ARTICLE KD-6

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR OPENINGS,

CLOSURES, HEADS, BOLTING, AND SEALS

KD-600 SCOPE KD-612 Average Thread Shear Stress

The requirements in this Article apply to heads,
closures, bolting, and seals. These requirements are
additional to the general requirements given in Articles
KD-2, KD-3, and KD-4.
The average shear stress in the threads, calculated
by dividing the design load by the appropriate thread
shear area, shall be limited to 0.25Sy at the design
temperature. Thread load distribution shall be con-
sidered.

KD-601 Openings
KD-613 Average Thread Bearing Stress
The Designer shall consider the influence of cross
bores and other openings on the static strength integrity The average bearing stress in the threads due to the
of the vessel. Additional guidance is provided in Non- maximum design loading shall be limited to 0.75Sy .
mandatory Appendix H. Thread load distribution shall be considered.

KD-614 Limitations on Thread Displacements

98 KD-610 THREADED CONNECTIONS
(a) Straight threaded connections are permitted as
provided for in this Article.1 Tapered pipe threads are
not permitted.
(b) Where tapped holes are provided in pressure
boundaries, the effect of such holes (e.g., stress riser,
material loss) shall be considered in the vessel design.
(c) Thread load distribution shall be considered in
design cyclic analysis per KD-616.
KD-611 Standard Bolt and Nut Pairs
If a standard bolt and nut pair conforming to material
specifications in Section II, Part D is used and both
members are of the same material, the thread shear
and bearing capability need not be qualified further.
1 The
Designer is cautioned that fine threads may cause assembly
problems and possible loss of engagement because of thermal expan-
sion and dilation due to loading.
The relative radial displacement between mating
threads resulting from the combination of operating
pressure and thermal effects shall not be greater than
10% of the minimum thread overlap. The minimum
thread overlap shall be determined considering the most
unfavorable combination of tolerances.
KD-615 Length of Engagement
The length of engagement is to be taken as the
minimum which can occur within the drawing tolerances
with no credit for partial threads.
(a) Connections which have imposed loads on threads
in tapped holes shall comply with the requirements of
(b) below. The vessel or an integral weld buildup shall
have a flat surface machined on the shell to receive
the connection.
(b) Where tapped holes are provided, the threads
shall be full and clean and the engaged length shall
not be less than the larger of ds or

75
KD-615 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3
1S
Sy of stud material at design temperature
0.75ds
y of tapped material at design temperature
in which ds is the root diameter of the stud.
KD-616 Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
Analysis
(a) Except as permitted in KD-100(c), a fatigue
analysis in accordance with Article KD-3 or a fracture
mechanics analysis in accordance with Article KD-4
is required for all threaded connections.
(b) The fatigue evaluation of a threaded joint is
made by the same methods as are applied to any other
structure that is subjected to cyclic loading.
(c) The stresses developed by the expected service
shall be analyzed. Unless it can be shown by analysis
or test that a lower value is appropriate, the fatigue
strength reduction factor for threads shall not be less
than 4.0.
(d) ANSI standard nuts of materials permitted by
this Division do not require fatigue analysis. Internal
threads mating with a stud or bolt do not require fatigue
analysis for bolting loads. However, the effects of the
internally threaded penetration on the nominal primary-
plus-secondary stresses in the internally threaded mem-
ber shall be considered.
KD-617 Special Threads, Sleeve Coupled
Joints, and Other Proprietary Joints
Flared, flareless, and compression type joints for
tubing are not permitted.
Mechanical joints for which no standards exist and
other proprietary joints may be used provided the
requirements of (a), (b), and (c) below are met.
(a) Provision is made to prevent separation of the
joints under all service loadings.
(b) A prototype joint shall be subjected to perform-
ance tests to determine the safety of the joint under
simulated service loadings per Article KD-12. When
vibration, fatigue, cyclic conditions, low temperature,
thermal expansion, or hydraulic shock is anticipated,
the applicable loads shall be incorporated in the tests.
(c) Vent passages shall be provided to prevent pres-
sure buildup caused by accidental or incidental develop-
ment of any secondary sealing areas exterior to the
designated sealing surface (e.g., threads).
KD-621
2
KD-620 BOLTING
The number and cross-sectional area of bolts required
to resist primary loads shall be determined. The yield
strength values to be used are the values given in
Section II, Part D for bolting materials.
(a) The average primary stress intensity S shall be
based on the thread root diameter and shall not exceed
the following limit:
1
Sp Sy
1.8
(b) For bolts with a reduced shank, which has a
diameter less than 0.9 times the thread root diameter,
the above equation shall be replaced by:
1
Sp Sy
1.5
provided the actual shank diameter is used.
(c) Primary-plus-secondary membrane stress intensity
in bolts shall not exceed 0.75Sy. Primary-plus-secondary
membrane stress plus bending stress intensity in bolts
should not exceed Sy. Stress concentration effects are
not considered in the above analysis.
KD-621 Threading and Machining of Studs
Studs shall be threaded full length, or shall be
machined down to the root diameter of the thread in
the unthreaded portion provided that the threaded por-
tions are at least 11⁄2 diameters in length.
Studs greater than eight diameters in length may
have an unthreaded portion which has the nominal
diameter of the stud, provided the following require-
ments are met.
(a) The threaded portions shall be at least 11⁄2 diame-
ters in length.
(b) The stud shall be machined down to the root
diameter of the thread for a minimum distance of 0.5
diameters adjacent to the threaded portion.
(c) A suitable transition shall be provided between
the root diameter portion and the full diameter portion.
(d) Threads shall be of a “V” type, having a minimum
thread root radius no smaller than 0.08 times the pitch.
(e) Fillet radii at the end of the shank shall be such
that the ratio of fillet radius to shank diameter is not
less than 0.060.
76