1931-32 Short-Wave Receivers‘wave receiver is employed as part of the New ‘York-Buenos Aires telephone cit practically all modera short wave receivers, many of the essential components are of NATIONAL COM- PANY design and manufacture, Other important commercial users of National short Tes elaborate International Tel. & ‘Tcl. short Res U.S, Army; U. 8. Dept. of Commerce (Lighthouse Service); Jenkins Television Corp.; Press Wireless, Ine.; DeForest Radio Go.; Wired Wireless, Inc; Pan- American Airways; Curtiss-Wright; Boeing Airple Co.; Western Air Express; Roosevelt Field, Inc., and Southern Air Transport.32 Snowr-Wave RecRIvERs “Tt is the purpose of this booklet to describe a series of high frequency radio receivers designed to meet the require- ments of everyone interested in short-wave reception, awhether it be from a broadcast, amateur communication, commercial communication, or experimental point of view. “Within its pages will be found a description of a num- ber of different short-wave receivers, all of standard NATIONAL. quality, but differing in scope. Each is excep- Honally fitted to give unusually fine performance in its particular field, and it is felt that anyone interested in high-frequency work «ill find a receiver suited to his pur- pose in this comprehensive line. “Althaugh primarily a description of NATIONAL equipment, it is hoped that the sound, though ingenious, design and the minute attention to detail in the receivers described will contribute to make this booklet of value to amateurs and professionals alike.” James Millen len, Mass June 1, 19811931-32 Smont-Wave Recervirs An Analysis of A, C, Operated Short-Wave Receiver Design The famous NATIONAL SWS Thrill Box, pioneer single dial control a.c. oper- ated shart ccave receiver, is now still further improved by the use of the new -35 variable mu tubes in the rf. and detector sackets. Por broadcast receplian, a model using the 4S power output tubes in push-pull is also available. Special coils cover the range of from 9 to 750 meters conte ito popular se they mit be nade lo operate ‘th very easly the ame eae and convenience ag a oder broadcast receiver; we made a sly of thet wosk punts, “A reciver was neoled that would n6t on) Hold if own against any of the oller type batery operate Jobs for general anatehe and experimental teceplcn, bit iwould ako mect every” reqiirement of the noutechineal Siwner wlio, wen he felt so laclned, wantel 10 hear SSW in London, 2M an Melton, tetra, or any one of dozen oer foreign broadeastag sation thou the neveor ty ct walluy fe" poste redroadcarts of tase sata e's rent of the surrey, the following esentals 3 ged short-ave sexsi were Sought to Heb eAhsetitelyhunless ae operation, 2Single dial con {Uo}, speaker tection fram” foreign broadens sa otet- coal oie east, Neceritieal tonings 6Neat appearance Bos ofthese problems have heretofore bee usnrtnunt= ale in recsiver dex fer nesty'a year of work othe fercopment oF Eich a receiver inthe Taborae tories" of the. National Con any, in collaboration. with a tier of walldnown short wave atthorites (eluding, Inparteular, Robert &: Kruse Sho spent. great deal of ane Toth fa the” National” Con: R= that hefore short-wave receivers could pany’s laboratory and in his own laboratory at Hartford, in making investigations julo the eases of the various (pes of hum encountered in sich receivers), a new ac. short Wave receiver was developed, ‘Now after almost a year of commercial experience in the ‘manufacture of this particular model, the wisdom of the early design has Deen s0 thoroughly proven that the only changes to be announced for the coming season are she te placement of the -24 screen grid tubes in the detector and FL sockets with the sewer -35's, which result in smoother control and quieter operation without any sacrifiee in sensi- tivity. 1)_As short wave receivers are more and more coming into general use for entertainment Durposes inthe reception of Short wave frondessts, an ale ternate model is also available now which employs the 45's in poshpall in the last audi stage, in place of the -2 For general experimenral ane ‘commanieation che standard. movil swith the 227%, as herein des crihed, is still to he recon pended as the more preferall The enly difference in the Ewa receivers is in the last audio stage sockets and bias resist ors, “The bvo power picks, however, are radially differs When dealing with short ‘waves, the manner in which the eireuit is used is important, Tncorporated in the design OF this receiver to make it exceptionally satisface {ory for sc operation1931-32 Suorr-Wave Receivers *BOK TYPE FRAME~ FIG, 4 SUS TYPE FRAME Fit. 4. ‘The frame and shaft of the eondenser form « singleturn coil. As the shait iy turned the hearing contacts change and the ingle turn ie partly opened and closed, tending to produce noises in nearby tube + those coupled to the condenser The circuit itself comprises a omed sereetrgrid radian Erequeney stage, in which provision has been made, if de- sired for the site of the Heater type pentode tue, wher Slight additional gain at the expense of selectivity is want ed; a sereen-grid regenerative Hlelectary n two-stage trans former-coupted dio amplifier, ensploying pnsh-pill in. the second stage and with provision for pihigging “plones into the output of the first stage when desire; and a separate power pack especially designed for short-wave work, ‘Occasionally gaud Inum-free a,c, operation on shart waves may fe altained by the mere sidsstitut/on of the heater type ac. tuhes for the more conventional de. types i a standard hattery operaied shori-wave cirevit, Such instances, now- ever, are few and far between, as they seem to be the result ‘of un unusually good a.c. line condition, plus & “better than a In most cases the mere use of conventional heater type ac. thes results ina quite prec nounced and annoying hum that ends to vary somewhat ‘Thss, in our york on the development of an ac. short ‘wave receiver, we soon found that while we would seett 10 Iie securing exectient results on ane powver Tine, it was esse tial that ave take the eul ve onic to another part a town of to a tows in another state whieh was known to have a par ticularly poor and tronlesome power system, in order to “check and double-check” all results, ‘After considerable experimentation af the so-called “cut and try” variety, it was found that thete were some dozen for so very definite sources of hom trouble to he encountered in the short-wage receiver that world not cause the slightest trouble ima broadcast receiver, Tt was the identification and the efimination of these concealed sources of humm that finally wade possihle am a,c. short-wave receiver in which the hinm is as tow as in a battery powered set, First, the tuhes themselves mist not only he of the heater tyne, tmnt ako, for complete freedom from Ina, tanst be carefully selected. ‘This is especially true of the detector fhe which may he fos so be qnite noisy when just on the edge Of oscillation, unless itis seleeted with care "The cause of hu singe some types of leaker tubes is apparently due to two things; one being direct leakage ors the ceramic insulating column baiween one side ef the heater and the cathode, and dhe other ta an_unnen- tralized 60 cycle field around the heter cere ue Ths petra ake 2s Se a Ee Tees cooveror | sepa viding » Toop irouits cons condenser usex one insulated bear: tion fromm the tuned circuit to the rotor is made through a pigtail of the constant impedance’ ty9¢ 6 Note that by means of the connection pro- from rotor co col, tho lon iting, shortsireuited corns are removed icom the immediate vicinity of the tuned ireuits thereby aullifying the detrimentsl effects ‘This specially des wave feceiver (atthe right) Unlike other small tuning con: Gancers, in chat ite frame ie part metal and part insulation, thus preveating production of 1 shorted. turn, a feature ¢o be: avoided in short-wave ro Wolow; a general view of the revamped tuging condenser CSpecally adapted to. shore tess troublesome than the -24'. At irst thought this quieter per= formance of the -27 would eid so ecommiend is woe as te doe ieelor. Tt was soon found, how cree, thay hog ore! weet approaching osellation, te “24 “ssroen =grids detector wa tinder prnetiel operating’ cond! - Hons, aeually quieter due to is impcoved semsiivty, elimi hating the necessity for full regeneration for the same age fal otiput as obtained with the 2. Tproved tone qi fac a dusther by-product btxed from this decrease mostit of regeneration, "The new. s48% ate even an improvement fn this respect over the 245 "The second poine that must be given casein consideration iF suecesstal ac operation fs ta be fad, is the power suoply tnie. This unit shotld be entirely sepzie iront the rece ver iteelt, completely shicided and located at Teast three foet fromthe receiver proper Te should have exceedingly tow inherent hom fn is wnt- tal; (hey a¢ lean donble section Fiter sting good qnality Ehiokes and plenty of eondenser eapacity inst be eoloyed ‘The power transformer shonid hve. an lectrostar shield ietween the pritary and Ue other windings in order 20 pre= vent fine disturiances from getting into the power wait and ie heat The ever tem alo have an n, lior comprising & radin-freqiency choke ai sy-pass condenser ints outpat directly preceding the hans flr T is this lace spate the vides ome of the (wo things necessary to eliminate the so-ealed usahle" um that is, a ium that shows yp only on certain wave-leugths Dur which nevertheless quite pronounced. Ayparenty st Ia results feom Sistorhamces getup in the rect the salt Sirauge as it may seem, separate henter windings on the power transformer seem to give no iniprovement over the tse of a single winding ‘The set proper should ve completely enclosed ina steel cabinet in order v9 exclude stray lon-freqteney maguetic felds.Ineidentalt, shese stny fields seem to be the ence of the “ase” hum frequently encountered with some battery Siperated shortswave seceivers in order ta make the sisi ing all the more effective, the power sipoly potentiometer sth is aesocated hy pase condensers stowid be foeatel fide the set in order io eliminate any external leas which might cantain 1 currents ts been found that altnost every ind, condenser of Pit e “conventional1931-32 Smorr-Wave Recetvers Tie cireuit comprises a tuned screen Arid radiosfrequoney stage, with provi Sion for using a heater type Pentode tubo; a sereen-gcid. regenerative de- tector: 4 twonstage transformer-coupled audio amplifier employing push-pull in the second stage when desced; a sep- arate specially deslaned power pack plies A and B ‘voltages paper variety now on rf, impedance at the lower wavelengths than a good .01 pecially whea tiiea condenser. It is evident, therefore, that even though it may he desirable the cost be slightly more, the use of the smaller mica by-pass loudspeaker and use condenser will srbicousiaely Glntiate x youths: W andi rocoinced | pits receiver tert te ronoe ft Sree y Binal uodio singe Should a angle ong tbe employe pace OF the pustular scmndeasry should al divin ef connlfele bagaitide would st been Sapo De mentioned centerstap restore of low ohmic value. That upon the power pack, which, mn ti ‘when using the paper condenser (Inim resting fret con the non coupling through impedance of condenser). Along with low impadanee A side view of the receiver show: ing the method of mouuting che specially designed tuning conden: rs Shielding is employed not ‘nly to isolate the tuned cireut ‘rom each ether but also to shield the avdio channel from the tuner market as a materially higher the final or push-pull stage, there is liound to he a time, es- stening Wo some of the foreign stations, when b comieet the ‘phones in place of the j) of the ostainahle amplffeation. Tat ‘ove more effective aan! it muly instanees this possible use of the headphones in the oulpat of the com- ent of prash- would have prosliced is, they should he of noj over 20 olums, rather than the eop- am iufinitesimal fhuctuation in some of the bias resistors, see ventional GO chm type employed jn broadeust receivers, sulting Furthermore, it will he generally fovnd that a noticeable audio-frequency the introduetion of hum in the detector and firs circuits, which then would be amplified and improvement’ can be obtained, when operating on a poor passed on to the listener, even though the ‘phones were power lin, if this resistor is of the flat type rather tan the plugged into the first stage And now comes a method of him contol that will per- more logical than those a Found type, whieh apparently dqueney impedance at the ext has considerable radion sme high frequency on wihich haps seen We ure working, One is the location and Side of the center-tap ree arrangement of the Sistor had best he by- wirlug. As will be passed by one of the seen from ihe pho- Small mica condensers tograplis, the re- previously mentioned. ceiver is constructed While the jack for oma metal sub-panel hheadephone reception is to hich is also adll- Tocated sa as to cut out etl a metal bottom at shown at lete—firtt on in the um that woe developed swat found 10 be objeeioosnla It vee slitnated by the use of a radio-frequency transformer as a coup” Ting medium, as shown in” Fig. 8 To make a short-wave receiver operate sa isfacrorily trom a socke powered B supply, it necessity that extra special” precautions he’ taken in the design and construction ‘of the power unit to incorporate rf. chokes aad bepise condensers £0 4s to make the receiver stuble in operation ck, and the final stage notin use. ready deceribed; that1931-32 Suorr-Wav Racrivens shield, By being careful to see that practically all of the tadio-freytency leads are located aliove the sub-panel, while all of the power supply leads are located it the enclosed ‘compartment Heneath the sub-panel, much i¢ done to elimie nate troubles from so-called modalation hum, Anu now for the final aiid perhaps least expected of all sources of huin trouble—the interstage rf, Uranstormer, In otter to simpliiy construction, an attempt was at first made to use a tuned imperlanee as che imerstage eanpling device, first as shown in Fig, 7A and then ay in Fig. 7-15, where the stopping condenser is located in the grid return elreait ‘of the detector railier than in the plate eirenit of the sereen- tid amplifier, “In hoch of these instantees the receiver not ‘nly lacked the sensit.vity obtainable when using a trans: former bnt also stiddenly developed a new hum, Interstace R. F. Transformer Apparently both of shee ei coupling deviees were sap= atleot paning onto the gril of the decor sabe sone SE the hum frequencies develiped in the mk eveut The lass of sensitivity was due seemingly ta the act that there is ne Such thipg as an 1. f- choke of infinite Impudance Frequencies, which spoiled the effectiveness frou a “git” point of the circuit. The stopping conenser in the grid ce- fen croufe at Bape parently ind-consider che impedance xt some frequencies whieh alo prevented that circuit from performing at Brown" (No. 10) Range 9 t0 1 “aD hit ‘The solution is obvi- ously a radio-frequency transformer as shown at 'C”, Fig. 7, in which ot only is the sensitive ity of the receiver kent up where it helonge, due 10 the complete omission of shunt radio frequency chokes and series blocking eanden- ers, bub also all low- Srajuency carping be- tween any part of the rf ampliher circuit and the detector tale iid is completely elim= inated. There are quite a umber of regenerst'on control systems, each of wh to Nave some particular short-wave band im whieh it oper. ates to best advantage. Where the plug-in coils are used, as in this ease, to cover an extremely witte frequency range, it is necessary to find some moans of regeneration coniral hat will be smooth at all times, and not result in uncer Inble iringe how, bad hand capacity effects and incerioe! OF the four most yenerally used methods, aamel able plate by-pass condenser shunt resistor, and sereen-grid voliage eontrol, the serecn- tid voltage Gontzol method, when arcompanied ‘by wiley Gireuit details results in uniformly satisfactory performance at all wavelengths. Tuned Circuits “Blue” (No, Vellow” (No. 17) Range 330 to STATION COUNTRY Holland Bolland usa, England clisiratia Tolland New Vork City Phitadelphia Pitsbigh eries plate resistor, tiekler Good tied efreuits are at the hottom of a good receiver of any sort. Since a tuned cireiiit comprises a coil and come dlenser, let as cousider loth of these units in ter, Unuil recently there ave lieen no proper high-freqneney taming condensers, designed for that purpose. ‘The practice hhas been ratlier {0 use some sort of a bepatleast-ringe con denser with a few Tonesome plates providing the small capac city aetially needed. Some improved designs have appeared Quite lately, also some of the more rece “yerner™ eon= dlensers have by good fortune been well adapted to seme high-frequency meeds and have been ‘mitch used for such purposes, One of the early steps taken in the development of the new receiver, therefore, was the design of the special short Coil Tuning Ranges ‘meters or 33.3 fa 20.0 Afegacyeles “Biluce” (Noe 11) Range 14 te 23 ae Hed” (No, 12) Range 23 10 AL meters ov 130 to 739 Megacseloe (No. 18) Runge 88 to 70 meters or 79 to 430 Megusgeles Greow" (No. 14) Range 68 to its Haage 1M to 200 Oramae” (370. 18) Renge 20 to 36h inetere or U5 fo 68 dcgucseles I) meters oy SAN #0850 Ailocscles “Purple” (No, 18) Range 540 in 730 meters or 285 fo 430 Kiloeveles Dial Readings 5 weave condenser Unlike other stall tuning condensers it may Ue mouuted in al of the regulation manners —seremed 408 panel, screwell (othe base of sextred tora pane by the hexagon nat op the front heaiag. in conventional Pgle Hole mounting” syle. At High dtequensies any condener with two beariugs tle #0 he noisy ether a guee oF eae Mie it gs ad some om Ths fenleicy ea be Desens bp She nge of a gov jumper {rtm rotor to frame ain by he uke oF spring tention to sere goud heselog coatsee Both devices have in the pact been sed will sping niceeae Shngle‘eating eandensers of the "veruiee™ type however are noticeable qoieter than 2-Searing toes the ers ice grows wi frequeney unt at boat DOO) ke CE mee tets) tbe Dearing type has rly useless, “There ‘re several ponsibie reasons for thi twouble. Prominent Arsong thea is tie lect shown fn Fig. 4 The frome il shat‘ the condenser forst a singles ol As the shat is tured the bering contacts cige an the singe tr Parily opened and closed, sening to province notte in ears by thes or those coupled #0 the condenger, "AC andnaey fete the ect at Serius an therefore seed na le worsied shout, bat at high frequencies fs cl worth voiding. The mew sendesser accordingly tuos, blo bearing: and that heaving fe snulated, The cooction fsom the ied eieeuit to the rotor is mode tog @ pital ot the patented» constant edance type. (See Hig 3) The pga does “aol go. te the frame, bie fo a terme zal oyeon a Snnlsing support athe rear en cf he eondemen. The ator “terminals are slose to ths termina permitting very short fads if desired ‘The dial sppecrance alone wis not oe only aon for the selection "The, projection. fetare climinatesparaiae Ti nee fiat has to herent a Characters hat tunke its use partici Ip valiable i shoot= weave works The fist that te projection fare elinfintes parallee Jo the rte, reading Shieh prevents “geet rate logging at the various dial settings without being’ e& tremely asetul at just whet angle the dil s being viewed, The other is the cleceeally silent vernier-delve oki is tained by the ase 0 + nomantalic conte The lent deve Feature, a8 in the case of the ‘nsulaied condenser heating, is very important when tuning in vn wavelengtte below Sb The new Suttery type Radiotrons UX230, UX231 and UN2, are iesily sited for uee in place of the CVD snd 2276 jn this nes NATIONAL SWS “Thrill Bos" Wiese 4, C. soppy i not avalale, The accompansing eprint yive all necessary data on ciecut changes eters or 212 fp 0 Meaacyetes ‘welers oF 7 to 2b Mrparyrles dneters oF 223 to 13 Mepaeyeles coms: WAVE DIAL Block 5 15.88 iho? white Operating Notes here's Title mare so bringing in those eisive foreign short-wave brondeasters than merely sitting down £9 your receiver, flipping the lament switeh and carelessly (wide dling the dials." Yet, many a broadcast listener has heen fed to believe that it's just as easy as listening to a local program. Not ony must the operator of a short-wave re- ceiver exercise greater care in tining in to x distant station, Dut he mnst use his judguent as ta when to listen. All the tuning on eatth won't Dring in a station if it doesn’t happen ia-be on the air. Matiers ecome more complicated in this respect beeanse of the diiferenee of time hetween the loca tion of the receiver and the transmitter. ‘There's no doubt6 sot 0 ose hi ead when tung inom the Short waves, The Ist of short-wave brogdeasers on the Sc pages ee mow sorte and nes whe Tied en poesia though the reception oF foreign ehort-wave broadeat- ing: sti i is no longer an unusual experience for thou- fais of sila fara sere a sill shy. awaees OF shor teave recelvers who have nver hard aything outside of the United Stas or Canida, ‘Ther disappointing. failures an be explafned usally by either or bot of two reasons donot exercise enough patience in toning thoi ses, Gr fiey donor Eni when el where to fiten Advent of ShortsWave Broadcasting Frou his contacls with several thousand purchasers of ponitar shortwave ewceiver Kit the writer would say that houtechnical people have been ‘somewhat oversold othe idea that foretgn reception is merely a matter af Aipping @ Swiicle. Te ft pe all Troublcsoiac Wond-capacity sites thave been. presty well eliminated But you skill have lo hang abit Lensely over the dials and wate for signals to fade in to an understandable level, The advent of short-wave broad tasting (as distinctly distingniaied from "Nauy” Tadio teleg- Fapliy) bas revived the fine act of dal tisting, and unless the set onmner masters ithe will never know the till of hearing VR2ME_ in Ssies, or RAG? in Siberia, or that Ger man jawbreeer at Eecnganaaterbaurel, ‘The must. important ial OF Bio 4 he Oe that controls the reget eeallve action of the Getector. This is tre for all types and makes ete reser Pca benal aso fegenerative delecior ith and without tuned or untied rf, ampli cation ad. with one, tov thee sass of veiaty eager aupbition | Sily Heep the detector ta 2 coil iste GE OE tation by rocking. the reyeneratfon dal Suck and forth as you turn the ting dial Traction of a degree at a time. When you encounier a sier wave you will hear 4 lelsiale whistle, IF the signal {s fairly stoi you can hack. down the regeneration Gat the whistle disappeats; ifthe signal i rather weal i ig best fo “zeroveat" th This is the provess of beeping the eireuit dn ‘oncilaton, but tunbis ic 20-thar the frequency GF ths Toeal oscillation fs exactly the same a8 that of the Incominy carrier wave. Under this cotdtion no whistle ie peacraied, there ting no Weterodyme action, and the voiee af masie can be distinguished. Te signal ll sound father “mushy” HP they are zero-bcaled, lve at least they will he xecognie- ate, ‘Sometimes, after a station is bronght In by the sero: method, fs’ sirenyth may merease so mich tat the or cad be tivown out Of cseilations the Biguals’ wil ‘hen clear up considerably Unless a very short ailenna is ited, the tuned sf sage is rather broad. The trimmer coudeaser secves to’ compen sate for various lengths of antenna that may be used, and feed be set litt one, wien the receiver is frst put in oper ton, As it affects the operation of the detector stage, it Should be adjusted ani then forgotten, in order that the ta ons may be logged sccteatels "The aligning procedure ie siuple; dhe detector js put just tauder the edge of oscillation andthe trimmer ‘eondesser turned nntl a point is find where osellaton ix mcimum OF course, the detector may pall be made to sop ovcllating cling the regeneration eoutrol. "Pais method of allgnment fs mich more acearate than the vstal custom bf tuning ia a station for miaxcimunn volume, Hiaving 4 good tecelver is good operating condition ts about tha Special condensers and coils have heen de- ‘lined for this roseiver, and contribute to its high efitcieney 1931-32 SHors-Wave Recrivens only half the battle, You have to know when to fat what poinis on the dials, The accompa lions, with their hours of operation in Eastern Standard. tine, shonld be of great assistance 10 yau in Unis respect ne thing many people cannot seem wo get into their beads is that time ic different in different places ia the word. “Many short-wave set aumers finish their suppers at 7.00 or 7:80 in the evening and then sit down to their re- ceivers with the innocent expectations that there will be short-wave stations to hear all evening. This is nor always so, Seven o'clock New York time ig midnight im London, and G5SW, the famous British Broadcasting Company's shortwaver, is just signiug off for the night. The weiter fas read hundreds of letters from people who complain of their inability to bring in London ior their bridge gueste— at nine ojclock. “This is am age of scientific achievement, bat even a dozen short-wave seis won't bring ina station that isn't transmitting. Right now the best times to hear forcign stations are ‘early in the morning and about the snidelle of the alter nous. Hetween four and about eight am. the stations in Ausira~ ‘va, Siam Siberia, the Dutch Fast Indies and Tolland are quite active, and they deliver astoundingly string signals VK2ME, in Sydney, is testing pretty regularly with Sel cectady and with the British Post Office staitons ia Eng Tan Those Dutch stations are hy far the best onc, PLE aul PLF, in Java, working with PHI PCO gad PCK in Hole land, operate poweriul fruncmitters, and Hf you. itine way down Jow on sauallest coil yo get them foud enough fo wake up the Tamily aest door Tf yout have always confiied yor Histening hours to the early ev ating, you won't kuiow your Set in, the carly moming. “The air is consparatively clear andl favict and the very le Wave stations skip in ‘without much coaxing. During the afternoon the German stations get busy, and come through just a litle under WGY, In England G3SW starts at 2 p. m. ES. T., and is an old stand-by. ‘As you know, skip distance effects vary with wavelength lime of day, and the condition of the atmosphere, ‘There- fore, divide your listening schedule something like this: 14 to about 20 meters, Dest from daybreak to about 2:00 p.m, and then fades our as darkness approaches; ie is use less to listen below 20 meters aller dark, 20 (0 35 meters Europeans from 1:00 p.m. to aout ten in the evening (if they Happen to be puting on late programs), 35 20 75 meters, beat between slight and daybreak: Locating the Foreigners ‘You cas locate many of the foreigners by spotting some of the American stations. For instance, sn can get W2XAw CWGY) prety easly on 3ha8 mele; ec jos under him aid look for PCI, NEL and the Govan station 20 Koenigawusterbatves. Lie NIH, in Costa Rie Is Abort tw degrees below these. "Von ean spo ths group of ations hecnise they are about on degrees buow 2 tery pervert ene vation om abost 38 meters This XDA, Stexieo Cin which also ncasionaly naes voice Wet st does isons jt ious te WIE dots to a fecever leat! in" Bound ‘Brook. he dial’ broadest antenna cas, Of Course be usd, snd Hf cunnecied to the short wave receiver Airough a sal condenser, sich we JOOOUS and capac bath receivers maybe felt connected permanenly foe Garzia antenna ‘However, poo gro teat eesea fil to the stable, quiet opertion of the high frequency. et ‘Tabes of know sella are to be prefer1931-32 Snowr-Wave Recervens a Solving the Band-Spread Problem of Short Wave Reception A new and simple coil unit for short-aave receivers which allows stations in a given band to be “spread out”, so to speak, over more than a mere few dial divi- sions. This new band-spread principle permits mare accurate tuning and greatly improves opportunity for real DX wark. Band-spread coils are particularly suited for amateur communication use, be au oar ie [2s for wide tant sre at ge oe tones etna See te te tee Dose qualties af the. SW thatthe special bandapread cols were deen ‘These ny colle are erey milases fe ne ion neo Gos ce ie, Wate ana ay einagee ee cee “The ovuly in he case of the 205 40e and &0- eae es, 2 gent Stet Heh the arte oF Sie ML Spell Pipes coe apes oatatie (> 4 mtr Of ier somoereinbands, such a sed by Ce ee And certain geo of foceign browns sans es aoe le adios Ge ements teenie, Geta bok Sree col ites fom te Conyetouel 4 al ty in that a tad comes ou of the op fr cip- Ping directly to he exp of the ureangrd be Bia of hele a lp HOt oe bere Gos een Lem, fete fl tna feel ec ini at ard See ao oe ate saiue toe stageny col for Suet made of a0, the Ino shore vesve col tater dove Tice 3 (tie) Bote proper " ‘sein SW-5 Theil Box. a \ oped for the NATIONAL COMPANY by the Radio Frequency Laboratories of Boon- ton, New Jersey. ‘The material in this coil form differs from regulation bakelite in that no eoldcing material, filles, or wood flour, the latter the ingredient that intzo- faces the high-frequency losses, are used. Instead, the pare Dakelite resin is. mixed with finely ground mica, the immer condenser unde: heath whieh the. grid-condenser New Band Spread Arrangement Figure 2 shows the new band-spread ar- rangement. It will be seen that Cl, the regular yatiable tuning condenser, “now siints only a portion of the total induct- ance, while dhe geid leak RI and the con- denser C3 eonect directly to the top of the coil. Finally, the crimmer condenser C2 shunts this whole arrangement and is in parallel with the tube capacity, connecting digeetly from the grid to the filament gure 3 shows a sketch of the coll and indicates how the prongs of the coil are connected, together with the disposition of the screen-grid lead which comes out of the top of the coil ‘The particular L/C ratio arrived at in this ar- rangement results in a circuit of @ high order of sensitivity. This, with the other advantageous fen- tures ctlined here, make these new band spread coils a happy addition to the short-wave receiver art. Figure 4. An nl retintanoe curve, ise in resistance as the natural ped ‘proached and hovr the operating point i shifted toa Tow resistance value by the tre of the 3 mnt Figure 2 (Left). Tho conventional detector denser at the top of the coil between, it und the grid of the tube, (Center) Here the grid-lenk is located in the grid return te Slament, providing results a¢ Figure 1. (Right) The band-spread cirouie showing the grid-lak snd condenser in a new position. Cl is.» 100 mumld, cuning condensor}, C2, sdjustuble mien condenser in parallel with tube eapacity (about $ mids.) CRI, aridloak and condenser located inside coil form Jeeuit with grid-leae and comThe Air Cell and the Two Volt Tubes as applied to the SW5 1931-32 Suoxr-Wave Tt Metal shiold ‘channel down on the top of the receiver ‘walle separate the cuning elements from the 9 ited along rear edge Short-Wave Receiver All advantages of the A.C. SWS Thrill Box are now available in the new battery model designed around new low-current 2-voll tubes and the 2-volt Air Cell baitery HE, ney standard of pevformance set bythe SWS C Thrill Box, described in the preceting pages, soon ereated a considerable demand for a Vatlery ‘model of eqsivalent capabilities, New Tubes and Battery About the same time there appeated on the marke a series of new tubes: designed «have extremely low fa gure consumption aul or tae with a new {ype A" battery known a8 the “Ait Cell”. Ia co-operation ‘wth the tbe and hattery engiucets al the Cleveland labora Tories of the National Carbon Company, Robert S. Ferese and Dana Bacon collaborating with oer engineers of the National Company have evalved the battery motel of the SWE Theil Box, which, atthe time of this weltug, Is stil tne only'sliort wave receiver to Bear the endorsestent and approval of the National Carbo Company, manutactusers atthe new Eveready “Aie Cell This new model is equal in general overall performance to its A.C. predecessor ual in dition, has the advantage Sof ligher ‘power ouput than the original A.Ce muwel which used the 227 thes in pishepall amplification. "Ts Bigher “anda omipat is ob- fajued as a result of the use of tno oe OX-28 po then in pisiepull modo revit. Coneqtents, “very fine tone quaity is obtained on short wave broudeast 1 eption wilont in any way intpairing the performance af the receiver {OF Gomi ation and experimental pi pose, Battery Model It is this battery model that hhas proven sb poplar with many of the exploration parties and expeditions to far for wall their These This seceiver communication work. Sets are also well suited for tise on siipboard, in summer ‘The it cal Battery camps, and in foreign conntries where the standard 110 volt 60 eyele A.C. curren supply is not available. ‘As the design of this receiver parallels that of the A.C model very closely, the following account of some of the problems encountered in the design of both receivers aad ‘ot fully covered in the preceding pages, may he hitingly told at this time, “Selectivity Before Gain” 1t is practically selfevident that good sensitivity and oul selecivity cannot he combined less one ses nie fhe frst tube ta the set—shat i ty say, "selectivity infore gain.” Should anyone he in dvi it is only uecessasy to recal shat 2 few: years since we liad Broadcast receivers ‘wid seh “sneuned inputs,” "coupler thee” al the Tike tht that now we have gone’ to the opposite extreme and i variably put one, two, and even ie tuned circuits Of the fst the.” The only reason troadeast receive tolerated the coupling tube was that it was considered “tae possible wo produce allgnmment of the frst elvcult with the Fest becaue Uf the association OF the frst eireat with Ge antema.” As soon as this Was discovered to bea mere superstition all iamfactur= rs dropped the evupling tule fins moment, Why nots Tas it any advantages whatever? Shuuilarly the shortwave receiver has stick. tothe coupling tube” hea hecaise it a ‘impossible to—" and so Gn, Some conskeration of {his elie? stiggested da i Wie so alogether soon ine deed, the shspicon arose ‘hat Bit sas promably nor more than 2 oF 20. times as cif cult as in the usital hroadeast Foodie, OMe wanniage poke Tent was accordingly attacked as the heart of the matter Experiments soon coalirmed the suspicion that satisfac tory ganging could not be expected from. eut = down Droadeast condensers. smaller, more rigid tuning1931.32 Suorr-Wave Recevzas condenset was devised, with: dve attention to avaiiance of All wiping contacts, Some details of the construction were diseossed in the June pajer referred (0 above Having found the new ting gang to mictain alignment svay necessary nest to tassre tre permanence ofthe eo ‘This ia thing not qulce ay simples fr sounds, rom the standpolit of mechanical solidiy. it wae desirable to ‘wind the wire ta theeads, ext in a malded bakelte form A. very few teat confirmed! the previons experience that sc 60 is very bad at shor! waves. here remained the doice of tng: some sort of a skeletonizad or ribbed coilspool or ise going to a better highefreqenes material for a threat ed spook It was known ftom previons work that a good low-loss riled spool cx be matle Of black bakelite att the present set such a spoul would not answer hee#se the write is supporied at the ibs only and ean therefore shift Highly during the handling of Whe colle ‘This. shiting Drmlices alterations of indctance and raises Hoh” i Siyglecconivol set~-though quite eraess ia a mltccontrol Sue, The coils were tierefore wovid in ett (ao: wonlded) threads tn sponis made of special hakeite called "R23" Tihs 8 a prodict of Radio Frequency Laboratories uid fas in several instances een found to hol the solution to. Anoity probtem. The tee of 3 4prong colt form 20 fit the stondard UX socket, or a Sprong seeket ike the UY standard, was very sxtractive int was abandoned in favor of a special G-prong socket which permitted complete independence of the three cruicngs which appeat on cach coil form. This independ: Speer yo an avant One solace jelecior gr-blocking aul the other is the ganging ire first described in derail hu a eatlier part of this ariel. Method of Ganging The unetiod of gacging with these oile depends on thee coripyrra oe cieymatcadcatien tens Petters ctv itt eae decease Eee eee ati ty ain peg anna ne epmrasicnia Mie cere ieceer wie cee pees nae rae oor ge eats Mieke atece Pree eter ae iienet ae nee oa taerme comaery ones bre sign oe atu etre gcse al esa “nbie that he bbe or fhe dete ing of fine wiee, This winding has GO 2g many Carns as dee siiey Tats wee itete epi Spice waca Ne vie courte vose as eae Serciar ea eset ear ce fer an tuth eupecity fon the pla ctr tao the next 9 tuned ciren't (grid cireuit), where jr is not wanted, ‘There several reasons why it is desirable to keep tits capieity- ring action dowtl. One is that the capacity is not erefare change lnngel, thus vending to dst (Of the set. Anuther retson Js that the plate-circuit capacity is—for one parfienlar tmbe— 4 Gxed capueity, and if this expacity is "iransformed over ico the secondary one has the ellec: of a sinall fixed cone denser shunted across the tuning eondenser, This is bad, Decatise one tust then inerease the size of the waning com denser quite coniderably to preserve the sume Tang Tange, Incidentally, also, the power factor and selectivity of the sit suiter if ehe primary has more auras thea the rl vindiog on the form is close-wosind of nll silk-covered wire itt a narvow xroove at the Towe i the spool. It i= normally used as the detector titer, Be- aise of the igh gat of the type of detector this tickler bas fewer turns than is usually specified for short-wave circuits. exactly the same for all tubes and will slightly when the tubes are the ealihration ar logging ‘reuit Alignment Ii ag beep euistomary in shove wave receivers to use two types of coils, the antenaa-coupler or rf, inp coils being Without tieklers and having provision for coupling in the antenna through an antenna winding or a smail condenser Tr was desided in this ease wo avoid the condetses-coupling method for the double reason that it fends 10 cause severe hnistuning and that noises, especially powerline 10.ses, fear Uo be somesviat more severe with such an input an with an antenna coil. A variable condenser in series with the antenna does not provide proper compensation when the antenna is inductively coupled, the series condenser havug tw be reset with almost every change in tuning, [& thereiore Amounts, to another taming control nd spotls the single control feature entirely. A “vernier” condenser connected Across tuning condenser will give fairly good compensst on ut will sof que maintain alignment across te wing sewle. The reason for this may be stated as follows: At bone parcicular dia] serving: it i= possible to produce exactly the same effect with a secondacy-shuat capacity as with a prinary-shunt capacity, bul this statement dues not hold exactly it the nining ie changed, umiess the coupling is made exceedingly tight, Since it was stated above that the yri- tmary-secondary coupling was intentionally no1_made 100 tight, one may see that complete compensation must be done in the samo circuit of the r.i, aud detector coils, ‘This leads to the arrangement shavrn in the finally accept ed citenit, Fig, 1. ts LN hee ed Gap Pi cenit EAS ete at hy a ig 1, the complete circuit. In the antenna eirouit we have the rf. transformer ‘That seross the secondary SI may be termed Cl. iiary, hich we will ter 82. by varile condensers ‘arlable condenser termed C2 ie shunting the sec both primary and secondary In the detector cireuit the ‘explanation of these evo cir ‘nits and how they are ganged is contained in the text10 1931-32 Smoar-Wave Recervens Special Tubes Contribute to the Efficiency of the Latest Thrill Box—the SW3 A.C. and 6-Volt!D.C. Models The SW3 Vhrill Box employs the same circuit, and all other essential features, as the famous SWS, except for a more compact layout and the elimination of the last or push-pull audio stage. Tt is designed especially for aircraft, portable, and amateur communication use pull stage is seldom, if ever, used when the receiver ceiver from batteries when used! ona boat, i an airplane, is being employed _m amateur communication work or wherever A.C. is not available, and from A.C. when ‘or by expeditions for maintaining contact with their more convenient. hase stations 5 ‘There are also many places in which ie would ideal 4 paaleser Rec Oar Ibe much more convenient and practical—particu- ‘The low first cost, a8 well as the D.C, to A.C. larly im aircraft—to have a smaller seceiver than conversion feature, makes this new receiver par the SWS Thrill Box without tewlarly well suited for ama- any sacrifice in operating ef eur use, the first investment ficiency, and for these ptt covering’ the receiver alone poses the SWS fills a long felt and a later investment the ‘want, power pack eqtipment for eon vverting it from batter t A.C. operation, When being used for am- ateur work, it is only neces sary to secsre the three sets of special bandsspread coils (the SW3 uses the same coils as the SWS) in order to se- tame advantageous operation over all of the standard ama- teur wavelengths, ‘The NATIONAL Type “C” Velvet Vernier Dial is om- ployed in order to permit tog- wing directly on che dial itself, a feature highly prized by many commeccial a3 well as amateur operators. Te sensitivity of the SWS is so great that the push- feature makes it readily possible to operate the same se- A Universal Model By taking advantage of the new 6-volt battery type tubes, primarily for automobile radio tuce, it has been possitle to so design the new receiver as to nave a universal model that ‘will work from either batteries ‘or the NATIONAL No, 5880 Power Pack, Ail that is nece to use the special 'y cubes when rianing on batteries aud the standard A.C, tubes, plugged imo the same sockets, when running on A.C. with the Power Pack. This1931-32 SHoer-Wave Receivers BB +67 +135 Be Pos, A408 5 V. Nec. NEG. AOR’ ey, POS, Fig 1 Cieonit diagram of SW3 Theill Box bt Frequenty Line 2/0" short wave andem direetiy: behind 1 and cotmected together bie coupling. Betwoen these the Type hy means of an insulates fle tivo coaidensers ix located th is of exireme importance with both the suh-pane! not be serving’ its proper purpose. ix the mind of the operator this shield is properly grounded the R.E fate ‘There will he no doubt von this, yoint, since unless tude will oscil Due ta the arrangement of possible to climinate any nec as the shied partition effectively accomplisties the purpose, Te will he noticed From the photographs how this id runs Detween the two sereen-grid tubes and their sied electrical circuits, circuit employed in the compact SW3 Thrill Box is, as will be seen from Fig. 1, identiesl with that of the SWS except for the last autlio kage end the type of tubes ae Battery Model The Dattery movlel uses the UY= tubes in the RAP, and detector sockets and UY in the first audio socket. These new tubes have the standard S-prong UY base and are of the indirectly heated cathode type. Tn physieal size the tmbes ave considerably smaller chan Use regular A.C. tunes hut in the desiga of the SW3 this feature was not ntifized to further decrease the physical |imensions of the receiver, the Wg retained to make possible the jneltsion of A.C. tubes for A.C. operation of his same nit. Radio Time The World Over ‘TIME AND DAY CONVERSION TABLE ongiwte ace TTS Mee Batea Gh (py Ghetto ine Stiutenedale har rte oa net Tmten am "The hurt af devneur-6 PM, to 6 Aci ae shaded1931-32 Suowr-Wave Recervers Television and Short Waves Very little apparatus is required in addition to a goad short-wave receiver far viewing television programs which are now being transmitted daily by a number of stations HERE are some half dozen or more pawer‘ul shart vsave stations transiting television” signals. on regilar daily schedule. All of these stations at pres= ent are operating i the gesteral band of from 100 10 150 meters and may rendily te picked ap in alinose an pert Of the country with standard short wave teceiver The operators of these different jelevision stations, with fow exceptions, have sow gotten together and standaalzed Gna method of transmissions namely, a 60 x 72 line picture iansmitted at che rate of twenty pictures per second It therefore becomes practical for any” experimenter, Doses a short Nave rcivut expe of picking up tle tision signads, to obiain a seaming dss, motor, neo tap, nd associated paraphernalia, aud secure vist, reception While the images reeefved with sich a layout witl euloabe, aiiy he Iacking in entertainment value, they will, aeverthe: tess, be quite tecognizable and due to the number of this ferent stations from vehich images may be obtained, consis erabie fun sil) be liad by the experimenter: who gets a early start in this new feld “The standard’ NATIONAL SWS accurately machined and mounted on a large hub for instal. ation ona 24” motor shaft, The Tigit apertures are all of the NATIONAL square construction and counterbured 0 redkice anggilar distortion, Where the receiver is located within the. same “power dlissrict as the transmitter, then a 1/6 hp. 1200 zy. syi chronous motor is recommended for driving the dise. Where lee receiver is fed trom a different power sotiree than the transmitter, then a variable speed motor, such as the Baldor, should be employed. After a little practice in adjusting the sored controls, the picture ean be held in synelitoniam for rather long periods without great dificult. While the use of any good short wave recciver capable of picking up the signal from a television transmitter will give fairly good results, it is to be recommended where best possible results are desised and the receiver is to he Iocated from one to fifteen miles or so of the transmitter, that a receiver especially designed for the purpose be em- ployed, Such 4 reve'ver should eraploy no regeneration, a broad! toned low-gain RF., a detector a ‘Thrill Box makes an excellent receiv er for picking up television signals, particularly when the transmitter is Some distance away, which permits the full value of the high sensitivity of this receiver to he utilized. Tnstead of conmecting the output to 4 loa able of wide frequency hand-pacs, and am to amalter of the gegen Fesisiance eatpled tye with an ute fiat of a least ewo watt anda fre= quency range of from about 20 2, Mia'or even more if posible. Using such n recetver within tne mile ofthe speaker in the usual manmer, it shiatd be connected to the special ampli nicon tube arrangement, the cirett diagram of which is given in Fig. 2, ‘This is merely a combination power sxpply—power amplifier, capable of illommating and” anodularing the standard neon Tammp made for selevi- ‘The NATIONAL COMPAN 60 x 72 element dise is a precision vs B.C. television station ies Square, New York , hali-tones comparable in detail to those on this page were obtained, and friends appearing before. the itter were instantly recognized, ‘When attempting to ise a strictly “celevision” receiver at some distance from the transmitter, however, the results will generally not he as good as objainahle from the conventional device developed primarily Zor Thora tory work bur idesily sited for the home experimenter. Tes of aluminunt, Webtng tale 24" in diameter by .062" in thickwess, Pig, 2. The civeuit diagram of the special ampliior— eon lang arrangement for in. transmissione nicked sp the standard Netional SWS Thrill Bow sharply timed regenerative short wave ftfic due to tack of sufficient celec- Evliy to cut out interference, lack of ity and, even more’ impor-ay Horr Wave Recervias WK, ppt ae Tene Men Me, WAAR 2M Teskine Televaen Cop Betas SY 0) RAND so SIRE, Fleet Wate 8S cisuirera ee Stes Ba 21002009 Klcpee Sia wats Roel Doadating Co, Pore Sate Keds Eevee Oo Peale 5, Sait. Broadens co Geen ciate Henin Wx, & ata Wai 733 Gane 2ee See Tonetuate iy, Ney BRAS sama sel eh Pay, UTE TO Cs NN PRE MSS REN Pas co, Ren Pas, Bay WIKAY Seavata sre Ware Teer alm. Bs St ARE sae GST LES Shediiace co, Boesdal Or 8} ane selection wie rons. £8 Pe earthy Chat GEE in aninetn win © Sane tne sede or te Sonate seal eth WEN: spi Snebowe daiy tt oo 2 PS DTM cables to share ap fo EAU god beige TF A hy areas Wr be as es sh 50 wie of WAN 1 =e —— tant, a high noise to signal ratio us a result of the wide frequency passing characteristic of the aitdio system, This aioise is iar more injurious to good picture detail than the exclusion of the lnigher audio frequencies resulting from the we of a transformer coupled audio system. On this page ie given the eireait dingran and a pictovial view of the iene of “eevision! receiver online above and considered by the engineers af die different television sla- fions now regularly on the air as best suited for “nearby” reception of their érausmission, By following the cirenit data of Fig. 4 closely, no cifi- culty will he had by the average extiermmenter in Constrict= ing the complete receiver, All nf the parts are standard ex- cept the RAP. evils and fhe sub-panel, which can be made bby the constructor (study details in Bigs. 3 and 4) or are obtained in special order from the National Company. There are two ood reasons for using a separate power unit, The first is netformancefor in all short wave appa ratns, and particularly television receivers, it is necessary Fig. 3. The telovision re- ceiver, The power pus is fSeparace ‘aie sucha the Nitional ‘No. 4590 “which slo. contains in Fistors far lS pow to keep AC "dows to x aim. his emt eodily accomplished by locating the power truts. former 2 few feet from the RES tuner The second reason is cout:-—Many experiinénters. (and telev's sion is, at this slage of the gumte for experimenters) already possess power supoly units ample for the purpose. The only special requirements being an REF, fiter on the 280 rectifier, a good double section hut lier and the incision of the heater citeuit centre tap 1e- Sisior and the 1,300 obi '45 biasing vesisior divest i the power supply. There are two controls on the panel, other than the tun ing dial; one is the sensitivity or “volume” contvel, and the Uther, the plate voltage on the “48 control. By eonteolling the voltage on the 45 plate the hriliance of the icon lamp: ean be adjusted to give the best pictures, List of Parts Metal chassis containing © sockets, Binding posts and necessary moaning bracketey Nasonal tie E Velvet Veeniee Dale ee ‘ioual-Seovil 9 gong Vaciable Cooenser (C1) National sched REE ttanetormers, st of 3 (11 Tz 2) toe ieleroen rage Lynch Fixal Resistors: 850 ohme 3 watt Rl 3 80 30W alles Sorats RUG; $0000 vhs 2 watt RIT 13, 89, 1 Smeal 1 watt RA; 34 mezohon | watt RG, 10,18: "3 m= So 125 01 mist CR 10, 1520002 leah. 77 Aero’ Fae Goinlensers: Variable Reistors--I2 50000 hon, RL Ua ‘his wire); National Voltage Digiders National Chie Cable, pig, eekl cnn, wit, es Natal Boner Pack =COIL. DATA> SECONDARY WINDINGS - 34.7. OF Ne. 30 066. WiRE ON 4# TUBE. PRIMARY WINDINGS - 207, OF NE. 34 D.S.C. WIRE. NOTE: Bias [OR LAST UDIQ STAGE, OBTAINED. FROM. RESISTOR IN NATIONAL POWER PACK Fig. 4. The ciroule disgragy ofthe television recviver ity uit ofthe "45 is for adjusting the D.C, blasiag current thea the aoc usteated above. The variable resistor m glow lamp he plate oir4 1931-32 SHowr-Wave Recsivies Famous Equipment At the right is a receiver ‘employed by the Airways Division of the Depart- nent of Gommeree At the left is the front view of the 250 watt transmitter of the master control station NDS, Chi- ago, IIlinois, of the Navy Volunteer Communica- tion Reserve Below is Thomas A. Mar- shall at the controls of his push-pull receiver. Mr. Marshall is Chiel Radio Electrician of the U. S. Navy Standard Model TM ‘Transmitting Condensers ‘The NATIONAL Transmitting Condensers are widely used by the U. S. Government, broadcasting stations, communication com- and amateur transmitters, and are me- rally and electrically eorrect. ‘condensers are supplied with either 3/16" or 3/8" spacing for high voltage work. Stand. isulation for all the TM type condensers ‘The front view of the short-wave adapter illustrates its neat and compact assembly Fred H. Schoell, famous radio ama: teur, is shown below at the controls of the Radio News “Short-Wave Super” in the operating room of his “ham” station W9UZ.1931-32 Suont-Wave Recerens Using “National” Parts Manson E, Wood, designer of the Supersonic adapter, and Volney Hurd, shown operating the unit in conjunction with a standard broadcast receiver At the right is shown the operating table of station W3CXL—the Army amateur act control station at Washington, D. C. H.C, Leuteritz, Comn tions Engineer, with one of the Pan-American reesivers A prominent short-wave station, WHB,— owned and operated by the New York “Times” is shown ‘at the right16 1931.32 Suoar-Wave Rucxivees Just a Few of the Standard | NATIONAL Parts Developed Especially for S-W Use ‘Types Band Power Transformer. “Type U elvetone t Audio Translormer Condenser No. Indicator | ‘Velvet A. Pow tured Unier SEND FOR COMPLETE CATALOGUEShort-Wave Broadcast Stations Wave-Length, Frequency, Call Letters and Location 23.00 100 2150 cat wax 1x FR Nt ruc Wax Max WAXK, PKK vue ur st itt ‘nea Tomei NI Eamrence 8-H Monte Grande. A Pl, France ‘he, Beat ¥. J, Naser. Hn Be. Asie Pace iodo Jain, Brat Dea Bees 32 Shin, Tad China St Ain Pane Dandoas, J Bandera, Iva Dargis Sinn Schenctady. Deak 3 Spey, Avs sil, Hath Dasdeme, ave Pai Rose Seni 8. Vals iy (Roe nat Paha Pr. 08, Fu lanl Buchizest, Ronan esl Baie, 5. Rabat, Bonzo Sehecrtay, NY ata, Moron an, Phiipine Rash, Rind owe, Japan ue ieChins pet, Pins! Matact, sktbee PateborghPa(KDKA) (hetnsfond, Besand Masia 1. ‘Swat, Gormny Ena 3030 am 16.06 80 as30 sam rapt ovina vk Ru rey woxau rie NAA oxy koe examic UDs0e view HAE Goan ma emo HCIBR Ke Ssoiatin Vietom Ans (lac Bay, BS noes, Java Srey, srl Pass, Brace Brigade Jao Slavia Buenos Ais Ar. Monto Grae, Aor. yseey Sorel, Mas ows) Aelita, Va byuaby, Deana omen, Foland Berne, Sit, evans, Cal Ps Piao Deen Site Cavite, BL Motown, us Bogota, Clas Bastian M2, Lowden, Baga Keabaroal, Sera enterad, Rane andes, Java iene, Anaca Basel, Sime Aslingon, Va Doerr, Guinay Kon Hatiand owt Holo Bogota, Cama Rade Teaine, 3. isa, Germany Borow, U.S. 8.R Mad, So Mail, Soe San, Prt Rese, lly Cambiar, aso Coste, Garman sta, Ca (Gergetom, itch ‘Tea Hage Holland Posehal, Madea ts, Ouko, Basar Berzede, Cobia eneh 097 an oat 40.58 1.00 ss.00 50.00 naa lowe 129 | were 6170 sass S10 6130 ous 120 6120 6100 080 600 000 000 000 05 5170 130 380 a0 300 2850 2.100 108 1608 Ee Ea Woxat KAIXR. Wax vor Woxal set wxcK KEvEDCL vor Bay wwaxa, ‘WoxAg PRaAN sue RD ARs ‘onantc Om-Mer ane 1380. oun wR wrxmu wax wae ‘WoRAL ‘woxeD ‘Teguonga, How Cheng Th OWKEAC) ast Passa, [Narobi, Kenya Afton Mota, Seen Choa (goed Tile ns ‘0 Jno, Baa Bacto, Spin Boring Tein Bound Brod, NJ. Bowman, Ont, (hic Weemiier Cali Banziok. Sine (Cres, ois ear, Ni Weanzer Man Sousbaya, Java ies, 8 ‘Teguiay Hond Berets, Sein Many, US. R Diosiarta, Jar Castanen Mere areas, Ca gles, Feace Pras, Cacho Vira, di Deal Calan Ta, Rome, Katy ts St Doers, Geomaoy Mena, Seen Chicago, Mii Ionor Gite, NJ Wenn, Ma ‘North Basco, N. ¥, Panis N.J (cao tai Passi, Noe