Skills in Mathematics Algebra For Iit Jee Main and Advanced Arihant DR S K Goyal S K Goyal Full Chapter PDF

Skills in Mathematics Algebra for IIT
JEE Main and Advanced Arihant Dr. S K

Goyal S K Goyal
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Algebra
With Sessionwise Theory & Exercises
Algebra
With Sessionwise Theory & Exercises
Dr. SK Goyal
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT
All Rights Reserved
© AUTHOR
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PREFACE
‘‘THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF ALL THE TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURRING IN A CYCLICAL

PROCESS CAN ONLY BE POSITIVE, OR, AS AN EXTREME CASE EQUAL TO NOTHING’’
MEANS IF YOU CONTINUOUSLY PUT YOUR EFFORTS ON AN ASPECT YOU HAVE VERY
GOOD CHANCE OF POSITIVE OUTCOME i.e. SUCCESS
It is a matter of great pride and honour for me to have received such an overwhelming response to the
previous editions of this book from the readers. In a way, this has inspired me to revise this book
thoroughly as per the changed pattern of JEE Main & Advanced. I have tried to make the contents more
relevant as per the needs of students, many topics have been re-written, a lot of new problems of new
types have been added in etcetc. All possible efforts are made to remove all the printing errors that had
crept in previous editions. The book is now in such a shape that the students would feel at ease while
going through the problems, which will in turn clear their concepts too.
A Summary of changes that have been made in Revised & Enlarged Edition
— Theory has been completely updated so as to accommodate all the changes made in JEE Syllabus & Pattern in
recent years.
— The most important point about this new edition is, now the whole text matter of each chapter has been
divided into small sessions with exercise in each session. In this way the reader will be able to go through the
whole chapter in a systematic way.
— Just after completion of theory, Solved Examples of all JEE types have been given, providing the students a
complete understanding of all the formats of JEE questions & the level of difficulty of questions generally
asked in JEE.
— Along with exercises given with each session, a complete cumulative exercises have been given at the end of
each chapter so as to give the students complete practice for JEE along with the assessment of knowledge
that they have gained with the study of the chapter.
— Last 13 Years questions asked in JEE Main & Adv, IIT-JEE & AIEEE have been covered in all the chapters.
However I have made the best efforts and put my all Algebra teaching experience in revising this book.
Still I am looking forward to get the valuable suggestions and criticism from my own fraternity i.e. the
fraternity of JEE teachers.
I would also like to motivate the students to send their suggestions or the changes that they want to be
incorporated in this book.
All the suggestions given by you all will be kept in prime focus at the time of next revision of the book.
Dr. SK Goyal
CONTENTS
1. COMPLEX NUMBERS 1-102
LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 — nth Root of Unity
— Integral Powers of Iota (i) — Vector Representation of Complex Numbers
— Switch System Theory — Geometrical Representation of Algebraic
Session 2 Operation on Complex Numbers
— Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)
— Definition of Complex Number
— Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex
— Conjugate Complex Numbers
Numbers
— Representation of a Complex Number in
— Inverse Points
Various Forms
— Dot and Cross Product
Session 3
— Use of Complex Numbers in Coordinate
— amp (z)– amp (–z)=± p, According as amp (z)
Geometry
is Positive or Negative
— Square Root of a Complex Number PRACTICE PART
— Solution of Complex Equations — JEE Type Examples
— De-Moivre’s Theorem — Chapter Exercises
— Cube Roots of Unity
2. THEORY OF EQUATIONS 103-206

Session 1 — Equations of Higher Degree
— Polynomial in One Variable — Rational Algebraic Inequalities
— Identity — Roots of Equation with the
— Linear Equation Help of Graphs
— Quadratic Equations Session 5
— Standard Quadratic Equation — Irrational Equations
Session 2 — Irrational Inequations
— Transformation of Quadratic Equations — Exponential Equations
— Condition for Common Roots — Exponential Inequations
— Logarithmic Equations
Session 3
— Logarithmic Inequations
— Quadratic Expression
— Wavy Curve Method PRACTICE PART
— Condition for Resolution into Linear Factors — JEE Type Examples
— Location of Roots (Interval in which Roots Lie) — Chapter Exercises
3. SEQUENCES AND SERIES 207-312
Session 1 — Mean
— Sequence Session 6
— Series — Arithmetico-Geometric
— Progression Series (AGS)
Session 2 — Sigma (S) Notation
— Arithmetic Progression — Natural Numbers

Session 7
Session 3
— Application to Problems of Maxima and
— Geometric Sequence or Geometric
Minima
Progression
Session 4 PRACTICE PART
— Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression — JEE Type Examples
— Chapter Exercises
4. LOGARITHMS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 313-358

Session 1 — Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm
— Definition — Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
— Characteristic and Mantissa
PRACTICE PART
Session 2 — JEE Type Examples
— Principle Properties of Logarithm — Chapter Exercises
5. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 359-436

Session 1 — Combinations from Identical Objects
— Fundamental Principle of Counting Session 6
— Factorial Notation — Arrangement in Groups
Session 2 — Multinomial Theorem
— Divisibility Test — Multiplying Synthetically
— Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion Session 7
— Permutation — Rank in a Dictionary
Session 3 — Gap Method
— Number of Permutations Under Certain [when particular objects are never together]
Conditions
— Circular Permutations
PRACTICE PART
— JEE Type Examples
— Restricted Circular Permutations
Session 4
— Combination
— Restricted Combinations
6. BINOMIAL THEOREM 437-518
Session 1 — Use of Complex Numbers in Binomial Theorem
— Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index — Multinomial Theorem
— Pascal’s Triangle — Use of Differentiation
— Use of Integration
Session 2
— When Each Term is Summation Contains the
— General Term
Product of Two Binomial Coefficients or
— Middle Terms
Square of Binomial Coefficients
— Greatest Term
— Binomial Inside Binomial
— Trinomial Expansion
— Sum of the Series
Session 3
— Two Important Theorems PRACTICE PART
— Divisibility Problems — JEE Type Examples
7. DETERMINANTS 519-604
LEARNING PART — System of Linear Equations
Session 1 — Cramer’s Rule
— Definition of Determinants — Nature of Solutions of System of Linear
— Expansion of Determinant Equations
— Sarrus Rule for Expansion — System of Homogeneous Linear Equations
— Window Rule for Expansion Session 4
Session 2 — Differentiation of Determinant
— Minors and Cofactors — Integration of a Determinant
— Use of Determinants in Coordinate Geometry — Walli’s Formula
— Properties of Determinants — Use of S in Determinant
Session 3 PRACTICE PART
— Examples on Largest Value of a — JEE Type Examples
Third Order Determinant — Chapter Exercises
— Multiplication of Two Determinants of
the Same Order
8. MATRICES 605-690
Session 1 — Transpose of a Matrix
— Definition — Symmetric Matrix
— Types of Matrices — Orthogonal Matrix
— Difference Between a Matrix and a — Complex Conjugate (or Conjugate) of a Matrix
Determinant — Hermitian Matrix
— Equal Matrices — Unitary Matrix
— Operations of Matrices — Determinant of a Matrix
— Various Kinds of Matrices — Singular and Non-Singular Matrices
Session 3 Session 4
— Adjoint of a Matrix — Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations
— Inverse of a Matrix Using Matrix Method
— Elementary Row Operations
PRACTICE PART
— Equivalent Matrices
— Matrix Polynomial
— Use of Mathematical Induction
9. PROBABILITY 691-760
Session 1 — Binomial Theorem on Probability
— Some Basic Definitions — Poisson Distribution
— Mathematical or Priori or Classical Definition — Expectation
of Probability
— Multinomial Theorem
— Odds in Favours and Odds Against the Event
— Uncountable Uniform Spaces
Session 2
— Some Important Symbols PRACTICE PART
— Conditional Probability — JEE Type Examples
Session 3 — Chapter Exercises
— Total Probability Theorem
— Baye’s Theorem or Inverse Probability
10. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 761-784

LEARNING PART PRACTICE PART
— Introduction — JEE Type Examples
— Statement — Chapter Exercises
— Mathematical Statement
11. SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 785-836

Session 1 — Definition of Function
— Definition of Sets — Domain, Codomain and Range
— Representation of a Set — Composition of Mapping
— Different Types of Sets — Equivalence Classes
— Laws and Theorems — Partition of Set
— Venn Diagrams (Euler-Venn Diagrams) — Congruences
Session 2
PRACTICE PART
— Ordered Pair
— Definition of Relation
— Ordered Relation
— Composition of Two Relations
SYLLABUS
numbers. Relation between AM and GM Sum upto n
JEE MAIN terms of special series: ∑ n, ∑ n2, ∑n3. Arithmetico -
Unit I Sets, Relations and Functions Geometric progression.
Sets and their representation, Union, intersection and Unit VIII Probability
complement of sets and their algebraic properties, Power Probability of an event, addition and multiplication
set, Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations, theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability
functions, one-one, into and onto functions, composition distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli and Binomial
of functions. distribution.
Unit II Complex Numbers
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals,
Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and JEE ADVANCED
their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra
of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or Algebra
amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication,
complex number, triangle inequality. conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus
and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of
Unit III Matrices and Determinants unity, geometric interpretations.
Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices,
determinants and matrices of order two and three. Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations
Properties of determinants, evaluation of deter-minants, between roots and coefficients, formation of quadratic
area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint and equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots.
evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions,
determinants and elementary transformations, Test of arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums of finite
consistency and solution of simultaneous linear arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric
equations in two or three variables using determinants series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural
and matrices. numbers.
Unit IV Permutations and Combinations Logarithms and their Properties
Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an Permutations and combinations, Binomial theorem for a
arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of positive integral index, properties of binomial
P(n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications. coefficients.
Unit V Mathematical Induction Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and
applications. product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of
a square matrix of order up to three, inverse of a square
Unit VI Binomial Theorem and its matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix
Simple Applications operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-symmetric
Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous
term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients linear equations in two or three variables.
and simple applications.
Addition and multiplication rules of probability,
Unit VII Sequences and Series conditional probability, independence of events,
Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of computation of probability of events using permutations
arithmetic, geometric means between two given and combinations.
CHAPTER
01
Complex Numbers
Learning Part
Session 1
● Integral Powers of Iota (i)
● Switch System Theory
Session 2
● Definition of Complex Number
● Conjugate Complex Numbers
● Representation of a Complex Number in Various Forms
Session 3
● amp ( z ) - amp ( - z ) = ± p , According as amp ( z ) is Positive or Negative
● Square Root of a Complex Number
● Solution of Complex Equations
● De-Moivre’s Theorem
● Cube Roots of Unity
Session 4
● nth Root of Unity
● Vector Representation of Complex Numbers
● Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operation on Complex Numbers
● Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)
● Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex Numbers
● Inverse Points
● Dot and Cross Product
● Use of Complex Numbers in Coordinate Geometry
Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises
Arihant on Your Mobile !

Exercises with the #L
symbol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page to activate for free.
2 Textbook of Algebra
The square of any real number, whether positive, negative Remark

or zero, is always non-negative i.e. x 2 ³ 0 for all x Î R. - a = i a ,where a is positive quantity. Keeping this result in
mind, the following computation is correct
Therefore, there will be no real value of x , which when
- a - b = i a × i b = i 2 ab = - ab
squared, will give a negative number.
where, a and b are positive real numbers.
Thus, the equation x 2 + 1 = 0 is not satisfied for any real But the computation, - a - b = ( - a)( - b) = |a||b| is wrong.
value of x. ‘Euler’ was the first Mathematician to Because the property, a b = ab is valid only when atleast one
introduce the symbol i (read ‘Iota’) for the square root of of a and b is non-negative.
If a and b are both negative, then a b = - a b .
- 1 with the property i 2 = - 1. The theory of complex
number was later on developed by Gauss and Hamilton. y Example 1. Is the following computation correct?
According to Hamilton, ‘‘Imaginary number is that If not, give the correct computation.
number whose square is a negative number ’’. Hence, the
-2 -3 = ( -2) ( -3) = 6
equation x 2 + 1 = 0
Sol. No,
Þ x2 = -1 If a and b are both negative real numbers, then a b = - ab
or x = ± -1 Here, a = - 2 and b = - 3.
(in the sense of arithmetic, -1 has no meaning). \ -2 - 3 = - ( - 2) ( - 3) = - 6
Symbolically, -1 is denoted by i (the first letter of the
y Example 2. A student writes the formula
word ‘Imaginary ’).
ab = a b . Then, he substitutes a = - 1 and b = - 1
\ Solutions of x 2 + 1 = 0 are x = ± i. and finds 1 = - 1. Explain, where he is wrong.
Also, i is the unit of complex number, since i is present in Sol. Since, a and b are both negative, therefore ab ¹ a b .
every complex number. Generally, if a is positive quantity, Infact a and b are both negative, then we have a b = - ab .
then
y Example 3. Explain the fallacy
-a ´ -a = ( -1) ´ a ´ ( -1) ´ a
- 1 = i ´ i = -1 ´ -1 = ( -1) ´ ( -1) = 1 = 1.
= -1 ´ a ´ -1 ´ a
Sol. If a and b are both negative, then
=i a ´i a a b = - |a | |b |
= i2a = - a \ -1 ´ -1 = - | -1| | -1| = - 1
Session 1
Integral Powers of Iota (i ), Switch System Theory
Integral Powers of Iota ( i ) Þ n = 4q + r
(i) If the index of i is whole number, then When, 0 £ r £ 3
\ i n = i 4 q + r = (i 4 ) q (i ) r = (1) q × (i ) r = i r
i 0 = 1, i 1 = i , i 2 = ( -1 ) 2 = - 1,
In general, i 4n = 1, i 4n + 1 = i, i 4n + 2 = - 1,
i 3 = i × i 2 = - i, i 4 = (i 2 ) 2 = ( -1) 2 = 1
n
i 4n + 3 = - i for any whole number n.
To find the value of i (n > 4 ) First divide n by 4.
(ii) If the index of i is a negative integer, then
Let q be the quotient and r be the remainder.
1 i i 1
i.e. 4 ) n (q i -1 = = = = - i, i -2 = = - 1,
i i 2 -1 i 2
- 4q
1 i 1 1
r i -3 = = = i, i -4 = = = 1, etc.
3 4
i i i4 1
Chap 01 Complex Numbers 3
2
y Example 4. Evaluate. æ1 + i ö æ 1 + i 2 + 2i ö
Sol. Q a 2 = ç ÷ =ç ÷
(i) i 1998 è 2 ø è 2 ø
(ii) i - 9999 æ 1 - 1 + 2i ö
=ç ÷ =i
è 2 ø
(iii) ( - -1 ) 4n +3 , n Î N
\ a1929 = a × a1928 = a × (a 2 )964 = a (i )964
Sol. (i) 1998 leaves remainder 2, when it is divided by 4.
i.e. 4 ) 1998 (499 = a (i )4 ´ 241 = a × (i 4 )241 = a
1996
2
y Example 7. Dividing f (z ) by z - i , where i = -1, we
\ i 1998 = i 2 = - 1 obtain the remainder i and dividing it by z + i , we get
the remainder 1 + i. Find the remainder upon the
Aliter
division of f (z ) by z 2 + 1.
i 2000
1
i 1998 = = = -1 Sol. z - i = 0 Þ z = i
i2 -1
(ii) 9999 leaves remainder 3, when it is divided by 4. Remainder, when f (z ) is divided by (z - i ) = i
i.e. 4 ) 9999 (2499 i.e. f (i ) = i K (i)
9996 and remainder, when f (z ) is divided by (z + 1) = 1 + i
3 i.e. f ( - i ) = 1 + i [Qz + i = 0 Þ z = - i ] K (ii)
1 1 i i Since, z 2 + 1 is a quadratic expression, therefore remainder
\ i - 9999 = 9999 = 3 = 4 = = i
i i i 1 when f (z ) is divided by z 2 + 1, will be in general a linear
Aliter expression. Let g (z ) be the quotient and az + b (where a
1 i i and b are complex numbers) be the remainder, when f (z ) is
i - 9999 = 9999
=
=i 10000
= divided by z 2 + 1.
i i 1
(iii) 4n + 3 leaves remainder 3, when it is divided by 4. Then, f (z ) = (z 2 + 1) g ( z ) + az + b K (iii)
i.e., 4 ) 4n + 3 (n \ 2
f (i ) = (i + 1) g (i ) + ai + b = ai + b
4n or ai + b = i [from Eq. (i)] K (iv)
3 and f ( - i ) = (i 2 + 1) g ( - i ) - ai + b = - ai + b
\ i 4n + 3 = i 3 = - i or - ai + b = 1 + i [from Eq. (ii)] …(v)
Now, ( - -1 )4n + 3 = ( - i )4n + 3 = - (i )4n + 3 From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
= - (- i) 1 i
b = + i and a =
=i 2 2
Aliter ( - -1 )4n + 3 = ( - i )4n + 3 = - i 4n + 3 Hence, required remainder = az + b
1 1
= - (i 4 )n × i 3 = iz + + i
2 2
= - (1)n ( - i ) = i
y Example 5. Find the value of 1 + i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + ... + i 2n , The Sum of Four Consecutive

where i = -1 and n Î N . Powers of i (Iota) is Zero
Sol. Q 1 + i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + ... + i 2 n = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ... + ( - 1)n If n Î I and i = - 1, then
Case I If n is odd, then i n + i n + 1 + i n + 2 + i n + 3 = i n (1 + i + i 2 + i 3 )
1 + i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + ... + i 2 n = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ... + 1 - 1 = 0 = i n (1 + i - 1 - i ) = 0
Case II If n is even, then
1 + i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + ... + i 2 n = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ... + 1 = 1 Remark
m m- p + 1
1+ i
1. å f( r ) = å f ( r + p - 1)
y Example 6. If a = , where i = - 1, then find the r =p r =1
2 m m+ p + 1
value of a 1929
.
2. å f( r ) = å f ( r - p - 1)
r =-p r =1
13
y Example 8. Find the value of å (i n + i n + 1 )
Switch System Theory
n =1
( where ,i = - 1 )
(Finding Digit in the Unit’s Place)
13 13 13
Sol. Q å (i n + i n + 1 ) = å i n + å i n + 1 = ( i + 0) + ( i 2 + 0) We can determine the digit in the unit’s place in
n =1 n =1 n =1 a b , where a, b Î N . If last digit of a are 0, 1, 5 and 6, then
é 13 n 13 ù digits in the unit’s place of a b are 0, 1, 5 and 6
êQ å i = 0 and å i
n +1
=0 ú
=i -1 n=2 respectively, for all b Î N .
ê n=2 ú
êë(three sets of four consecutive powers of i )úû
100 Powers of 2
y Example 9. Find the value of å in !
2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 2 9 , ... the digits in unit’s place
n=0
( where , i = - 1). of different powers of 2 are as follows :
Sol. n! is divisible by 4, " n ³ 4. 2, 4, 8, 6, 2, 4, 8, 6, 2,... (period being 4)
100 97
\ å in ! = å i (n + 3 )! 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 ... (switch number)
n=4 n =1
= i 0 + i 0 + i 0 + ... 97 times = 97 …(i)

(The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3 or 0).
100 3 100
\ åi n!
= åi n!
+ åi n! Then, press the switch number and then we get the digit
n=0 n=0 n=4 in unit’s place of a b (just above the switch number) i.e.
= i 0 ! + i 1! + i 2 ! + i 3 ! + 97 [from Eq. (i)] ‘press the number and get the answer’.
1 1 2 6
= i + i + i + i + 97 = i + i - 1 - 1 + 97
y Example 12. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
= 95 + 2i
4n + 7 ( 5172)11327 ?
y Example 10. Find the value of å ir Sol. Here, last digit of a is 2.
r =1 The remainder when 11327 is divided by 4, is 3. Then,
( where ,i = - 1 ). press switch number 3 and then we get 8.
4n + 7 4n + 7 4n + 4 Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (5172)11327 is 8.
Sol. å ir = i1 + i 2 + i 3 + å ir = i - 1 - i + å ir +3
r =1 r =4 r =1
= - 1 + 0 [(n + 1) sets of four consecutive powers of i ] Powers of 3
= -1 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 3 6 , 3 7 , 3 8 , ... the digits in unit’s place of
y Example 11. Show that the polynomial different powers of 3 are as follows:
x 4 p + x 4q + 1 + x 4r + 2 + x 4 s + 3 is divisible by 3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7, 1, ... (period being 4)
x 3 + x 2 + x + 1, where p , q, r , s Î N .
Sol. Let f ( x ) = x 4 p + x 4q + 1 + x 4r +2
+ x 4s + 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 ... (switch number)
and x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = ( x 2 + 1) ( x + 1)
The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3
= ( x + i ) ( x - i ) ( x + 1), or 0. Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s
where i = -1 place digit ( just above).
Now, f (i ) = i 4 p + i 4q + 1 + i 4r +2
+ i 4s + 3 = 1 + i + i 2 + i 3 = 0
[sum of four consecutive powers of i is zero]
y Example 13. What is the digit in the unit’s place
f ( - i ) = ( - i )4 p + ( - i )4q + 1 + ( - i )4r + 2 + ( - i )4s + 3
of
= 1 + ( -i )1 + ( -i )2 + ( - i )3 = 1 - i - 1 + i = 0
(143) 86 ?
and f ( - 1) = ( - 1)4 p + ( - 1)4q + 1 + ( - 1)4r +2
+ ( - 1)4s + 3 Sol. Here, last digit of a is 3.
=1-1+1-1=0 The remainder when 86 is divided by 4, is 2.
Then, press switch number 2 and then we get 9.
Hence, by division theorem, f ( x ) is divisible by
x 3 + x 2 + x + 1. Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (143)86 is 9.
Powers of 4 Powers of 8
4 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 , 4 4 , 4 5 ,... the digits in unit’s place of different 8 1 , 8 2 , 8 3 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 8 8 ,... the digits in unit’s place of
powers of 4 are as follows: different powers of 8 are as follows:
4, 6, 4, 6, 4, ... (period being 2) 8, 4, 2, 6, 8, 4, 2, 6, ... (period being 4)

1 0 1 0 1 ... (switch number)
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 ... (switch number)
The remainder when b is divided by 2, can be 1 or 0. Now, The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3
press the switch number and get the unit’s place digit or 0.
( just above the switch number). Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s place
y Example 14. What is the digit in unit’s place of digit (just above the switch number).
(1354 ) 22222 ? y Example 16. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
Sol. Here, last digit of a is 4. (1008 ) 786 ?
The remainder when 22222 is divided by 2, is 0. Then, Sol. Here, last digit of a is 8.
press switch number 0 and then we get 6. The remainder when 786 is divided by 4, is 2. Then, press
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (1354 )22222 is 6. switch number 2 and then we get 4.
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (1008)786 is 4.
Powers of 7
Powers of 9
7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 6 , 7 7 , 7 8 , ... the digits in unit’s place of
9 1 , 9 2 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 9 5 ,... the digits in unit’s place of different
different powers of 7 are as follows:
powers of 9 are as follows:
7, 9, 3, 1, 7, 9, 3, 1, ... (period being 4)
9, 1, 9, 1, 9, ... ( period being 2)

1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 ... (switch number)
1 0 1 0 1 ... (switch number)
(The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3 The remainder when b is divided by 2, can be 1 or 0.
or 0). Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s place
place digit ( just above). digit (just above the switch number).
y Example 15. What is the digit in the unit’s place of y Example 17. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
(13057 ) 941120579 ? (2419 )111213 ?
Sol. Here, last digit of a is 7. Sol. Here, last digit of a is 9.
The remainder when 941120579 is divided by 4, is 3. Then, The remainder when 111213 is divided by 2, is 1. Then,
press switch number 3 and then we get 3. press switch number 1 and then we get 9.
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (13057 )941120579 is 3. Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (2419 )111213 is 9.
#L Exercise for Session 1

1 If (1 + i )2 n + (1 - i )2 n = - 2n + 1 (where, i = - 1) for all those n, which are
(a) even (b) odd
(c) multiple of 3 (d) None of these
2 If i = - 1, the number of values of i n + i - n for different n Î I is

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
3 If a > 0 and b < 0, then a b is equal to (where, i = -1)

(a) - a × b (b) a × b i
(c) a × b (d) None of these
4 Consider the following statements.

S1 : - 6 = 2i ´ 3i = ( - 4) ´ ( - 9) ( where, i = - 1) S2 : ( - 4) ´ ( - 9) = ( - 4) ´ ( - 9)
S3 : ( - 4) ´ ( - 9) = 36 S4 : 36 = 6
Of these statements, the incorrect one is
(a) S1 only (b) S 2 only
(c) S 3 only (d) None of these
50
5 The value of S
n=0
i ( 2n + 1) ! (where, i = - 1) is
(a) i (b) 47 - i
(c) 48 + i (d) 0
1003
6 The value of S
r =-3
i r ( where i = - 1) is
(a) 1 (b) - 1
(c) i (d) - i
7 The digit in the unit’s place of (153)98 is

(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 7 (d) 9
8 The digit in the unit’s place of (141414)12121 is

(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 3 (d) 1
Session 2
Definition of Complex Number, Conjugate Complex
Numbers, Representation of a Complex Number in
Various Forms
Definition of Complex Number Algebraic Operations on
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b Î R and i = - 1, is Complex Numbers
called a complex number. It is denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. Let two complex numbers be z 1 = a + ib and z 2 = c + id ,
A complex number may also be defined as an ordered pair where a, b, c , d Î R and i = - 1.
of real numbers; and may be denoted by the symbol (a, b). 1. Addition z 1 + z 2 = (a + ib ) + (c + id )
If we write z = (a, b ), then a is called the real part and b is
= (a + c ) + i (b + d )
the imaginary part of the complex number z and may be
denoted by Re (z ) and Im (z), respectively i.e., a = Re (z ) 2. Subtraction z 1 - z 2 = (a + ib ) - (c + id )
and b = Im (z ). = (a - c ) + i (b - d )
Two complex numbers are said to be equal, if and only if 3. Multiplication z 1 × z 2 = (a + ib ) × (c + id )
their real parts and imaginary parts are separately equal. = ac + iad + ibc + i 2 bd
Thus, a + ib = c + id
= ac + i (ad + bc ) - bd
Û a = c and b = d
= (ac - bd ) + i (ad + bc )
where, a, b, c , d Î R and i = - 1.
z (a + ib ) (c - id )
4. Division 1 = ×
i.e. z1 = z2 z 2 (c + id ) (c - id )
Û Re (z 1 ) = Re (z 2 ) and Im (z 1 ) = Im (z 2 )
[multiplying numerator and denominator by c - id
Important Properties of Complex Numbers where atleast one of c and d is non-zero]
1. The complex numbers do not possess the property of order, ac - iad + ibc - i 2 bd ac + i (bc - ad ) + bd
= =
i.e., ( a + ib) > or < ( c + id ) is not defined. For example,
(c ) 2 - (id ) 2 c 2 - i 2d 2
9 + 6 i > 3 + 2i makes no sense.
2. A real number a can be written as a + i × 0. Therefore, every (ac + bd ) + i (bc - ad ) (ac + bd ) (bc - ad )
= = +i
real number can be considered as a complex number, whose 2 2 2 2
c +d (c + d ) (c 2 + d 2 )
imaginary part is zero. Thus, the set of real numbers (R) is a
proper subset of the complex numbers ( C ) i.e. R Ì C. Hence,
the complex number system is N Ì W Ì I Ì Q Ì R Ì C Remark
3. A complex number z is said to be purely real, if Im ( z ) = 0; and 1+ i 1- i
= i and = - i, where i = -1.
is said to be purely imaginary, if Re ( z ) = 0. The complex 1- i 1+ i
number 0 = 0 + i × 0 is both purely real and purely imaginary.
4. In real number system, a2 + b2 = 0 Þ a = 0 = b. Properties of Algebraic Operations
But if z 1 and z 2 are complex numbers, then z 12 + z 22 = 0 on Complex Numbers
does not imply z1 = z2 = 0.
For example, z 1 = 1 + i and z 2 = 1 - i
Let z 1 , z 2 and z 3 be any three complex numbers.
Here, z 1 ¹ 0, z 2 ¹ 0
Then, their algebraic operations satisfy the following
But z 12 + z 22 = ( 1 + i ) 2 + ( 1 - i ) 2 = 1 + i 2 + 2i + 1 + i 2 - 2i
properties :
= 2 + 2i 2 = 2 - 2 = 0 Properties of Addition of Complex Numbers
However, if product of two complex numbers is zero, then
(i) Closure law z 1 + z 2 is a complex number.
atleast one of them must be zero, same as in case of real
numbers. (ii) Commutative law z 1 + z 2 = z 2 + z 1
If z 1z 2 = 0, then z 1 = 0, z 2 ¹ 0 or z 1 ¹ 0, z 2 = 0 (iii) Associative law (z 1 + z 2 ) + z 3 = z 1 + (z 2 + z 3 )
or z 1 = 0, z 2 = 0
(iv) Additive identity z + 0 = z = 0 + z , then 0 is called

the additive identity.
Properties of Conjugate
(v) Additive inverse - z is called the additive inverse of Complex Numbers
z, i.e. z + ( - z ) = 0. Let z, z 1 and z 2 be complex numbers. Then,
Properties of Multiplication (i) (z ) = z
of Complex Numbers (ii) z +z = 2 Re (z )
(i) Closure law z 1 × z 2 is a complex number. (iii) z -z = 2 Im (z )
(ii) Commutative law z 1 × z 2 = z 2 × z 1 (iv) z +z = 0 Þ z = - z Þ z is purely imaginary.
(iii) Associative law (z 1 × z 2 ) z 3 = z 1 (z 2 × z 3 ) (v) z -z = 0 Þ z = z Þ z is purely real.
(iv) Multiplicative identity z × 1 = z = 1 × z , then 1 is (vi) z 1 ± z 2 = z 1 ± z 2 Ingeneral,
called the multiplicative identity.
z 1 ± z 2 ± z 3 ± ... ± z n = z 1 ± z 2 ± z 3 ± ... ± z n
(v) Multiplicative inverse If z is a non-zero complex
1 (vii) z 1 × z 2 = z 1 × z 2
number, then is called the multiplicative inverse
z In general, z 1 × z 2 × z 3 ... z n = z 1 × z 2 × z 3 ... z n
1 1
of z i.e. z. = 1 = × z
z z æz ö z
(viii) ç 1 ÷ = 1 , z 2 ¹ 0
(vi) Multiplication is distributive with respect to èz2 ø z2
addition z 1 (z 2 + z 3 ) = z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 3
(ix) z n = (z ) n
(x) z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 = 2 Re (z 1 z 2 ) = 2 Re (z 1 z 2 )
Conjugate Complex Numbers (xi) If z = f (z 1 , z 2 ), then z =f (z 1 , z 2 )
The complex numbers z = (a, b ) = a + ib and
z = (a, - b ) = a - ib, where a and b are real numbers, x-3 y -3
y Example 18. If + = i , where x , y ÎR and
i = -1 and b ¹ 0, are said to be complex conjugate of each 3+ i 3-i
other (here, the complex conjugate is obtained by just i = - 1, find the values of x and y.
changing the sign of i). x -3 y -3
Sol. Q + =i
Note that, sum = (a + ib ) + (a - ib ) = 2a, which is real. 3+i 3 -i
And product = (a + ib ) (a - ib ) = a 2 - (ib ) 2 Þ ( x - 3) ( 3 - i ) + ( y - 3 ) ( 3 + i ) = i ( 3 + i ) ( 3 - i )
Þ ( 3x - xi - 9 + 3i ) + ( 3y + yi - 9 - 3i ) = 10i
= a 2 - i 2 b 2 = a 2 - ( -1) b 2
Þ (3x + 3y - 18) + i (y - x ) = 10i
= a 2 + b 2 , which is real. On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
Geometrically, z is the mirror image of z along real axis on 3x + 3y - 18 = 0
argand plane. Þ x +y = 6 …(i)
and y - x = 10 ...(ii)
Remark On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Let z = - a - ib, a > 0, b > 0 = ( - a, - b) (III quadrant ) x = - 2, y = 8
Imaginary axis
P(z) y Example 19. If (a + ib ) 5 = p + iq, where i = - 1,
b prove that (b + ia ) 5 = q + ip .
θ a
Real
O θ axis Sol. Q (a + ib ) 5 = p + iq
b
\ (a + ib ) 5 = p + iq Þ (a - ib ) 5 = ( p - iq )
Q(z)
Þ ( - i 2a - ib ) 5 = ( -i 2 p - iq ) [Qi 2 = - 1]
Then, z = - a + ib = ( - a, b) ( II quadrant). Now,
(i) If z lies in I quadrant, then z lies in IV quadrant and
Þ ( - i )5 (b + ia ) 5 = ( - i ) (q + ip )
vice-versa. Þ ( - i ) (b + ia ) 5 = ( - i ) (q + ip )
(ii) If z lies in II quadrant, then z lies in III quadrant and
vice-versa. \ (b + ia ) 5 = (q + ip )
y Example 20. Find the least positive integral value of y Example 23. Find real values of x and y for which
n
æ 1-i ö the complex numbers - 3 + i x 2 y and x 2 + y + 4i ,
n, for which ç ÷ , where i = -1, is purely
è 1+ i ø where i = - 1, are conjugate to each other.
imaginary with positive imaginary part. Sol. Given, - 3 + ix 2y = x 2
+ y + 4i
n n n 2 2
æ1 - i ö æ1 - i 1 - i ö æ 1 + i 2 - 2i ö æ 1 - 1 - 2i ö n
Þ - 3 - ix y = x + y + 4i
Sol. ç ÷ =ç ´ ÷ =ç ÷ =ç ÷
è1 +i ø è1+ i 1 -i ø è 2 ø è 2 ø On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
= ( - i )n = Imaginary x 2 +y = -3 …(i)
2
Þ n = 1, 3, 5, ... for positive imaginary part n = 3. and -x y=4 …(ii)
4
y Example 21. If the multiplicative inverse of a From Eq. (ii), we get x 2 = -
y
complex number is ( 3 + 4i ) / 19, where i = - 1, find 4 é 4 ù
complex number. Then, - + y = - 3 ê putting x 2 = - in Eq. (i)ú
y ë y û
Sol. Let z be the complex number.
æ 3 + 4i ö y 2 + 3y - 4 = 0 Þ (y + 4 ) (y - 1) = 0
Then, z × ç ÷ =1 \ y = - 4, 1
è 19 ø
For y = - 4 , x2 = 1 Þ x = ± 1
19 ( 3 - 4i )
or z= ´ For y = 1, x 2 = - 4 [impossible]
( 3 + 4i ) ( 3 - 4i )
\ x = ± 1, y = - 4
19 ( 3 - 4i )
= = ( 3 - 4i )
19 y Example 24. If x = - 5 + 2 - 4, find the value of
3 + 2 i sin q x 4 + 9 x 3 + 35x 2 - x + 4.
y Example 22. Find real q, such that ,
1 - 2 i sin q Sol. Since, x = - 5 + 2 - 4 Þ x + 5 = 4i
where i = -1, is Þ ( x + 5)2 = ( 4i )2 Þ x 2 + 10x + 25 = - 16
(i) purely real. (ii) purely imaginary. \ x 2 + 10x + 41 = 0 …(i)
3 + 2i sin q Now,
Sol. Let z =
1 - 2i sin q x 2 + 10x + 41 x 4
+ 9 x 3 + 35x 2
-x+4 x 2
-x+4
4 3 2
On multiplying numerator and denominator by conjugate x + 10x + 41x
of denominator, - - -
- x 3 - 6x 2 - x + 4
(3 + 2i sin q ) (1 + 2i sin q ) (3 - 4 sin 2 q ) + 8i sin q
z= = 3 2
(1 - 2i sin q ) (1 + 2i sin q ) (1 + 4 sin 2 q ) -x - 10x - 41x
+ + +
(3 - 4 sin 2 q ) (8 sin q ) 4x 2
+ 40x + 4
= 2
+i 2
(1 + 4 sin q ) (1 + 4 sin q ) 4x 2
+ 40x + 164
(i) For purely real, Im(z ) = 0 - - -
- 160
8 sin q
Þ = 0 or sin q = 0 \ x 4 + 9x 3
+ 35x 2
-x+4
1 + 4 sin 2 q
= ( x 2 + 10x + 41) ( x 2 - x + 4 ) - 160
\ q = n p, n Î I
= 0 - 160 = - 160 [from Eq. (i)]
(ii) For purely imaginary, Re (z ) = 0
(3 - 4 sin 2 q ) y Example 25. Let z be a complex number satisfying
Þ = 0 or 3 - 4 sin 2 q = 0
(1 + 4 sin 2 q) the equation z 2 - ( 3 + i ) z + l + 2 i = 0, where l ÎR and
3 æ 3ö pö
2 2 i = -1. Suppose the equation has a real root, find the
2 æ
or sin q = = ç ÷ = çsin ÷ non-real root.
4 è 2 ø è 3ø
Sol. Let a be the real root. Then,
p
\ q = np ± , n Î I a 2 - (3 + i ) a + l + 2i = 0
3
Þ (a 2 - 3 a + l ) + i (2 - a ) = 0 Argument of z will be q, p - q , p + q and 2p - q

On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get according as the point z lies in I, II, III and IV
y
a 2 - 3a + l = 0 …(i) quadrants respectively, where q = tan - 1 .
Þ 2-a =0 …(ii) x
From Eq. (ii), a = 2
y Example 26. Find the arguments of z 1 = 5 + 5i ,
Let other root be b.
Then, a + b = 3 + i Þ 2+ b = 3 + i z 2 = - 4 + 4 i , z 3 = - 3 - 3 i and z 4 = 2 - 2i ,
\ b =1+i where i = - 1.
Hence, the non-real root is 1 + i. Sol. Since, z 1, z 2 , z 3 and z 4 lies in I, II, III and IV quadrants
respectively. The arguments are given by
5
arg (z1 ) = tan - 1 = tan - 1 1 = p / 4
Representation of a Complex 5
Number in Various Forms arg (z 2 ) = p - tan - 1

4
-4
p 3p
= p - tan -1 1 = p - =
4 4
-3 p 5p
Cartesian Form arg (z 3 ) = p + tan - 1
-3
= p + tan -1 1 = p + =
4 4
(Geometrical Representation) -2
and arg (z 4 ) = 2p - tan - 1
Every complex number z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and 2
i = - 1, can be represented by a point in the cartesian p 7p
= 2p - tan -1 1 = 2p - =
plane known as complex plane (Argand plane) by the 4 4
ordered pair ( x , y ).
Principal Value of the Argument
The value q of the argument which satisfies the inequality
Modulus and Argument of a -p < q £ p is called the principal value of the argument.
Complex Number If z = x + iy = ( x , y ), " x , y Î R and i = - 1, then
Let z = x + iy = ( x , y ) for all x , y Î R and i = - 1. æy ö
arg(z ) = tan - 1 ç ÷ always gives the principal value. It
èxø
Imaginary axis
P (x, y) depends on the quadrant in which the point ( x , y ) lies.
Y Imaginary
r
y axis
θ P (x, y)
Real axis
O x
y
The length OP is called modulus of the complex number z
denoted by z , θ
X′ X
i.e. OP = r = z = ( x 2 + y 2 ) O x
Real axis
Y′
and if ( x , y ) ¹ (0, 0 ), then q is called the argument or
amplitude of z, (i) ( x , y ) Î first quadrant x > 0, y > 0.
æy ö æy ö
i.e. q = tan - 1 ç ÷ [angle made by OP with positive X-axis] The principal value of arg (z ) = q = tan - 1 ç ÷
èxø èxø
or arg (z ) = tan - 1 (y / x ) It is an acute angle and positive.
(ii) ( x , y ) Î second quadrant x < 0, y > 0.
Also, argument of a complex number is not unique, since
The principal value of arg (z ) = q
if q is a value of the argument, so also is 2np + q, where
n Î I . But usually, we take only that value for which æ y ö
= p - tan - 1 çç ÷
÷
0 £ q < 2 p. Any two arguments of a complex number differ è x ø
by 2np.
Y
Imaginary or tan - 1 1, p - tan - 1 1, - p + tan - 1 1, - tan - 1 1
(x, y) axis p p p p p 3p 3p p
or ,p- ,-p+ , - or , , - ,-
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
y Hence, the principal values of the arguments of z1, z 2 , z 3
θ
p 3p 3p p
X′ x X and z 4 are , , - , - , respectively.
O 4 4 4 4
Real axis
Y′ Remark
1. Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the
It is an obtuse angle and positive. argument.
(iii) ( x , y ) Î third quadrant x < 0, y < 0. 2. Argument of the complex number 0 is not defined.
æy ö 3. If z1 = z2 Û z1 = z2 and arg ( z1 ) = arg ( z2 ).
The principal value of arg (z ) = q = - p + tan -1 ç ÷ 4. If arg ( z ) = p /2 or - p /2, z is purely imaginary.
èxø
Y 5. If arg ( z ) = 0 or p, z is purely real.
Imaginary
axis y Example 28. Find the argument and the principal
value of the argument of the complex number
X′
x O
X 2+ i
θ Real axis z= , where i = - 1.
y 4i + (1 + i ) 2
2+i 2+i 2+i 1 1
Sol. Since, z = = = = - i
(x, y) 4i + ( 1 + i ) 2 4i + 1 + i 2 + 2i 6i 6 3
Y′
\ z lies in IV quadrant.
It is an obtuse angle and negative.
1
(iv) ( x , y ) Î fourth quadrant x > 0, y < 0. -
-1 3 = tan - 1 2
Here, q = tan
The principal value of arg (z ) = q 1
æ y ö 6
= - tan - 1 çç ÷
÷ \ arg (z ) = 2p - q = 2p - tan -1 2
è x ø
Hence, principal value of arg (z ) = - q = - tan -1 2.
Y
Imaginary
axis Properties of Modulus
x (i) z ³ 0 Þ z = 0, iff z = 0 and z > 0, iff z ¹ 0
X′ X
O θ Real axis (ii) - z £ Re (z ) £ z and - z £ Im (z ) £ z
y
(iii) z = z = - z = - z
2
(x, y) (iv) zz = z
Y′
(v) z 1 z 2 = z 1 z 2
It is an acute angle and negative. In general, z 1 z 2 z 3 ... z n = z 1 z 2 z 3 ... z n
y Example 27. Find the principal values of the z z1
(vi) 1 = (z 2 ¹ 0 )
arguments of z 1 = 2 + 2i , z 2 = - 3 + 3i , z 3 = - 4 - 4i z2 z2
and z 4 = 5 - 5i , where i = -1.
(vii) z 1 ± z 2 £ z 1 + z 2
Sol. Since, z 1, z 2 , z 3 and z 4 lies in I, II, III and IV quadrants In general, z 1 ± z 2 ± z 3 ± ... ± z n £ z 1 + z 2
respectively. The principal values of the arguments are
+ z 3 + ... + z n
given by
æ 3 ö æ- 4ö (viii) z 1 ± z 2 ³ z 1 - z 2
æ2ö
tan -1 ç ÷ , p - tan -1 ç ÷ , - p + tan -1 ç ÷,
è2ø è -3 ø è- 4ø n
(ix) z n = z
æ -5 ö
- tan -1 ç ÷ (x) z1 - z2 £ z1 + z2 £ z1 + z2
è 5 ø
Thus, z 1 | + | z 2 is the greatest possible value of é 1ù

\ sin q i Î ê0, ú ,
z 1 + z 2 and | z 1 | - | z 2 | is the least possible value of ë 2û
z1 + z2 . 1
i.e. 0 £ sinq i £
2 2 2 2
(xi) z 1 ± z 2 = (z 1 ± z 2 ) (z 1 ± z 2 ) = z 1 + z2
\ Inequality Eq. (i) becomes,
± (z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 ) 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1
2 2 2£ z + z + z + z +
or z 1 + z2 ± 2 Re (z 1 z 2 ) 2 2 2 2 2
4 3 2
Þ 3£ z + z + z + z
(xii) z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 = 2 z 1 z 2 cos(q 1 - q 2 ), where
q 1 = arg (z 1 ) and q 2 = arg (z 2 ) Þ 3£ z + z + z
2 3
+ z
4
< z + z
2
2 2 z 3 4
(xiii) | z 1 + z 2 |2 = z 1 + z 2 Û 1 is purely imaginary. + z + z +... + ¥
z2 2 3 4
2 2 2 2 Þ 3< z + z + z + z + ... + ¥
(xiv) z 1 + z 2 + z1 - z2 = 2 {z1 + z2 }
z
2 2 2 2 Þ 3< [here, | z | < 1]
(xv) az 1 - bz 2 + bz 1 + az 2 2
= (a + b ) ( z 1 2
+ z 2 ), 1- z
where a, b Î R Þ 3- 3 z < z Þ 3 < 4 z
3
(xvi) Unimodular i.e., unit modulus \ z >
4
If z is unimodular, then z = 1. In case of unimodular, 3
Hence, < z <1 [Q | z | < 1]
let z = cos q + i sin q, q Î R and i = -1. 4
Remark y Example 30. If z - 2 + i £ 2, find the greatest

1. If f ( z ) is unimodular, then f ( z ) = 1and let
f ( z ) = cos q + i sin q, q ÎR and i = -1. and least values of | z | , where i = -1.
z Sol. Given that, z - 2 + i £ 2 …(i)
2. is always a unimodular complex number, if z ¹ 0.
z
Q z-2+i ³ z - 2-i [by property (x)]
(xvii) The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex
number z is same as its reciprocal and is given by \ z-2+i ³ z - 5 …(ii)
1 z z From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= = .
z zz 2
z z - 5 £ z-2+i £2
\ z - 5 £2
y Example 29. If q i Î [0, p / 6], i = 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 and
sin q 1 z 4 + sin q 2 z 3 + sin q 3 z 2 + sin q 4 z Þ -2£ z - 5 £2
3 Þ 5 -2£ z £ 5 +2
+ sin q 5 = 2, show that < z < 1.
4 Hence, greatest value of z is 5 + 2 and least value of z
Sol. Given that,
is 5 - 2.
sin q 1 z 4 + sin q 2 z 3 + sin q 3 z 2 + sin q 4 z + sin q 5 = 2
or 2 = sin q 1 z 4 + sin q 2 z 3 + sin q 3 z 2 + sin q 4 z + sin q 5
y Example 31. If z is any complex number such
4 3 2
2 £ sin q 1 z + sin q 2 z + sin q 3 z that z + 4 £ 3, find the greatest value of z + 1 .
+ sin q 4 z + sin q 5 [by property (vii)]
Sol. Q z + 1 = (z + 4 ) - 3
Þ 2 £ sin q 1 z 4 + sin q 2 z 3 + sin q 3 z 2
= ( z + 4 ) + ( - 3) £ z + 4 + - 3
+ sin q 4 z + sin q 5 [by property (v)]
4 3 2 = z + 4 +3
Þ 2 £ sin q 1 z + sin q 2 z + sin q 3 z
£3+3=6 [Q z + 4 £ 3 ]
+ sin q 4 z + sin q 5 [by property (ix)] …(i)
But given, q i Î[0, p / 6] \ z +1 £6
Hence, the greatest value of z + 1 is 6.
2
y Example 32. If z 1 = 1, z 2 = 2, z 3 = 3 and Þ z1 - 2z 2
2
= 2 - z1z 2
9z 1z 2 + 4z 3z 1 + z 2 z 3 = 6, find the value of Þ (z 1 - 2z 2 ) ( z1 - 2 z 2 ) = ( 2 - z1z 2 ) ( 2 - z1z 2 )
z1 +z 2 +z 3 .
[by property (iv)]
2
Sol. Q z1 = 1 Þ z1 =1 Þ ( z1 - 2z 2 ) ( z1 - 2z 2 ) = ( 2 - z1z 2 ) ( 2 - z1z 2 )
1 Þ z1z1 - 2z1z 2 - 2z 2 z1 + 4z 2 z 2
Þ z1 z1 = 1 Þ = z1
z1 = 4 - 2z1z 2 - 2z1z 2 + z1z1z 2 z 2
2 2 2 2 2
z2 = 2 Þ z2 = 4 Þ z2 z2 = 4 Þ z1 + 4 z2 = 4 + z1 z2
2 2 2 2
Þ
4
= z 2 and z 3 = 3 Þ | z 3 | 2 = 9 Þ z1 - z1 × z2 + 4 z2 - 4 =0
z2
çæ z1 - 4 ÷öø æçè1 - z 2 ö÷ø = 0
2 2
Þ è
9
Þ z3z3 =9 Þ =z3
z3 But z2 ¹ 1 [given]
2
and given 9z 1z 2 + 4z 3z 1 + z 2 z 3 = 6 \ z1 =4
Hence, z1 = 2
9 4 1
Þ z1 z 2 z 3 + + =6
z3 z 2 z1
Þ z1 z2 z3 z 3 + z 2 + z1 = 6 Properties of Arguments
é 1 4 9 ù (i) arg (z 1 z 2 ) = arg (z 1 ) + arg (z 2 ) + 2kp, k Î I
êQ z = z 1, z = z 2 and z = z 3 ú In general, arg (z 1 z 2 z 3 ... z n )
ë 1 2 3 û
Þ 1 × 2 × 3 z1 + z 2 + z 3 = 6 = arg (z 1 ) + arg (z 2 ) + arg (z 3 ) +... + arg (z n ) + 2kp,
k Î I.
\ z1 + z 2 + z 3 = 1 [Q | z | = | z | ]
æz ö
(ii) arg ç 1 ÷ = arg (z 1 ) - arg (z 2 ) + 2kp, k Î I
èz2 ø
y Example 33. Prove that
1 1 æz ö
z 1 + z 2 = (z 1 + z 2 ) + z 1 z 2 + (z 1 + z 2 ) - z 1 z 2 . (iii) arg ç ÷ = 2 arg (z ) + 2kp, k Î I
2 2 èz ø
Sol. RHS =
1 1
(z1 + z 2 ) + z1z 2 + (z1 + z 2 ) - z1z 2 (iv) arg (z n ) = n. arg (z ) + 2kp, k Î I , where proper value
2 2 of k must be chosen, so that RHS lies in ( -p, p ].
z1 + z 2 + 2 z1z 2 z + z 2 - 2 z1z 2 æz ö æz ö
= + 1 (v) If arg ç 2 ÷ = q, then arg ç 1 ÷ = 2np - q, where n Î I .
2 2 èz1 ø èz2 ø
1 2 2
(vi) arg (z ) = - arg (z)
= { z 1 + z2 + z 1 - z2 }
2
1 2 2 17 p 7p
= . 2 { z1 + z 2 } [ by property (xiv)] y Example 35. If arg (z 1 ) = and arg (z 2 ) = , find
2 18 18
= z1 + z 2 = LHS the principal argument of z 1z 2 and (z 1 / z 2 ).
Sol. arg (z1z 2 ) = arg (z1 ) + arg (z 2 ) + 2kp
y Example 34. z 1 and z 2 are two complex numbers, 17 p 7 p
= + + 2kp
z 1 - 2z 2 18 18
such that is unimodular, while z 2 is not 4p
2 - z 1 ×z 2 = + 2kp
3
unimodular. Find | z 1 |. 4p 2p
z1 - 2z 2 = - 2p = - [for k = - 1]
Sol. Here, =1 3 3
2 - z1z 2 æ z1 ö
and arg ç ÷ = arg (z1 ) - arg (z 2 ) + 2kp
z1 - 2z 2 èz2 ø
Þ =1 [by property (vi)] 17 p 7 p 10p
2 - z1z 2 = - + 2kp = + 2kp
18 18 18
Þ z1 - 2z 2 = 2 - z1z 2 5p 5p
= +0= [for k = 0]
9 9
y Example 36. If z 1 and z 2 are conjugate to each (b) Trigonometric or Polar or

other, find the principal argument of ( - z 1z 2 ).
Modulus Argument Form of a
Sol. Qz1 and z 2 are conjugate to each other i.e., z 2 = z1, there-
fore, z1z 2 = z1z1 = z1
2 Complex Number
2
Let z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and i = -1, z is represented
\arg ( - z1 z 2 ) = arg ( - z1 ) = arg [negative real number] by P ( x , y ) in the argand plane.
=p
Y
y Example 37. Let z be any non-zero complex
Imaginary axis
number, then find the value of arg (z ) + arg (z ). P (x, y)
Sol. arg (z ) + arg (z ) = arg (zz )

2 y
= arg ( z ) = arg [positive real number]
θ
=0 O x X
M Real axis
(a) Mixed Properties of Modulus By geometrical representation,

OP = ( x 2 + y 2 ) = z
and Arguments
(i) z 1 + z 2 = z 1 + z 2 Û arg (z 1 ) = arg (z 2 ) ÐPOM = q = arg (z )
(ii) z 1 + z 2 = z 1 - z 2 Û arg (z 1 ) - arg (z 2 ) = p In DOPM, x = OP cos ( Ð POM ) = z cos (arg z )
Proof (i) Let arg (z 1 ) = q and arg (z 2 ) = f and y = OP sin ( Ð POM ) = z sin (arg z )
Q z = x + iy
\ z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
\ z = z (cos (arg z ) + i sin (arg z ) )
On squaring both sides, we get
2 2 2
or z = r (cos q + i sin q )
z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 + 2 z1 z2 z = r (cos q - i sin q )
Þ z1
2
+ z2
2
+ 2 z 1 z 2 cos (q - f) where, r = z and q = principal value of arg (z ).
2 2
= z1 + z2 + 2 z1 z2 Remark
1. cos q + i sin q is also written as CiS q.
Þ cos (q - f) = 1 2. Remember
\ q - f = 0 or q = f 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 Þ - 1 = cos p + i sin p
\ arg (z 1 ) = arg (z 2 ) p p p p
i = cos + i sin Þ - i = cos - i sin
2 2 2 2
(ii) Q | z 1 + z 2 | = | z 1 | - | z 2 |
On squaring both sides, we get 1 i 3
2 2 2
y Example 38. Write the polar form of - -
z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 - 2 z1 z2 2 2
2 2
(where, i = - 1).
Þ z1 + z2 + 2 z1 z 2 cos (q - f)
1 i 3 æ 1 3ö
2 2 Sol. Let z = - - . Since, ç - , - ÷ lies in III quadrant.
= z1 + z2 - 2 z1 z2 2 2 è 2 2 ø
- 3 /2
Þ cos (q - f) = - 1 \ Principal value of arg (z ) = - p + tan - 1
- 1/2
\ q - f = p or arg (z 1 ) - arg (z 2 ) = p -1 p 2p
= - p + tan 3 = -p + =-
3 3
Remark 2 2
1. z1 - z2 = z1 + z2 Û arg ( z1 ) = arg ( z2 ) æ 1ö æ 3ö æ1 3ö
and z = ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ = ç + ÷ = 1 =1
2. z1 - z2 = z1 - z2 Û arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z2 ) = p è 2ø è 2 ø è4 4ø
p -
3. z1 - z2 = z1 + z2 Û arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z2 ) = ± , z1 z2 \ Polar form of z = z [cos (arg z ) + i sin(arg z )]
2
z
and 1 are purely imaginary. 1 i 3 é æ 2p ö æ 2p ö ù
z2 i.e. - - = ê cos ç - ÷ + i sin ç - ÷
2 2 ë è 3 ø è 3 ø úû
z =1
(c) Euler’s Form Sol. Given,
\ z =eiq …(i)
If q Î R and i = - 1, then e i q = cos q + i sin q is known as
Þ arg (z ) = q …(ii)
Euler’s identity. æ arg (z ) ö
1 + i tan ç ÷
Now, e - i q = cos q - i sin q è 2 ø 1 + i tan (q / 2)
RHS = = [from Eq. (ii)]
Let z = ei q æ arg (z ) ö 1 - i tan (q / 2)
1 - i tan ç ÷
è 2 ø
\ z = 1 and arg (z ) = q
iq -i q cos q / 2 + i sin q / 2 e i q/ 2
Also, e +e = 2 cos q and e i q - e - i q 2i sin q = = - i q/ 2
cos q / 2 - i sin q / 2 e
and if q, f Î R and i = - 1, then = e i q = z = LHS [from Eq. (i)]
æq+ fö
iç ÷
è 2 øæ q - fö æ æ a - ib ö ö 2ab
(i) e iq + e if = e × 2 cos ç ÷ y Example 41. Prove that tan ç i ln ç ÷÷ = 2
è 2 ø
è è a + ib ø ø a - b 2
æ q - fö
\ e iq + e if = 2 cos ç ÷ ( where a, b ÎR + and i = - 1 ).
è 2 ø
a - ib a - ib
æ q + fö Sol. Q = =1 [Q | z | = | z | ]
and arg (e i q + e if ) = ç ÷ a + ib a + ib
è 2 ø
æq+ fö a - ib
iç ÷
iq if æ q - fö
è 2 ø Let = e iq …(i)
(ii) e -e =e
× 2i sin ç ÷ a + ib
è 2 ø
By componendo and dividendo , we get
æ q - fö
\ e iq - e if = 2 sin ç ÷ ( a - ib ) - (a + ib ) e i q - 1 b
è 2 ø = - i = i tan (q / 2)
(a - ib ) + (a + ib ) e i q + 1 a
q+f p
and arg (e iq - e if ) = + [Qi = e ip / 2 ] æq ö b
2 2 or tan ç ÷ = - …(ii)
è2ø a
Remark
1. e iq + 1 = e iq / 2× 2cos (q/ 2) (Remember) æ æ a - ib ö ö
\ LHS = tan çi ln ç ÷÷
2. e iq
-1= e iq / 2
× 2i sin (q/ 2) (Remember) è è a + ib ø ø
= tan (i ln (e i q ))
iq
e -1 [from Eq. (i)]
3. iq
= i tan ( q / 2) (Remember)
e +1 = tan (i × i q ) = - tan q
4. If z = r e iq ; z = r , then arg ( z ) = q, z = r e- iq 2 tan q / 2
=-
5. If z - z0 = 1, then z - z0 = e iq 1 - tan 2 q / 2
2 ( - b / a)
y Example 39. Given that z - 1 = 1, where z is a point =- [from Eq. (ii)]
1 - ( - b / a )2
z -2
on the argand plane, show that = i tan (arg z ) , =
2ab
= RHS
z a - b2
2
where i = -1.
Sol. Given, z - 1 = 1 Applications of Euler’s Form
\ z - 1 = e i q Þ z = e i q + 1 = e i q / 2 × 2 cos (q / 2)
If x , y , q Î R and i = -1, then
\ arg (z ) = q / 2 …(i)
let z = x + iy [cartesian form]
z - 2 1 + e iq - 2 e iq - 1
LHS = = = iq = i tan (q / 2) = z (cos q + i sin q ) [polar form]
z 1 + e iq e +1
= i tan (arg z ) = RHS [from Eq. (i)] = z e iq [Euler’s form]
y Example 40. Let z be a non-real complex number (i) Product of Two Complex Numbers
æ arg (z ) ö Let two complex numbers be
1 + i tan ç ÷
è 2 ø z 1 = | z 1 | e iq1 and z 2 = | z 2 | e iq2 ,
lying on z = 1, prove that z =
æ arg (z ) ö
1 - i tan ç ÷ where q 1 , q 2 Î R and i = - 1
( where, i = - 1 ). è 2 ø
\ z 1 × z 2 = z 1 e iq1 × z 2 e iq2 = z 1 z 2 e i ( q1 + q2 ) = - w (cos (arg w ) - i sin (arg w ))

= - w (cos ( - arg w ) + i sin ( - arg w ))
= z 1 z 2 (cos (q 1 + q 2 ) + i sin (q 1 + q 2 )) = - w (cos (arg w ) + i sin (arg w )) = - w
Thus, z1 z2 = z1 z2
and arg (z 1 z 2 ) = q 1 + q 2 = arg (z 1 ) + arg (z 2 ) y Example 44. Express ( 1 + i ) - i , (where, i = -1) in the
form A + iB.
(ii) Division of Two Complex Numbers
Sol. Let A + iB = ( 1 + i )- i
Let two complex numbers be
On taking logarithm both sides, we get
z 1 = z 1 e iq1 and z 2 = z 2 e iq2 ,
loge ( A + iB ) = - i loge (1 + i )
where q 1 , q 2 Î R and i = - 1 æ æ 1 i öö
iq1 = - i loge ç 2 ç + ÷÷
z1 z1 e z 1 i(q - q ) è è 2 2 øø
\ = = e 1 2
z2 i q z2 æ æ p p öö
z2 e 2
= - i loge ç 2 ç cos + i sin ÷ ÷
è è 4 4 øø
z1
= (cos (q 1 - q 2 ) + i sin (q 1 - q 2 )) = - i loge ( 2 e i p / 4 ) = - i (loge 2 + loge e i p / 4)
z2 ipö p
æ1 i
= - i ç loge 2 + ÷ = - loge 2 +
z1 z1 è2 4 ø 2 4
Thus, = , (z 2 ¹ 0 ) i p
z2 z2 - log e 2 +
p/ 4 2 - 1/ 2
\ A + iB = e 2 4 =e × e i log e
æz ö =e p/ 4
× (cos ( loge 2- 1/ 2 ) + i sin ( loge 2- 1/ 2 ))
and arg ç 1 ÷ = q 1 - q 2 = arg (z 1 ) - arg (z 2 )
èz2 ø æ æ 1 öö æ æ 1 öö
p/ 4 p/ 4
=e × cos ç loge ç ÷ ÷ + i e sin ç loge ç ÷ ÷
è è 2 øø è è 2 øø
(iii) Logarithm of a Complex Number
iq
log e (z ) = log e ( z e ) = log e z + log e (e iq ) y Example 45. If sin ( log e i i ) = a + ib , where i = - 1,
= log e z + iq = log e z + i arg (z ) find a and b, hence and find cos ( log e i i ).
So, the general value of log e (z ) Sol. a + ib = sin ( loge i i ) = sin ( i loge i )
= log e (z ) + 2npi ( -p < arg z < p ). = sin ( i ( loge i + i arg i ))
= sin ( i ( loge 1 + (i p / 2)))
y Example 42. If m and x are two real numbers and = sin ( i ( 0 + (i p / 2))) = sin ( - p / 2) = - 1
m
2 m i cot -1 x æ xi + 1 ö \ a = -1,b = 0
i = - 1 , prove that e ç ÷ = 1.
è xi - 1 ø Now, cos( loge i i ) = 1 - sin 2 ( loge i i )
-1
Sol. Let cot x = q , then cot q = x
= 1 - ( - 1)2 = (1 - 1) = 0
m m
-1 æ xi + 1 ö 2 m i q æ i cot q + 1 ö Aliter
\LHS = e 2 m i cot x
ç ÷ =e ç ÷
è xi - 1 ø è i cot q - 1 ø Q i i = ( e ip / 2 ) i = e - p / 2
æ i (cot q - i ) ö
m m
æ p ö
2 m i q æ cos q - i sin q ö \ sin (loge i i ) = sin (loge e - p / 2 ) = sin ç - loge e ÷
= e2 m iq ç ÷ =e ç ÷ è 2 ø
è i (cot q + i ) ø è cos q + i sin q ø
m = sin ( - p / 2) = - 1 = a + ib [given]
2miq æe - i q ö 2 mi q \ a = - 1, b = 0
=e × ç iq ÷ =e × (e - 2 i q )m
èe ø and cos ( loge i i ) = cos ( loge e - p / 2 )
=e 2 mi q
× e -2 m i q = e 0 = 1 = RHS æ p ö æ pö
= cos ç - loge e ÷ = cos ç - ÷ = 0
è 2 ø è 2ø
y Example 43. If z and w are two non-zero complex
numbers such that z = w and arg (z ) + arg (w ) = p, y Example 46. Find the general value of log 2 ( 5i ),
prove that z = - w . where i = - 1.
Sol. Let arg (w ) = q , then arg (z ) = p - q loge 5i 1
Sol. log 2 5i = = { loge 5i + i arg ( 5i ) + 2npi }
\ z = z (cos (arg z ) + i sin (arg z )) loge 2 loge 2
= z (cos ( p - q ) + i sin ( p - q )) 1 ip
= { loge 5 + + 2npi } , n Î I
= z ( - cos q + i sin q ) = - z (cos q - i sin q ) loge 2 2

1 - ix
1 If = a - ib and a 2 + b 2 = 1, where a, b Î R and i = -1, then x is equal to
1 + ix
2a 2b 2a 2b
(a) 2 2
(b) 2 2
(c) 2 2
(d)
(1 + a ) + b (1 + a ) + b (1 + b ) + a (1 + b ) 2 + a 2
n
æ1+ i ö 2æ -1 1 ö
2 The least positive integer n for which ç ÷ = çsec + sin- 1 x ÷ ( where, x ¹ 0 , - 1 £ x £ 1and i = - 1), is
è 1- i ø pè x ø
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
3 6 6
If z = (3 + 4i ) + (3 - 4i ) , where i = - 1, then Im(z ) equals to
(a) - 6 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) None of these
æx yö
4 If ( x + iy ) 1/ 3
= a + ib , where i = - 1, then ç + ÷ is equal to
èa b ø
(a) 4 a 2b 2 (b) 4 (a 2 - b 2 ) (c) 4 a 2 - b 2 (d) a 2 + b 2
3
5 If = a + ib , where i = - 1 and a 2 + b 2 = l a - 3, the value of l is
2 + cos q + i sin q
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
z -1
6 If is purely imaginary, then z is equal to
z +1
1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2
2
7 The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2x and cos x - i sin 2x , where i = - 1, are conjugate to each other, for
(c) x = æçn + ö÷,n ÎI

1
(a) x = np,n Î I (b) x = 0 (d) no value of x
è 2ø
b- a
8 If a and b are two different complex numbers with | b | = 1, then is equal to
1- ab
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2
9 If x = 3 + 4i ( where, i = - 1), the value of x 4 - 12x 3

+ 70x 2
- 204 x + 225, is
(a) - 45 (b) 0 (c) 35 (d) 15
10 If z1 - 1 £ 1, z 2 - 2 £ 2, z 3 - 3 £ 3, the greatest value of z1 + z 2 + z 3 is

(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 17 (d) 23
æ 8p ö 8p
11 The principal value of arg (z ), where z = ç1 + cos
è
÷ + i sin
ø
( where, i = - 1) is given by
5 5
p 4p p 4p
(a) - (b) - (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
12 If z1 = 2, z 2 = 3, z 3 = 4 and z1 + z 2 + z 3 = 5, then 4z 2 z 3 + 9z 3 z1 + 16 z1 z 2 is
(a) 24 (b) 60 (c) 120 (d) 240
13 If z - i £ 5 and z1 = 5 + 3i ( where, i = - 1), the greatest and least values of iz + z 1 are

(a) 7 and 3 (b) 9 and 1 (c) 10 and 0 (d) None of these
æz ö æz ö
14 If z1, z 2 and z 3, z4 are two pairs of conjugate complex numbers, then arg ç 1 ÷ + arg ç 2 ÷ equals to
è z4 ø èz3 ø
p 3p
(a) 0 (b) (c) p (d)
2 2
Session 3
amp(z) — amp (—z) = ± π; According as amp (z) is Positive or
Negative, Square Root of a Complex Number, Solution of
Complex Equations, De-Moivre’s Theorem, Cube Roots of Unity
amp ( z ) - amp (- z ) = ± p , From Eq. (ii), we get

z1 = z 2 (cos ( p + arg (z 2 )) + i sin ( p + arg (z 2 )))
According as amp ( z) is Positive [from Eq. (i) and z1 = z 2 ]
or Negative = z 2 ( - cos (arg z 2 ) - i sin (arg z 2 )) = - z 2
[from Eq. (iii)]
Case I amp (z ) is positive.
\ z1 + z 2 = 0
If amp (z ) = q , we have
Y y Example 48.Let z and w be two non-zero complex
numbers, such that z = w and
P z
amp (z ) + amp (w ) = p, then find the relation between
r z and w .
θ Sol. Given, amp (z ) + amp (w ) = p
X
O
r
– ( π – θ)
Þ amp (z ) - amp (w ) = p
Here, z =w = w [given | z | = | w | ]
P′ –z
and amp (z ) > 0
Then, z +w =0
amp ( - z ) = - ( ÐP ¢ OX ) = - ( p - q )
\ amp (z ) - amp ( -z ) = p
Case II amp (z ) is negative.
[here, OP = OP ¢]
Square Root of a Complex Number
Let z = x + iy ,
If amp (z ) = - q
where x , y Î R and i = - 1.
We have, amp ( -z ) = ÐP ¢OX = p - q
\ amp (z ) - amp ( -z ) = - p [here, OP = OP ¢] Suppose ( x + iy ) = a + ib …(i)
Y On squaring both sides, we get
( x + iy ) = (a 2 - b 2 ) + 2iab
P' –z
π–θ On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get

r
O –θ
X
a2 - b2 = x …(ii)
r
P z and 2ab = y …(iii)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
\ a +b = (a - b ) + 4a b = (x + y 2 )
2
a2 + b2 = z …(iv)
y Example 47. If z 1 = z 2 and arg (z 1 / z 2 ) = p, then
From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
find the value of z 1 + z 2 .
æz ö æ z +xö æ z -xö
Sol. Q arg ç 1 ÷ = p a = ± çç ÷, b = ±
÷
ç
ç 2 ÷
÷
èz2 ø è 2 ø è ø
Þ arg (z1 ) - arg (z 2 ) = p …(i)
æ z + Re (z ) ö æ z - Re (z ) ö
Q z1 = z1 (cos ( arg z1 ) + i sin (arg z1 )) …(ii) or a = ± çç ÷ , b=± ç ÷
2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
and z 2 = z 2 (cos (arg z 2 ) + i sin (arg z 2 )) …(iii) è ø è ø
Now, from Eq. (i), the required square roots, ìïæ 3 ö 2 æ i ö 2 3 i üï

ì æ z + Re ( z ) = íç ÷ + ç ÷ + 2 × × ý
z - Re ( z ) ö ïîè 2 ø è 2ø 2 2 ïþ
ï± ç +i ÷ , if Im ( z ) > 0
ïï çè 2 2 ÷
ø 2
i.e. z = í æ3 +iö æ3 +i ö
ï æç z + Re ( z ) z - Re ( z ) ö
÷ , if Im ( z ) < 0
= ç ÷ = ±ç ÷
ï± ç -i è 2 ø è 2 ø
2 2 ÷
ïî è ø
(ii) Let z = - 5 + 12i
Aliter \ | z | = 13, Re (z ) = - 5, Im (z ) = 12 > 0
If ( x + iy ), where x , y Î R and i = - 1, then
æ z + Re (z ) z - Re (z ) ö
(i) If y is not even, then multiply and divide in y by 2, Q z =±ç +i ÷
ç 2 2 ÷
then ( x + iy ) convert in è ø
æ y 2 ö÷ æ æ 13 - 5 ö æ 13 + 5 ö ö
x +y - 1 = çx + 2 - . \ ( - 5 + 12i ) = ± ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷÷
ç
è 4 ÷ø è è 2 ø è 2 øø
= ± (2 + 3i )
y2
(ii) Factorise: - say a , b (a < b). Aliter
4
( - 5 + 12i ) = ( - 5 + 12 - 1 )
Take that possible factor which satisfy
x = (ai ) 2 + b2 , if x > 0 or x = a 2 + (ib)2 , if x < 0 = ( -5 +2 ( - 36 )
(iii) Finally, write x + iy = (ai)2 + b2 + 2iab = ( -5 +2 ( - 9 ´ 4) )
2 2
or a + (ib) + 2iab = (- 9 + 4 + 2 ( - 9 ´ 4 ))
and take their square root.
= (3i ) 2 + 2 2 + 2 × 3i × 2
ì± (ai + b) ì± (b - ia )
(iv) ( x + iy ) = í and ( x - iy ) = í
î or ± (a + i b) îor ± (a -ib) = ( 2 + 3i ) 2 = ± (2 + 3i )
(iii) Let z = - 8 - 15i
Remark
1+ iö \ z = 17, Re (z ) = - 8, Im (z ) = - 15 < 0
1. The square root of i is ± æç ÷, where i = -1.
è 2 ø æ æ 17 - 8 ö æ 17 + 8 ö ö
1- iö \ ( - 8 - 15i ) = ± ç ç ÷ -i ç ÷÷
2. The square root of ( - i ) is æç ÷. è è 2 ø è 2 øø
è 2 ø
æ 3 - 5i ö
y Example 49. Find the square roots of the following =±ç ÷
è 2 ø
(i) 4 + 3i (ii) - 5 + 12i
Aliter ( - 8 - 15i ) = ( - 8 - 15 - 1 )
(iii) - 8 - 15i (iv) 7 - 24i (where, i = - 1)
Sol. (i) Let z = 4 + 3i æ æ 225 ö ö æ æ 25 9 ö ö
\ | z | = 5, Re (z ) = 4, Im (z ) = 3 > 0 = ç- 8 - 2 ç- ÷ ÷ = ç- 8 - 2 ç- ´ ÷÷
è è 4 øø è è 2 2ø ø
æ z + Re (z ) z - Re (z ) ö
z =±ç +i ÷
æ 9 25 æ 25 9 ö ö
Q
ç 2 2 ÷ = ç - - 2 ç- ´ ÷÷
è ø
è2 2 è 2 2ø ø
æ æ5 + 4ö æ 5 - 4 ö ö æ3 +iö
\ ( 4 + 3i ) = ± ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷÷ =±ç ÷
è è 2 ø è 2 øø è 2 ø 2 2
Aliter æ 3 ö æ 5i ö 3 5i
= ç ÷ + ç ÷ -2× ×
æ 9ö è 2ø è 2ø 2 2
( 4 + 3i ) = 4 + 3 - 1 = 4 + 2 ç - ÷
è 4ø 2
æ 3 - 5i ö æ 3 - 5i ö
9 1 æ 9ö = ç ÷ =±ç ÷
= - + 2 ç- ÷ è 2 ø è 2 ø
2 2 è 4ø
(iv) Let z = 7 - 24i æ x 2 + x + 1ö æ x 2

- x + 1ö
ç ÷-ç ÷
\ z = 25, Re (z ) = 7, Im (z ) = - 24 < 0 è 2 ø è 2 ø
=
æ z + Re (z ) z - Re (z ) ö éæ x 2
+ x + 1ö æx 2
- x + 1öù
Q z =±ç -i ÷ + 2 êç ÷´-ç ÷ú
ç 2 2 ÷ êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû
è ø
æ æ 25 + 7 ö æ 25 - 7 ö ö
\ (7 - 24i ) = ± ç ç ÷ -i ç ÷÷ ìæ 2
ö æ ö
2 ü
è è 2 ø è 2 øø ï ç æç x + x + 1 ö÷ ÷ + çi æç x - x + 1 ö÷ ÷
2 2
ï
ïï çè è 2 ø ÷ø çè è 2 ø ÷ø ïï
= ± ( 4 - 3i ) = í ý
Aliter ï æ x 2 + x +1ö æ x 2 - x + 1ö ï
ï+ 2 ç ÷ ×i ç ÷ ï
(7 - 24 i ) = (7 - 24 -1 ) = 7 - 2 ( - 144 ) ïî è 2 ø è 2 ø ïþ
2
= 7 - 2 (16 ´ - 9 ) æ æ x 2 + x +1ö æ x 2 - x +1ö ö
= ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷÷
ç è 2 ø è 2 ø ÷ø
è
= 16 - 9 - 2 (16 ´ - 9 )
æ æx 2
+ x + 1ö æx 2
- x + 1 ö ö÷
= ( 4 ) 2 + (3i ) 2 - 2 × 4 × 3i =±ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷
ç è 2 ø è 2 ø ÷ø
è
= ( 4 - 3i ) 2 = ± ( 4 - 3i )
y Example 50. Find the square root of Solution of Complex Equations

x + ( - x4 - x 2
- 1).
Putting z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and i = - 1 in the given
Sol. Let z = x + (- x 4 - x 2
- 1) equation and equating the real and imaginary parts, we
= x + i (x 4 + x 2
+ 1) [Q -1 = i ]
get x and y, then required solution is z = x + iy .
\ z = x 2
+ (x 4 + x 2
+ 1) y Example 51. Solve the equation z 2 + z = 0.
= ( x 4 + 2x 2
+ 1) = ( x 2
+ 1) 2 Sol. Let z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and i = - 1 …(i)
2 2 2 2
\ z = ( x 2 + 1) Þ z = ( x + iy ) = x - y + 2ixy
2 2
Re (z ) = x and z = (x + y )
4 2
Im (z ) = ( x + x + 1) > 0 Then, given equation reduces to
2
æ z + Re (z ) z - Re (z ) ö x - y 2 + 2ixy + ( x 2
+ y 2) = 0
Q z = ± çç +i ÷
÷
è 2 2 ø On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
2
x - y 2 + (x 2
+ y 2) = 0 …(ii)
4 2
\ x + (- x - x - 1)
and 2xy = 0 …(iii)
æ æx 2
+1+ xö æx 2
+ 1 - x ö ö÷ From Eq. (iii), let x = 0 and from Eq. (ii),
=±ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷
ç è 2 ø è 2 ø ÷ø - y2 + y2 = 0
è
2
Aliter Þ - y + y =0
æ- x - x 4 2
- 1ö \ y = 0, 1
x + (- x 4 - x 2
- 1) = x + 2 ç ÷
è 4 ø Þ y = 0, ± 1
From Eq. (iii), let y = 0 and from Eq. (ii),
æ - ( x 2 + x + 1) ( x 2 - x + 1) ö 2 2
= x +2 ç ÷ x + x =0
è 4 ø 2
Þ x + x =0
éæ x 2
+ x + 1ö æx 2
- x + 1öù Þ x
2
+ x =0 Þ x =0
= x + 2 êç ÷´-ç ÷ú
êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû \ x + iy are 0 + 0 ×i, 0 + i, 0 - i
i.e. z = 0, i , - i are the solutions of the given equation.
y Example 52. Find the number of solutions of the

2
equation z 2 + z = 0.
De-Moivre’s Theorem
2 Statements
Sol. Q z2 + z = 0 or z 2 + z z = 0
(i) If q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , ..., q n Î R and i = - 1, then
Þ z (z + z ) = 0
(cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 )
\ z =0 …(i) (cos q 3 + i sin q 3 )... (cos q n + i sin q n )
and z + z = 0 Þ 2 Re (z ) = 0 = cos (q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + ...+ q n )
\ Re (z ) = 0 + i sin (q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n )
If z = x + iy [Q x = Re (z )]
(ii) If q Î R, n Î I (set of integers) and i = - 1, then
= 0 + iy , y Î R
and i = -1 …(ii) (cos q + i sin q ) n = cos nq + i sin nq
On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), then we can say that the (iii) If q Î R, n Î Q (set of rational numbers)
given equation has infinite solutions. and i = - 1, then cos n q + i sin n q is one of the values
y Example 53. Find all complex numbers satisfying of (cos q + i sin q ) n .
2
the equation 2 z + z 2 - 5 + i 3 = 0, where i = - 1. Proof
Sol. Let z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and i = - 1 (i) By Euler’s formula, e iq = cos q + i sin q
Þ z 2 = ( x + iy )2 = x 2 - y 2 + 2ixy LHS = (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 )
and z = (x 2 + y 2 ) (cos q 3 + i sin q 3 ) ... (cos q n + i sin q n )
Then, given equation reduces to = e iq1 × e iq2 × e iq3 ... e iqn = e i ( q1 + q2 + q3 + ... + qn )
2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + x 2 - y 2 + 2ixy - 5 + i 3 = 0 = cos (q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n )
Þ 2 2
(3x + y - 5) + i (2xy + 3 ) = 0 = 0 + i × 0 + i sin (q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n ) = RHS
On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get (ii) If q 1 = q 2 = q 3 = ... = q n = q, then from the above
3x 2 + y 2 - 5 = 0 …(i) result (i), (cos q + i sin q ) (cos q + i sin q )
and 2xy + 3 = 0 …(ii) (cos q + i sin q ) ... upto n factors
On substituting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get = cos (q + q + q + ... upton times)
æ 3ö
2 + i sin (q + q + q + ... upto n times)
2
3 ç- ÷ +y -5=0
è 2y ø i.e., (cos q + i sin q ) n = cos nq + i sin nq
9
Þ + y2 = 5 p
4y 2 (iii) Let n = , where p, q Î I and q ¹ 0, from above result (ii),
q
or 4y 4 - 20y 2 + 9 = 0 q
æ æp ö æ p öö
Þ 2 2
(2y - 9 ) (2y - 1) = 0 we have ç cos ç q ÷ + i sin ç q ÷ ÷
è èq ø è q øø
9 1 3 1
\ y 2 = , y 2 = or y = ± ,y = ± ææ p ö ö ææ p ö ö
2 2 2 2 = cos ç ç q ÷ q ÷ + i sin ç ç q ÷ q ÷ = cos p q + i sin p q
or y=-
3 3
, ,-
1 1
,
èè q ø ø èè q ø ø
2 2 2 2 æ pq ö æ pq ö
From Eq. (ii), we get Þ cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ is one of the values of
è q ø è q ø
1 1 3 3
x= ,- , ,- (cos p q + i sin p q ) 1 /q
6 6 2 2
\ z = x + iy æ pq ö æ pq ö
Þ cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ is one of the values of
1 3i 1 3i 3 i 3 i è q ø è q ø
= - ,- + , - ,- +
6 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 [(cos q + i sin q ) p ]1 /q
are the solutions of the given equation.
æ pq ö æ pq ö To Find the Roots of (a + ib ) p /q , where a , b Î R ;

Þ cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ is one of the values of
è q ø è q ø p , q Î I , q ¹ 0 and i = - 1
/q
(cos q + i sin q ) p Let a + ib = r (cos q + i sin q ) [polar form]
\ (a + ib )p / q = {r (cos (2np + q )
Other Forms of De-Moivre’s Theorem + i sin (2np + q) )} p /q
,n ÎI
1. (cos q - i sin q) n = cos n q - i sin n q, " n Î I
p /q p /q
Proof (cos q - i sin q) n = (cos ( - q) + i sin ( - q)) n =r (cos (2np + q ) + i sin (2np + q ))
= cos ( - nq) + i sin ( - nq) = cos nq - i sin nq /qæ æp ö æp öö
2. (sin q + i cos q) n = ( i ) n (cos nq - i sin n q), " n Î I
=rp ç cos ç (2np + q )÷ + i sin ç (2np + q )÷ ÷ ,
è èq ø èq øø
Proof (sin q + i cos q) n = ( i (cos q - i sin q)) n where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., q - 1
= i n (cos q - i sin q) n = ( i ) n (cos nq - i sin n q)
[from remark (1)] y Example 56. Find all roots of x 5 - 1 = 0.
3. (sin q - i cos q) n = ( - i ) n (cos nq + i sin nq), " n Î I
Proof (sin q - i cos q) n = ( - i (cos q + i sin q)) n
Sol. Q x 5 - 1 = 0 Þ x 5 = 1
= ( - i ) n (cos q + i sin q) n \ x = (1)1 / 5 = (cos 0 + i sin 0)1 / 5 ,
= ( - i ) n (cos nq + i sin nq)
n
4. (cos q + i sin f) ¹ cos nq + i sin nf, " n Î I
where i = -1
[here, q ¹ f\ De-Moivre’s theorem is not applicable] = [cos (2np + 0) + i sin (2np + 0)]1/ 5
1
5. = (cos q + i sin q) - 1
cos q + i sin q æ 2np ö æ 2n p ö
= cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷,
è 5 ø è 5 ø
= cos ( - q) + i sin ( - q) = cos q - i sin q
where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
p p
y Example 54. If z r = cos æç r ö÷ + i sin æç r ö÷ , where
\ Roots are
è3 ø è3 ø æ 2p ö æ 2p ö æ 4p ö
1, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷,
æ 4p ö
i = - 1, prove that z 1 z 2 z 3 ... upto infinity = i. è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
æpö æpö æ 6p ö æ 6p ö æ 8p ö æ 8p ö
Sol. We have, zr = cos ç r ÷ + i sin ç r÷ cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è3 ø è3 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
æp p p ö æ 6p ö æ 6p ö
\ z1 z 2 z 3 ... ¥ = cos ç + 2 + 3 + ... + ¥ ÷ Now, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è3 3 3 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
æp p p ö æ 4p ö æ 4p ö
+ i sin ç + 2 + 3 +... + ¥ ÷ = cos ç2p - ÷ + i sin ç2p - ÷
è3 3 3 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
æ p ö æ p ö æ 4p ö æ 4p ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ æpö æpö = cos ç ÷ - i sin ç ÷
= cos ç 3 ÷ + i sin ç 3 ÷ = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ è 5 ø è 5 ø
1
ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷1 è 2 ø è2ø
è æ 8p ö æ 8p ö
3ø è 3ø and cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
= 0 + i ×1 = i
æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
4 = cos ç2p - ÷ + i sin ç2p - ÷
(cos q + i sin q ) è 5 ø è 5 ø
y Example 55. Express in a + ib
(sin q + i cos q ) 5 æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
= cos ç ÷ - i sin ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
form, where i = - 1.
Sol. Q (sin q + i cos q )5 = (i )5 (cos q - i sin q ) 5 æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
Hence, roots are 1, cos ç ÷ ± i sin ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
= i (cos q + i sin q )- 5
æ 4p ö æ 4p ö
(cos q + i sin q )4 (cos q + i sin q )4 and cos ç ÷ ± i sin ç ÷.
\ = è 5 ø è 5 ø
(sin q + i cos q ) 5 i (cos q + i sin q )- 5
(cos q + i sin q )9 Remark
=
i Five roots are 1, z1, z2, z1, z2 (one real, two complex and two
cos 9 q + i sin 9 q conjugate of complex roots).
= = - i cos 9 q + sin 9 q
i
= sin 9 q - i cos 9 q
y Example 57. Find all roots of the equation

x 6 - x 5 + x 4 - x 3 + x 2 - x + 1 = 0.
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
(i) 1 + w + w2 = 0 and w 3 = 1
Sol. Q 1- x + x2 - x3 + x4 - x5 + x6 =0
[1 - ( - x )7 ] (ii) To find the value of wn (n > 3 ).
Þ 1× = 0, 1 + x ¹ 0
1 - (- x ) First divide n by 3. Let q be the quotient and r be the
or 1 + x 7 = 0, x ¹ - 1 or x 7 = - 1 remainder. 3 ) n (q
\ x = ( - 1)1 / 7 = (cos p + i sin p)1 / 7 , i = -1 - 3q
r
= [cos (2n + 1) p + i sin (2n + 1) p ]1 / 7
i.e. n = 3q + r , where 0 £ r £ 2
æ (2n + 1)p ö æ (2n + 1)p ö
= cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è 7 ø è 7 ø \ wn = w 3q + r = ( w 3 ) q × wr = wr
for n = 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. In general, w 3n = 1 , w 3n + 1 = w , w 3n + 2 = w 2
Remark ì3, when n is a multiple of 3
(iii) 1 + wr + w2r = í
QFor n = 3, x = - 1 but here x ¹ - 1 î0, when n is not a multiple of 3
\ n¹ 3
(iv) Cube roots of - 1 are - 1, - w and - w2 .
(v) a + b w + c w2 = 0 Þ a = b = c , if a, b, c Î R.
Cube Roots of Unity (vi) If a, b, c are non-zero numbers such that
Let z = (1) 1/ 3
Þ z =1 Þ z -1=0 3 3 a + b + c = 0 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 , then a : b : c = 1 : w : w2 .
Þ (z - 1) (z + z + 1) = 0 Þ z - 1 = 0 or z 2 + z + 1 = 0
2
(vii) A complex number a + ib (where i = -1), for which
- 1 ± (1 - 4 )
-1 ± i 3 a : b = 1 : 3 or 3 : 1 can always be expressed in
\ z = 1 or z = =
2 2 terms of w or w2 .
- 1 + i 3 - 1 -i 3
Therefore, z = 1 , , , where i = -1. For example,
2 2 (a) 1 + i 3 = - ( - 1 - i 3 ) [Q |1 : 3 | = 1 : 3 ]
If second root is represented by w (omega), third root will
be w2 . æ-1-i 3ö 2
= -2 ç ÷ = -2w
\ Cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2 and w, w2 are called è 2 ø
non-real complex cube roots of unity. i ( 3 + i ) (- 1 + i 3 )
(b) 3 +i = =
i i
Remark æ - 1 + i 3 ö æ2ö
1. w = w2, ( w) 2 = w 2. w = ± w2, w2 = ± w =ç ÷ç ÷ [Q | 3 : 1| = 3 : 1]
2
è 2 ø èiø
3. w = w =1
2w
= = -2i w
Aliter i
Let z = (1) 1 / 3 = (cos 0 + i sin 0 ) 1 / 3 , i = - 1 (viii) The cube roots of unity when represented on complex
plane lie on vertices of an equilateral triangle
= [cos (2 np + 0 ) + i sin (2 np + 0 )]1 / 3 inscribed in a unit circle, having centre at origin. One
æ 2 np ö æ 2 np ö vertex being on positive real axis.
= cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ , where, n = 0, 1, 2
è 3 ø è 3 ø Y
i
Therefore, roots are 2π/3
ω
æ 2p ö æ 2p ö æ 4p ö æ 4p ö 2π/3
1, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ , cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø X′ X
–1 1
2pi / 3 4pi / 3 O
or 1, e ,e
ω2 2π/3
If second root is represented by w, then third root will be w2 –i
or if third root is represented by w, then second root will be w2 . Y′
Important Relations in Terms y Example 59. If a , b and g are the roots of

of Cube Root of Unity x 3 - 3x 2 + 3x + 7 = 0, find the value of
(i) a 2+ ab + b 2 = (a - bw ) (a - bw2 ) a - 1 b - 1 g -1
+ + .
(ii) a 2- ab + b 2 = (a + bw ) (a + bw2 ) b -1 g -1 a -1
(iii) a 3+ b 3 = (a + b ) (a + bw ) (a + bw2 ) Sol. We have, x 3 - 3x 2 + 3x + 7 = 0
(iv) a 3 - b 3 = (a - b ) (a - bw ) (a - bw2 ) Þ ( x - 1 )3 + 8 = 0
(v) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ca
Þ ( x - 1) 3 + 2 3 = 0
= (a + bw + cw2 ) (a + bw2 + cw )
(vi) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3abc Þ ( x - 1 + 2) ( x - 1 + 2 w) ( x - 1 + 2 w2 ) = 0
= (a + b + c ) (a + bw + cw2 ) (a + bw2 + cw ) Þ ( x + 1) ( x - 1 + 2 w) ( x - 1 + 2 w2 ) = 0
y Example 58. If w is a non-real complex cube root of \ x = - 1, 1 - 2 w, 1 - 2 w2

unity, find the values of the following. Þ a = - 1, b = 1 - 2 w, g = 1 - 2 w2
1999
(i) w a - 1 b -1 g - 1 -2 - 2 w - 2 w2
- 998 Then, + + = + +
(ii) w b - 1 g - 1 a - 1 - 2 w - 2 w2 -2
3n + 2
æ - 1+ i 3ö 1 1
(iii) ç ÷ , n Î N and i = - 1 = + + w2 = w2 + w2 + w2 = 3 w2
è 2 ø w w
(iv) (1 + w) (1 + w 2 ) (1 + w 4 ) (1 + w 8 )... upto 2n factors 3+i

y Example 60. If z = , where i = - 1, find the
2
æ a + bw + gw 2 + dw 2 ö
(v) ç ÷ , where a, b, g , d ÎR value of (z 101 + i 103 )105 .
2
è b + aw + gw + dw ø æi 3 + i 2 ö
3 +i 1
Sol. Q z= = ç ÷ [Qi 2 = - 1]
(vi) 1 × (2 - w) (2 - w 2 ) + 2 × ( 3 - w) ( 3 - w 2 ) + 3 × 2 i è 2 ø
(4 - w)(4 - w 2 ) + K + K + (n - 1) ×(n - w)(n - w 2 ) æ- 1 + i 3ö
= -i ç ÷ = -iw
Sol. (i) w 1999
=w 3 ´ 666 + 1
=w è 2 ø
1 w \ z 101 = ( - iw)101 = - i 101 × w101 = - i w2 and i 103 = i 3 = - i
(ii) w- 998 = = =w
w998 w999 Then, z 101 + i 103 = - i w2 - i = - i ( w2 + 1)
3n + 2
æ - 1+i 3 ö
(iii) ç ÷ = w3n + 2 = w3n × w2 = ( w3 )n × w2 = - i ( - w) = i w
è 2 ø
Hence, (z 101 + i 103 )105 = (iw)105 = i 105 × w105 = i × 1 = i
= (1)n × w2 = w2
50
(iv) (1 + w) (1 + w2 ) (1 + w4 ) (1 + w8 ) ... upto 2n factors æ3 i 3ö
y Example 61. If ç + ÷ = 3 25 ( x - iy ), where
= (1 + w) (1 + w2 ) (1 + w) (1 + w2 ) ... upto 2n factors è2 2 ø
= ( - w2 ) ( - w) ( - w2 ) (- w) ... upto 2n factors x , y ÎR and i = - 1, find the ordered pair of ( x , y ).
= ( w3 ) ( w3 )... upto n factors = 1 × 1× 1 × ...upto n factors 3 i 3 æ 3 +iö 3 æi 3 + i 2 ö
Sol. Q + = 3ç ÷ = ç ÷
= (1)n = 1 2 2 è 2 ø i è 2 ø
æ a + b w + g w2 + d w2 ö w (a + b w + g w2 + d w2 ) æ- 1 + i 3ö
(v) ç ÷= = -i 3 ç ÷ = -i 3 w
è b + a w2 + g w + d w ø ( b w + a w3 + g w2 + d w2 ) è 2 ø
50
w (a + b w + g w2 + d w2 ) æ3 i 3 ö
= =w \ç + ÷ = ( - i 3 w) 50 = i 50 × 325 × w50
( b w + a + g w2 + d w2 ) è2 2 ø
(vi) S (n - 1) (n - w) (n - w2 ) = S (n 3 - 1) = S n3 - S 1 æ- 1 - i 3ö
= - 1 × 325 × w2 = - 325 × ç ÷
2 è 2 ø
ì n ( n + 1) ü
=í ý -n
î 2 þ
æ1 i 3 ö Then, f ( - w) = 0 and f ( - w2 ) = 0
= 325 ç + 25
÷ = 3 ( x - iy ) [given]
è 2 2 ø Þ - 7 w3 - aw + b = 0 and - 7 w6 - aw2 + b = 0
1 3 or - 7 - aw + b = 0
\ x = ,y = -
2 2 and - 7 - aw2 + b = 0
æ1 3ö On adding, we get
Þ Ordered pair is ç , - ÷.
è2 2 ø - 14 - a ( w + w2 ) + 2b = 0
or - 14 + a + 2b = 0 or a + 2b = 14 …(i)
y Example 62. If the polynomial 7 x 3 + ax + b is
and on subtracting, we get
divisible by x 2 - x + 1, find the value of 2a + b . - a ( w - w2 ) = 0
3
Sol. Let f (x ) = 7x + ax + b Þ a=0 [Q w - w2 ¹ 0]
and x 2 - x + 1 = ( x + w) ( x + w2 ) From Eq. (i), we get b = 7
Q f ( x ) is divisible by x - x + 1 2 \ 2a + b = 7

1 The real part of (1 - i )- i , where i = - 1 is
(a) e - p / 4 cos æç loge 2ö÷ (b) - e - p / 4 sin æç loge 2ö÷

1 1
è2 ø è2 ø
cos æç loge 2ö÷ (d) e - p / 4 sin æç loge 2ö÷

p/4 1 1
(c) e
è2 ø è2 ø
- iq
2 The amplitude of e e , where q ÎR and i = - 1 is
(a) sinq (b) - sinq
(c) e cos q (d) e sinq
3 If z = i loge (2 - 3 ), where i = - 1, then the cos z is equal to

(a) i (b) 2i (c) 1 (d) 2
i
4 If z = i i , where i = - 1, then z is equal to
(a) 1 (b) e - p / 2 (c) e - p (d) e p
5 ( - 8 - 6i ) is equal to (where, i = -1)

(a) 1 ± 3i (b) ± (1 - 3i ) (c) ± (1 + 3 i ) (d) ± (3 - i )
(5 + 12i ) + (5 - 12i )
6 is equal to (where, i = - 1)
(5 + 12i ) - (5 - 12i )
3 3 3 3
(a) - i (b) i (c) - i (d) -
2 4 4 2
7 If 0 < amp (z ) < p, then amp (z ) - amp ( - z ) is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 2 amp (z ) (c) p (d) - p
8 If z1 = z 2 and amp (z1) + amp (z 2 ) = 0, then

(a) z1 = z 2 (b) z1 = z 2 (c) z1 + z 2 = 0 (d) z1 = z 2
9 The solution of the equation z - z = 1 + 2i , where i = - 1, is

3 3 3 3
(a) 2 - i (b) + 2i (c) - 2i (d) - 2 + i
2 2 2 2
10 The number of solutions of the equation z 2 + z = 0, is

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
æ ra ö æ ra ö
11 If z r = cos ç 2 ÷ + i sin ç 2 ÷, where r = 1, 2, 3, ..., n and i = - 1, then lim z1z 2 z 3 K z n is equal to
èn ø èn ø n®¥
(a) e ia (b) e - ia / 2
ia / 2
(c) e (d) 3 e ia
n
æ 1 + sin q + i cos q ö
12 If q ÎR and i = - 1, then ç ÷ is equal to
è 1 + sin q - i cos q ø
np np np np
(a) cos æç - nqö÷ + i sin æç - nqö÷ (b) cos æç + nqö÷ + i sin æç + nqö÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
np np æ p ö æ p ö
(c) sin æç - nqö÷ + i cos æç - nqö÷ (d) cos çn æç + 2qö÷ ÷ + i sinçn æç + 2 qö÷ ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è è2 øø è è2 øø
13 If i z 4 + 1 = 0, where i = - 1, then z can take the value

1+ i p p
(a) (b) cos æç ö÷ + i sin æç ö÷
2 è 8ø è 8ø
1
(c) (d) i
4i
14 If w ( ¹ 1) is a cube root of unity, then (1 - w + w2 ) (1 - w2 + w4 ) (1 - w4 + w8 ) ... upto 2n factors, is
(a) 2n (b) 22 n
(c) 0 (d) 1
x a+ yb+z g
15 If a, b and g are the cube roots of p ( p < 0), then for any x , y and z , is equal to
xb+ y g +z a
1 1
(a) (- 1 -i 3 ), i = -1 (b) (1 + i 3 ), i = -1
2 2
1
(c) (1 - i 3 ), i = -1 (d) None of these
2
Session 4
nth Root of Unity, Vector Representation of Complex Numbers,
Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operation on Complex Numbers,
Rotation Theorem (Coni Method), Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex
Numbers, Inverse Points, Dot and Cross Product, Use of Complex Numbers
in Coordinate Geometry
nth Root of Unity Remark

1 × a × a2 × a3 ... an - 1 = ( - 1) n - 1 is the basic concept to be
Let x be the nth root of unity, then
understood.
x = (1) 1 /n = (cos 0 + i sin 0 ) 1 /n
(c) If a is an imaginary nth root of unity, then other roots
= (cos (2kp + 0 ) + i sin (2kp + 0 ) 1 /n are given by a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , ... , a n .
[where k is an integer]
1 /n
= (cos 2kp + i sin 2kp) Imaginary
axis
æ 2kp ö æ 2kp ö
\ x = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ Y
è n ø è n ø
i
where, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., n - 1 A2(α2)
r
2p 2p A1(α)
Let a = cos + i sin , the n, nth roots of unity are θ
n n θ A0
X′ X Real axis
a k (k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... , n - 1) i.e, the n, nth roots of unity are –1 θ 1
1, a, a 2 , a 3 , ... , a n - 1 which are in GP with common ratio An-1(αn-1)
= e 2pi / n . –i
(a) Sum of n, nth roots of unity Y′
1 × (1 - a n ) (d) Q 1 + a + a 2 + ... + a n - 1 = 0
1 + a + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n - 1 =
(1 - a ) n -1
=
1 - (cos 2 p + i sin 2 p) Þ S ak = 0
k=0
1-a
n -1 n -1
æ 2 pk ö æ 2 pk ö
=
1 - (1 + 0 )
=0 or S cos ç ÷ + i S sin ç ÷ =0
1-a k=0 è n ø k = 0 è n ø
n -1
æ 2 pk ö
Remark Þ S
k=0
cos ç
è
÷ =0
ø
1 + a + a2 + a3 + ... + an - 1 = 0 is the basic concept to be n
understood. n -1
(b) Product of n , nth roots of unity and S sin æçè 2pk ö÷ø = 0
k=0 n
1 ´ a ´ a 2 ´ a 3 ´ ... ´ a n - 1 = a 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n - 1 )
(n - 1 ) n These roots are located at the vertices of a regular
(n - 1 ) n
æ 2p 2p ö 2 plane polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit circle
=a 2 = ç cos + i sin ÷ having centre at origin, one vertex being on positive
è n n ø
real axis.
= cos (n - 1) p + i sin (n - 1) p
n -1 n -1
(e) x n - 1 = ( x - 1) ( x - a ) ( x - a 2 ) ... ( x - a n - 1 ).
= (cos p + i sin p) = ( - 1)
Important Benefits ì
iq
niq
2 × 2i sin æ nq ö ï
ü
1. If 1, a1, a2, a3, ... , an - 1 are the n, nth root of unity, then
ï e × e ç ÷
ìe iq { (e iq ) n - 1} ü ï è 2 øï
( 1) p + ( a1 ) p + ( a2 ) p + ... + ( an - 1 ) p = Im í ý = Im í ý
iq
ì0, if p is not an integral multiple of n î e -1 þ ï e iq /2 × 2i sin æç q ö÷ ï
=í
în, if p is an integral multiple of n ï è2ø ï
î þ
ì0 , if nis even
2. ( 1 + a1 ) ( 1 + a2 ) ... ( 1 + an - 1 ) = í ì æ nq ö ü æ nq ö
î1, if nis odd ïsin çè 2 ÷ø æç n + 1 ö÷iq ï sin çè 2 ÷ø éæ n + 1ö ù
ï è ø ï
3. ( 1 - a1 ) ( 1 - a2 ) ... ( 1 - an - 1 ) = n = Im í ×e 2 ý= × sin ê ç ÷ qú
( n - 2) / 2 ï sin æç q ö÷ ï sin æç q ö÷ ëè 2 ø û
æ z 2 - 2z cos 2rp + 1ö,
4. z n - 1 = ( z - 1) ( z + 1) P
r =1
ç
è
÷
ø
ïî è2ø þï è2ø
n
if ‘n’ is even.
( n - 2) / 2 Remark
5. z n + 1 = P
æ 2 æ ( 2r + 1) pö ö 2p
ç z - 2z cos ç ÷ + 1÷, if n is even. For q = , we get
r =0 è è n ø ø
n
( n - 3) / 2
æ 2 æ ( 2r + 1) p ö + 1ö, 2p 4p 6p ( 2n - 2) p ö
6. z n + 1 = ( z + 1) P ç z - 2z cos ç ÷ ÷ 1. 1 + cos æç ö÷ + cos æç ö÷ + cos æç ö÷ + ... + cos æç ÷ =0
r =0 è è n ø ø è nø è nø è nø è n ø
if ‘n’ is odd. æ 2p ö æ 4p ö æ 6p ö æ ( 2n - 2) p ö
2. sin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ + ... + sin ç ÷ =0
è nø è nø è nø è n ø
The Sum of the Following y Example 63. If 1, w , w 2 , ..., wn - 1 are n, nth roots of
Series Should be Remembered unity, find the value of (9 - w) (9 - w 2 ) ...(9 - wn -1 ).
(i) cos q + cos 2 q + cos 3 q + ... + cos nq Sol. Let x = (1)1/n Þ xn - 1 = 0
æ nq ö has n roots 1, w, w2 , ... , wn - 1
sin ç ÷
è 2 ø éæ n + 1ö ù \ x n - 1 = ( x - 1) ( x - w) ( x - w2 ) K ( x - wn - 1 )
= . cos ê ç ÷ qú
æqö
sin ç ÷ ëè 2 ø û On putting x = 9 in both sides, we get
è2ø 9n - 1
= (9 - w) (9 - w2 ) (9 - w3 ) ... (9 - wn - 1 )
(ii) sin q + sin 2 q + sin 3 q + ... + sin nq 9 -1
æ nq ö (9 - w) (9 - w2 ) ... (9 - wn - 1 ) =
9n - 1
sin ç ÷ or
è 2 ø éæ n + 1ö ù 8
= × sin ê ç ÷ qú
æqö
sin ç ÷ ëè 2 ø û Remark
è2ø x n -1
= ( x - w) ( x - w2 ) ... ( x - wn - 1 )
Proof x -1
xn -1
(i) cos q + cos 2 q + cos 3 q + ... + cos n q \ lim = lim ( x - w) ( x - w2 ) ... ( x - wn - 1 )
x ®1 x -1 x ®1
= Re {e iq + e 2iq + e 3i q + ... + e niq }, where i = -1 Þ n = ( 1 - w) ( 1 - w2 ) ... ( 1 - wn - 1 )
ì iq niq /2 æ nq ö ü
ï e ×e × 2i sin ç ÷ ï æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
iq
ìe { (e ) - 1} ü iq n
ï è 2 øï y Example 64. If a = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ , where
= Re í ý = Re í ý è 7 ø è 7 ø
iq iq /2
î e -1 þ ï e × 2i sin (q /2 ) ï i = -1, find the quadratic equation whose roots
ïî ïþ
are a = a + a 2 + a 4 and b = a 3 + a 5 + a 6 .
ì æ nq ö ü æ nq ö æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
ïsin çè 2 ÷ø æç n + 1 ö÷iq ï sin çè 2 ÷ø éæ n + 1ö ù
Sol. Q a = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
ï è ø ï è7 ø è7 ø
= Re í ×e 2 ý= × cos ê ç ÷ qú
q
ï sin æç ö÷ ï sin æç ö÷q ëè 2 ø û \ a 7 = cos 2p + i sin 2p = 1 + 0 = 1
ïî è2ø ïþ è2ø or a = (1)1 / 7
(ii) sin q + sin 2 q + sin 3 q + ... + sin nq \ 1 , a , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 , a 6 are 7, 7 th roots of unity.
= Im {e iq + e 2iq + e 3iq + ... + e niq }, where i = -1 \ 1 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 = 0 …(i)
2 4 3 5 6
Þ (a + a + a ) + (a + a + a ) = - 1 or a + b = - 1
and ab = (a + a 2 + a 4 ) (a 3 + a 5 + a 6 ) y Example 67. If n ³ 3 and 1, a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n -1 are

4 6 7 5 7 8 7 9 10
= a + a + a +a + a + a + a + a + a the n, nth roots of unity, then find the value of
= a4 + a6 + 1 + a5 + 1 + a + 1 + a2 + a3 [Qa 7 = 1] S S ai a j .
= (1 + a + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 ) + 2 1 £ i < j £ n -1
=0+2 [from Eq. (i)] Sol. Let x = (1)1/n

=2
\ x n = 1 or x n - 1 = 0
Therefore, the required equation is
\ 1 + a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n - 1 = 0
x 2 - (a + b ) x + ab = 0 or x 2 + x + 2 = 0
or a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n - 1 = - 1
y Example 65. Find the value of On squaring both sides, we get
2 2 2
10 a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a 2n - 1 + 2 (a 1a 2 + a 1a 3
é æ 2pk ö æ 2pk ö ù
S ê
k =1 ë
sin ç ÷ - i cos ç
è 11 ø
÷ , where i = - 1.
è 11 ø úû + ... + a 1a n - 1 + a 2 a 3 + ... + a 2 a n - 1
10
+ ... + a n - 2 a n - 1 ) = 1
Sol. S ésin æçè 2pk ö÷ø - i cos æçè 2pk ö÷ø ùú
k =1 ê
or 12 + (a 1 )2 + (a 2 )2 + (a 3 )2 + ... + (a n - 1 )2
ë 11 11 û
10
+2 SS a i a j = 1 + 12
1£i < j £n -1
é æ 2p k ö æ 2p k ö ù
= -i S
k =1 ê cos çè 11 ÷ø + i sin çè 11 ÷ø ú 0+2 SS ai a j = 2
ë û
1£i < j £n -1
ìï 10 é æ 2p k ö æ 2p k ö ù üï [here, p is not a multiple of n]
= -iíS ê cos çè 11 ÷ø + i sin çè 11 ÷ø ú - 1ý
îï
k =0 ë û ïþ \ SS ai a j = 1
1£i < j £n -1
= - i ( 0 - 1) [sum of 11, 11th roots of unity] Aliter
=i
Q x n - 1 = ( x - 1) ( x - a 1 ) ( x - a 2 ) ... ( x - a n -1 )
y Example 66. If a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n - 1 are the n, nth
n -1 On comparing the coefficient of x n - 2 both sides, we get
ai
roots of the unity, then find the value of S . 0= SS a i a j + a 1 + a 2 + ... + a n - 1
i =0 2 - a i 0 £i < j £n -1
Sol. Let x = (1)1/n Þ x n = 1 \ xn - 1 = 0 0= SS ai a j - 1

n 1£i < j £n -1
or x - 1 = ( x - a 0 ) ( x - a 1 ) ( x - a 2 ) ... ( x - a n - 1 ) [ Q1 + a 1 + a 2 + ... + a n - 1 = 0]
n -1
\ SS ai a j = 1
= P (x - ai )
i =0
1£i < j £n -1
On taking logarithm both sides, we get

n -1 Vector Representation of
loge ( x n - 1) = S loge ( x - a i )
i =0 Complex Numbers
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get If P is the point ( x , y ) on the argand plane corresponding
n -1
n -1
æ 1 ö to the complex number z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and
nx
= S ç ÷ i = - 1.
x -1n i =0 è x - ai ø
Y
On putting x = 2, we get P (x, y)
n -1
n (2)n - 1
= S 1
…(i)
2n - 1 i =0 (2 - a i ) y
n -1 n -1
θ
ai æ 2 ö
Now, S = S ç- 1 + ÷ O x M
X
i =0 (2 - a i ) i = 0 è 2 - ai ø
n -1 n -1 ¾® ¾®
2 × n × 2n - 1 OP = x $i + y $j Þ OP = ( x 2 + y 2 ) = z
=- S 1 + 2 i S= 0 1
= - (n ) + n [from Eq. (i)]
Then,
¾®
i =0 (2 - a i ) 2 -1
n
and arg (z ) = direction of the vector OP = tan - 1 (y / x ) = q
n ×2 n ¾®
= -n + n
= n Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by OP.
2 -1 2 -1
Geometrical Representation (c) Product

z 1 = r1 (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) = r1 e i q1
of Algebraic Operation on Let
\ z 1 = r1 and arg (z 1 ) = q 1
Complex Numbers and z 2 = r2 (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 ) = r2 e iq2
(a) Sum \ z 2 = r2 and arg (z 2 ) = q 2
Let the complex numbers z 1 = x 1 + iy 1 =( x 1 , y 1 ) and Then, z 1 z 2 = r1 r2 (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 )
z 2 = x 2 + iy 2 = ( x 2 , y 2 ) be represented by the points P and = r1 r2 {cos (q 1 + q 2 ) + i sin (q 1 + q 2 )}
Q on the argand plane. \ z 1 z 2 = r1 r2 and arg (z 1 z 2 ) = q 1 + q 2
Y
Y R(z1z2)
R (z1 + z2)
Q (z2)
r1 r2
Q(z2)
P (z1)
X P(z1)
r2
O θ1 r1
θ2 θ1
Complete the parallelogram OPRQ. Then, the mid-points O A
X
of PQ and OR are the same. The mid-point of
æ x + x2 y1 + y2 ö Let P and Q represent the complex numbers z 1 and z 2 ,
PQ = ç 1 , ÷. respectively.
è 2 2 ø
\ OP = r1 , OQ = r2
Hence, R = ( x 1 + x 2 , y 1 + y 2 )
ÐPOX = q 1 and ÐQOX = q 2
Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by
¾® Take a point A on the real axis OX, such that OA = 1 unit.
OR = ( x 1 + x 2 ) + i (y 1 + y 2 ) = ( x 1 + iy 1 ) + ( x 2 + iy 2 ) Complete the ÐOPA
= z 1 + z 2 = (x 1 , y 1 ) + (x 2 , y 2 ) Now, taking OQ as the base, construct a DOQR similar to
In vector notation, we have OR OP
DOPA, so that =
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® OQ OA
z 1 + z 2 = OP + OQ = OP + PR = OR
i.e. OR = OP × OQ = r1 r2 [since, OA = 1 unit]
and ÐROX = ÐROQ + ÐQOX = q 1 + q 2
(b) Difference
Hence, R is the point representing product of complex
We first represent - z 2 by Q ¢, so that QQ ¢ is bisected at O. numbers z 1 and z 2 .
Complete the parallelogram OPRQ ¢. Then, the point R
represents the difference z 1 - z 2 . Remark
1. Multiplication by i
Y p p
Since, z = r (cos q + i sin q) and i = æçcos + i sin ö÷
Q(z2) è 2 2ø
é æ p ö æ p ö ù
\ iz = r êcos ç + q÷ + i sin ç + q÷ ú
P(z1) ë è2 ø è2 øû
O
X′ X Hence, multiplication of z with i, then vector for z rotates a
right angle in the positive sense.
R(z1 – z2) 2. Thus, to multiply a vector by ( - 1) is to turn it through two
Q ′( –z2) right angles.
Y′ 3. Thus, to multiply a vector by (cos q + i sin q) is to turn it
through the angle q in the positive sense.
¾® ¾®
We see that ORPQ is a parallelogram, so that OR = QP
We have in vectorial notation, (d) Division
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
z 1 - z 2 = OP - OQ = OP + QO Let z 1 = r1 (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) = r1 e iq1
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
\ z 1 = r1 and arg (z 1 ) = q 1
= OP + PR = OR = QP and z 2 = r2 (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 ) = r2 e iq2
\ | z 2 | = r2 and arg (z 2 ) = q 2 ¾® ¾®
Then, we have AC = z 3 - z 1 and AB = z 2 - z 1
z r (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 )
Then, 1 = 1 × [z 2 ¹ 0, r2 ¹ 0 ] ¾®
z 2 r2 (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 ) and let arg AC = arg (z 3 - z 1 ) = q
z 1 r1 ¾®
= [cos (q 1 - q 2 ) + i sin(q 1 - q 2 )] and arg AB = arg (z 2 - z 1 ) = f
z 2 r2
z1 r æz ö Let ÐCAB = a
\ = 1 , arg ç 1 ÷ = q 1 - q 2 ¾® ¾®
z2 r2 èz2 ø ÐCAB = a = q - f = arg AC - arg AB
Let P and Q represent the complex numbers z 1 and z 2 , = arg (z 3 - z 1 ) - arg (z 2 - z 1 )
respectively.
\ OP = r1 , OQ = r2 , ÐPOX = q 1 and ÐQOX = q 2 æz - z1 ö
= arg ç 3 ÷
Let OS be new position of OP, take a point A on the real è z2 - z1 ø
axis OX, such that OA = 1 unit and through A draw a line or angle between AC and AB
making with OA an angle equal to the ÐOQP and meeting æ affix of C - affix of A ö
OS in R. = arg ç ÷
è affix of B - affix of A ø
Then, R represented by (z 1 /z 2 ).
Y Q(z2) For any complex number z, we have
i (arg z )
z= z e
r2 é æ z - z1 ö ù
i ê arg ç 3 ÷ú
æz - z1 ö z 3 - z1 ë è z 2 - z1 ø û
r1 P(z1) Similarly, ç 3 ÷= e
θ2 è z2 - z1 ø z2 - z1
θ1 A
θ1 – θ2 X
O
z 3 - z1 z 3 - z 1 i ( Ð CAB ) AC i a
or = e = e
R z2 - z1 z2 - z1 AB
S
Now, in similar DOPQ and DOAR. Remark
OR OP r 1. Here, only principal values of the arguments are considered.
= Þ OR = 1 æ z - z2 ö
OA OQ r2 2. arg ç 1 ÷ = q, if AB coincides with CD, then
è z3 - z4 ø
since OA = 1 and ÐAOR = ÐPOR - ÐPOX = q 2 - q 1 æ z - z2 ö z1 - z2
arg ç 1 ÷ = 0 or p, so that is real. It follows that
Hence, the vectorial angle of R is - (q 2 - q 1 ) i.e., q 1 - q 2 . è z3 - z4 ø z3 - z4
z - z2
if 1 is real, then the points A, B, C, D are collinear.
Remark z3 - z4
If q1 and q2 are the principal values of z1 and z2 , then q1 + q2 and D
q1 - q2 are not necessarily the principal value of arg ( z1z2 ) and
arg ( z1 / z2 ). P(z1)
S(z4) θ
A
Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)
B
R(z3)
Let z 1 , z 2 and z 3 be the affixes of three points A, B and C Q(z2)

respectively taken on argand plane. C
Y 3. If AB is perpendicular to CD, then

C(z3)
æ z - z2 ö p z - z2
B(z2)
arg ç 1 ÷ = ± , so 1 is purely imaginary.
α è z3 - z4 ø 2 z3 - z4
A(z1) 4. It follows that, if z1 - z2 = ± k ( z3 - z4 ), where k is purely

α imaginary number, then AB and CD are perpendicular to
each other.
φ θ
X
O
y Example 68. Complex numbers z 1 , z 2 and z 1 - z 2 a ip / 3

From Coni method, = e …(i)
z 3 - z2 a
z 3 are the vertices A, B, C respectively of an isosceles
p
right angled triangle with right angle at C. Show and ÐBAC =
3
that (z 1 - z 2 ) 2 = 2 (z 1 - z 3 ) (z 3 - z 2 ). z 3 - z 1 a ip / 3
From Coni method, = e …(ii)
Sol. Since, ÐACB = 90° and AC = BC , then by Coni method z 2 - z1 a
z1 - z 3 AC ip/ 2
= e =i A(z1)
z 2 - z 3 BC
B(z2)
π/3
π/4
a a
π/3 π/3
π/4 B(z2) a C(z3)
A(z1) C(z3)
z1 - z 2 z 3 - z1
Þ z1 - z 3 = i ( z 2 - z 3 ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get =
z 3 - z 2 z 2 - z1
On squaring both sides, we get Þ (z1 - z 2 )(z 2 - z1 ) = (z 3 - z1 )(z 3 - z 2 )
( z 1 - z 3 ) 2 = -( z 2 - z 3 ) 2
2 2 2 2
Þ z 12 + z 22 + z 23 = z1z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3z1
Þ z1 + z 3 - 2z1z 3 = -(z 2 + z 3 - 2z 2z 3 )
2 2
Þ z1 + z 2 - 2z1z 2 = 2(z1z 3 - z1z 2 - z 3 + z 2z 3 )
2 Remark
Triangle with vertices z1, z2, z3, then
Therefore, (z1 - z 2 )2 = 2(z1 - z 3 ) (z 3 - z 2 )
(i) ( z1 - z2 ) 2 + ( z2 - z3 ) 2 + ( z3 - z1 ) 2 = 0
1
Aliter CA = CB = BA (ii) ( z1 - z2 ) 2 = ( z2 - z3 )( z3 - z1 )
2
1
B(z2) (iii) å( z1 - z2 )( z2 - z3 ) = 0 (iv) å =0
( z1 - z2 )
π/4
Complex Number as a Rotating Arrow

π/4 in the Argand Plane
A(z1) C(z3) Let z = r (cos q + i sin q ) = re iq …(i)
Q ÐBAC = ( p / 4 ) be a complex number representing a point P in the argand
z 2 - z1 BA (i p / 4 ) plane.
\ = e Y Q(ze if)
z 3 - z1 CA
z1 - z2 (i p/ 4 ) r
or = 2e …(i) P(z)
z1 - z 3 φ
r
θ
X′ X
and Ð CBA = (p / 4) O
z 3 - z 2 CB (i p/ 4) z - z2 1 (i p/ 4)
\ = e or 3 = e …(ii)
z 1 - z 2 AB z1 - z2 2 Y′
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get Then, OP = z = r and ÐPOX = q
( z1 - z 2 ) 2 = 2 ( z1 - z 3 ) ( z 3 - z 2 ) Now, consider complex number z 1 = ze if
or z 1 = re iq × e if = re i ( q + f ) [from Eq. (i)]
y Example 69. Complex numbers z 1 , z 2 , z 3 are the
vertices of A, B, C respectively of an equilateral Clearly, the complex number z 1 represents a point Q in the
triangle. Show that argand plane, when OQ = r and ÐQOX = q + f
¾®
z 12 + z 22 + z 32 = z 1z 2 + z 2z 3 + z 3z 1 . Clearly, multiplication of z with e if rotates the vector OP
Sol. Let AB = BC = CA = a through angle f in anti-clockwise sense. Similarly,
¾®
p multiplication of z with e - if will rotate the vector OP in
Q ÐABC =
3 clockwise sense.
Remark
1. If z1, z2 and z3 are the affixes of the C(z3)
Shifting the Origin in Case
three points A, B and C, such that
AC = AB and ÐCAB = q. Therefore,
of Complex Numbers
¾® ¾®
AB = z2 - z1 , AC = z3 - z1.
B(z2) Let O be the origin and P be a point with affix z 0 . Let a
θ
¾® point Q has affix z with respect to the coordinate system
Then, AC will be obtained by rotating A(z1) passing through O. When origin is shifted to the point P
¾®
AB through an angle q in anti- (z 0 ), then the new affix Z of the point Q with respect to
clockwise sense and therefore, new origin P is given by Z = z - z 0 .
¾® ¾®
AC = AB e i q i.e., to shift the origin at z 0 , we should replace z by Z + z 0 .
z 3 - z1
or ( z 3 - z1 ) = ( z2 - z1 ) e iq or = e iq y
z2 - z1 Y
Q
2. If A, B and C are three points in argand plane, such that
AC = AB and ÐCAB = q, then use the rotation about Ato find
e iq , but if AC ¹ AB, then use Coni method. X
P(z0)
y Example 70. Let z 1 and z 2 be roots of the equation

z 2 + pz + q = 0, where the coefficients p and q may be O M
x
complex numbers. Let A and B represent z 1 and z 2 in

the complex plane. If Ð AOB = a ¹ 0 and OA = OB,
where O is the origin, prove that p 2 = 4 q cos 2 (a / 2). y Example 71. If z 1 , z 2 and z 3 are the vertices of an
¾® ¾®
equilateral triangle with z 0 as its circumcentre, then
Sol. Clearly, OB is obtained by rotating OA through angle a.
¾® ¾® changing origin to z 0 , show that Z 1 2+ Z 2 2 + Z 3 2 = 0,
\ OB = OA e i a
where Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 are new complex numbers of the
Þ z 2 = z1 e i a
vertices.
z2
Þ =eia …(i) Sol. In an equilateral triangle, the circumcentre and the
z1
centroid are the same point.
B(z2)
z1 + z 2 + z 3
So, z0 =
3
A(z1) \ z1 + z 2 + z 3 = 3z 0 …(i)
α To shift the origin at z 0 , we have to replace z1, z 2 , z 3 and z 0
O by Z 1 + z 0 , Z 2 + z 0 , Z 3 + z 0 and 0 + z 0 .
z2 Then, Eq. (i) becomes
or + 1 = ( e i a + 1)
z1 ( Z 1 + z 0 ) + ( Z 2 + z 0 ) + ( Z 3 + z 0 ) = 3( 0 + z 0 )
( z1 + z 2 ) Þ Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 = 0
Þ = e i a / 2 × 2 cos (a / 2)
z1 On squaring, we get
2 2 2
On squaring both sides, we get Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 + 2 (Z 1Z 2 + Z 2Z 3 + Z 3Z 1 ) = 0 …(ii)
( z1 + z 2 ) 2 But triangle with vertices Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3 is equilateral, then
= e i a × ( 4 cos 2 a / 2) 2 2 2
z1
2 Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 = Z 1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3Z 1 …(iii)
( z1 + z 2 ) 2
z2 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Þ = × ( 4 cos 2 a / 2) [from Eq. (i)] 2 2 2
z12 z1 3 (Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ) = 0
2 2 2
(z1 + z 2 )2 = 4 z1z 2 cos 2 (a / 2) Therefore, Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 = 0
( - p )2 = 4 q cos 2 (a / 2)
éQz1 and z 2 are the roots of z 2 + pz + q = 0ù
ê ú
Inverse Points
ë\z1 + z 2 = - p and z1 z 2 = q û (a) Inverse points with respect to a line Two points P
or p 2 = 4 q cos 2 (a / 2) and Q are said to be the inverse points with respect to
the line RS. If Q is the image of P in RS, i.e., if the line
RS is the right bisector of PQ.
y Example 72. Show that z 1 , z 2 are the inverse points y Example 73. Show that inverse of a point a with
with respect to the line z a + a z = b , if z 1 a + a z 2 = b . respect to the circle z - c = R (a and c are complex
R2
Sol. Let RS be the line represented by the equation, numbers, centre c and radius R) is the point c + .
z a +az =b …(i) a -c
Let P and Q are the inverse points with respect to the line RS. Sol. Let a¢ be the inverse point of a with respect to the circle
The point Q is the reflection (inverse) of the point P in the z - c = R, then by definition,
line RS, if the line RS is the right bisector of PQ. Take any
point z in the line RS, then lines joining z to P and z to Q are
equal. c a′
P a |z – c | = R
The points c , a, a ¢ are collinear.

R S We have, arg (a ¢ - c ) = arg(a - c )
-
= - arg ( a - c ) [Q arg z = - arg z ]
Þ arg (a ¢ - c ) + arg ( a - c ) = 0
Q Þ arg {(a ¢ - c ) ( a - c )} = 0
2 2 \ (a ¢ - c ) ( a - c ) is purely real and positive.
i.e., z - z1 = z - z 2 or z - z1 = z - z2
By definition, a ¢ - c a - c = R 2 [QCP × CQ = r 2 ]
i.e., ( z - z1 ) ( z - z1 ) = ( z - z 2 ) ( z - z 2 )
Þ z ( z 2 - z1 ) + z ( z 2 - z1 ) + ( z1z1 - z 2 z 2 ) = 0 …(ii) Þ a¢ - c a - c = R2 [Q | z | = | z | ]
Hence, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical, therefore, comparing Þ (a ¢ - c ) ( a - c ) = R 2
coefficients, we get
Þ (a ¢ - c ) ( a - c ) = R 2
P z1
[Q(a ¢ - c )( a - c ) is purely real and positive]
R2 R2
Þ a¢ - c = Þ a¢ = c +
a -c a -c
R S
A(z)
Dot and Cross Product

Q z2 Let z 1 = x 1 + iy 1 º ( x 1 , y 1 ) and z 2 = x 2 + iy 2 º ( x 2 , y 2 ),
a a -b where x 1 , y 1 , x 2 , y 2 Î R and i = - 1, be two complex
= =
z 2 - z1 z 2 - z1 z1z1 - z 2 z 2 numbers.
z1a az 2
If ÐPOQ = q, then from Coni method,
So that, =
z1( z 2 - z1 ) z 2 (z 2 - z1 ) z2 - 0 z 2 iq
= e Q(z2)
-b z a + az 2 - b z1 - 0 z1
= = 1
z1z1 - z 2 z 2 0 z 2 iq
z2z1
[by ratio and proportion rule] Þ = e θ
P(z1)
z1z1 z1
z1a + az 2 - b = 0 or z1 a + az 2 = b
O
(b) Inverse points with respect to a circle If C is the z2z1 z2
Þ = e iq
centre of the circle and P , Q are the inverse points z1
2 z1
with respect to the circle, then three points C , P , Q are
collinear and also CP × CQ = r 2 , where r is the z 2 z 1 = | z 1 || z 2 | e iq
radius of the circle. z 2 z 1 = z 1 z 2 (cos q + i sin q )
Þ Re (z 2 z 1 ) = z 1 z 2 cos q …(i)
and Im (z 2 z 1 ) = z 1 z 2 sin q …(ii)
Q The dot product z 1 and z 2 is defined by,
C P
z 1 ×z 2 = z 1 z 2 cos q
= Re (z 1 z 2 ) = x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 [from Eq. (i)]
and cross product of z 1 and z 2 is defined by Remark

z 1 ´ z 2 = z 1 z 2 sin q 1. The distance of a point z from origin, z - 0 = z
2. Three points A( z1 ), B ( z2 ) and C ( z3 ) are collinear, then
= Im (z 1 z 2 ) = x 1 y 2 - x 2 y 1 [from Eq. (ii)] AB + BC = AC
Hence, z 1 ×z 2 = x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 = Re (z 1 z 2 ) C(z3)
and z 1 ´ z 2 = x 1 y 2 - x 2 y 1 = Im (z 1 z 2 )
Results for Dot and Cross B(z2)
Products of Complex Number A(z1)

1. If z1 and z2 are perpendicular, then z1 × z2 = 0 i.e. z1 - z2 + z2 - z3 = z1 - z3 .
2. If z1 and z2 are parallel, then z1 ´ z2 = 0
3. Projection of z1 on z2 = ( z1× z2 ) / z2 y Example 75. Show that the points representing the
4. Projection of z2 on z1 = ( z1× z2 ) / z1 complex numbers ( 3 + 2i ), (2 - i ) and - 7i, where
5. Area of triangle, if two sides represented by z 1 and z2 is
1
i = - 1, are collinear.
z1 ´ z2 . Sol. Let z 1 = 3 + 2i , z 2 = 2 - i and z 3 = - 7i .
2
6. Area of a parallelogram having sides z 1 and z2 is z1 ´ z2 . Then, z 1 - z 2 = 1 + 3i = 10, z 2 - z 3 = 2 + 6i
7. Area of parallelogram, if diagonals represented by z1 and z2 is
1 = 40 = 2 10
z1 ´ z2 .
2 and z1 - z 3 = 3 + 9i = 90 = 3 10
y Example 74. If z 1 = 2 + 5i , z 2 = 3 - i , where i = -1, find \ z1 - z 2 + z 2 - z 3 = z1 - z 3
(i) z 1 × z 2 (ii) z 1 ´ z 2 Hence, the points (3 + 2i ), (2 - i ) and - 7i are collinear.
(iii) z 2 × z 1 (iv) z 2 ´ z 1
(v) acute angle between z 1 and z 2 . (b) Equation of the
(vi) projection of z 1 on z 2 . Perpendicular Bisector
Sol. (i) z1×z 2 = x 1x 2 + y1y 2 = (2) (3) + (5) ( - 1) = 1
If P (z 1 ) and Q (z 2 ) are two fixed points and R (z ) is
(ii) z1 ´ z 2 = x 1y 2 - x 2 y1 = (2) ( - 1) - (3) (5) = - 17
moving point, such that it is always at equal distance from
(iii) z 2 ×z1 = x 1 x 2 + y1y 2 = (2) (3) + (5) ( - 1) = 1 P (z 1 ) and Q (z 2 ).
(iv) z 2 ´ z1 = x 2 y1 - x 1y 2 = (3) (5) - (2) ( - 1) = 17 P(z1)
(v) Let angle between z1 and z 2 be q, then

R (z)
z1 × z 2 = z1 z 2 cosq
Þ 1 = ( 4 + 25) (9 + 1) cosq Q(z2)
1 æ 1 ö i.e. PR = QR
\ cosq = \ q = cos - 1 ç ÷
290 è 290 ø or z - z1 = z - z2
z ×z 1 1
(vi) Projection of z1 on z 2 = 1 2 = = or z (z 1 - z 2 ) + z (z 1 - z 2 ) = z 1 z 1 - z 2 z 2
z2 ( 9 + 1) 10 2 2
or z (z 1 - z 2 ) + z (z 1 - z 2 ) = z 1 - z2
Use of Complex Numbers in Hence, z lies on the perpendicular bisectors of z 1 and z 2 .
Coordinate Geometry y Example 76. Find the perpendicular bisector of 3 + 4i

and - 5 + 6i, where i = - 1.
(a) Distance Formula Sol. Let z1 = 3 + 4i and z 2 = - 5 + 6i
The distance between two points P (z 1 ) and Q (z 2 ) is given by If z is moving point, such that it is always equal distance
Q(z2) from z1 and z 2 .
i.e. z - z1 = z - z 2
2
or z ( z1 - z 2 ) + z ( z1 - z 2 ) = z1 2 - z 2
Þ z (( 3 - 4i ) - ( - 5 - 6i )) + z (( 3 + 4i ) - ( - 5 + 6i )) = 25 - 61
P(z1) Hence, ( 8 + 2i ) z + ( 8 - 2i ) z + 36 = 0
PQ = z 2 - z 1 = affix of Q - affix of P which is required perpendicular bisector.
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Kindly pardon any mistakes, and believe me to remain very
grateful to you for your sympathy.
Yours sincerely,
These are but samples of letters from different countries that I
received during the campaign. The people seemed most grateful to
me for writing. True, the censor prevented me from saying much that
I should like to have said; but always I was free to write what I had
done for the lads in my ministry. Sometimes I have written many
letters at a time, and for this reason the message sent was brief. I
shall try to give the reader a sample of the simple letter that evoked
such grateful replies:
Dear Mrs. ——
No doubt you have already received from the War Office the
sad news of your son’s death. I am writing these words to let
you know that just before the battle of —— I gave all the
soldiers of his unit Holy Communion in a little shell-torn
church on the Western Front.—If I had anointed him I would
add this, and if it were I who had laid him to rest I would say—
I buried him in a peaceful military cemetery behind the lines,
far from the sound of the guns. This knowledge should give
you some consolation in carrying the heavy cross that God
has sent you to bear.
I shall remember your son’s soul in the Holy Sacrifice of the
Mass, and I shall ask Our Lady of Sorrows to pray for you that
you may be comforted.
Asking you to pray for my lads and for me, I am
Yours sincerely in Christ,
B. J. Murdoch,
R. C. Chaplain 16th. Can.
Chapter LXXXVII
A Little Bit of Shamrock
Although I had many letters to write, this did not keep me from
having a little enjoyment. We had not been very long in rest billets
when it was announced that the Sixteenth Canadian Battalion
concert party was to put on soon the play entitled “A Little Bit of
Shamrock.” This was the play the soldiers were practising while we
were at Monchy Breton, and because of the fact that one of the
characters was a priest I was very anxious to see the play.
The concert party was to be with us three nights, so I hoped to be
able to attend at least one performance. The company had been
playing for the large base hospitals while we were taking part in the
recent heavy fighting. I had met a Presbyterian chaplain in Arras who
told me that he had seen the play and that it was one of the finest in
France. They had been furnished with hundreds of dollars’ worth of
scenery and costumes. So we looked forward with pleasure to
seeing it.
I noticed as I worked among the men that the rest was doing them
very much good. The village streets used to ring with laughter and
merry jokes, especially in the evening. It was wonderful how much
like boys those soldiers would become, given a few days’ rest.
I remember one day, while sitting in the mess waiting for lunch to be
served, listening to an animated conversation going on among a
group of soldiers, of which George was the dominating spirit. George
held in his hand a pair of German field-glasses which evidently he
wished to barter for something some other soldier had. The other
soldier thought George had placed a too high valuation on the
glasses, and their voices rose and fell in debate. Finally, all the
voices were silent; then the voice of George sounded clear and
distinct, as he said impressively: “Gentlemen, I tell you, these
glasses are so powerful that they will bring a church, miles distant,
so near that you can actually hear the church bells ringing in the
tower!”
Although a few derisive groans greeted this statement, the great
bursts of merry laughter that accompanied them did my heart good
and showed me how light-hearted were the troops.
A day or two following the episode of the field-glasses, I was again
sitting in the mess waiting for lunch to be served. The transport
officer and quartermaster were with me. Suddenly the lieutenant who
had been billeting officer when we were at Ecoivres walked in and
sat down. He had a little business with the quartermaster, and as he
stated it his eyes turned towards the table, which was set for lunch,
and rested longingly on a dish of cold bread-pudding with raisins in
it. The pudding was cut in pieces resembling in size and shape an
ordinary helping of Washington pie; there were three slices in all.
Now, I never liked bread-pudding, not even in war time; neither did
the other two officers of the mess. So when the billeting officer made
known to us his weakness for bread-pudding we gave him a most
pressing invitation to have a piece. He took one piece, and as he ate
it with great relish we could not help smiling. He stopped for a
second or two and looked around on us. “My,” he said, “I like this!
Our cook never thinks of giving us anything like this.” Then he
continued earnestly to devote his attention to the pudding.
We offered him another piece, and with boyish delight he accepted
it. When he had finished this, I offered him the remaining slice. The
other two officers were now laughing.
“Ah, Padre!” he said reproachfully, but his eye wavered and his hand
without any apparent reluctance reached out and took the third
piece.
He stayed for a little while longer, and I wondered if he could be quite
well after eating so great a quantity of such soggy food. I began,
indeed, to feel a slight twinge of conscience. Perhaps I should not
have offered him that last thick slice of heavy bread-pudding. He was
now quiet, and for a second or two a far-away look came into his
eyes. Then, suddenly, he seemed to recollect something. He stood
up quickly.
“Well,” he said, “I think it is about time for me to be going home to
lunch.”
“Will he be all right?” I asked the other officers, as he disappeared on
his way.
“Sure,” they both said, and then the quartermaster Continued: “Why,
Padre, that’s just a little hors d’oeuvres for him, just a little appetizer,
just enough to convince him that it’s time to take a little substantial
food.” Then, as we lunched, they told me such wonderful stories of
this officer’s capacity for food that I laughed and laughed all through
the meal.
I could not attend the play till the third evening; George, who had
gone both nights, seemed very anxious that I should see it. I had tea
with the concert party the afternoon of the third day and in the
evening I went to the play, and was given a very good seat.
I shall never forget that play given by those splendid boys on the
Western Front. Even as I write these words the tears come to my
eyes as they did that night, but they are tears of joy. It was a
wonderful play—wonderful in its presentation, wonderful, especially,
in its beautiful interpretation of the character of the Catholic priest—
bubbling with gaiety and gladness, and spotless humor. I was
transported with joy and amazement.
The curtain rose, disclosing the library of an Irish priest’s house,
through the open window of which came in excellent harmony the
sound of male voices singing:
“Och, Father O’Flynn, you’ve a wonderful way wid you.
All ould sinners are wishful to pray wid you,
All the young children are wild for to play wid you,
You’ve such a way wid you, Father avick!
Still for all you’ve so gentle a soul,
Gad, you’ve your flock in the grandest control:
Checking the crazy ones, coaxing unaisy ones,
Lifting the lazy ones on with the stick.
Here’s a health for you, Father O’Flynn,
Slanté and slanté and slanté agin,
Pow’rfulest preacher and tindirest teacher
And kindliest creature in ould Donegal.”
As the last sounds of the chorus died away, a young Irish girl, attired
in typical colleen fashion, and a boy of about nineteen or twenty, in
knee-breeches, entered. The colleen was a perfect impersonation.
The young man, who carried a gun and an empty game-bag, had
returned from the chase. He was telling Molly how many birds he
had seen and how many he might have shot had it not been for—
etc., etc. The more voluble Shaun became, the more Molly shrugged
her shoulders. It seemed Shaun had often hunted before, and had
often come “very near hitting a bird.”
Just as good-natured Shaun was becoming more eloquent and Molly
more disdainful, a stately old figure in cassock and cincture walked
slowly into the room, carrying his breviary and biretta. There was a
look of benign interest on his face as he regarded Shaun and Molly.
The two greeted the priest warmly, in true Irish fashion; yet the three
actors were non-Catholics.
I am certain I did not follow the plot of the play. I was too delighted
with Father O’Flynn. He was the ideal priest, genial, kind, grave. He
possessed all those lovable qualities that we Catholics always
associate with the priesthood. I was really delighted with the
impersonation of the character. Where had he, the actor, acquired
his wonderful knowledge of the priesthood? If it had been a play that
the lads had procured already written, I would not have been so
surprised; but they themselves had composed it.
There was one scene that was almost uncanny in its faithful
reproduction of one of the little dialogues that take place often in the
office of a country parish priest. Old Mrs. Nolan—off the stage “she”
was Private M. Dawes, No. 1 Platoon, Sixteenth Battalion, and in
civil life an actor who had taken parts with the great Du Maurier—
had come to call on Father O’Flynn concerning her husband, who
was not working, and who for reasons known only to himself had no
inclination to work. She spoke quietly at first, but gradually, animated
by righteous indignation, a certain piquancy and forcefulness colored
her words. She had just begun rightly to denounce “himself” when
Father O’Flynn, with a gentle raising of one hand from his knee,
where it had rested palm downwards, said softly: “There, now, Mrs.
Nolan! There, now! Don’t mind, it will be all right! It will be all right. In
a little while Timmy’ll be at work again.”
Then Mrs. Nolan, somewhat mollified, would concede: “Yis, Father!
Yis, Father! Perhaps you’re right, Father. Indade, he’s not so bad; if
he would stay away from that Dinny O’Shea, he might be better. And
look, Father dear, I wouldn’t be mindin’ what that Liz of his would
ever be saying. Look here, Father, if she’d stay at home and look
after her man and not go galavantin’ over the parish! Look here,
Father, she’s one of the worst—”
Then with a gentle smile Father O’Flynn would again quiet the
indignant Mrs. Nolan. But she was irrepressible. And as she
continued her rapid-fire talk, the house roared with laughter, so that
we forgot that we were in a building on the Western Front into which
at any minute a long-distance shell might fall, killing and wounding
half the people there. We forgot this completely as we continued to
enjoy one of the finest plays ever staged on the Western Front.
As I looked on, laughing heartily, another emotion began to manifest
itself; gradually, as I listened to the dialogue, the whole setting before
me took on a certain familiarity: it was a priest’s room, my own
language was being spoken, a scene was being enacted with which
every priest is familiar. I felt as if I saw my Catholic people at home;
then a kind of mist seemed to pass over me, and my eyes filled up—
yes, gentle reader, I was lonesome!
The old curé and his sister had waited up for me, to hear about the
play. I had told them before leaving that I was going to see a non-
Catholic take the part of a Catholic priest, and they had been very
interested. They were like two children in their delight when I came
bursting in on them with the news of the play. They rejoiced with me
when I told them how splendidly the part of Father O’Flynn had been
taken by one of the lads. The old lady seemed the more enthusiastic
of the two, until I told the story of Mrs. Nolan, then the curé broke
into rippling laughter; but Madame just smiled quietly. We talked for a
long time that evening for the three of us were very pleased. I had
told them before going that I had my fears lest the actor assigned the
part of the priest should not interpret it according to the best
traditions of the priesthood. But now they were quite relieved, and
very joyful when I told them that the play would be shown wherever
there were Canadian soldiers in France.
Chapter LXXXVIII
Left Behind
I was well satisfied with my work among the soldiers during these
evenings and we were all benefiting very much by our rest. But we
did not know just how soon we would be going into action. One
evening towards seven o’clock, on coming back to Berneville after
having attended a meeting at corps headquarters, I found men of the
Fourth Division walking up and down the street. I was somewhat
surprised at this, for when I had left in the morning the village had
been occupied only by First Division troops. Now I saw no men of
the Third Brigade. I stopped the first soldier I met and asked him
where was the Sixteenth.
He told me he did not know, that the Sixteenth had “pulled out” about
four o’clock and that another battalion had “taken over” these lines.
I went quickly to the place our mess had been, only to find other
officers occupying it. They were just about to sit down to dinner, and
invited me to remain, but I was too eager to have news of my troops.
This was the first time they had ever stolen a march on me.
I opened the gate of the old curé’s garden, hoping to see George
standing in the twilight somewhere among the roses; but there was
no khaki-clad figure there. In fact, there was no one in the garden;
everything was very quiet. Knocking on the door which led to the
office and dining-room combined, I advanced into the lamp-lit room
to find the curé and his sister just about to sit down to their evening
meal. They welcomed me warmly. It was good to see the kindly,
beaming faces of my old friends; and as my eyes wandered from
them to the table I saw that places had been set for three.
“Come,” said the old priest as he motioned me to the seat beside
him. “Come, you are just in time, for we were about to begin, fearing
you would not arrive.”
I sat down quickly, for I did not wish to delay any longer these good
people. The memory of that evening is still very vivid; the low, lamp-
lit room, with its quaint engravings on the wall, the old-fashioned
furniture, the spotless white linen cloth, heavy silver and thick china,
with blue scroll-work bordering of old chateaux and rustic-bridged
streams. A large roll of coarse though wholesome brown bread, such
as I had seen old “Mamma Katzenjammer” make some time before,
was on a plate in the middle of the table, and beside this was a
black-handled bread knife; a huge bottle of golden cider stood near
the bread. Opposite me was a wooden bowl of salad and a large
wooden fork and spoon.
Madame brought from the kitchen a small brown earthenware
casserole and placed it before M. le Curé. The removal of the cover
disclosed three plump little pigeons. Simultaneously M. le Curé and
Madame looked at me. “In your honor,” said the priest as both
bowed, jokingly.
I remembered how, when a boy, I had shot a few pigeons, which
when cooked I was unable to eat, because they were so tough. But
the pigeons of old Madame were not tough. Indeed, I had never
eaten any meat more tender. They had been pot roasted.
It was one of the pleasantest evenings I had ever spent in rest
billets. As we sat at table they told me that the battalion had left for
the front at four o’clock. George had packed my bed-roll, and had
placed it and my portable altar on the general service wagon, leaving
my haversack with articles I would need for the night. He had left
word that we would not be going into action for a day or two and that
I would be quite safe in staying that night in Berneville.
As we sat talking in the quiet lamp-lit room, and I realized all that
was before me, I could not help thinking how pleasant it would be to
live on in this peaceful old house, far from the horrors of war, and
preach to the quiet peasants, and teach them the ways of God. But
quickly I put this thought from my mind. The Master for whom I
labored had sterner work for me to do. And tomorrow morning early I
must leave, to go once more into The Red Vineyard.
Chapter LXXXIX
With the Fourteenth
Early the following morning after Mass I said “au revoir” to the old
priest and his sister, who walked down to the gate to see me off.
On the way, fearing it might be evening before I would find my
battalion, I bought an ordinary three-ounce tin of sardines and paid
sixty-five cents for it; but I never ate it. I had the great good fortune to
meet a lorry, going towards the front, which brought me to within a
few hundred yards of the Sixteenth Battalion, which was camped in a
wide green valley. I was fortunate in finding my unit, but soon I was
to learn of what was the first of a series of misfortunes.
George met me as I came along and there was a look in his face that
I had never seen there before.
“I’m sorry, sir, but I have bad news for you,” he said. “Your bed-roll
and all your belongings have been burned.”
Poor George turned his face away. It really hurt him to have to tell
anything so unpleasant.
“My portable altar, too, George?” I questioned, as fear tugged at my
heart.
George turned towards me, his face brightening.
“No, sir. We saved that. Everything in the little church is all right.”
George always called the altar the “little church.”
Then he went on to tell me that a fire had broken out, during the
night, in the corrugated iron hut where I was to have slept, and that
when it was discovered it was too late to save two bed-rolls; he had
managed, however, to bring out one bed-roll and my portable altar.
It was now late in September and the evenings were becoming quite
cold. I would miss very much my blankets, cloak and overcoat, all of
which, together with many other articles, had been burned. I still had
my trench coat, which I was wearing at the time.
“Well, George,” I said finally, “it could have been a great deal worse. I
am very thankful that I did not lose my trench coat.”
A few evenings later, while I was standing outside my hut examining
a new bicycle that had come to me from headquarters, a runner
came up and passed me a D. R. L. S. letter. As I read it, I felt my
hand tremble. I was to report immediately to the Fourteenth
Battalion, where I was now attached for quarters and rations;
Captain the Rev. G. Colthurst was to exchange places with me. He
was a Church of England chaplain.
That evening I left, my heart filled with regrets; but a soldier must
obey. I said good-bye to George, although I hoped to see him often.
He thanked me for the way I had treated him, though I had only
given him the consideration which as a thorough gentleman he
deserved. I thanked him in return for all he had done for me. Twice, if
not oftener, during the recent heavy fighting he had come through a
terrific barrage of shell-fire and gas to guide me to the transport
mess. He had actually risked his life where he was not bound to do
so.
The second in command of the Fourteenth, Major Price, welcomed
me cordially to the battalion. The colonel was then absent. Major
Price, though a very kind man with a most gentle disposition, held
one of the finest records in the army, rising from a private in the
ranks to be colonel of the battalion.
The officers of the Fourteenth were a fine lot of men, yet they never
filled the place in my affections that the officers of the Sixteenth had
won.
Chapter XC
Telegraph Hill
The following Sunday I said Mass on Telegraph Hill. It was a very

high elevation and on all sides we could see, far below, the great
green valley. I counted as many as six light railway trains steaming
their way from different points towards the front. I think we were then
about seven or eight miles from the Canal du Nord, where the next
big battle was to take place. Some of the men came early and I
stood talking to them till all the soldiers, excepting the Thirteenth
Battalion, had come up. Thinking that there must be some mistake in
orders and that they had failed to receive notice of church service, I
began to say Mass. I had a large crowd of lads and they were
formed up very near the altar; some stood almost touching the altar
in order to keep the wind from extinguishing my candles. Nearly all
my men had received the Sacraments while in rest, so I gave a
general absolution today, then all went to Holy Communion.
Just as I had given the last men Holy Communion the Thirteenth
came up, their pipe band playing merrily. There was nothing left for
me to do but say another Mass for them. It was very gratifying to
notice, as I turned to make an announcement before beginning the
second Mass, that many of the men who had received Holy
Communion at the first Mass still remained kneeling on the ground
as they made their thanksgiving.
During the second Mass a number of German airplanes tried to fly
near us, but from down in the valley our anti-aircraft guns barked and
shells shrieked upwards, bursting near the ’planes. All the men of the
Thirteenth, after a general absolution, went to Holy Communion.
I came down from Telegraph Hill that morning feeling that my men
were now ready, spiritually, for battle.
Chapter XCI
Canal Du Nord
On the night of September 26th we moved up to the trenches just

before the Canal du Nord. It was a rainy night and quite dark. We
marched a long time, for our guides had lost their way. Finally, as we
approached the trenches, Verey lights hissed a trail of light through
the sky and as they broke to descend we stood very still. Every little
while orders came for us to fall on our faces, and we lay motionless
on the ground listening to that strange, sweeping sound of machine-
gun bullets as they tore their way through the air just above us.
Before we entered the trenches we had supposed all the Germans to
be on the opposite bank of Canal du Nord. But we were not in the
trenches very long till we learned that there were machine-gun
outposts on our own side. Indeed, not forty-eight yards from where
we stood was a machine-gun nest. Every time a flash-light would
show, or some one would speak above a whisper, there would be a
rat-tat-tat from almost beside us, and then a pattering of machine-
gun bullets. I listened to the grim preparations that were being made
to surround the nest just as soon as our barrage would open up.
At 5:20 a. m. two thundering crashes from an eighteen-pound gun
broke the stillness, then the whole barrage opened up, the like of
which had never before been heard on the Western Front. I quote
below from “The Canadians in France.”
“Never had the world known anything to compare with the strength
and majesty of that terrible artillery fire. It was as if the pillars of the
earth had fallen and God had struck the Germans in his anger. The
gloom behind the advancing troops was blazing with fire, and the
gloom in front. The night overhead shrieked and moaned and howled
with the passing of the shells, hurrying—hurrying—hurrying to keep
their appointment with death. The German machine-gunners in the
Canal and immediately behind it were blown to pieces and the
German guns were throttled with their answers to their lips.”
We stood in the trenches listening to the terrible roaring and crashing
of the guns. When we spoke we were obliged to yell in order to make
ourselves heard. It was still quite dark, yet all about us were sharp
yellow flashes of light from our guns. In a little while the men were
ready to start over the Canal. The officer in command looked at me.
“Coming, Padre?” he asked. I smiled. I was not free to go then. I
must stay with the doctor, to attend the wounded that would be
brought in by the stretcher-bearers. Later I was to go with the field
ambulance.
Shortly after daylight I was moving along the Canal looking for the
Second Field Ambulance, with which I was to follow, when I saw
coming up through a shower of shell explosions the young officer
who had come to see me at Monchy Breton. He was looking for the
Sixteenth Battalion. He was no longer downhearted. The light of
battle was in his clear blue eye. He shook hands with me and smiled
a bright, fearless smile as the shells dropped about us. He told me
he had been sent up to the battalion, which was sadly in need of
officers. As he spoke, all about us were dead men and horses.
I found the field ambulance at a cross-roads near Inchy and I worked
with them till noon. It was terrible work, performed under great
difficulties, as all morning long a constant rain of enemy shells
poured over the roads. A great number of wounded passed through.
As the morning advanced, the day became very warm. I took off my
trench coat and began to carry it on my arm. I remember laying it
down on the side of the road as I went to minister to a wounded lad.
When I had finished my work and had wiped the blood from my
hands on the thick grass alongside of the road, I turned to pick up
my trench coat. It was no longer where I had put it. I looked
everywhere but I could not find it. It was a very serviceable coat,
lined with oiled silk and rubber and impervious to rain and wind. Now
I had no coat whatsoever. My overcoat and cloak had been burned,
and now my trench coat was gone! I often smile when I recall that
morning. I worried more at the time over the loss of what was in the
pockets than I did over the loss of the coat itself. In one pocket was
the tin of sardines that I had bought a few days before. I had not yet
broken my fast and I did not know when I might do so. In the other
pocket was a “Baby Ben” alarm clock: it was very useful sometimes
when I wanted to sleep between attacks. I never found the coat. I
think some stretcher-bearers must have placed it on a wounded man
thinking it had been left by some officer who had been wounded or
killed.
It was now the 27th of September and I was not fitted out very well to
stand the rigors of a fall campaign. Just before I left the Sixteenth I
had been given an old wagon cover, which George and I had
converted into a bed-roll, and I had been able to procure two army
blankets; but now I had no overcoat.
During a little lull in the afternoon I made my way to headquarters of
the Fourteenth, which was in a dugout that the Germans had left
them. There I had some food, after which I made my way back to the
field ambulance.
That night I slept on the opposite side of the Canal du Nord. We had
gained another great victory and had captured one of the strongest
positions that the enemy still held. Nearly five thousand prisoners
had been taken and about one hundred field-guns, together with a
great number of machine-guns and large quantities of stores.
For several days one battle followed another; at almost every hour of
the day some brigade of the Canadian corps was attacking. I
followed with the field ambulance and I was kept very busy.
Chapter XCII
The Most Terrible Day
On Sunday I could not have a church parade, but I said Mass in a

bell tent near the Canal du Nord. That morning I joined the First Field
Ambulance in a little village not very far from Cambrai. I think the
name of the village was Raillencourt. As I approached its outskirts, I
saw that it was under fire. Shell after shell was whistling over from
the enemy lines, bursting in black clouds of smoke and yellow clouds
of gas that mingled with red clouds of dust rising from the ruined
brick buildings. No traffic was coming along the road. I must walk
alone into the village. My will said, Go! yet every nerve in my body
seemed to rebel; my feet were heavy as lead and it seemed an effort
for me to lift them from the ground. I was now very tired from the
work of the past week. Almost sick with fear, I continued to advance.
It was a strange experience; my feet kept going heavily forwards
while the rest of me seemed to be trying to hold them back. I felt that
that hurt dazed look which I had seen so often in the eyes of the men
was in my own eyes.
I remember going down the little street of the village bewildered and
almost stupefied while shells crashed into buildings and the
sickening fumes of gas poisoned the air. Then, suddenly, I saw what
I was in search of—a little red cross on a white background, floating
from a window of a small house.
I entered the yard; a ruined field-kitchen lay in a lake of porridge, and
nearby, where they had carried him to die, was the cook.
I found the cellar filled with wounded men with whom the doctors
were very busy. My old friend Captain O’Shea was here and two
other Catholic doctors. I stayed in the cellar two days. Those were
horrible hours. I could not be relieved, as Father O’Reilly of the
Second Brigade had been wounded a day or two before I came to
the cellar. It was his troops who were now in action. My own were
back in reserve. While I worked, Canon Scott, an Anglican chaplain
who had been in the war since the beginning, was brought in
wounded.
It was a miracle that we were not struck. At different times during the
day the Germans shelled the little house heavily; many shells
dropped in the garden just outside the windows of the cellar. The
nauseating fumes from the gas shells penetrated into the cellar and
often we worked with our gas masks on.
At two o’clock Tuesday morning word came that my brigade was
going over the top near Haynecourt. As soon as it was daylight, I left
to join my troops. I found the Second or Third Field Ambulance,
which was clearing that day at a cross-road near Cambrai. I could
see the city from where we worked. I was very busy all day. At times
the German airplanes swooped low over us and swept our wounded
with their machine-guns. One poor fellow near me was riddled with
bullets and I had just time enough to prepare him for death.
Towards three o’clock I felt something was wrong. Wounded from the
Fourteenth and Sixteenth were no longer coming in. The men of the
Fifteenth were in reserve just behind where I worked. Seeing this, I
started forward. The shell-fire was intense, but I prayed the Blessed
Virgin to see me through. I met a soldier from the Sixteenth who
showed me where the soldiers were, but he advised me not to go
any farther. I’m afraid I was too worried about my men at the moment
to heed advice of this kind.
I found a number of them in a cutting of a railway, together with a lot
of other troops. The battle was not going well; many members of the
Fourteenth, cut off, had been taken prisoners. The young officer did
not know where the rest were. I stayed with them, crouching in little
holes in the side of the sunken road, and read my Breviary while the
clay scattered by bursting shells fell on its open pages.
Presently, I joined a party of stretcher-bearers going out upon the
field. The shelling was terrible as we passed down the cutting of the
railroad. I was now getting among machine-gunners of the Third
Division who had their guns set up in the side of the cutting.
The stretcher-bearers had no sooner reached the field, than the
Germans, seeing them, commenced firing with small shells at point-
blank range over open sights.
Three of the stretcher-bearers went down, two of them mortally
wounded. I ran quickly to them and began to anoint one of them. The
other bearers ran to points of safety and I was alone on the field.
Those were the most terrible minutes of my life. I knew the enemy
could see me and was firing at me for shells were crashing all about
me. Terrified, I crouched flat on my stomach until I finished anointing
the lad, who passed away before I had done my work. Then I rolled
over and lay still, as if I were dead; a little later, I crawled from shell
hole to shell hole, off the field.
When the roll was called that night seventy-one men out of six
hundred answered. We had lost many prisoners.
I could not find my battalion to march out with them. I had not eaten
any food all day and it was now six o’clock. I had gone through the
most terrible day of my life, and I was utterly dispirited. I had never
before felt so strangely. Of course, we had had many engagements
during the past week, and constantly I had been looking on men
mangled and broken and torn; and, besides I had eaten scarcely
anything. I seemed to be moving in a world that was all upset;
somehow, suddenly, everything had gone wrong with the allies! I
bumped along till finally I came to the dugout that had been occupied
by the medical officer of the Fourteenth. He had gone, but he had left
behind a white bag, resembling in size and shape an ordinary pillow-
slip, half filled with sugar. I thought of taking it along with me, but I
left it. As I moved on dazedly, suddenly I remembered I had seen the
Fifteenth back in reserve. I had come through them in the morning
on my way up to the Fourteenth. I would go to them and ask for
something to eat. How I missed George! George would have had a
breakfast for me in the morning, and would have found me in the
evening.
Headquarters of the Fifteenth were in a cellar, and a kind-hearted
kilted laddie guided me to the door. I was greeted very kindly, and in
a little while the waiter placed on the table some white bread and
margarine and a plate of cold beef.
“I’m sorry,” said Major Girvin, O. C., of the Fifteenth Battalion, “that
we have no sugar, Padre.”
I then remembered the bag of sugar I had seen in the medical
officer’s hut. If I had only brought it, I could have given it to the
Fifteenth Battalion! I did not mind the lack of sugar in the tea. And I
was not bothered that most of the smoke from the improvised fire-
place was floating out over the cellar instead of rising through the
chimney. But I began to feel my spirits revive with the kindly talk of
the officers. They seemed pleased that I had dropped in on them.
The Fifteenth was the one battalion of the brigade that had no
chaplain. They used to say jokingly that they were so good that they
did not need a chaplain.
I related my experiences of the day to the officers. They were
sympathetic, for they had had many similar ones.
I stayed with them for an hour or two till the Twenty-sixth Battalion
came to relieve them. The officer who took over from us was an old
friend, and one of the very best Catholics of the old One Hundred
and Thirty-Second Battalion. I was delighted to see Captain Barry
and we talked for a long time in the cellar.
Chapter XCIII
In Reserve
During the night we marched back to Inchy. Very early in the morning
I found the transport of the Fourteenth and, later in the day, the
remnants of the battalion. They were in reserve, some miles from the
firing line, yet in a very hard-shelled area; to make matters worse, we
were in an ammunition dump, one of the largest I had ever seen. It
was a very poor place to bring men to rest after battle!
There was a little Catholic chapel-tent here, similar to the one we
had had at Ecurie Wood. In the afternoon I went up to this and found
Father O’Sullivan of the First Divisional Engineers in charge. I slept
in the chapel-tent that night. Just before I retired, a number of lads
came in to see me. The last one was a runner from the Fourteenth.
He had had a terrible time carrying messages to different companies
of the battalion in the battle the previous day. He showed me his
tunic, from which a bullet had torn a strip across the chest. He had
only begun to speak of his narrow escape when he burst out crying
and immediately left the tent. Father O’Sullivan was sleeping down in
the lines of the engineers. The shelling was terrible; beyond
description. Not far away whole train-loads of munitions were being
hit by German shells and car after car was exploding with a
deafening noise. A great many horses were being hit, for there were
horse lines of the artillery nearby. Shell after shell was dropping
around my tent; but I felt too tired to move. I remember my
conscience bothering me a little as to whether I were justified in
remaining in the tent when at any minute I might be blown up. After a
little puzzling, I decided I was, and for this reason—perhaps, in
looking for a place of safety, I might be struck by one of the shells.
And at any minute Fritz might stop.
I said Mass the following morning, and no words can express the
consolation it gave me. I had not said Mass for five days—not since

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Skills in Mathematics Algebra for IIT

JEE Main and Advanced Arihant Dr. S K

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Inorganic Chemistry for JEE (Advanced): Part 1, 3rd

Physical Chemistry For Jee (advanced): Part 2, 3rd

Comprehensive Trigonometry for IIT JEE, Main and

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Organic Chemistry for IIT JEE advanced Edition 3 Part

Chemistry Module II Physical Chemistry II for IIT JEE

Administrative & Production Offices

‘‘THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF ALL THE TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURRING IN A CYCLICAL

2. THEORY OF EQUATIONS 103-206

— Arithmetic Progression — Natural Numbers

4. LOGARITHMS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 313-358

5. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 359-436

10. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 761-784

11. SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 785-836

● Switch System Theory

● Conjugate Complex Numbers

● Representation of a Complex Number in Various Forms

● Square Root of a Complex Number

● Solution of Complex Equations

● Cube Roots of Unity

● Vector Representation of Complex Numbers

● Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operation on Complex Numbers

● Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)

● Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex Numbers

● Dot and Cross Product

● Use of Complex Numbers in Coordinate Geometry

Arihant on Your Mobile !

The square of any real number, whether positive, negative Remark

y Example 5. Find the value of 1 + i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + ... + i 2n , The Sum of Four Consecutive

= i 0 + i 0 + i 0 + ... 97 times = 97 …(i)

#L Exercise for Session 1

2 If i = - 1, the number of values of i n + i - n for different n Î I is

3 If a > 0 and b < 0, then a b is equal to (where, i = -1)

(c) a × b (d) None of these

4 Consider the following statements.

7 The digit in the unit’s place of (153)98 is

8 The digit in the unit’s place of (141414)12121 is

(iv) Additive identity z + 0 = z = 0 + z , then 0 is called

Þ (a 2 - 3 a + l ) + i (2 - a ) = 0 Argument of z will be q, p - q , p + q and 2p - q

Number in Various Forms arg (z 2 ) = p - tan - 1

Thus, z 1 | + | z 2 is the greatest possible value of é 1ù

Remark y Example 30. If z - 2 + i £ 2, find the greatest

y Example 36. If z 1 and z 2 are conjugate to each (b) Trigonometric or Polar or

Sol. arg (z ) + arg (z ) = arg (zz )

(a) Mixed Properties of Modulus By geometrical representation,

\ z 1 × z 2 = z 1 e iq1 × z 2 e iq2 = z 1 z 2 e i ( q1 + q2 ) = - w (cos (arg w ) - i sin (arg w ))

#L Exercise for Session 2

(c) x = æçn + ö÷,n ÎI

9 If x = 3 + 4i ( where, i = - 1), the value of x 4 - 12x 3

10 If z1 - 1 £ 1, z 2 - 2 £ 2, z 3 - 3 £ 3, the greatest value of z1 + z 2 + z 3 is

13 If z - i £ 5 and z1 = 5 + 3i ( where, i = - 1), the greatest and least values of iz + z 1 are

amp ( z ) - amp (- z ) = ± p , From Eq. (ii), we get

π–θ On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get

Now, from Eq. (i), the required square roots, ìïæ 3 ö 2 æ i ö 2 3 i üï