Grade 12

Mathematics

Maths and Science Infinity

CAPS Syllabus
Functions
Solutions
063 862 3530
Felix Pagona Asitandile Yanxa Thulani Mjikwa

Senior Facilitator Lead Facilitator Senior Facilitator

 HYPERBOLA
TUTORIAL 1
Activity 1
1.1 𝑥+3
0=
𝑥+1

0=𝑥+3

𝑥 = −3

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (−3; 0)

0+3
𝑦=
0+1

𝑦=3

𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0; 3)

1.2 𝑥+3
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+1

(𝑥 + 1) + 2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
𝑥+1 2
𝑓(𝑥) = +
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

2
𝑓(𝑥) = +1
𝑥+1

1.3 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑦=1

2
1.4

1.5 2
≥ −1
𝑥+1

2
+1≥0
𝑥+1

𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0

Therefore:

𝑥 > −1

𝑥 < −3

3
Activity 2
2.1 𝑥 = 3

𝑥=1
2.2 2
𝑦= +1
𝑥−3
2
0= +1
𝑥−3
2
−1 =
𝑥−3

−1(𝑥 − 3) = 2

−𝑥 + 3 − 2 = 0

𝑥=1

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1; 0)
2
𝑦= +1
0−3
2
𝑦 =− +1
3
1
𝑦=
3

𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0; 0,33)

2.3

4
Activity 3
𝑎
𝑦= +𝑞
𝑥+𝑝
𝑎
𝑦= +𝑞
𝑥+2

𝑦=𝑥+6

𝑦 = −2 + 6

𝑦=4
𝑎
∴𝑦= +4
𝑥+2

5
Activity 4
4.1 𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = −3

4.2 3
𝑦= −3
0−2
9
𝑦=−
2

𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0; −4,5)

3
0= −3
𝑥−2
3
3=
𝑥−2

3(𝑥 − 2) = 3

3𝑥 − 6 − 3 = 0

𝑥=3

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (3; 0)
4.3

6
4.4 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐

−3 = −2 + 𝑐

𝑐 = −1

∴ 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 1

4.5 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ −1

7
Activity 5
5.1 𝑥 = 1

𝑦 = −2

5.2 3
𝑦= −2
0−1

𝑦 = −5

𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0; −5)

3
0= −2
𝑥−1
3
2=
𝑥−1

2(𝑥 − 1) = 3

2𝑥 − 2 − 3 = 0

5
𝑥=
2

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (2,5; 0)

5.3

8
5.4 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ 2

5.5 𝑓 is reflected about the 𝑦-axis/line 𝑥 = 0.

9
 TUTORIAL 2
Activity 1
1.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎
+2
𝑥−4
𝑎
3= +2
5−4

3=𝑎+2

𝑎=1

𝑝=4

𝑞=2

1.2 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐

2 = −4 + 𝑐

𝑐=6

∴ 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 6

Activity 2
2.1 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑞

5 2
0 = (2 − 1) + 𝑞

9
0= +𝑞
4
9
𝑞=−
4
9
∴ 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 4

2.2 9
P (1; − )
4

10
 2.3 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎
+2
𝑥−1−1
𝑎
𝑔(𝑥) = +2
𝑥−2

𝑥=2

𝑦=2

2.4 ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

9
ℎ(𝑥) = − [(𝑥 − 1)2 − ]
4

9
ℎ(𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 1)2 +
4

Activity 3
3.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)

1 2 1
𝑥 =− +1
2 𝑥+1
2
𝑥2 = − +2
𝑥+1

𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) = −2 + 2(𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 = −2 + 2𝑥 + 2

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0

𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2) = 0

𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 1

For 𝑥 = −2 :
1
𝑦 = (−2)2
2

𝑦=2

11
 𝑃(−2; 2)

For 𝑥 = 1 :

1
𝑦= (1)2
2
1
𝑦=
2
1
Q (1; )
2

3.2 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

1 = −1 + 𝑐

𝑐=2

3.3 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2

𝑦 =𝑥+2

𝑥 =𝑦+2

𝑥−2=𝑦

∴ ℎ−1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2

3.4 1
g(𝑥) + g ( ) = g(−𝑥). g(𝑥 − 1)
2

1 1 1 1
− + 1 + (− + 1) = (− + 1) (− + 1)
𝑥+1 1 −𝑥 + 1 𝑥−1+1
+ 1
2
1 4 1 1
− + =( + 1) (− + 1)
𝑥+1 3 𝑥−1 𝑥

Therefore:

𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑥 ≠ ±1

12
Activity 4
4.1 𝑥 = 2

𝑦=3

4.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎
+3
𝑥−2
𝑎
0= +3
1−2

−3 = −𝑎

𝑎=3

3
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = +3
𝑥−2

4.3 3
𝐷 (0; )
2

4.4 3
3−2
𝑚𝐴𝐷 =
2−0
3
𝑚𝐴𝐷 =
4
3 3
∴ g(𝑥) = 𝑥 +
4 2

4.5 g(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

3 3 3
𝑥+ = +3
4 2 𝑥−2
12
3𝑥 + 6 = + 12
𝑥−2

3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 6(𝑥 − 2) = 12 + 12(𝑥 − 2)

3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 12 = 12 + 12𝑥 − 24

3𝑥 2 − 12 − 12 + 24 − 12𝑥 = 0

3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = 0

13
 3𝑥(𝑥 − 4) = 0

𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 4

3 3
𝑦= (4) +
4 2
9
(4; )
2

Activity 5
5.1 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ 5

5.2 g(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

3
−3𝑥 + 2 = − +5
𝑥+1

3
−3𝑥 − 3 = −
𝑥+1

−3𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 3(𝑥 + 1) = −3

−3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 3 + 3 = 0

−3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 0

−3𝑥(𝑥 + 2) = 0

𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −2

𝑦 = −3(−2) + 2

𝑦=8

(−2; 8)

5.3 𝑓 is reflected about the line 𝑥 = −1.

14
 TUTORIAL 3
Activity 1
1.1 Decreasing, 𝑏 < 1

1.2 𝑦 = log 1 𝑥
2

1.3 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ −5

1.4 𝑓 is reflected about the line 𝑥 = 0/𝑦-axis.

Activity 2
2.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥

𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = log 3 𝑥
2.2

2.3 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

2.4 0 < 𝑥 < 1

2.5 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ −4

2.6 𝑔(𝑥) = −(3𝑥−2 )

∴ 𝑔(𝑥) = −3𝑥−2

15
Activity 3
3.1 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = log 1 𝑥
2

3.2

3.4 𝑦 = 𝑥

3.5 1
𝑥=
2

16
 TUTORIAL 4
Activity 1
1.1 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 5𝑥

1.2.1 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

𝑥 = 𝑦2

𝑦 = ±√𝑥

∴ ℎ(𝑥) = ±√𝑥
1.2.2 The vertical line test cuts the inverse more than once.

1.2.3 𝑥 ≤ 0

𝑥≥0
1.2.4

1.2.5 𝑥 > 5

17
Activity 2
2.1 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = log 3 𝑥

2.2

2.3 𝑥 < 5

18
Activity 3
3.1 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑎0

𝑦=1

𝑄(0; 1)
3.2 1
= 𝑎𝑥
2

2−1 = 𝑎−1

𝑎=2
3.3 ℎ−1 (𝑥) = log 2 𝑥

3.4

3.5 1
𝑥>
2

3.6 ℎ(𝑥) = g(𝑥)

2𝑥 = (100)3𝑥

19
 2𝑥
= 100
3𝑥

2 𝑥
( ) = 100
3

log(100)
𝑥=
2
log (3)

𝑥 = −11,36

Activity 4
4.1 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

9 = 𝑎2

32 = 𝑎2

𝑎=3
4.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥

g(𝑥) = 3−𝑥
4.3 𝑓(𝑥) = 32

y=9

𝑥≥9
4.4 Yes, the inverse is cut once by a vertical line test.

20
Activity 5
5.1 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

5.2 𝑦 > 0

5.3 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = log 1 𝑥

3

5.4

5.5 𝑥 = −2

5.6 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 − [𝑓(−𝑥)]2 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(−2𝑥)

2 2
1 𝑥 1 −𝑥 1 2𝑥 1 −2𝑥
[( ) ] − [( ) ] = ( ) − ( )
3 3 3 3

1 2𝑥 1 −2𝑥 1 2𝑥 1 −2𝑥
( ) −( ) =( ) −( )
3 3 3 3

Therefore, proven:

[𝑓(𝑥)]2 − [𝑓(−𝑥)]2 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(−2𝑥)

21
 TUTORIAL 5
Activity 1
1.1 𝐴(1; 0)

1.2

1.3 1 𝑥
g −1 (𝑥) = ( )
3

22
Activity 2
2.1 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2

−8 = 𝑎(−6)2

−8 = 36𝑎

2
𝑎=−
9

2.2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 2
9
2
𝑥 = − 𝑦2
9
9
− 𝑥 = 𝑦2
2

9
𝑦 = ±√− 𝑥
2

9
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = ±√− 𝑥
2

2.3 𝑦 ≤ 0

2.4

23
2.5
9
𝑦 = +√− 𝑥
2

24
Activity 3
3.1 𝐶(0; 1)

𝑔(𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑏

1 = −(0 − 1)2 + 𝑏

1 = −1 + 𝑏

𝑏=2

3.2 𝐷(1; 2)

3.3 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = log 2 𝑥

3.4

3.5 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥 + 1) − 2

ℎ(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 1)2 + 2 − 2

∴ ℎ(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 1)2

25
 3.6 𝑥 ≥ 1 or 𝑥 ≤ 1

3.7 22

=4

Activity 4
4.1 𝑥>0

4.2 −1 (𝑥)
1 𝑥
𝑓 =( )
2

4.3 𝑦=0

4.4.1 𝑓 is reflected about the 𝑥-axis

4.4.2 𝑓 is shifted 5 units vertically down

Activity 5
5.1 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

5.2 𝑓(𝑥) = −√27𝑥

𝑥 = −√27𝑦

𝑥 2 = 27𝑦

1 2
𝑦= 𝑥
27

(𝑥 ≤ 0)

5.3

26
Activity 6
6.1.1 g(𝑥) = log 3 𝑥

ℎ(𝑥) = − log 3 𝑥
6.1.2 a)
𝑥<1

b)
𝑥=1

6.2.1 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2

𝑥 = 2𝑦 2

1
𝑦2 = 𝑥
2

27
 1
𝑦 = ±√ 𝑥
2

1
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = ±√ 𝑥
2

6.2.2 No, the inverse is cut more than once by a vertical line test.

6.2.3 𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 0

TUTORIAL 6
Activity 1
1.1

1.2 On the sketch

1.3 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 1)2 − 8

28
 1.4 1 1 1
ℎ (𝑥 + ) = 4𝑥+2 → 4𝑥 . 42 = 2. 4𝑥
2

2ℎ(𝑥) = 2(4𝑥 ) → 2. 4𝑥

1
∴ ℎ (𝑥 + ) = 2ℎ(𝑥)
2

Activity 2
2.1 (0; −28)

2.2 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 28 = 0

𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 14 = 0

(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

𝑥 = 7 or 𝑥 = −2

(7; 0) and (−2; 0)

2.3 𝑏
𝐴. 𝑆 = −
2𝑎

(−10)
𝐴. 𝑆 = −
2(2)

5
𝐴. 𝑆 =
2
5 81
∴ 𝑇𝑃 ( ; − )
2 2

2.4

29
2.5 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 28

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 10

6 = 4𝑥 − 10

𝑥=4

𝑃(4; −36)

2.6 0 − (−36)
𝑚=
−2 − 4

𝑚 = −6

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

𝑦 − 0 = −6(𝑥 + 2)

∴ 𝑦 = −6𝑥 − 12

30
 2.7 5 2 81
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (𝑥 − ) −
2 2

1 2 87
ℎ(𝑥) = 2 (𝑥 − ) −
2 2

Activity 3
3.1

3.2.1 𝑡 = 0

3.2.2 𝑡 = 0

3.3 ℎ(𝑥) = 2−𝑥 + 1 + 1

ℎ(𝑥) = 2−𝑥 + 2

31
 TUTORIAL 7
Activity 1
1.1 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 8

−𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 8 = 0

𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 8 = 0

(𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

𝑥=8 or 𝑥 = −1

1.2 𝑓(𝑥) = g(𝑥)

𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 8 = −3𝑥 + 24

−𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 8 + 3𝑥 − 24 = 0

−𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 16 = 0

𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 16 = 0

(𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥=8 or 𝑥 = 2

𝑎=2 ∴ 𝐷(2; 𝑏)

32
Activity 2
2.1 𝐶(0; 5)

2.2 𝑥 = −2

2.3 𝑝 = −2

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑞

5 = 𝑎(−4 + 2)2 + 𝑞 𝐴(−4; 5)

5 = 4𝑎 + 𝑞 …………………..(1)

0 = 𝑎(1 + 2)2 + 𝑞 𝐹(1; 0)

0 = 9𝑎 + 𝑞 …………………..(2)

(2) − (1):

−5 = 5𝑎

𝑎 = −1

0 = 9(−1) + 𝑞

𝑞=9

2.4 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

−2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0

(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2) = 0

𝑥 = −4 or 𝑥=2

𝑦 = −2(2) − 3

𝑦 = −7

∴ 𝐷(2; −7)

2.5 ∴ 𝐵(−2; −9)

33
Activity 3
3.1 𝑥 7
𝑦= −
2 2
𝑥 7
0= −
2 2

𝑥=7

∴ 𝐶(7; 0)

3.2 𝐵(−1; 0)

3.3 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑞

0 = 𝑎(7 − 3)2 + 𝑞 𝐶(7; 0)

0 = 16𝑎 + 𝑞 ……………………(1)

7 7
− = 𝑎(0 − 3)2 + 𝑞 𝐸 (0; − )
2 2

7
− 2 = 9𝑎 + 𝑞 ……………………(2)

(1) − (2):

7
= 7𝑎
2
1
𝑎=
2

𝑞 = −8

1
∴ 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 − 8
2

3.4 1
𝑦 = − (𝑥 − 3)2 + 8
2

3.5 𝑡(𝑥) = 1 − (−8)

𝑡(𝑥) = 9

3.6 1
𝑓(𝑥) = − (𝑥 − 3)2 + 8
2

34
 1
𝑓(𝑥 2 − 2) = − (𝑥 2 − 2 − 3)2 + 8
2

0 = (𝑥 2 − 5)2 − 16

(𝑥 2 − 5 + 16)(𝑥 2 − 5 − 16) = 0

(𝑥 2 + 11)(𝑥 2 − 21) = 0

𝑥 2 = −11

𝑥 is invalid

𝑥 2 = 21

𝑥 = ±√21

𝑥 = √21 or 𝑥 = −√21

Activity 4
4.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 20 − 8

𝑦 = −7

∴ 𝐵(0; −7)

0 = 2𝑥 − 8

2𝑥 = 23

𝑥=3

4.2 𝑦 = −8

4.3 ℎ(𝑥) = 22𝑥 − 8 + 8

ℎ(𝑥) = 4𝑥

4.4 ℎ−1 (𝑥) = log 4 𝑥

4.5 𝑝(𝑥) = − log 4 𝑥

35
 TUTORIAL 8
Activity 1
1.1 0 = −2(6) + 𝑑

𝑑 = 12

1.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )

12 = 𝑎(0 + 2)(0 − 6)

𝑎 = −1

𝑓(𝑥) = −1(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 6)

𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12

1.3 −2 + 6
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 =
2

𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 = 2

TP(2; 16)

1.4 ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑓(𝑥)−12

ℎ(𝑥) = 316−12

ℎ(𝑥) = 34

ℎ(𝑥) = 81

Activity 2
2.1 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 8

0 = −2𝑥 + 8

𝑥=4

∴ T(4; 0)
2.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )

18 = 𝑎(1 − 4)(1 + 2)

36
 𝑎 = −2

𝑓(𝑥) = −2(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2)

𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 16
2.3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)

−2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 16 = −2𝑥 + 8

−2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 0

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0

(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

𝑥=4 or 𝑥 = −1

𝑦 = −2(−1) + 8

𝑦 = 10

∴ 𝑅(−1; 10)
2.4.1 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

2.4.2 −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2 < 0

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 > 0

4 ± √(−4)2 − 4(1)(2)
𝑥=
2(1)

𝑥 = 2 + √2 or 𝑥 = 2 − √2

𝑥 > 2 + √2 and 𝑥 < 2 − √2

37
Activity 3
3.1 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 3)2 − 2

0 = 𝑎(0 − 3)2 − 2

0 = 9𝑎 − 2

2
𝑎=
9
2
∴ 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 − 2
9
3.2 𝐵(6; 0)

3.3 Many-to-one function, the horizontal line test cuts the graph at more than one point.

3.4

3.5 𝑦 ≥ 0 or 𝑦 ≤ 0

3.6 2
𝑦= (𝑥 − 1)2 − 2
9

38
Activity 4
4.1 1
𝑘=
2

4.2 3
𝑎=−
2

4.3 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 (𝑥 − ) + 𝑏
4

1 2
6 = 𝑎 (0 − ) + 𝑏
4
1
6 = 16 𝑎 + 𝑏 ………………………………..(1)

1 2
0 = 𝑎 (2 − ) + 𝑏
4
49
0= 𝑎+𝑏 ………………………………..(2)
16

(2) − (1):

−6 = 3𝑎

𝑎 = −2
49
0 = 16 (−2) + 𝑏

49
𝑏=
8

4.4 −𝑏
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 =
2𝑎

1 −𝑏
=
4 2(−2)

𝑏=1

𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −4𝑥 + 1

𝑓 ′ (6) = −4(6) + 1

39
 𝑚 = −23

∴ 𝑦 = −23𝑥 + 6

Activity 5
5.1 𝑥 ≤ 0

5.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )

−8 = 𝑎(1 + 3)(1 − 2)

𝑎=2

𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 12

∴ 𝑎=2 , 𝑏=2 and 𝑐 = −12

5.3 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 12

𝑇𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 (0; −12)

5.4 𝑥 = 7

5.5 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 2

𝑓 ′ (1) = 4(1) + 2

𝑚=6

40
Activity 6
6.1 𝑇(0; 18)

6.2 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 18

0 = −2𝑥 2 + 18

0 = 𝑥2 − 9

0 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)

𝑥=3 or 𝑥 = −3

∴ Q(3; 0)

6.3 R(6; 0)

6.4 9
𝑥>
2

41