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Warping Bimoment and Its Effect on Analysis of Thin-Walled Sections

Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings · August 2022

DOI: 10.1063/5.0101531

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Warping bimoment and its effect on analysis
of thin-walled sections
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2559, 050012 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101531
Published Online: 16 August 2022

Tesfaldet Gebre, Vera Galishnikova, Evgeny Lebed, et al.

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© 2022 Author(s).
 Warping Bimoment and Its Effect on Analysis of Thin-
Walled Sections
Tesfaldet Gebre1, a), Vera Galishnikova2, Evgeny Lebed2, Evgeniya Tupikova1,
Vasile Enache1
1
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya street, Moscow, 117198, Russia.
2
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia.
a)
Corresponding author: tesfaldethg@gmail.ru

Abstract. The effect of warping bimoment in the analysis of thin-walled sections with restrained torsion is an essential concern
and it creates the normal stresses in the cross-section which is related to the amount of resistance to warping. This paper presents
the behavior of warping bimoment and its importance in the analysis of thin-walled structures with restrained torsion. The impact
of warping bimoment of thin-walled sections is a main issue in the analysis of thin-walled structures as it associated with the
external axial loads and torsion on the elastic torsional buckling of open cross section of thin-walled beams. Warping creates the
normal stresses in the cross section which are clearly coupled to the amount of resistance to warping. The impact of section
properties will change the bimoment effect and warping function so in this paper, the behavior of warping bimoment and its
importance in in the analysis of thin-walled structures with restrained torsion is presented.

INTRODUCTION
The importance of restrained torsion of thin-walled section has grown significantly as the deformations and stresses
caused by torsion affects the behaviour of the structures with open as well as closed section. It is well known that the
effect of non-uniform torsion must be considered in structural analysis of thin-walled beams with open and closed
cross-sections [1–6]. Fundamental torsional studies, referred to uniform torsion theory are studied [7-9]. If the warping
behaviours are to be include, the non-uniform torsion hypothesis has to be used [10-12]. Significant errors in torsional
response can result if warping effects are ignored [13]. Thin-walled sections do not behave according to the law of the
plane sections employed by Euler-Bernoulli-Navier but the general theory of thin-walled section is developed by
Vlasov. The theory assumed that the contour of a thin wall does not deform in its own plane and the shear strain of
the middle surface is negligible, and the shear deformation cannot be included [14]. In addition, thin-walled structures
like plates and shells associated with finite element formulations are the most common construction elements in nature
and technology [15].
Warping is characterized by considering a thin wall section of the frame element which is loaded with restrained
torsion where the cross-sections deform in the axial direction. For restrained torsion at its support, it improves the
member torsional stiffness and introduces axial stresses. Thin-wall sections with large value of characteristic number
for torsion which is closed sections these effects can be often neglected. The assessment of elastic stability of thin-
walled beams is one of the most important issues in the analysis of thin-walled structures [1]. The high slenderness
exhibited by the member walls is responsible for local buckling phenomena, which play a crucial role in assessing the
load-carrying capacity of thin-walled structural members [2]. Structures of the open thin-walled profile are usually
designed so to avoid twisting the individual elements [3]. However, for some systems it is impossible to completely
prevent twisting due to the torsion of a thin-walled open section, sectional warping due to tightness, additional warping
stresses. The torsional stiffness of the thin-walled open section of the rod is much higher than their pure torsion rigidity.
In analyses of thin-walled structures subjected to torsion, the effect of warping must be considered as the axial
stresses mainly occur at the points of action of concentrated torsion moments and at sections with warping restraints.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Research 2021 (ICER 2021), Moscow, Russia
AIP Conf. Proc. 2559, 050012-1–050012-9; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101531
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4379-2/$30.00

050012-1
In order to include the warping behavior of torsion in the stiffness matrix, the warping function has been considered
as the additional DOF in adding to the classical nodal variables [4]. The maximum normal stress due to the bimoment
occurs at the points action of the external torques (except for a free end of the beam) and at the cross-sections of
restrained warping [5]. The traditional expression for open thin-walled sections subjected to non-uniform torsion was
developed by Vlasov [6]. Thin-walled open sections are very weak against torsion and are susceptible to lateral-
torsional buckling, which is affected by the torsional strength of the member, even though no intentional torsional
loading is applied [7-8].
The internal moments arise due to torsion applied on a beam are combination of uniform and nonuniform torsion
depending on the boundary conditions, that is, whether a member is free to warp, or warping is restrained. The twisting
moment is split into a primary and a secondary part, where the primary and the secondary torsion moments are
undertaken from the Saint-Venant shear stresses (primary shear stresses) and the warping shear stresses (secondary
shear stresses), respectively, while the warping normal stresses are undertaken from the warping moment (bimoment)
[9].
For uniform torsion we can apply St. Venant’s theory considering the assumption of plane sections after twisting
but this it may not be accurate for open sections. Researchers worldwide have done much work on non-uniform torsion
by consideration of warping effects as the member develops additional shearing stresses, as well as normal stresses
[10-18]. The aim of this paper is the present the behavior of warping bimoment and its importance in in the analysis
of thin-walled structures with restrained torsion. The assessment of warping bimoment behavior of thin-walled beams
is one of the most important issues in the analysis of thin-walled structures. As the bimoment is caused due to the
external axial loads and torsion on the elastic torsional buckling of open cross section of thin-walled beams. The
bimoments are developed from normal stress distribution of the bar in addition to St. Venant shear stresses and the
stress resultant are developed from transverse stresses. The bimoments are determined from the governing equation
for non-uniform torsion and the corresponding normal stress by considering the warping function of the section. It
creates the normal stresses in the cross section, and the normal stresses caused by warping are clearly associated to
the amount of resistance to warping. The impact of section properties of cross-section will change the bimoment effect.
The warping function is considered as the reference to describe the warping of the cross-section and bimoment which
is expressed as a function of warping function.

METHODS OF RESEARCH

The governing equation for non-uniform torsion is derived for bars of thin-walled sections with a local coordinate
system defined by axes as shown in Fig. 1.

FIGURE 1. Torsion of prismatic bar

If a bar undergoes non-uniform torsion, the total applied twisting moment MT is resisted by an internal twisting
moment that consists of two components the primary and secondary torsional moments. The variation of internal
twisting moments is expressed as a function of the characteristic number of non-uniform torsion. The Governing
Equation for non-uniform torsion is given in equation 1, as the rate of change of the total twisting moment in a bar is
in equilibrium with the applied load.
2
d 4 E1 d 2 E1 d 4 E1 § T · d E1
2
E CZ  GJ 0 ,  ¨ ¸ 0 (1)
dy14 dy12 dy14 ©a¹ dy12
GJ
T : a
E CZ
E1 angle of twist, J torsion constant
E,G elastic constants, mT twisting load per unit length of bar
CZ warping constant, a length of the bar
T characteristic number for torsion

050012-2
 The value of θ depends on the geometrical properties which showed that the torsional behavior of the section can
also be described similarly by geometrical properties. The general solution for the homogeneous equation is satisfied
by the following assumed twisting angle β1(y1) which satisfies the equation (2). The equation yields to the exact
solutions for angle of twists, its derivatives, twisting moments, and bimoments at a node.
T y1 T y1 y1
E1 c1 sinh  c2 cosh  c3  c4 (2)
a a a
The free coefficients c1, c2, c3, c4 are determined so that the boundary conditions at the ends of the bar are satisfied.
Based on figure 1, if the vertex is fixed and a twisting moment MT is applied at vertex y1 = 0, which is free to warp.
Therefore, solving equation (3) by considering the boundary conditions the free coefficients are given below:
MT a c3 c3 c3
c3 c1  c2 tanh T & c4  tanh T
GJ T T T
The above coefficients are substituted into expression (2) and the angle of twist is given as follow:
MT a§ T y1 T y1 y ·
E1 ¨ tanh T (cosh  1)  (sinh  1)¸ (3)
G JT © a a a ¹
Based on the equations (1), (2) and (3) the Mω for a node are given below in the equations (4) and (5). Restraint of
warping produces longitudinal stresses, shear stresses however the longitudinal warping stresses are greatest at the
flange tips. For the verification of combined bending and torsion, it is more convenient to use the value of the warping
moment in the flange, rather than the longitudinal warping stress. For an element with constant MT the warping torsion
generates a generalized force called Bimoment (Mω) given as follows:

d 2 E1
MZ  E CZ (4)
dy12

§ Ty Ty ·
MZ  M T ¨ tanh T cosh 1  sinh 1 ¸ (5)
© a a ¹
Table 1 shows comparatively for different value of θ along the span of the beam, the initial value for θ is 1 and the
maximum is 60. The variation of Mω for different value of characteristic number for torsion are presented. The results
are tabulated below to bars of closed and/or open sections of thin-walled steel cross section subjected to different
torsional loading with the most general torsional boundary conditions. Considering Tables 1 and 2, the values are
obtained based on equations (4) and they are expressed in a dimensionless form as shown below for different values
of θ and θ/a.
TABLE 1. Variation of Mω for different value of characteristic number for torsion with θ/a = 2
Mω / MT
y1/a
θ=1 θ = 2.5 θ=5 θ = 7.5 θ = 10 θ = 20 θ = 40 θ = 60
0 -0.50 -0.49 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50
0.2 -0.29 -0.30 -0.18 -0.11 -0.07 -0.01 0.00 0.00
0.4 -0.21 -0.17 -0.07 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.6 -0.13 -0.10 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.8 -0.07 -0.04 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

TABLE 2. Variation of Mω for different value of characteristic number for torsion with θ/a = 4
Mω / MT
y1/a
θ=1 θ = 2.5 θ=5 θ = 7.5 θ = 10 θ = 20 θ = 40 θ = 60
0 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25
0.2 -0.14 -0.15 -0.09 -0.06 -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.4 -0.10 -0.09 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.6 -0.07 -0.05 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.8 -0.03 -0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

050012-3
 Considering the hypotheses for frame behavior lead to the following relationships between stresses, strains,
displacements, rotations and warping in the members of a space frame:
H11 v1,1  y3 E 2,1  y2 E3,1  Z \ ,1
v1,1  y2 v2,11  y3v3,11  Z\ ,1 V 11 E H11 ( 6)
H12  (Z, 2  y3 ) E1,1 V 12 G H12 (7)
H13  ( Z,3  y 2 ) E1,1 V 13 G H13 (8)
v k ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) local displacement coordinate
vk ( y1 ) local displacement coordinate
E k ( y1 ) local coordinate of rotation vector
\ (y1 ) twist of the member at section
Z (y 2 , y3 ) warping function of section
H kk normal strain in the direction of basis vector e k
H km engineering shear strain in plane (e k , em )

The shear stresses due to flexure and torsion restraint are not contained in equations (6) to (8). The governing
equations for the displacements of a space frame are derived from the principle of virtual work of the theory of
elasticity. The virtual work δWm done by the stresses in the volume V of a member with length and area A due to
virtual strains is given by:

G Wm ³Gε
T
σ dv (9)
V
a

³³ V
0 A
11 (G v1,1  y3GE 2,1  y2GE 3,1  Z G\ ,1 ) dA dy1 
a

³³
0 A
V 13 ( y2  Z,3 )  V 12 (y3  Z, 2 ) GE1,1 dA dy1

ε state of strain vector (Voigt notation)

σ state of stress vector (Voigt notation)
The integrals over the area of a section in expression (9) are called stress resultants. They are defined and denoted
as follows:
axial force in direction y1 ³ V dA
q1
A 11 (10)

transverse force in direction y 2 q ³ V dA

2 12
A

transverse force in direction y3 q ³ V dA

3 13
A

bending moment about axis y 2 m ³ V y dA

2 11 3
A

bending moment about axis y3 m ³ V y dA

3 11 2
A

bimoment due to warping mZ ³ V Z dA 11

A

primary torsion mTp ³

A
V 13 ( y2  Z3 )  V 12 ( y3  Z2 ) dA

secondary torsion mTs ³ (V

A
13 Z,3  V 12 Z2 ) dA

The stress resultants n2, n3, mTS are not determined with the elastic constants, but by means of equilibrium
conditions. Consider the equation for the equilibrium of a body without volume load in direction y1:
V11,1  V 21,2  V 31,3 0 (11)

The equation is multiplied with and integrated over the area of the section. The integrals are transformed with
integration by parts, using the assumption that the shear stresses are null on the surface of the body:

050012-4
 w
³y
A
2 V 11,1 dA
wy1 ³A
y2 V 11 dA  m3,1 (12)

y32
§ y22 · y32
§ y22 ·
³ ³y ¨¨ y³ y2 V 21,2 dy2 ¸¸ dy3 ³ ¨¨ ³ V 21 dy2  y2V 21
y22
y2 V 21,2 dA ¸ dy3  n2 (13)
y21 ¸
A 31 © 21 ¹ y31 © y21 ¹
y22
§ y32 · y22

³ ³ ¨ y³ ³ y >V @
y32
y2 V 31,3 dA y ¨ V dy ¸ dy2 dy2 0 (14)
2 31,3 3
¸ 2 31 y31
A y21 © 31 ¹ y21

m3,1  n2 0 (15)
Similarly, if equation (9) is multiplied by and integrated by parts, the relationship between moment and transverse
force is obtained:
m2,1  n3 0 (16)
The secondary torsion moment is derived in the theory of restrained torsion:
d 3E
mTs  E IZ 31 (17)
dy1
Stress–stress resultant relationships: Let the stress resultants n1, m2, m3, mTp and mω at a section be given. The
stresses σ11, σ12, σ13 acting on the section are to be determined. The normal stress is given by expression (6):

V11 E v1,1  y2 v2.,11  y3 v3,11  Z\ ,1 (18)

Equation 10 are solved for the displacement derivatives, which are substituted into (18):
n1 m m m
V11  y2 3  y3 2  Z Z (19)
A I2 I3 IZ
The shear stresses due to the primary torsional moment mTp are given by (7) and (8):
H12  ( y3  Z,2 ) E1,1 (20)
H13 ( y2  Z,3 ) E1,1 (21)
The derivative E1,1 of the rotation is substituted from (10):
mTp
V 12  ( y3  Z,2 ) (22)
IT
mTp
V 13 ( y2  Z,3 ) (23)
IT
The Longitudinal stress, Shear Stress and Shear Flow are expressed as a function of warping function and it is
assumed that the distribution of the warping displacement w1 for nonuniform torsion over the section is the same as
that for uniform torsion in expression:
dE (y )
w1 ( y1 , y2 , y3 )  Z ( y2 , y3 ) 1 1 , (24)
dy1
where ω(y2, y3) - warping function for uniformed torsion. The longitudinal stress σ11(ω) due the displacement (10) is
derived from the strain:
ww d 2 E1
V11(Z ) E H11 (Z ) E 1 EZ ,
w z1 dz12
where σ11(ω) is the longitudinal stress due to nonuniform torsion.
Generally, it is assumed that the shear stress σ13 is negligible compared to the shear stress σ12. The shear stress σ12(ω)
that is associated with the longitudinal stress σ11(ω) is determined with the equilibrium equation for direction z1:
wV11(Z ) wV12(Z )
 0 (25)
w z1 w z2

050012-5
 Substitution of (14) into (15) yields the derivative of the shear flow:
wV 12(Z ) d 3E
E Z 31
w z2 dz1
w FZ (i ) d 3 E1
E ti Z (26)
w z2 dz13

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The behavior and variation of Mω for different value of characteristics number for torsion ( T ) are presented
graphically in Fig. 2. The characteristics number for torsion is an indicator of how quickly the effect of warping
restraint dissipates and the warping moment varies based on the restrained conditions of the beam. The variation of
Mω shows greater values at the fixed support as the warping prevented and it induces the largest normal stresses as
shown in Fig. 2. At the free end, the beam can warp freely therefore, the normal stresses and Mω (a) are zero. The
graphs shown below are plotted for different value of ratio of θ to a (θ/a = 2 and 4) as it is a general case. The
distribution of Mω varies differently in both cases with altering values of θ and accordingly the normal warping stress
differs along the beam based on the position of restrained torsion and section type.

FIGURE 2. Variation of MZ for different value of T and for T /a 2 and 4

A combined graph of Mω for value of θ = 1 and θ = 100 is shown in the Fig. 3. Referring Fig. 3, the values of Mω
differ for θ = 1 and for θ = 10. For θ ≤ 1, the total torsional moment components are extent throughout the span of
the beam as shown in figure 4 and its magnitude changes gradually as the value of θ is small. If the value of θ is small,
it is most common for open sections. For θ > 1, the total torsional moment is restricted to small length near to the
support and its magnitude changes rapidly. If value of θ is large, it is most common for closed sections.
Example 1. A cantilever beam with I-section is used to illustrate the significance and its physical meaning of the
warping bimoment. As the axes of symmetry of the section are its principal axes and the midpoint of its web is also
the shear centre thus the results are only correct because the initial and principal coordinate systems of the section are
identical. Consider the cantilever bar with I-section in Fig. 4, a uniformly distributed load acting in direction y1 is
applied to a half-flange at end-section y1 = a. The load intensity per unit area of the flange is denoted by p. The stress
resultants that are in equilibrium with the applied load are to be determined.
The contributing factor of the integrals defining the stress resultants are products of a geometric quantity with the
stress. The stress on the section is null except at the half-flange and where it equals the load p. The integrands of the
integrals defining the stress resultants are products of the stress with a geometric quantity which is called a generalised
warping function and denoted with The Variation of the generalised warping functions over the section are shown in
Fig. 5.

050012-6
 FIGURE 3. Variation of MZ for different value of T and for T /a 4

f f
2 2 1
0 1 2 fh
upper flange 4
t h 1
1 2  fh
2 4
3 Z
y1 y2 h
p 2 4 5
p 1
fh
a 1 4
4 3 5  fh
4
y3 y3

FIGURE 4. Flange load and the Distribution of warping on bar with I-section

f
+ 1 h + + fh
-  - 2 - 
1 + 2 4
y2 y2 h y2 f y2 fh
+ 1 + + +
2 - 2 - 4
y3 y3 y3 y3

axial force bending axis y 2 bending axis y 3 warping

Z1 1 Z2 y 3 Z3  y 2 Z4 Z

FIGURE 5. Warping of an I-section

For the Section is in equilibrium if the axial stress equals the applied load This load is null except on the half-
flange where it equals p. The stress resultants which are axial are computed with expressions in equation 10. The same
stress resultants are obtained by decomposition of the applied load into partial loads that are symmetric or antimetric
to the axes of symmetry of the section, as shown in Fig. 6.

050012-7
 p p
+ + p + p +
4 - -  -  - 4
n1 4 4
m2 m3
y2 p y2 p y2 y2
+ + + + + p + p
4 4 -  - 
4 4
y3 y3 y3 y3

axial force bending axis y 2 bending axis y 3 warping

FIGURE 6. Decomposition of the uniform load on a half-flange

The load on the half-flange is not in equilibrium with the axial force and bending moment stress resultants. The
bimoment stress resultant leads to equilibrium. The axial load, the moment loads and as well as the bimoment load
are given by the following expressions:
1 f 1 pt 1
n1 4( pt ) pt f m2 fh pt f h
4 2 2 4 4
0.5 f
pt f f 1 y2 p t 1
m3 2 (
4 2 2
)  pt f 2
8
mZ ³ Z p da
A
1 4 ³0
(h )
2 4
dy2 
16
pt h f 2

CONCLUSION

The impact of section properties of cross-section will change the bimoment effect. Thin-wall sections with large
value of characteristic number for torsion which is closed sections these effects can be often neglected. For value of
T greater, the total torsional moment is restricted to small length (roughly 0.2a) nearer to the support. The distribution
of Mω varies differently in both cases with altering values of θ and accordingly the normal warping stress differs along
the beam based on the position of restrained torsion and section type. For open thin-walled sections subjected to
torsion, the effect of warping must be considered in order to include the warping behavior of torsion in the stiffness
matrix. In this paper, the behavior of warping bimoment and its importance in in the analysis of thin-walled structures
with restrained torsion is presented. The bimoments are developed from normal stress distribution of the bar and the
stress resultant are developed from transverse stresses as a result the normal stresses caused by warping are clearly
associated to the amount of resistance to warping.

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050012-8
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