Wave ics Ligut :— 9t 1S type of eningy tat gives sensation of visioiuity Various Scuemtists prposd various Huomer for explouning Hue nod of Algur: (0) Newtons coxpurculan thuny 3— Ugiar travels Fncfovm of stream s+ Paros omd tose porsbelrs orc called coy poseuls. . ; . Wure wrprsouls propagate fn ae Oy: 7 - cut a. ven tigi speed, ; a . > TH toy ewuld explatn — a ‘@: oe Rech Unto Property of igh Replechen , Refract on jour fouled to eneplon dninferures, Diffrac ben & Prlorizagon_ (g Busygen’s wave to” war Hoy Accor ang to aida uigisr pr pagate fh wu susmoundi “gy goming wane’ wawe font. 9F is Hat cress seeKevral surface a bo Hw Prpagaben of Ugurwave te vol/en all consis tunes oscillate fn same phore Hus sourer~ eyinalnicat poivt sovirs— sprrricod ware Sone ‘wane front plaw Sourer- pla wane fronk wr divergiug Ligue conveagiag Agr> Acenvoulng bh Hey gon fawory Ligier pr pagares In foo of ware pranciig WAX fronts. > bar potar ou te Ware front aes OW co Susi of nw Ustmsane, fv We sumoundiitg whic on cated secorr ad wareuts Secondary SOUNLS product tur own sprinieal ware lets erour spreads wi ty Ha speed of ight. > At some Hou later, tu nwo wavefront cam bt olototned by dn aurivg a tomgon ison Sujet Ou He spricou wawlets — prraduced wi Haggor alyo told Hrat tie sphuri cou wave fronts Wave wd stance fn Ww fowond divechon of prpagaden of Agus: Explanation of Reflecbou amd Refrachan by Hyaets Wave Huo Reflection z- af speed of Ughy IS ¢ amd B falls ev repacting suyjou ape sme 't So Ble ct AB Is wawefront of foci ware @D fs wame font of Beflected Ware Gr OABC amd AADC LABC eovstant. Sf Bqals on tr Fikerforee apie pir V stnes A Feached, 0 Bee Vit AD= vat BABS DADC sfuf= BC 2 VE stnv= Wt AC AC a SACS VE DACe Vat stot Stny So WW Vek” sfhi sinv Me Ve stot 2 Wo Me Me y sfny Va My => | aysint= 42 sine Maxwell THUY 5 According to Maxwell, Ugur is EM wave fu wich Electne field and maguebc field vectrsosciliare LY to enc ofr amd 1 ty propagation Ugur ExB > Divectson af PePyanen of Age = c (speed 4 Aigut) E> E ead Ugurvectar Bz Bo Sin Cot Kx) Superposiben of Ughr wane 3 At Ha location Of super po $199 GF Git te a= aysin(eot-k%) + As Sincewt-K xe) ye RB fh (cot-Kx +00) —————_.~ Ra | Ate ape 2AAL: tamas As Sing Ar + Arcasb 1 audensity of wae fs é psrtenat to Sram’ af am BURAK (Gar) ka KARE KAY 2 Sear TRAE cosh Ra Art AZ eee Tnr= 1, +1, + 2ST Jt cosh 2 TekaInterfenerce of Lignk wares volun two colt Ler Ware Super Pose Lith a JT —_o_— —_—— eee gach ofa Hun at Hi Locaben of Super post bby Ale vet Fntensity > voutivy Ugur wore gets modified , suon type of Superposition i called Interference coher wave s- Wares awing some frequency amd ven, tout Fnibou pPrare. Twoo type of frtenformmree > © consmuctve Gatenfornrres Resbuctve Jui volun ae Povensity of venutting wave wow ae Entensity of TesuLting wave iS mavimum. catud const gricy, 1S minimum, cated desis Snicn. Iut= 1) +1, + 217, St, cosh CS mle eaee neocs ow Tur > min eos <1 cos = -1 Tas T+ 1+ hE e Tu = Ut 1 - ain Tur = (Sh + Jt) Sut = (JE ~ Se) for ose 1 for Cospe-l Pe ann 5 O23. - Pa(QnwWA 5 90123. 4 both sources or, Pdenkel Te2i,-1 (leh a Ture 1 +1, + 20n Sh cosh ov 2 ant 5 . pe (anne Ty s TH+ 21 cos Bk ane Ang we + ak axe erm A = 21[14 cosh) A A : 2 (ent A%s NA = 21 [+ 208 (8)] axe enna Nz 0/12,31 Ox2 O, ete ae Supt 4h “e) Dh = KOX Ache 2 OX AYOUNG'S DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT?- \ 6 ) 3 pofar ») SOUdCR a Ps suit plank Sow Date Ai cee($) Gt coe a4 ) n a= Pat ced ( 22%) j] Ox=2d UT “ bx23My 6 i downs frfage) ater as (Ist brigur fringe) 5 i ox=A2 0 ( Ket dork, fring) = _ Ore ul (cenhow avigink fing) ae ax= A, 0 (ise dom #ngt) Source axe A ad (ist lige ma) on 3M 0 (and donk frig) a Ss Oxt= AP Gt su plane U Si,S2 ane stits omen : : . Poa differumer ou pair P= oslue ox: dine Sfuct 8 vey sy aut | stu — © “4 ta S fe dts dtaue ats Oy ror . ge 2e” U9 ob suit plant U Sow dcecepDark (destructive interference) Bright (constructive interference) qe BOD d for Baiginr foirge (comstruciue tht) oX= NA da = BA Grins NAP al | (ne0n2,3---) 9 posibon of Brig fege Ye Or AD, 229.300, - - eae wid of fifage t for clo fa (awhucKre ft.) are ota = a Goan = B24 Az O12 Irth = (2NA) AD 4 2d Nz W2Bar- ~~ nth posiben of donk piv Y= dp, 3AD SAD, -- - 2d 2d" 2a widths of On fiinge B= (ne)angu~ Geer = (nap — na 4 d usidhy of lovigut ponge B= (nn) donc ~ Yo)aoo = (20n41) -1) 90 = (2n-!) ad. 2a AD a = AD [ yh42-¥- 20H" - apnrros = ap aac at YY YDSE setup fe Prmensed fr waka tun He fringe width wil] Lercare DIRECT _NDSt ov fade t Ugut fauing at some aug, Od ne bss fox Huis 10 be» enh oxgut axco D disinas me? F D > lo Daina On dieser vest every ttdug Ts some, the tung qat append is shifting of fringes fh upward. clivection,OPTICAL PATH Ve 7 oe a SL 4 Voad le wave lunath of Liar parsing qupough We slain = Ayu ay Haw taken 'oq Xigua i 1 19 > Oniss Hu sldo= d_. dat = : ————4 (clay © Qu tid Hime distomes travelled by Ughr fr ais = cx (du )= oe, c Didowee frawelltd fh efracéing mr clium is eq uivauuar 4 Hes Hae Some dicta travel Fn vacetmn, AE Un emergence of Slao path aifferurcr dvo oo Seng of fegen due to imserton of efpoetag staut- At wnbral origin pos A ffowiver is 0° Ar te whe gt snun pas Cig eneer blw bods (4-1) E FO¥ central omgur fo we oF pefar PD oymp =(u-yt dx (uy . Ye ened a No.of fringes conssing tue centre of stn = t B 12, Find the thickness of a plate which will produce a>, _ chango in optical path equal to half the wavelength 2 of > ~- (upt = 2 the light passing through it normally. The refractive 2CM-l) 2 index of the plate is ae 13. A plate of thickness ¢ made of a material of refractive aru) index y is placed in front of one of the slits in a double (14 ' ao slit experiment. (a) Find the change in the optical path CHIE, (uate due to introduction of the plate. (b) What should be the z minimum thickness ¢ which will make the intensity at nee the centre of the fringe pattern zero? Wavelength of the 2(Mel) Tight used is 2 Neglect any absorption of light in the plate 14. A transparent paper (refractive index = 145) of - thickness 002 nm is pasted on ane ofthe ite afta # (WUS*HDx 02x17 SL Young's double slit exper which uses ‘monochromatic light of wavelength 620 nm. How many Groxio? 5 fringes will cross through the centre if the paper is removed ?feck ef wridtn Of sUr en fnterfenna paitan:- WO 7 Wa antensity Of Tneictenr Ugur fauutigg on tty suits 1 power of Aigur comhi tunough $= Ixwre power of Algur combing trnough 5, = 1x08 Ak He wnt of sawn Intensity of tiga aeadiivg from Ww slits 5 ye R any he Pe QaoL MeO. TOL » Le » [Taw] Th PL Tw2e 1, Wz Le ay No DARK FRINGE will ft obtaivud, AALS Sffect_of fheobwane tfut on ‘okofamert- dats Diet, + UE cas > s Vet, + UST < ws dents car } torts | Bux Ded As | Suit Sf separation eo tn Fry eowress> dea bef cov to<45. Red Cav Derars [ suit geaven onal Royg BIV . —> stab we au shift Red suid sds [eas iets) ove zcevte Thee BCE Tae (EYE) 7 for ts ( Ie x) 2 for A(X) ( ecie xy a dor fs were) ? for fs( wv) a a fle 7 =x We) een & As 5 de: e a eee Ue wD ° = ree = Ro- I-¥ aS ce as ¢ » Ro-AS ov a AerAS = ee As c » [OX=¥) aaa a c19. A Young’s double slit apparatus has slits separated by (0:28 mm and a serven 48 em away from the slits. The whole apparatus is immersed in water and the slits are illuminated by the red light G.=700 nm in vacuum). Find the fringe-width of the pattern formed on the As 029mm Dz 4gem Az Toonny 6 Be Ad. Hoxie x48x10" 4 Osx > 3 Bo: B= s tegate oh A ODE A107 3x10" = 9x 17 48 = 9xistm = 9x107%em [Res [Pa = Sato 21, A narzow slit transmitting light of wavelength 2 Placed a distance d above a large plane mirur as shown, In figure (17-E1) The light coming directly from the cit nd that E placed distance D from the the Intensity at a pint just above the mirror, Le, just above 0 tb) At what distance from O does the first (» Only pat aiff i coming chue to 26. Consider the arrangement shown in figure (17-B4). The distance D is large compared to the separation d_ between the slits. (a) Find the minimum value of d so that there is a dark fringe at O. (b) Suppose d has this value. Find the distance x at whieh the next bright fringe Js formed. (c) Find the fringg-width. @ =| =| ] e p+» 4 Asie = 2. (9 & a Fax de = Ap 4 a= DA 2 ole [2 & ooh 4 AZT 1x, PE [xed + O=aT + Baox (oO Pz 2d aL izes «Arex ‘Teflect>on > OX Az so clustruchyg dt se [t=9] w ddsing + 2 = Masine- 3=0 bed b. > 44 D 2 ‘dl & > fs aa.Benalivg of Ugur Cfloatig put) at tu sharp edger of opeuiigy owjects #5 calud oiffracten. tifractven if | ——< Two ways to study hi Presnol difroctien polun tae source of Ug OmMd soreun 10H) Orr Our finite Aistaurce, Soucy oe" Seren, iS 7] Rectiliaan Property ‘action Praunirfr Difjochen volun sourcea, Ugur amd susan woth arg seponaued by voy lange austamce (0),Difpacben 4 will Fate place ony Flarli out of Upur from Fae edges of object | opening i's calttal DifracHen Two wars tb study Diffra eben \ J F Offpacben FProuumnofer af ‘ eee Ree vol SOUACK aural sven fod th vow sousee aud Srun bolo orc ak flulte disrauce tom aye ara lange atsrane Hu cbffroebon fs ealied Pronat piftyacton from eqn ott is cand Fraunvoper diffrach en.Some loasic terms ot DdifracKen On 7 5 ui > Cento Maxima = Seco minima CSubociday minima) — see raia ¢ Suueclct any maxima) Seren central manag Macinauy lutansity seven day masciiva <- —+ Ist_secendangy mascia a oA yt val 5 eo ive wh iW gow) i¢ pein = 3A if bsin = 2A Gennal expression 5 seoanaryy mardima g rnfiuima mMardMa “ wit 8 efile (- — psino= NA i wos ae sfno=z pa tt ne Jing = 5A , jt if bsing = 5A Ne 1,2,3,4, -- ervey smatl sta e =m —_ . anguon posibenenaxinna sings (20H) a z pee ee sfno= (2nen a. 26 One (2nd A. Uirtors wsialtto a O=% = Ys OxD (2m) D2 D ee ne (2) BP and seconcary mfuimng, silent [p=era| Sol Ist secondary ma Pua, | Secondary mowing fr = Alin Ist secondary mfnima a 6, IS rsat marcha. Ist secondary, minima ors isk secOMd maxima, Pustadined and secondary mnfnimng Generac = Ali central mai ma gniensity of biffectien patizers v— consiouriug N secondary waveleis O. opening $0. be (NYA Ye 2 Sinceot) ye A sfn(oot - >) Gaz A sf (ot - 24) i Yuuz A Slr eot— (NI) At te Location of Super postbens— YF Bit Gots dn = al strceot) + sinceot-$)+ Sin (WE -2P4--- + Shn(eot 0-09] yea sin(nxd) ; sin( wt - ceucob) y= Rsih (eot-2)RA ain (ug) “sine) Snteusity (2) «Be =k a old) FB) L = kA sth (ub) a jos sell she— ¢ os gts max value cau bez KAN)" =I, - ats, este Re ae (Be wets os (22) Ba het 2 6 Absin® iL y ° e 7 (we®) ig noord & oa N-L onde one maxima sino= 210 f= 4 = Je oe oes fnez 2 Pe ae moximas) shin eens ates Ie a \ re 9 8 3 49m?% opentng fs cisculow fnstead of wetangular »| E Te Eri Oe 7 fos Yectomrguion opeting \ e222) 3 fee cry CLO opening Resslng power of optical Seseimeniss Limit of Resouuiens Tu smaltur separaben Reolvft Cimon, ov power? Tu veaiprc] of Unit oy resolution OF OM opkical. frsument 1's Known Jar) between two objects Ur volar thay are separated fS cated Limit of resolubbon of aM spbcal fhsrument as wensiving pouren of Haat Tayhrument (Just verolved) (uarerolved) S (well yesloved) @ volun maxima of ot overlaps usitt maria ean for _teleseope’- “4° @ e e fov_mionoscopes— AB= L22At b pie es . z 08 L22AF Ree J 2sfnB lovin 22 Alpin, = 1222 2inp Ap = 2using LU Refractive Giada of susreundig. Lee uPolonizabseus- a 4 ood frommevense Waves com 4 ay °, ExBs div of prpayatson Ugur fog Pslariaed, 4 < > - eS _ ™ ze x upsion! ae polowrized — Ua we for fietd wet © , gaavecto polarized Uguis- AILEP vec tors oscillate fr a plowe Repemntubon | uupugnfaed amd pronieet gov yup ai 1a >) Lun polorri 2ed Upte es Boor dRow to ger polarized Ugur from umpolouri ed Ugtr t- By Ref iesbon be wefrachen By wasting polarizer = By scattntng Oo 84 Ref lee ory volun tus finedtenk Lar falls at tae frseyface Of ome refracting medium Nounizedt campeon ed zi ee at such angi of Fnofolence Hat uur —— te angi of reflected aNd se fraored Ug Is 90°, tn Hu veplec ed ah ’ . pasha gut ts Plame Polarized, Polontaed Yat: Du omgle of Melduner oF which Suuttigiaw + siniz ac sine Hus vappens iS called Byewsrers feys 90" ‘ amgu 2 90-f— Se By muitipie Refracson we can Sfaf = ay : cost gut Plame polarized Up towii = 4 Breovcter's augle te BY using Pol an evs e Beaton Sokenslty of umpelon'zed Ugg (dadova® Too KAY Snenstty of polanteed Uged (Ie) a (A cosa Ye ke cose Cru oe pos fap on volun Unprlarized ligut Payer tanorigl a pelanized wun fnkn Sty of bransauitha aig wit on net . Ye CUP = be < WSO, qo (ASE) Ted LeahTA+ Such axis cuerg vwlu'clr Hue EF compounts will ae Atlee by pass - Yo COS cosa = Le costg z 2 9 Seat U Z qucidtur vga Pa aes aS ae vad ONE motel. vf ‘ ttorta igus a ae an i ae ee a) eae incl ol ond He brawuilted