregator and monitoring system”. This paper
proposes an automatic waste segregator (AWS) which is a cheap, easy to use
solution for a segregation system at households, so that the wastes can be sent
directly for processing. Ultrasonic sensors are added for monitoring waste
collection process. The sensors would be placed in all the garbage bins. When
the garbage reaches the level of the sensor, then the indication will be given to a
microcontroller.
This study is all about using technology to help sort and monitor waste
automatically. Imagine a machine that can separate different types of trash for
you without needing someone to do it by hand. The researchers developed a
system that uses sensors and machinery to sort through the waste. When you
throw something away, it goes into this machine. The system also includes a
monitoring component. This means that it keeps track of how much waste is
being generated and sorted, as well as any issues or problems that might come
up. This helps make sure everything is running smoothly and efficiently. By
studying this automatic waste segregator and monitoring system, the researchers
hope to find ways to make waste management easier and more efficient.
According to Chander Partap Singh, Manisha Manisha, Pao-Ann Hsiung,
Shivani Malhotra (19-21 September 2019), In the era of developing technology
where the urbanization is increasing rapidly, the corresponding waste is
increasing exponentially. As the concept of smart cities is emerging, there is a
need for a proper framework in order to tackle this problem. Although a lot of
efforts have been put by researchers to propose various approaches to
circumvent this issue, the problem still remains. The major problem faced while
designing a smart method for waste collection and monitoring is the segregation
of different types of wastes. The waste is still being segregated manually, thus
producing a harmful effect on the segregator itself. This paper reports an
automatic segregator system that can differentiate and store dry and wet waste
separately. The developed prototype of the system efficiently segregates dry and
wet waste in their respective containers.
This study is all about using advanced technology to make waste
management smarter and more efficient in cities. The researchers developed a
smart bin that's equipped with sensors and mechanisms to automatically
segregate different types of waste as it's thrown in. it can separate recyclables
like plastic bottles and aluminum cans from general waste like food scraps and
packaging. he smart bin is also connected to a central management system that
uses data analytics and real-time monitoring to track how much waste is being
generated, when bins need to be emptied, and even where there are issues like
overflowing bins or irregular waste collection patterns. By integrating an
automatic waste segregator into the smart bin, the researchers are making waste
management more efficient and sustainable in cities.
According to Nurisha Hania Kamarudin, A’zraa, Affizan Ab Rahim, Noor
Ezan Abdullah, Ili Shairah Abdul Halim, Siti Lailatul Mohd Hassan (0-21
November 2019), Automatic Waste Segregator and Monitoring System is an
automated dustbin which can be used by all level of society. This paper proposes
an Automatic Waste Segregator and Monitoring System which is designed to sort
the wet waste, paper, plastic and aluminum material into each bin respectively.
The main objective of this project is to automatically segregate the waste based
on its material and monitor daily waste disposal rates and apply proper
maintenance of the dustbin. Besides that, this project is to promote 3R (reuse,
recycle, reduced) concept among citizens and prototype development that allows
janitors to monitor the level of garbage in the dustbin detected by sensors inside
the dustbin. This dustbin will automatically open when someone is close to the
dustbin and will not open if the garbage inside it has reached the threshold limit
to prevent overflow and mess. Anyone who throws the rubbish in the dustbin will
receive “thank you” on the LCD screen as a token of appreciation.
This study focuses on creating a system that can automatically sort waste
and keep track of it. Imagine a machine that can sort through your garbage and
keep tabs on what's being thrown away without needing anyone to do it
manually. The system also includes a monitoring component. This means it
keeps track of how much waste is being generated, which types of waste are
most common, and any issues that might come up, like bins getting too full or
irregular waste collection schedules, the researchers hope to make waste
management easier and more efficient.
According to N. SASIREKHA, M. SUSARITHA, M. DHARSHINI, A.B.
ELAKKIYA, D. INDHUMATHI, E. JOTHIMEENA (2020) Increase in the quantity
of waste is not a bigger problem when compared to leaving the wastes at open
fill sites and untreated. Due to the improper segregation methods and untreatable
wastes, it causes health problems to humans and animal life. So, our purpose of
our project is to segregate the wastes into three classes: Metallic, Wet and Dry
waste. The IR Sensor detects the entry of the object. The proximity sensor
detects metallic waste. The moisture sensor detects wet waste. The pollution
sensor will give an alarm that the presence of waste in the bin has got polluted.
The waste which is dumped in the bin is separated automatically in the above-
mentioned types based on the sensors by involving the waste to pass through
the conveyor belt. Here the benefit is the segregated waste can be recycled and
reused and too by implementing our project in the society it will be useful to
municipalities and its made them feasible. It will be protective to a human health
and environment.
This study is about creating a machine that automatically separates
different types of waste, making waste management easier and more efficient for
the future. Imagine a device that you can throw your trash into, and it sorts it out
for you, like magic! It's like having a little helper that knows exactly where each
piece of trash should go. The cool thing about this machine is that it's not just
convenient—it's also good for the environment. By sorting waste more effectively,
it helps increase recycling rates and reduces the amount of waste that ends up in
landfills.
According to Md Abdullah Al Rakib, Md. Sohel Rana, Md. Moklesur
Rahman, and Fysol Ibna Abbas (2020), Waste management faces numerous
difficulties because of its enormous, quickly developing populace in a densely
populated nation in the developing nations. The primary target of the research
work is dry and wet waste separation and management process. A portion of the
trash individuals produce is biodegradable, some are recyclable, and some are
not one or the other. Waste segregation includes isolating wastes as per how it's
dealt with or handled. Isolation of waste through at unloading locales burns-
through additional time and labor. This work suggests a Spontaneous Waste
Segregator (SWS) which is a modest, simple to utilize answer for an isolation
framework at family units. The AWS utilizes a dampness sensor to distinguish
wet and dry waste and separate them with ultrasound sensors for ceaseless
checking and GSM based waste level notice to authority. This system can be
used in industries for the employees to use daily. It will be used for wet food
junks or even as a normal daily bin. The automatic wet and dry waste and
separating system has been developed using microcontroller. As the integrated
circuits and microcontroller become more and more accessible and the
technology is a fact of today with the improved availability of sensor devices.
The study looks at ways to set up a system for separating and managing
these two types of waste effectively. This might involve providing separate bins
for dry and wet waste, educating people on what items go where, and
implementing collection and disposal methods that are specific to each type of
waste. By segregating dry and wet waste and managing them separately, we can
reduce the amount of waste going to landfills, increase recycling rates, and even
create useful products like compost for gardening. Overall, this study is about
finding better ways to handle our waste by sorting it into dry and wet categories
and managing them in a more sustainable and eco-friendly manner.
According to Nandhini Murugan, Anithakumari Sivathanu, Krithika
Vaidyanathan, Anupam Tiwari, Armaan Varma (7 November 2022), Waste
management is a massive issue in India, most of the present systems cannot
manage waste on a scalable level, thus creating pressure on the ecosystem.
Before the elimination of waste, segregation needs to be done to manage
individual types of waste. The goal is to segregate the garbage generated in
individual households into solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable,
combustible, and non-combustible, using many subsystems that involve electro
pneumatics, compression, and storage. Image processing techniques will further
advocate the process. The solution allows endpoints of the chain to process
different types of garbage in a more organized fashion. Municipal solid waste
(MSW) is solid waste that results from municipal community, commercial,

institutional, and recreational activities. This paper aims to segregate the MSW
generated by households into biodegradable, non-biodegradable.
The researchers developed a system that includes special bins equipped
with sensors and mechanisms. When you throw something away, like a plastic
bottle or a piece of paper, it goes into one of these bins. Once the sensors
identify the material, the system sorts it into separate compartments or bins
based on its type. For example, all the plastic items go into one bin, while paper
goes into another. This helps keep different types of waste separate and makes
recycling easier. This might involve compacting the waste to save space,
scheduling pickups for recycling or composting, or even providing feedback to
users on their waste habits.
According to Dhiraj Sunehra, K. Pravalika, A. Sruthi, G. Rajasri (02-04
April 2021), With the continuous growth in urbanization and industrialization,
there is a rapid increase in the quantity of waste being produced every day. We
are dumping the waste generated every day in landfills all over. If we adopt
proper segregation procedures for the generated waste, it is possible to utilize
and recycle it effectively. In this paper, a cost-effective Automated Waste
Segregator system for the segregation of waste at the household level is
implemented. The proposed segregator system segregates the waste into three
types: metallic, wet and dry. Here, the Arduino Uno board is used as the main
controller and various sensors are used to detect each type of waste, which is
segregated and thrown into the respective bins. This automatic waste segregator
system can send the separated wastes directly for recycling.
This study is about using a small computer called Arduino Uno to create a
system that automatically sorts waste. The researchers wanted to see if they
could use Arduino Uno to make this system work effectively. They programmed
the Arduino to control the sensors and the movement of the sorting mechanism.
They also tested the system to make sure it could accurately identify and sort
different types of waste. By studying the implementation of this automatic waste
segregator system using Arduino Uno, the researchers can learn more about
how to make waste sorting easier and more efficient.
Local Literatures
According to Bretel B. Dolipas , Jennifer Lyn S. Ramos , Monica S.
Alimondo , Phil S. Ocampo & Danni Loven A. Fulwani (June 2020), Proper
disposal is among the most important aspects of a waste management program
in an educational institution. This study was conducted in a university situated in
the northern province of the Philippines and presents students’ level of
awareness on waste classification and their compliance level on proper waste

segregation. A questionnaire was used to measure the level of awareness,
whereas compliance level was measured through the audit of disposed wastes
collected on segregated waste bins within the vicinity of the university. An
average level of awareness on biodegradable waste was recorded among
students, except for third year students who showed low level of awareness on
this type of waste. Generally, students’ compliance level on waste segregation
was very low. Registered low levels of awareness among university students
may be linked to inadequate awareness campaign of the university, while low
compliance level on proper waste segregation somehow calls for augmented
forces to ensure strict compliance.
This study is all about understanding how aware people are about waste
segregation and whether they're actually following the rules. Imagine being in a
university where everyone is supposed to separate their trash into different bins
for recycling, composting, or regular garbage. The researchers wanted to see if
students, staff, and faculty knew about the waste segregation program at the
university and if they were actually doing it. They found that some people were
aware of the program and were following the rules, but others weren't as
informed or didn't seem to be complying.

According to Ericson E. Coracero, RB J. Gallego, Ruel Joseph R.
Gonzales, Kristine Joy M. Frago (December 2021), Waste is a natural part of the
human life cycle and is produced in different forms such as bodily waste,
solid waste, hazardous waste, and even e-waste (The Environmental Literacy
Council, 2015). Among these, solid waste is one of the most voluminous
types produced globally (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012). Solid waste
management is considered a pressing global issue calling for an immediate
response from the government and its people. The Philippines has a
continuously rising amount of waste and is expected to further increase in
the succeeding years. As reviewed, associated problems with solid waste
management in the country include an increasing amount of solid waste,
weak law implementation, scarcity of sanitary landfills, and improper
disposal. The ultimate solution existing in the country is the RA 9003 or
the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 which highlights the
practices of segregation, proper disposal, and waste diversion. These
solutions enumerated will only be possible with the presence of good
governance, active participation of the people of the country, and the cooperation
of all constituents and agencies in the Philippines.
This study refers to Solid waste is a term used to describe garbage or
trash that does not easily break down, such as plastics, metals, and paper.
Proper management of solid waste is crucial to maintaining a clean and healthy
environment. Researchers conducted a study on the current state of solid waste
management in the Philippines to identify problems and potential solutions. The
study revealed that solid waste management in the Philippines is facing various
challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, limited resources, and poor
waste segregation practices. These challenges have resulted in issues such as
pollution, health hazards, and environmental degradation. The study provides
valuable insights into the state of solid waste management in the Philippines and
offers recommendations for addressing the persistent problems in this area.
According to Mary Ellen C. Camarillo, Luzvisminda M. Bellotindos (26
March 2021), Municipal solid waste (MSW) management has become one of the
most pressing environmental concerns of the Philippines at present. Several
measures have been implemented to circumvent this issue, including waste
management policies stipulated in the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2001. However, the implementation of these policies even at the barangay
level has always been a challenge. Hence, this study assessed the compliance
of selected barangays in Cebu City, Philippines, specifically to the integrated
solid waste management plan based on the 3R’s (reduce, reuse, and recycle).
There were 1523 residents and 30 Barangay Environment Officials identified as
respondents based on Slovin’s sampling method at a 95% confidence level. The

results revealed that there is less extent of compliance in almost all of the SWM
policies such as segregation, composting, recycling, incentives, and public
information.
This study focuses on how government policies related to managing solid
waste are put into action in the Philippines, and how local communities get
involved in the process. The researchers examined how well government policies
on solid waste management are being implemented at the local level in the
Philippines. They looked at factors like the availability of waste collection
services, the condition of waste disposal facilities, and the enforcement of
regulations. They also studied how local communities are involved in solid waste
management efforts. This includes things like community clean-up drives,
recycling programs, and initiatives to reduce waste generation.
According to E Osorio, L Bularan , M Tanchuling , S Ty , B Inocencio , P
Lu , B Requejo , L Caraan (2023), This study aims to gather primary and
secondary data on the municipal SWM system of an urban area in Metro Manila
during the pandemic to design targeted and effective measures to improve SWM
practices and reduce plastic pollution. The study results show that the city’s
waste generation rate is at 0.93 kg/cap/day, while the disposal rate is at 0.66
kg/cap/day. Most of the wastes in both generation and disposal are

biodegradables, mainly consisting of food wastes. Among the plastic wastes,
lightweight plastic bags were the most abundant in terms of weight. From total
plastics waste generation, about 7% of them entered the water system; 5%
retained on land and the remaining are burnt or in storm drains. An important
recommendation from this baseline study is the effective segregation of
biodegradable, recyclable, residual, and special wastes.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, people generated and disposed of waste
differently. Medical supplies like masks and gloves, or packaging from online
shopping, may have caused an increase in waste. To understand how the city
managed the changes in waste disposal, researchers looked at factors such as
waste collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal methods. They also
examined any challenges or issues that arose. The city increased the frequency
of waste collection, implemented safety protocols for waste workers, and raised
public awareness about proper waste disposal practices.
According to Karen Burdeos, Meycel Amarille (June 2023), The concept of
community participation has been a strategy of different organizations in
implementing a program. A waste analysis and characterization study (WACS)
was conducted in Butuan City, Philippines, before the disruption of the COVID-19
pandemic in 2020. Along with WACS is the determination of the household waste
generators' willingness-to-pay (WTP) amount for improved management of solid
waste in the City using the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (DC-
CVM). The study involved 427 randomly selected households who were asked
how much they would pay based on the pre-identified bid prices. Respondents
were iteratively asked for the WTP amount until the highest possible amount was
elicited. The mean amount of WTP was estimated using the logistic regression
model.
This study aimed to determine the amount that residents of Butuan City,
Philippines are willing to pay for better solid waste management services. To
achieve this, the researchers conducted surveys and interviews with households
in the city. They inquired about the current waste management practices of the
households, their level of satisfaction with the present services, and the amount
they would be willing to pay for improvements. Based on the responses, the
researchers were able to approximate the households' willingness-to-pay for
better solid waste management services. The gathered information can aid
policymakers and city planners in making informed decisions regarding the
allocation of resources to enhance waste management in the city.
According to Miriam Ramirez Nguyen and Maria Francesca Ofren Tan (24
December 2020), With the worsening SWM problem, the Philippines enacted
Republic Act 9003, the Ecological Solid Waste Management (SWM) Act 2000,
instituting SWM Program. Water quality in water bodies and watersheds is
adversely affected by pollution, exacerbated by increasing population and
urbanization. This study examined RA 9003 implementation in urban and rural
communities of Santa Cruz Watershed (SCW) which drains into Laguna Lake.
Knowledge, awareness, and perceptions (KAPs) of communities were elicited
using focused group discussions, interviews, and surveys in barangays within the
watershed. Challenges that hamper better implementation of RA 9003 include
non-segregation of solid waste by residents attributed to lack of awareness and
discipline; irregular garbage collection; inadequate garbage trucks; lack of
functional materials recovery facilities; and limited government resources.
Addressing these concerns will further boost RA 9003 compliance and enhance
the effectiveness of implementation and monitoring in the communities.
This study examines the management of solid waste in both urban and
rural communities within the Santa Cruz Watershed in Laguna, Philippines. The
researchers analyzed how solid waste is collected, transported, treated, and
disposed of in both urban and rural areas of the Santa Cruz Watershed. The
study takes into account factors such as the availability of waste collection
services, the condition of waste disposal facilities, and the level of community
participation in waste management efforts. The findings suggest that solid waste
management practices differ between urban and rural communities. In urban
areas, formal waste collection services and infrastructure may be more readily
available. However, waste disposal and environmental pollution pose greater
challenges.
According to Catherine P. Cubebe – Cawayan, Shinju C.
Lingbawan, Reny T. Putic, Marsky A. Ubeňa, Ehrol C. Bayed (2021), Even with
the presence of barangay and municipal ordinances on the Solid Waste
Management and other Information Education Campaign activities in the
Municipality of Rizal, Kalinga, there is a need to assess how these programs
were implemented. Thus this study was conducted to assess the level of
awareness and solid waste management practices of households in terms of 3Rs
(reduce, reuse and recycle) and assess the effectiveness of programs on solid
waste management. A descriptive research design was used in gathering data
and a total of 251 households as respondents. Data gathered were analyzed and
interpreted using the frequency and percentage distribution. Findings showed
that households are fully aware on the solid waste management, very aware on
the waste management practices in terms of 3Rs 9reduce, reuse and recycle),
and good in composting and disposal practices.

This study promotes RA 9003 and sets guidelines for managing solid
waste to promote environmental sustainability and public health. It covers various
aspects of waste management, including waste segregation, recycling,
composting, and proper disposal. The study examines how the Municipality of
Rizal is implementing these requirements. It looks at whether the municipality
has established waste segregation programs, recycling initiatives, composting
facilities, and proper waste disposal methods. Additionally, the study assesses
the effectiveness of these initiatives and identifies any challenges or obstacles
faced by the municipality in complying with RA 9003. Overall, the goal of the
study is to evaluate the Municipality of Rizal's efforts in managing solid waste and
to provide insights into how the implementation of RA 9003 can be improved to
achieve better waste management outcomes.
According to Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Angelina Gabrielle Aguilar
Acolola , Michelle Alexandra Edillon and Sary Valenzuela (17 August 2022), This
study presents a comprehensive analysis on policies governing the management
of COVID-19 waste in the Philippines, highlighting gaps in pre-existing policies
and opportunities for further policy development and adaptation in the context of
present and future public health emergencies. A hybrid search strategy and
consultative process identified fifty (50) policy documents directly impacting the
management of wastes (general domestic, healthcare, and household healthcare

waste) released prior to and during the pandemic. Content analysis revealed
comprehensive policy coverage on managing general domestic waste and
healthcare waste. We conclude that existing waste management policies in the
Philippines leave much room for improvement to ensure effective management of
COVID-19 waste from various settings and circumstances.
The researchers conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of
existing waste management policies in dealing with the changes brought about
by the pandemic. The study evaluated waste collection, disposal and recycling
programs. While some policies proved to be effective, others faced challenges.
For instance, strict lockdown measures led to disruptions or delays in waste
collection services. Moreover, there were concerns about the appropriate
disposal of medical waste, and the increased use of single-use plastics during
the pandemic.
According to Thayelen Nascimento, Felipe Paulo, Maria Xavier, Ana
Ribeiro (18 October 2022), This research is classified as qualitative, with an
exploratory and descriptive objective. A questionnaire was used to collect
information; 208 company managers contributed as respondents to this
research. Regarding solid waste management practices identified in the
companies of the Moda Center Santa Cruz, these separation practices and
destination of solid waste generated by clothing were verified. The solid waste
found to a greater extent by clothing is knitted and fabric waste. The
management of these materials occurs in a limited way, requiring expansion of
activities related to waste management. In addition, companies have little
knowledge about public solid waste management policies Due to the application
of this research having been carried out at the Moda Center Santa Cruz, its
character as a contributor to the expansion of knowledge regarding the
management of solid waste from clothing installed at Moda Center.
This study focuses to Moda Center is likely a facility where clothing is sold,
manufactured, or used in some way. A study has been conducted to examine
how waste from clothing, such as packaging materials, scraps, or discarded
clothing items, is handled at this location. The researchers likely looked at how
waste from clothing is collected, sorted, and disposed of at the Moda Center.
They may have assessed factors such as the availability of recycling bins for
clothing materials, the implementation of waste reduction strategies, and the
effectiveness of waste management practices at the facility. Overall, the study
provides insights into how solid waste, specifically waste from clothing, is
managed at the Moda Center in Santa Cruz.

According to Ronhick E. Sanchez (October 2023), The problem of solid
waste management increases as years pass by. In the Philippines, small
communities like Brgy. Cawilan, in the Municipality of Tagana-an, Surigao del
Norte have long-term solid waste management problems despite the countless
seminars conducted, implemented policies on solid waste management, and key
programs to reduce the volume of waste in the community with no landfills and
such. Thus, this poses a greater threat to the community’s health and waste
disposal. Hence, this study aimed to assess the awareness and practices of the
community in Brgy. Cawilan, Tagana-an, Surigao del Norte towards solid waste
management. The adopted survey questionnaire was floated to the 108 randomly
selected residents of Brgy. Cawilan to determine their level of awareness and
practices on solid waste management. Results revealed that the level of
awareness on solid waste management of Brgy. Cawilan was High, which means
that the community are aware of the solid waste management programs
implemented in the barangay.
This study is all about understanding the segregation and reduce practices
were Practiced, the reuse practices were Highly Practiced, and the recycle and
disposal practices were Less Practiced and lastly the awareness on solid waste
management of the community does not affect their practices in terms of disposal
but their practices in terms of segregation, reduce, reuse, and recycle influence
their awareness on solid waste management.
This study aims to assess the level of awareness and adherence to solid
waste management practices in the community of Barangay Cawilan, Tagana-
an, Surigao Del Norte. Solid waste management involves everything from how
you sort your garbage to what happens to it after it's collected. The researchers
want to understand how much people in Barangay Cawilan know about these
practices and how they put that knowledge into practice. By getting answers to
these questions, researchers can determine if people in the community are
aware of the practices and whether or not they actually follow them. This
information can then be used to develop education campaigns or improve waste
management infrastructure. Imagine you're part of this community, your input is
valuable and will help improve solid waste management practices in Barangay
Cawilan.
Local Systems
According to Christopher P. Pante, Edison A. Villamer, Marvin T. Agrade,
Marlon Jay A. Delustre. Renato T. Embestro, Via Claire S. Mamano, Rhoderick
F. Oliveros, Eddie L. Cabaltera, Victor-Solito DR. Isaac (2 May 2022), The
common difficulty in populated developing countries like the Philippines is

inappropriate waste management practices. The improper use of waste bins and
waste segregation are some of those. One of the major causes is the
irresponsibility of the people. As expected, the consequences are environmental
and health risks experienced by people. The countermeasure to minimize these
risks is the solution proposed by people, particularly the development of an
automated segregation system. The waste bins are designed to be concealed to
conserve space, slow down the decomposition rate and reduce the foul odor of
waste. The design is fully automated to minimize direct contact with the waste.
The classifying section is capable of collecting and segregating waste using a
gripper, servo motors, ultrasonic, capacitive, and photoelectric sensors.
This study explores a specialized type of waste bin that includes a
shredder for solid waste. Imagine a regular waste bin with an added feature: a
shredder that can break down solid waste items such as paper, cardboard, or
small plastic items into smaller pieces. What makes this waste bin unique is that
it is designed to be concealed, which means that it is hidden from sight or
integrated into its surroundings. The purpose of this concealed automated waste
bin with a shredder is to make waste management more efficient and convenient.
When you dispose of something in the bin, the shredder automatically activates
and breaks down the waste into smaller pieces. This feature can help to reduce
the volume of waste and make it easier to manage and dispose of.
According to Tony Rey R. Escalona, Diana Rose T. Rivera, Ritchard Q.
Dizon, Francis Aboy, Bedivere Cabahug, Vic James Mesina, Vee Jay Ramos
(01-04 December 2022), The solar-powered smart waste segregation trash bin
with image processing can help in managing the solid waste generated in a
community. This device is designed to segregate four types of recyclable solid
waste materials namely; plastic, glass, metallic, and paper with the help of image
processing and a series of sensors installed in the device for detection, selection,
and feedback. The solid waste material is scanned using a camera and
compared to the waste images datasets that have been tested and trained model
by the researchers, using TensorFlow and python 3.7. The smart waste
segregation trash bin can also sense the amount of solid waste inside the
compartment with the help of an ultrasonic sensor. Aside from that, through the
GSM module, it can generate an SMS notification to the authorized personnel
once the bin reaches its maximum capacity. The device is also equipped with a
solar panel that is capable of generating the required energy for the system. The
result of the testing shows a 100% success rate for paper and plastics, 70% for
metals, and 50% for glass.
. This novel focuses in smart trash bin is powered by solar panels,
enabling it to work in areas without access to electricity. The amazing feature of
this trash bin is the image processing technology. It has cameras or sensors that
can "see" what's thrown away. When you throw something in the bin, the
cameras take a picture or scan the item to determine its type. Based on the
image or scan, the smart trash bin automatically sorts the waste into different
compartments. For instance, it can separate recyclables like plastic bottles or
aluminum cans from general waste like food scraps or paper. The benefit of this
system is that it makes waste segregation easier and more efficient.
According to Froilan N. Jimeno, Briely Jay A. Briz, Marvin Roy P. Artiaga,
Randy E. Angelia, Noel B. Limsangan (28-30 November 2021), In the
Philippines, solid waste management is still a significant problem. Improper
waste disposal causes serious health problems and environmental risks such as
contamination of the water systems, floods, ground and air pollution, and
diseases. Unfortunately, most people mistakenly believe that not segregating
waste is acceptable. This study aims to develop and design a Smart Waste Bin
Segregation using Image Processing and assist waste segregation through
waste identification and segregation built on machine learning capable of
navigating the one-time path set by the user. In particular, create an intelligent
waste bin segregation prototype using image processing with three
classifications. These classifications are the biodegradable, non-bio-degradable,

and unknown intended to segregate solid waste into its respective bins and
conduct accuracy tests using appropriate statistical tools.
This study aims to develop a smart waste bin that utilizes image
processing technology to segregate different types of waste automatically. The
image processing technology analyzes the image of the waste to determine its
type, such as plastic bottle, paper, or food waste. Once identified, the smart
waste bin separates the waste into different compartments or sections, with
recyclable materials like plastic and glass going into one section, and non-
recyclable waste like food scraps going into another. This study explores how
image processing technology can be utilized to develop smart waste bins that
streamline waste management processes, making them more sustainable and
environmentally friendly.
According to Yuneza Claire Y. Mortos, Mon Arjay Malbog , Marte Nipas ,
Rufo Marasigan Jr. , and Dennis Nava (06 February 2024), The current market
offers smart bins, incorporating automatic door openings as a notable design
feature for household cleanliness. While advanced and versatile waste
management devices exist for business applications, the Philippines faces limited
access to these innovations. This project aims to address these issues by
developing a system that automates the separation of household waste into three
distinct categories: paper, plastic, and metal. Utilizing an Arduino Mega
microcontroller, YOLOv4-based waste classification, and various models, the
system offers efficient and hands-free waste disposal. The system's potential lies
in streamlining waste segregation, user-friendly design, and versatile applications
beyond residential use. SMARTSORT aims to contribute to sustainable waste
management practices.
"SMARTSORT: YOLOv4-driven Smart Sorting for Household Waste
Management" is a project that aims to address the growing problem of waste
management through the use of cutting-edge technology. The project uses
YOLOv4, an advanced object detection algorithm, to accurately identify different
types of household waste and sort them into appropriate categories. This
technology can help reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills and promote
recycling efforts. With SMARTSORT, households can easily manage their waste
and contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable environment.
According to Ralf D. Cuarto, Adriel R. Baterna, John Kenneth Q.
Bulalacao, Psalm Herald M. Cuajao ,Marc Theodore A. Casco, Rolan Joseph T.
Portento, Charles G. Juarizo, Thaddeo S. Garcia and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi (30
October 2023), With the recent increase in the amount of disposed infectious
waste due to COVID-19, a growing interest to develop an efficient, economical,
and effective infectious waste segregation system has prompted both the health
sector and the government. This study presented a microcontroller-based
automated infectious waste segregation and disinfection system in a selected
medical facility in Metro Manila, Philippines. The prototype system applying
machine learning principles can identify three kinds of waste materials classified
as electronic, pathological, and sharp wastes as interpreted by the YOLOv5
algorithm. Results showed that the mean average precision (mAP) of identifying
electronic, pathological, and sharp waste was 95.7, 79.9 and 94.5%,
respectively.
This study aims to develop an effective system for managing infectious
waste, particularly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The system's primary
purpose is to automatically segregate and disinfect infectious waste, reducing the
risk of spreading the virus and ensuring safe waste disposal methods. The
central component of the system is a microcontroller-based control system,
serving as the system's brain. Whenever infectious waste is detected, sensors
activate the microcontroller to initiate the process. The system then sorts the
infectious waste from other types of waste, ensuring proper segregation.
Following this, the infectious waste undergoes a disinfection process, which may
involve heat treatment or chemical disinfection to eliminate harmful pathogens,
including the COVID-19 virus. Once disinfected, the waste can be safely
disposed of, without posing any risk to public health.

According to Bott R. (2014), toxic chemical products formed as secondary
metabolites by a few fungal species that readily colonise crops and contaminate
them with toxins in the field or after harvest. Ochratoxins and Aflatoxins are
mycotoxins of major significance and hence there has been significant research
on broad range of analytical and detection techniques that could be useful and
practical. Due to the variety of structures of these toxins, it is impossible to use
one standard technique for analysis and/or detection. Practical requirements for
high-sensitivity analysis and the need for a specialist laboratory setting create
challenges for routine analysis.
The research tackles the issues of the waste segregation and collection
system in the Philippines in addition to the trade of recyclables among the
citizens. Waste management is one of the fundamental aspects of ensuring
environmental health and safety for the people. Waste segregation and collection
importantly contribute to waste management strategies. In the Philippines,
households and communities are encouraged to separate their garbage into
different categories, including biodegradable, recyclable, and non-recyclable.
Waste segregation enables a more convenient recycling process and reduces
the amount of rubbish delivered to the dumping sites. Trade of recyclables is the
process of purchasing, selling, and swapping the products such as plastics,
metals, and paper to recycle them.

According to Kim T. (28 February 2023), Recycling and waste
management have garnered immense popularity in recent years, but few studies
have been carried out regarding these systems. Therefore, an in-depth literature
review was done in order to highlight the different sectors of the recycling system
that need to be re-formed. Hence this study examined recycling and waste
management systems within three categories–medical, municipal, and plastic–
that were carried out pre and post COVID by reviewing previous studies,
technical reports, and annual reports. This was done by visiting numerous aca-
demic search engines alongside online resources that were utilized to assemble
literature related to waste and recycling systems. Continuing a recurring idea was
that no matter the type of waste, further research regarding all waste should be
carried out. Additionally, since recycling and waste management are a vital part
of our society, and seeing how unpredictable events such as the pandemic may
be, it is paramount that that research is done not only on how the pandemic has
affected systems now, but also how we can learn from current issues to utilize
them for future.
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the COVID-19
pandemic on recycling and waste management. As already mentioned, these
tasks require proper solutions for ensuring environmental sustainability and
public health. However, the pandemic made changes to the established

conditions. More specifically, the study will examine the alterations in waste
generation patterns, the types of collected and disposed waste, and the levels of
recycling. Furthermore, in many countries, recycling was fully or partially stopped
due to the pandemic disruptions. The development of contactless waste collect
and sorting and recycling technologies can also be considered as relevant.

CHAPTER III
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
San Carlos City, Negros Occidental is a community of technical people
that believes in San Carlos City Enviroment Management Office principle of
service efficiency as a approach to achieving goals and priorities in order to
promote technological excellence. The City Environment Management Office
commits to pursue sustainable practices and ensure the effective management of
the city’s environment.
The City Environment Management Office (CEMO) has set up a smart
waste management system to make garbage disposal more efficient and
environmentally friendly. It's all about using technology to handle trash better. Is
like a high-tech solution to sorting and handling trash. It starts with special bins
that have sensors to keep track of how much garbage they hold and what kind it
is, like recyclables or regular waste. These sensors send this information to a
central system that helps figure out the most efficient way to collect the trash.
This helps City Environment Management Office figure out the best ways
to collect and handle the waste. Inside waste processing facilities, machines do
the sorting, separating biodegradable from non-biodegradable using this
Innovating Waste Management Solution for Automated Segregation System. . By
monitoring environmental parameters and implementing mitigation measures,
CEMO aims to minimize the environmental footprint of waste management
activities and contribute to sustainable development goals. Through the
integration of these advanced technologies and sustainable practices, San
Carlos City is leading the way towards a cleaner, greener future.
The group aims to address the need of the respondent aforementioned by
the designing an automated waste segregation system that can separate the
biodegradable from non-biodegradable. The researchers through of an idea of
an automatic waste segregation system it help to improve waste management by
creating better garbage sorting machines. They invent new tech like AI and
sensors to make sorting easier. They study data on how garbage is made and
sorted to find the best methods. Then, they build and test prototypes of sorting
machines, combining different tech into one system. They also make sure these
machines are eco-friendly. Working with others, they share ideas and speed up
progress. Finally, they suggest rules to encourage using these advanced sorting
machines, making waste management more efficient and sustainable.

Organizational Chart
CITY ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT OFFICE (CEMO)

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
City Government Department Head I
SG 25/3
City Environment & Natural Resources
Officer I
ENGR. LORETO C. SANCHEZ, EnP Climate Change
Division (no created
Integrated Waste position)
Management/Pollution Control
Division
Supv. Envr.Mgmt. Specialist SG 22/1

ENGR. ARTHUR A. BATOMALAQUE
- Overall in-charge in the Implement programs for the

protection and rehabilitation protection and preservation of the
of all environmental environment, as well as
programs within the city rehabilitation of areas critically
affected by industries, effects of
- Coordinating environmental natural calamities, result of man
activities within the territorial made activities, etc.Recommending
jurisdiction of the city and key develpment investments in
integrate it with the climate - sensitive sectors such as
environmental master plan. water resources, agriculture,
- Providing technical forestry, coastal and marine
assistance to the Local Chief resources, health, and infastructure
Executive and the Legislative to ensure the achievement of
branch on policy and localsustainable development
decision-making. goals.Prepare and formulate
management plans for climate
change adaptation and mitigation
for the city.
INFORMATI CITY
WASTE
ON, LANES
COLLECTION
EDUCATION MAINTE- WASTEWATER
AND ECO-
AND NANCE MANAGEMENT
CENTER
COMMUNIC AND SECTION
OPERATION
ATION (IEC) BEAUTI-
SECTION
SECTION FICATION
EMS I SG
11/1
ANALOU F.
GOMO
WASTE COLLECTION
AND ECO-CENTER
OPERATION
SECTION
Admin.Asst. II SG
8/1
VACANT
Admin. Aide VI SG 6/3
MAECAREL C.
CAŇONEO
Admin. Aide II SG 2/2

ARLAN V. UNDANG
5- J.O.’s assigned for IEC

Campaign
62- J.O.’s assigned for Metro Aide II SG 4/2

City Lanes Maintenance AURELIO
PEROMINGAN
17- J.O.’s assigned for

Beautification Projects
Admin. Admin.
Admin.
Aide VI SG Admin Aide VI Aide IV SG 4/3
SG 4/8 Aide VI SG 4/3
6/5
LEONARDO P. PATRICIO J.
LOSBAŇES PALENCIA,JR. JIMMY P.
EMANNUEL
CARABUENA
BLANCO
Admin. Admin.
Aide III SG 3/2 Aide III SG 3/1
ERLINDO A. ISAAC S.
NEMENZO DELIMA
76- J.O.’s assigned for Eco-Center Operation & Garbage collection

Metro
Metro Aide II Metro Aide II
Aide II SG 4/8 SG 4/2 Metro Aide II SG 4/6
SG 4/2
EDGAR V. Anthony V. (Vacant) EDGAR V.
MANIEGOS Tecson MANIEGOS
76- J.O.’s assigned for Eco-Center Operation & Garbage collection

Workflow
START
WASTE
PLASTIC PAPER
NON- TRASH BIN FULL BIODEGR

BIODEGRADABLE ADABLE WASTE
WASTE
RED LED, BUZZER

TURN ON AND
CANNOT PUT ANY
END
Flowchart
START
Waste
PLASTIC/
PAPER?
PLASTIC PAPER
ULTRASONIC
NON- SENSOR
BIODEGRADABLE BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
TRASH BIN FULL
TRASH BIN FULL
RED LED, BUZZER

TURN ON AND CANNOT
PUT ANY WASTE
END
Circuit Diagram

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Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL PHILIPPINES STATE UNIVERSITY

Nowadays, technology plays a crucial role in shaping our lives in the

modern world. It drives efficiency, connectivity, and convenience in various

computers and smartphones and sophisticated sensors in smart home devices

enjoy a comfortable lifestyle. Hardware technology is playing a significant role in

driving sustainable innovations. Essentially, hardware technology is continuously

our lives in numerous ways.

Cities must now rely more on technology in waste segregation processes

cleaner, healthier, and more organized. Technology is immensely beneficial and

mitigate the negative environmental impacts of human activities and promote

Waste management and segregation are essential processes in urban

cent of which is plastic waste, according to Department of Environment and

Natural Resources Secretary Maria Antonia Yulo-Loyzaga (Philippine Star 2023).

Improper waste management can lead to various types of disease-causing

bacteria and viruses, making it essential to segregate, transport, handle, and

dispose of waste properly. Waste lying littered in the surroundings or dumped on

The Innovating Waste Management for Garbage Segregation System, is

an Arduino-based solution we've developed, is a transformative tool that can help

to increase the efficiency and effectiveness to reduce contamination and improve

the quality of recyclable materials. To achieve this goal, we have integrated

in real-time and automatically segregate different types of waste, such as

Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable. Therefore, this innovation not only

streamlines the waste collection process but also promotes environmental

The challenge of ensuring sustainable waste disposal practices is

becoming increasingly urgent due to global challenges. As cities continue to

experience growth in both population and urban development, managing the

growing volumes of waste is becoming problematic. This is putting existing waste

disposal infrastructures under strain and causing further environmental damage.

into account the complexities of waste streams, resulting in landfill overflow,

pollution, and resource depletion. Furthermore, improper segregation practices

are also contributing to the contamination of recyclable materials, thereby

However, by investing in research and innovation in garbage segregation

systems, we can develop more effective and sustainable solutions to these

The general objective of this statement is to underscore the critical

importance of waste management and segregation in urban areas, particularly in

associated risks to public health and the environment. By integrating Arduino

technology, the system enables real-time waste monitoring and automatic

disposal and recycling habits among residents.

 The system has the capability to detect both Biodegradable and

 The system facilitates more efficient waste segregation than

 The system provides with a hassle-free waste management

 To encouraging the people inside the city of San Carlos by doing

proper disposal habits.

Significance of the Study

efficiency and effectiveness by using Garbage Segregation Systems, remarkably

implementing innovative approaches and technologies to improve waste

waste disposal infrastructure and alleviate the mounting pressures of

urbanization and population growth. Thus, potential of sustainability lies in driving

positive environmental, economic, and social outcomes, ultimately contributing to

a more resilient society.

Scope and Limitations

The capstone project labeled, “Innovating Waste Management for

Garbage Segregation System”, this study aims promote environmental

sustainability. These systems employ various waste disposal practices and

incorporate advanced technologies and innovative strategies to improve the

accuracy and efficiency of waste segregation processes. The goal is to ensure

that waste is disposed of in an environmentally-friendly manner. Nevertheless,

financial constraints, which can hinder the implementation of comprehensive

waste segregation programs or the adoption of advanced technologies. This is

these systems may exceed available funds.

this study better:

Innovating – refers to new ideas, methods, technologies, or approaches to

improve existing systems or practices requires creativity, problem-solving, and a