APPENDIX H — NONMANDATORY

OPENINGS AND THEIR REINFORCEMENT

H-100 SCOPE (d) reinforcement is provided around the edge of the

opening in amount and distribution such that the area
The guidelines contained in the Appendix provide
requirements for reinforcement are satisfied for all
for a satisfactory design in the vicinity of openings in
planes through the center of the opening and normal
the pressure shell, under pressure loading only, on
to the vessel surface as stipulated in H-120.
the basis of opening shape, area replacement, and its
Some high pressure connections are shown in Fig.
distribution. The requirements of Articles KD-2, KD-
H-101.
3, and KD-4 must also be satisfied. These guidelines
do not include design requirements for piping loads
that may be imposed on the nozzle and/or shell portion
H-110 CIRCULAR OPENINGS NOT
and that may be added to the pressure loadings.
REQUIRING REINFORCEMENT
These guidelines apply only to openings with integral
reinforcement. Circular openings need not be provided with rein-
forcement if all of the following requirements are
satisfied.
(a) A single opening has a diameter not exceeding
A99 H-101 Dimensions and Shape of Openings 0.2√ Rmt, or if there are two or more openings within
any circle of diameter 2.5√ Rmt, then the sum of the
Openings may be circular, or elliptical, as results
diameters of such unreinforced openings should not
from the intersection of circular cylinders and circular
exceed 0.25√ Rmt .
vessels, provided:
(b) No two unreinforced openings should have their
(a) the ratio of the diameter along the major axis
centers closer to each other, measured on the inside
to the diameter along the minor axis of the finished
of the vessel wall, than 1.5 times the sum of their
opening is 1.5 or less;
diameters.
(b) the ratio d/DI ≤ 0.50, where d is the largest
(c) No unreinforced opening should have its center
inside diameter of the opening and DI is the inside
closer than 2.5√ Rmt to the edge of a locally stressed
diameter of the opening;
area in the shell, where Rm is the mean radius and t
(c) the arc distance measured between the centerlines
is the nominal thickness of the vessel shell or head at
of adjacent nozzles along the inside surface of the
the location of the opening(s); locally stressed area
vessel is not less than three times the sum of their
means any area in the shell where the primary local
inside radii for openings in a head, or along the
membrane stress exceeds 0.73Sy , but excluding those
longitudinal axis of a vessel is not less than two times
areas where such primary local membrane stress is due
the sum of their inside radii for openings along the
to an unreinforced opening.
circumference of a cylindrical vessel. When two nozzles
in a cylindrical vessel are neither in a longitudinal line
nor in a circumferential arc, their centerline distance
H-120 REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS
along the inside surface of the vessel should be such
IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS
that √ (ᐉc /2)2 + (ᐉᐉ /3)2 is not less than the sum of
their inside radii, where ᐉc is the component of the (a) Design for Internal Pressure. The total cross-
centerline distance in the circumferential direction and sectional area of reinforcement A required in any given
ᐉᐉ is the component of the centerline distance in the plane for a vessel under internal pressure should be
longitudinal direction; not less than

323

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 H-120 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 H-120

A99 FIG. H-101 STRAIGHT DRILL CONNECTIONS FOR

THICK WALLED CYLINDERS

323.1

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 H-120 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 H-130

FIG. H-120.1 CHART FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF F

A p dtrF (1)
where
dp diameter in the given plane of the finished open-
ing, in.
trp minimum thickness which meets the require-
ments of KD-230 in the absence of the open-
ing, in.
Fp 1.00 when the plane under consideration is in
the spherical portion of a head or when the
given plane contains the longitudinal axis of a
cylindrical shell. For other planes through a
shell, use the value of F determined from Fig.
H-120.1.
(b) Design for External Pressure. The reinforcement
requirements for openings in vessels subject to external
pressure need be only 50% of that required in Eq. (1)
above.
H-130 REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS
IN FLAT HEADS
Flat heads that have an opening with a diameter that
does not exceed one-half of the head diameter should
have a total cross-sectional area of reinforcement not
less than that given by the equation
A p 0.5dtr
where
dp diameter of the finished opening, in.

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H-130 APPENDIX H — NONMANDATORY
trp minimum thickness which meets the require-
ments of KD-640 in the absence of the open-
ing, in.
H-140 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT
The boundaries of the cross-sectional area in any
plane normal to the vessel wall and passing through
the center of the opening within which metal should
be located in order to have value as reinforcement are
designated as the limits of reinforcement for that plane
and are as described in H-141 and H-142.
H-141 Boundary Along Vessel Wall
Two requirements on the limits of reinforcement
measured along the midsurface of the nominal wall
thickness should be met as follows.
(a) 100% of the required reinforcement should be
within a distance on each side of the axis of the
opening equal to the greater of the following:
(1) the diameter of the finished opening in the
corroded condition;
(2) the radius of the finished opening in the cor-
roded condition plus the thickness of the vessel wall
plus the thickness of the nozzle wall.
(b) Two-thirds of the required reinforcement should
be within a distance on each side of the axis of the
opening equal to the greater of the following:
(1) r + 0.5√ Rmt, where Rm is the mean radius
of shell or head, t is the nominal vessel wall thickness,
and r is the radius of the finished opening in the
corroded condition;
(2) the radius of the finished opening in the cor-
roded condition plus the thickness of the vessel wall
plus the thickness of the nozzle wall.
H-142 Boundary Normal to Vessel Wall
The limits of reinforcement, measured normal to the
vessel wall, should conform to the contour of the
surface at a distance from each surface equal to the
following limits.
(a) For Fig. H-142, sketches (a) and (b), the limit
is the larger of 0.5√ rmtn + K and 1.73x + 2.5tp + K,
but this limit should not exceed either 2.5t or L +
2.5tp, where
Kp 0.73r2 when a transition radius r2 is used and
the smaller of the two legs when a fillet weld
transition is used, in.
325
H-150
Lp length along nozzle with thickness of tn plus
transition length, in.
rp inside radius of nozzle, in.
rmp mean radius of nozzle, in.
p r + 0.5tn
r2p transition radius between nozzle and vessel
wall, in.
tp nominal vessel thickness, in.
tnp nominal nozzle thickness, in.
tpp nominal thickness of connecting pipe, in.
xp slope offset distance, in.
p tn − tp
(b) For Fig. H-142, sketch (c):
(1) When 45 deg. ≥ u ≥ 30 deg., the limit is the
larger of 0.5√ rmt′n and L′ + 2.5tp ≤ t.
(2) When u < 30 deg., the limit is the larger of
0.5√ rmt′n and 1.73x + 2.5tp ≤ 2.5t, where
L′p length of tapered section along nozzle, in.
rp inside radius of nozzle, in.
rmp r + 0.5t′n
t′np tp + 0.667x
up angle between vertical and slope (45 deg. or
less), deg.
Other terms are given in (a) above.
(c) For Fig. H-142, sketch (d), the limit is the larger
of 0.5 √ rmtn + te and 2.5tn + te ≤ 2.5t. In no case
can the thickness te used to establish the limit exceed
1.5t or 1.73W, where
Wp width of added reinforcing element, in.
tep thickness of added reinforcing element, in.
Other terms are given in (a) above.
H-150 METAL AVAILABLE FOR
REINFORCEMENT
Metal may be counted as contributing to the area
of reinforcement called for in H-120 and H-130 provided
it lies within the area of reinforcement specified in H-
140, and should be limited to material which meets
the following requirements:
(a) metal forming a part of the vessel wall which
is in excess of that required by the static design
requirements of Article KD-2, and is exclusive of
corrosion allowance;
(b) similar metal in the nozzle wall, provided the
nozzle is integral with the vessel wall or is joined to
it by a full-penetration weld;
Fig. H-142 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3

FIG. H-142 NOZZLE NOMENCLATURE AND DIMENSIONS

(Depicts Configuration Only. See Article KD-11 for Details of Construction.)

326
H-150 APPENDIX H — NONMANDATORY
(c) all reinforcement metal should be fully continuous
with the shell, nozzle, or combination thereof;
(d) the metal to be included as reinforcement under
(b) and (c) should meet the following limit:
|(ar − av)DT| ≤ 0.0008
where
arp mean coefficient of the thermal expansion of
reinforcing metal at design temperature, in./
in. °F
avp mean coefficient of thermal expansion of vessel
metal at design temperature, in./in. °F
DTp operating temperature range from 70°F to the
operating temperature, or the difference from
the lowest operating temperature to the highest
operating temperature, if greater
327
H-151
For designs exceeding this limit, no credit should be
taken for reinforcing potentially available in the nozzle
neck within the limits of reinforcement.
NOTE: It is likely that designs exceeding the limit in (d) will not
meet the desired results of the required fatigue analysis.
(e) metal available for reinforcement should not be
considered as applying to more than one opening.
H-151 Strength of Reinforcement Material
In no case should the yield strength of the nozzle
material be less than 80% of the yield strength of the
vessel wall at the design temperature.
If material with a lower yield strength is used, the
area provided by such material should be increased in
proportion to the inverse ratio of the yield strength of
the nozzle and the vessel wall material. No reduction
in the reinforcement requirement may be made if the
nozzle material or weld metal has a yield strength
higher than that of the material of the vessel wall. The
strength of the material at the point under consideration
should be used in fatigue analyses.