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https://economics.td.

com/gbl-debt-monetization
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-happens-when-us-hits-its-debt-ceiling#chapter-title-0-4
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2020/09/what-is-debt-sustainability-basics
https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/09/12/market-reforms-can-stabilize-debt-and-foster-
growth-in-developing-countries
https://blogs.iadb.org/gestion-fiscal/en/how-to-prevent-debt-from-hurting-economic-growth/
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9830/
https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/developmenttalk/how-do-rising-us-interest-rates-affect-emerging-and-
developing-economies

https://debtjustice.org.uk/press-release/sixty-four-countries-spend-more-on-debt-payments-than-
health#:~:text=The%20ten%20countries%20with%20the,%2C%20Lebanon%2C%20Pakistan%20and
%20Cameroon.
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osgmisc_2023d4_en.pdf page 13
https://www.undp.org/da/denmark/press-releases/165-million-people-fell-poverty-between-2020-
2023-debt-servicing-crowded-out-social-protection-health-and-education
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2023/07/press-release-un-warns-of-soaring-global-
public-debt-a-record-92-trillion-in-2022-3-3-billion-people-now-live-in-countries-where-debt-
interest-payments-are-greater-than-expenditure-on-health-or-edu/
https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2023-04/SEO%202023-Executive
%20Summary_English.pdf
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34072416/PHEV42N2_Full-Issue.pdf?
1404108973=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DPHEV42N2_Full_Issue.pdf&Expires=1714223614&Signature=LLeDQNAFg2mnVAhmJx~XD
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TA491j45i24dBHF86uYl0SXCXnagw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=6 page
5
https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/afghanistan-s-health-system-is-on-the-brink-of-
collapse-urgent-action-is-needed
https://tradingeconomics.com/afghanistan/public-spending-on-education-total-percent-of-gdp-wb-
data.html
References

Afghanistan - public spending on education, total (% of GDP)2024 data 2025 forecast 1971-2020 historical (no
date) Afghanistan - Public Spending On Education, Total (% Of GDP) - 2024 Data 2025 Forecast 1971-
2020 Historical. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/afghanistan/public-spending-on-education-
total-percent-of-gdp-wb-data.html (Accessed: 09 May 2024).

Afghanistan’s health system is on the brink of collapse: Urgent action is needed (no date) World Health
Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/afghanistan-s-health-
system-is-on-the-brink-of-collapse-urgent-action-is-needed (Accessed: 11 May 2024).

Cugat, G. and Pizzinelli, C. (2023) Market reforms can stabilize debt and foster growth in developing countries,
IMF. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/09/12/market-reforms-can-stabilize-debt-
and-foster-growth-in-developing-countries (Accessed: 11 May 2024).

Executive summary (no date) UNDP. Available at:


https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2023-07/hrc52_undp_executive_summary_april2023.
pdf (Accessed: 11 May 2024).

Guidelines for Public Debt Management (no date) International Monetary Fund. Available at:
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How do rising U.S. interest rates affect emerging and developing economies? (no date) World Bank Blogs.
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emerging-and-developing-economies (Accessed: 11 May 2024).

Jones, C.I. (2021) Macroeconomics. Nueva York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.

Press release | un warns of Soaring Global Public Debt: A record $92 trillion in 2022, 3.3 billion people now
live in countries where debt interest payments are greater than expenditure on health or education -
united nations sustainable development (no date) United Nations. Available at:
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2023/07/press-release-un-warns-of-soaring-global-
public-debt-a-record-92-trillion-in-2022-3-3-billion-people-now-live-in-countries-where-debt-interest-
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Valencia, O. (2023) How to prevent debt from hurting economic growth, Gestión fiscal. Available at:
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Debt relief for low-income countries. Available at:


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DALIA HAKURA is a deputy division chief in the IMF’s Strategy (2020) Back to basics: What is debt
sustainability? – IMF F&D, IMF. Available at:
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A world of debt (2023) UNCTAD. Available at: https://unctad.org/publication/world-of-debt (Accessed: 11 May


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