Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4 views

    Organic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Nothando Phologotswana

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content

    You might also like

    Organic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Nothando Phologotswana
    4 views9 pages

    Original Title

    Organic Chemistry (1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    4 views9 pages

    Organic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Nothando Phologotswana

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 9
    wd TTS CY apes ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Se ComfSts containing carbon are called Organic Compounds. Hydrocarbons belongs to organic compounds, Hydrocarbons contain elements hydrogen and carbon only. Most organic compounds occur in nature as natural as and petroleum. The study of such compounds containing carbon is called Organic Chemistry. Carbon is a non-metal and it has a valency of four. Therefore it can form four covalent bonds around it {tis very special and unique that carbon atoms have the ability to join with each other in an unlimited way. ‘Therefore forming straight long chains, branched chains and rings 7 Straight chains: sh. organic compounds, hydrocarbons in particular can be clasified ito groups or families called Homologous series. Homologous series isa group ot family of organic compounds withthe following characteristics, = They have the same general formula ‘They show similar chemical properties because they have the same functional group Each member differs from the previous one by CH, for example: CHsCH.CH, (CHsCH.CH,CH, CHyCHCH,CHCHy They show a gradual change in density, flammability, melting and boiling points A functional group is 8 group of atoms that are responsible for characteristic chemical properties of lkanols/ alcohols have an OH functional group which is called @ hydroxyl group. homologous series. Eg, alkanes, Alkenes, Alkanols (Alcohols) and Alkanoic acids (Carboxylic acids) are examples of Homologous series ‘ouatona ctenustne ALKANES Alkanes are group of hydrocarbons containing only a single covalent bond. They are said to be sted hydrocarbons as no other toms canbe added to the carbon atoms without removing some other atoms. = They have a general formula CyHange where mis the number of carbon atoms in 3 compound + Their names end with ane + “The prefix of the name depend on the number of carbon atoms; eth-2 carbons, prop-3 carbon atoms. Hexane c, wet: 4 7 i : HRS ihernteclentat last ‘STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM IN ALKANES ISOMERS: Are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula, ‘Both compounds have the same molecular formula (Citas) but difer only structures due to the arrangement of atoms in a compound. SOURCES OF ALKANES = Petroleum (Crude ol) = Natura gas = Fossil fuels cenasrons cremistar ERACTIONAL DISTILLATION ‘The petroleum / crude oil is separated into fractions and this process is called refining, This whole process is possible through Fractional Distillation column or the fractionating tower. Petroleum is pre-heated at 350° ~ 400°C in a furnace and converted to petroleum gases/ vapour Petroleum vapour is then pumped Into a fractioning column at the base/ bottom of the tower ‘The fractioning column facilitates the separation of fractions by means of the their bolling points lightest molecules cools and condense at the top of the tower while heavier molecules condenses at the bottom of the tower Refinary Gas_20°C Smrall Molecules = = Bottad Gas * Low bting point * Light in cotour Pexot Easy blight 7c Runny Patra for Vehicles Y Lange Molecules “High belleg point “Dark ineoiosr Hard to ight “Thick case ot =, Healer = Fractioning Columa : (Copyton 82008 etrcevescuces oi HEMICAL PROP ALKANE Alkanes are generally not reactive but they undergo two types of reactions 1. Combustion Reaction '2) Complete Combustion; Alkanes burn in 2 plentiful amount of oxygen to form carbon — dioxide and waster *. eg. CHa (e) +02(¢), —__, cs (g) 2#,0(e) . ‘ ) Incomplete combustion: Alkanes burn in a limited amount of oxygen to produce carbor-monoxide and water vapour eg CHe(e)+03(¢) —____, co(g) +2440(¢) Substitution Reaction Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. In this type of reaction Alkanes react with halogens such that hydrogen atoms are replaced by the halogens in @step wise manner. This reaction needs UV light FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION The petroleum / crude oil is separated into fractions and this process is called refining. This whole process is possible through Fractional Distillation column or the fractionating tower. Small Molecules * Cow baitng point Gghtin eotour Petroleum is pre-heated at 350° — 400°C in 3 furnace and converted to petroleum gases/ vapour Petroleum vapour is then pumped into a fractioning column at the base/ bottom of the tower ‘The fractioning column facilitates the separation of fractions by means of the their boiling points Lightest molecules cools and condense at the top of the tower while heavier molecules condenses at ‘the bottom of the tower nee = a Venicies Bowness Large Molecules Se) Paratinfor epee, “Oar ineniour “are to igh Fractioning Columa 7 (Capyrgn 7000 seleecewescurcen aa (CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES Alkanes are generally not reactive but they undergo two types of reactions 1 2) » Combustion Reaction Complete Combustion; Alkanes burn in 2 plentiful amount of cxygen to form carbon ~ dioxide and water *. Hy (e)+03(€) —____.€0s(g) 2.0 (a) a Incomolete combustion: Alkanes burn in a limited amaunt of oxygen to praduce carbof-monoxide and water vapour 2-8: CH (a) + O2(s) + €O(g) +220 (e) Substitution Reaction Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. In this type of reaction Alkanes react with halogens such that hydrogen atoms are replaced by the halogens in astep wise manner. This reaction needs UV ight Steot: CH + Ch wo occ + TRE chloromethone Step 2: CHCl +ch ow CHyCh = + HC TAT atcioromethone Step3: CHyCh+ Ch _wv CHch + Hcl Use” trichloromethone Steps: CHC, +Cly w coh + Hel TRE terochiordmethone ALKENES ‘The Alkenes are another family of hydrocarbons. All alkenes show the following characteristics + They have a general formula CyHzy = Their names end with~ ene ~ There's @ carbon- carbon double bond present in the molecule = They are unsaturated hydrocarbons as other atoms can be added to the molecule when the carbon - carbon bond opens up Structure of Alkenes on cue, wine] on | cvolory | a O° . zeOrr ‘The first few alkenes are gases. Boiling point increases as the alkene size increases. ICAL PROPERTIES OF AL unsaturated The alkenes are much more reactive compared to Alkanes. This is because they have samerated c2rS0n- carbon double bond which can be broken and other atoms can be added to form a molecule with single bonds 4. COMBUSTION REACTION: ‘Alkenes undergo combustion in air/ oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapour CHa (e) +03 (2) ——> COs(e) + 2H,0(6) N nw NS: [halogenation Alkenes react with halogens to form haloslkanes. The reaction takes place very quickly without the 4 Gvdebes necdof vigor tem suey How ms 18a oop 4-6r Rt CREP oy. ay + cs Colortess: red-brown . Coloress ciere o39 ean wat sor wen BETO Mn fon ad darn (tea ahenes cece sre rown Semin sion were Noe Soo ser GHe + Bry» Noreaction Colorless esbroma aca chenge rotor DITION REACTION WITH STEAM (WATER) [h Gite, tenes rnc winwaterin che for of tami se presanc of cata 9 fom anasho hang oct wth steams 00°Con harper ocd (4P0) efor etal acid POS ono non HE + eee gate Be eee sor FFF 5 wr voROGEN thurorenaiel ADDITION 24 1s (unsaturated yérocerbons) react with hydrogen in the presence of 2 catalyst (Nickel) at Crdictias spacer a ne femme H x a Calalp ja i oH NaelpF Glelpten. + tm ——+ ate He Neel oe ea is Gae PHT lee 2 180—20e Hh HH POLYMERISATION A chemical process of forming a polymer from its monomer i called polymerization. During this process, simple molecules called monomer link together to form large molecule called a polymer. ADDITION POLYMERISATION This is the process of adding one moriomer to another to form 2 long chain polymer. The monomer are unsaturated (they have carbon-carbon double bonds), Double bonds open up and form links with adjacent molecules to form large molecules (polymer). Conditions that are appropriate for this reaction are high temperatures and pressure with the help of 2 catalyst to speed up the reaction process. Poly [ethene] is made up of $0 000 ethene molecules oxesnster ousrons + Nouie eat te panama, Sadiise pegmenston, SES OF POLY IETHENE] = Making plastics bags, buckess + Plastics fms used for wrapping fresh vegetables CRACKING OF HYDROCARBONS TD PRODUCE ALKENES Big molecuies, saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) can be broken up into smaller molecules in process called cracking. Cracking is done by passing fractions which contains big molecules of alkane through a bed of powdered catalyst heated at high temp. (+50) Cae __ cracking : Aitone smincann Onde it CoHa __ cracking tigon donde” save * calolys tied Cie + CMe + Cath tere Caste + Cite ene ALCOHOLS/ ALKANOLS Alcohols have the following characteristics = They have a general formula CyHapuOH + They have a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) which gives aleohol its specific chemical properties = Their names end with -ol + Theformula of each member differs from the previous one by a CH, [Leave half of 2 page] (MANUFACTURE OF ETHANOI 1. Gatalvtic addition of steam (water) to ethene using Phosphoric acid as catalyst at 300°C Gate) + 20 () _ phosphor ac 300 HOH (e) Ethene rea thar 2. Fermentation Simple sugars such as glucose can be converted to alcohol and carbon-dioxide using the enzyme in yeast (éymase) to speed up the reaction. This process takes place without oxygen at an optimum temperature of 37°C CeHaOe _eneymezymase/ 57°C 2GHOH. + CO; mmenmenys7e Glucose ethanol (CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ETHANOL [AL COMO! Combustion reaction: ethanol bums in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Therefore ‘ethanol can be used as 2 fuel HOH () + Oxf) ————> 200, () + HO (1) ethanol can bé oxidized by hot acicified potassium dichromate to form ethanolic 2. Ovidation reactor ‘cid (carboxylic acid/Alkanoic acid) and water GHOH + 2Jo})_______, ciycoon +H, (Caiang agen thaole aid xiang agents can be; = potassium dichromate (orange to green) ~ potassium Permanganate (purple to colorless) 2s of ethanol Ethanol can be used as: = solvents in paints, vanishes, quid soap and other toiletries Fuel for motorcars when mixed with petrol. It is better than petrol because It does not produce harmful/noxious gases = Constituent of alcoholic beverages such as wines and whisky Properties of ethanol = Colorless with a strong irritating smell Ithas bolling point of 78°C and itis also soluble in water CARBOXYLIC ACIDS/ ALKANOIC ACIDS Carboxylic acids have the following characteristics = They have a general formula C,HaysCOOH = They have an acid functional group ~COOH. = Their names end with oic derives from a corresponding alkane by replacing the letter ‘e" in ~ane with ‘ic example; methane _, methanolc acid {Leave half of @ page) (CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ETHANOIC ACID [CARBOXYLIC ACID} Carboxylic acid reacts wich alcohols to form sweet smelling compounds called esters. Concentrated sulphuric acid is added as a catalyst. This process of forming esters is called esterification. Esters are used in perfumes, air fresheners and food flavorings because oftheir sweet smell : \e cHcoon + GHON cicoone + xo - SIP F lines + Ethonle acd ‘thono! thy ethanoat estes) Reacts with metals ike sodium, calcium and magneslarto berate hydrogen 2-44 CHgCotH + M9) 7? Reacts with carbonates to produce carbon dione Ciycoosng + He /ROPERTI Noi itis coloriess liquid with a strong smell, 7 itembses readily with water and an aqueous solution of vinegar is formed Turns the blue litmus paper red {Sarbonvicacies source uses = Oxidation of ethanol ~ Food preservation Ethanoie acid = plants ¥ Food coloring _ ~ see anes Methanoie seid = Oxidation of methanol’ | Medicine: methylated spirit 2 plants

    You might also like