Rock and Fluid Properties

Lecture No : 27
Rock and Fluid Properties

( Overview )
Abbas Radhi Abbas

Chief Engineer
March-2024
Contents
1 Introduction to Petrophysics
2 Basic Rock Properties
3 Basic Fluid Properties
2
Introduction to Petrophysics
Introduction to Petrophysics
Core Wireline logging
3
What is the formation ?
Formation
Rock Fluids
Water Hydrocarbon
OIL Gas
4
Rock and Fluid properties
Rock and Fluid Properties
(1) Rock Properties can estimate (2) Reservoir Fluid Properties can
from ( core – log – well test ) Estimated from PVT sample
1. Porosity • Oil Compressibility

2. Permeability • Oil Viscosity
3. Wettability • Oil Density
4. Saturation • Oil Formation Volume Factor
5. Capillary Pressure • Gas Formation Volume factor
• Gas-Oil Ratio
• Bubble point pressure
Contents
6
Basic Rock Properties
(1) Rock Properties can estimate from ( core – log – well test )
1. Porosity
2. Permeability
3. Wettability
4. Saturation
5. Capillary Pressure
7
Generally can estimate rock properties from core Analysis , logs , see the
SCAL and RCAL
Routine Core Analysis Special Core Analysis
8
9
Classifications of porosity
Classification Of Porosity
Engineering Geological
Total Porosity Primary Porosity Secondary Porosity
Ineffective effective Intergranular Vugs Fractures

Porosity Porosity
10
What is porosity ?
1-Porosity:
is defined as the ratio of pore volume to total rock volume:
Where :
Vp = pore space volume
Vb = bulk volume
11
How we get porosity ?
We can get porosity from wireline logging and Core :
Sonic log
Porosity from wireline
Density log
Porosity
Measurements
Neutron log
NMR log
Porosity from Core Routine core analysis
12
Classifications of porosity
Classification Of Porosity
Engineering Geological
Total Porosity Primary Porosity Secondary Porosity
Ineffective effective Intergranular Vugs Fractures

Porosity Porosity
13
Type of Porosity (φ) .
1.Primary porosity
The main or original porosity system in a rock or unconfined alluvial
deposit.
2.Secondary porosity
A subsequent or separate porosity system in a rock, often enhancing
overall porosity of a rock. This can be a result of chemical leaching of
minerals or the generation of a fracture system. This can replace the
primary porosity or coexist with it (see dual porosity below).
3.Fracture porosity
This is porosity associated with a fracture system or faulting. This can
create secondary porosity in rocks that otherwise would not be
reservoirs for hydrocarbons due to their primary porosity being
destroyed (for example due to depth of burial) or of a rock type not
normally considered a reservoir (for example igneous intrusions or
metasediments).
14
4.Vuggy porosity
This is secondary porosity generated by dissolution of large features
(such as macrofossils) in carbonate rocks leaving large holes, vugs, or
even caves.
5.Effective porosity (also called open porosity)

Refers to the fraction of the total volume in which fluid flow is
effectively taking place and includes catenary and dead-end (as these
pores cannot be flushed, but they can cause fluid movement by
release of pressure like gas expansion[3]) pores and excludes closed
pores (or non-connected cavities). This is very important for
groundwater and petroleum flow, as well as for solute transport.
15
6.Ineffective porosity (also called closed porosity)

Refers to the fraction of the total volume in which fluids or gases are
present but in which fluid flow can not effectively take place and
includes the closed pores. Understanding the morphology of the
porosity is thus very important for groundwater and petroleum flow.
7.Dual porosity
Refers to the conceptual idea that there are two overlapping reservoirs
which interact. In fractured rock aquifers, the rock mass and fractures
are often simulated as being two overlapping but distinct bodies.
Delayed yield, and leaky aquifer flow solutions are both
mathematically similar solutions to that obtained for dual porosity; in all
three cases water comes from two mathematically different reservoirs
(whether or not they are physically different)..
16
Porosity from Logs
Porosity Logs
1 Sonic Log
2 Density Log
3 Neutron Log
17
Porosity from sonic Log
1 Sonic Log
18
Porosity log : 1.(Sonic Log)
Principle :
The acoustic/sonic log is a porosity
log that measures the interval transit
time of a compressional wave
traveling through one foot of
formation. The logging sonde consists
of one or more transmitters, and two
or more receivers. Modern
acoustic/sonic logs are borehole
compensated devices.
19
Porosity log: 1.(Sonic Log )
Uses of Acoustic Log Data (Sonic)
20
Types of sonic log :
1. (BHC) (borehole compensated sonic log )

2. (LSS) (long spaced sonic log )
3. (AST) (Array sonic tool)
4. (DSI) (Dipole shear sonic imager)
5. (CSI) (Combinable seismic imager)
6. (ASI) (Array seismic imager)
7. (USI) (Ultrasonic imager)
21
The names and mnemonics of common industry sonic tools.
22
Early Sonic Tools Dual receiver sonic tools

1 Transmitter 1 Transmitter
1 Receiver 2 Receiver
23
Borehole compensated sonic (BHC)tools Long Spacing Sonic (LSS) Tool

2 Transmitter 2 Transmitter
4 Receiver 2 Receiver
24
For
Porosity from sonic log For clean correction
formation to shale
Wyllie Time-Average Equation:
25
Sonic velocities and interval transit times for different matrix types
26
Porosity from density Logs
2 Density Log
27
Porosity log : 2.(Density Log)
Uses of the Formation Density Log
1. Determination of Porosity
2. Acoustic Impedance (The acoustic impedance can be used
to create synthetic seismograms to help the interpretation of
seismic data )
3. Identification of Lithology
4. Identification of Evaporites
5. Shale Compaction, Age, and Unconformities
6. Overpressure
7. Recognition of Accessory Mineralogies
8. Fracture Recognition
9. Organic Content of Source Rocks
28
Principle :
A radioactive source, applied to the
borehole wall in a shielded sidewall
skid, emits medium-energy gamma
rays into the formations. These
gamma rays collide with the
electrons in the formation. At each
collision a gamma ray loses some of
its energy to the electrons and
continuous diminished energy. This
type of interaction is known as
Compton scattering. The scattered
gamma rays reaching the detector,
at a fixed distance from the source,
are counted as an indication of
formation density.
29
Photoelectric Absorption (Pe)
The Litho-Density is an improved and expanded version of the FDC

log. In addition to the bulk density measurement, the tool also
measures the photoelectric absorption index of the formation, Pe.
Photoelectric absorption can be related to lithology. It is a very
lithology-sensitive parameter, and it can be used to establish whether
a formation is sand, limestone, dolomite, or a mixture.
.
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
31
32
Porosity from density log

From log
From table
33
Common values
of matrix density
and photoelectric
in rocks
Common values of
matrix density for
fluids
34
Porosity from neutron Logs
3 Neutron Log
35
Porosity log : 3.(Neutron Log)
Principle :
Neutron logs are porosity logs that
essentially measures the hydrogen
concentration in a formation. In
“clean” formations, where the pore
spaces are filled with water or oil, the
neutron log measures liquid-filled
porosity.
36
Three types of neutron logging instrumentation are

used in the wireline industry:
1. Neutron-Gamma (GNT - no longer in use)

2. Sidewall Neutron Porosity tool (SNP - in limited use- runs in open
hole only)
3. Compensated Neutron Tools: -Thermal neutron ( CNL ) -Thermal -
Epithermal neutron (DNL)
37
Uses Of Neutron Log
• Porosity analysis - by measuring the hydrogen index (HI) of the

formation fluids.
• Gas detection - A noticeable drop in the neutron porosity output can
be seen due to gas has a smaller HI than oil or water
• Lithology identification and clay / shale analysis - They are not a
stand-alone lithology identifier or clay / shale types, but Neutron
porosity tools provide additional input for these analyses.
38
Porosity From Neutron Log
Where :
a and B are constants, N is the count rate and ϕ is the true porosity.
The constants a and B vary depending on the nature of the formation and require
calibration; a limestone and a sandstone will have different log responses even if the
porosity is the same. It is essential to know whether the tool has been calibrated for a
limestone or sandstone matrix before applying any evaluation technique.
39
Effective porosity calculation
CALCULATION EFFECTIVE POROSITY
The general form of the equation to convert from total porosity to

effective porosity is:
40
Effective porosity calculation
Effective Porosity :-
The second step of shaly sand analysis is to determine the effective
porosity of the formation i.e. determining porosity of the formation if it
did not contain clay minerals.
Effective Porosity from Neutron-Density Combinations:
These values of neutron and density porosity corrected for the presence
of clays are then used in the equations below to determine the effective
porosity (-effective) of the formation of interest
41
Porosity From Core analysis
2-Porosity Laboratory measurement on core:
Porosity is calculated using the following equation:
Where :
Vp : pore space volume
Vm : matrix (solid rock) volume
Vb : bulk volume (Vp + Vm)
Bulk volume (Vb) can be determined directly from core dimensions

if we have a fluid-saturated regularly shaped core (normally cylindrical),
or by fluid displacement methods by weight where the density of the
solid matrix and the displacing fluid is known, or directly by volume
displacement.
Matrix volume (Vm) can be calculated from the mass of a dry sample
divided by the matrix density. It is also possible to crush the dry solid and
measure its volume by displacement, but this will give total porosity rather
than effective (interconnected) porosity.
42
Porosity From Core analysis
Boyle’s law : used to calculate the

matrix volume present in the
second
cell using Boyle’s law .This method
can be very accurate, especially
for low-porosity rock.
Boyle’s law: P1V1 = P2V2
(assuming gas deviation factor Z
can be
ignored at relatively low pressures)
can now be used.
Pore space volume (Vp) can also

be determined using gas
expansion
methods.
43
44
Rock Properties ( Permeability (K))
Definition of permeability and its importance to the

petroleum industry.
Parameter Symbol Definition Importance

Permeability k A measure of the Permeability is
ease with which important in
fluid flows through determining the
a porous rock. rate at which oil
and gas will flow
from the reservoir.
45
Permeability: Is the property a rock has to transmit fluids. It is

related to porosity but is not always dependent upon it.
Permeability is controlled by the size of the connecting
passages (pore throats or capillaries) between pores. It is
measured in darcies or millidarcies
absolute permeability : the ability of a rock to transmit a

single fluid when it is 100% saturated with that fluid
46
Methods of Determining Permeability----------------------------- by : Abbas Radhi -2022
Effective permeability : refers to the presence of two fluids in a

rock, and is the ability of the rock to transmit a fluid in the presence
of another fluid when the two fluids are immiscible
Relative permeability : is the ratio between effective permeability

of fluid at partial saturation, and the permeability at 100%
saturation (absolute permeability).
47
relative permeability
Water oil relative permeability

Typical relative permeability curves for oil
and water are shown in Figure Oil
permeability decreases monotically from its
maximum at the irreducible water saturation,
krowe, to zero at the residual oil saturation to
water. Water permeability increases
monotonically from zero at the irreducible
water saturation to a maximum at the
residual oil saturation, krwe.
Typical water- oil relative permeability curves.
48
relative permeability
Gas-oil relative permeability

Gas-oil permeabilities are usually
measured in samples presaturated
with water so that irreducible water
is present in the sample as it would
be in the reservoir. The relative
permeabilities of oil and gas are
plotted against either liquid (oil plus
water)
Typical Gas- oil relative permeability curves.
49
Methods of Determining Permeability

Many methods to estimate the permeability but the best one form
core and well test as well as NMR log ,
Note :From convertional log the permeability not accurate
Methods of Determining Permeability

1. Core analysis
2. From log
3. Well test analysis ( Build up test )
4. DST , MDT , RFT
5. NMR
50
1-Permeability From Core
1. From Core (Laboratory Determination of Permeability)

Laboratory Determination of Permeability Single-phase absolute permeability is
measured on core in a steel cylinder where pressures P1 and P2 are measured
for a given gas flow rate Q.
For a gas: from Darcy’s law for

horizontal flow,
For an incompressible liquid: for

horizontal flow
Where : Q : volumetric flow rate (cm3/s); A : area (cm2); m : viscosity of

the gas or liquid; P : pressure (atmospheres); x : length of core (cm). This
gives the value for permeability k in Darcy’s equation.
51
2- Permeability from log ( from porosity)
In many cases, there may exist relationships between the

porosity and permeability, but such correlations usually are
empirically derived for a given formation in a given area. They
do not exhibit general application or validity. A more general
empirical relationship, proposed by Wyllie and Rose,
incorporates irreducible water saturation and has the form :
52
2- Permeability from log ( from porosity)
The basis of the relationship between permeability and irreducible

water saturation is usually this type. The dependency of
permeability on porosity is not evident from this data, however.
Based on the general expression of Wyllie and Rose, several
investigators have proposed various empirical relationships with
which permeability can be estimated from porosity and irreducible
water saturation. Known as Timur formula, derived from well logs:
Effective porosity
irreducible water saturation ( 15 -25%)
53
3-Permeability From Well-Test Analysis
Measurement of Permeability :
2-Permeability From Well-Test
Analysis
For a constant production flow rate Q,

permeability can be estimated from
average formation thickness h, fluid
viscosity m, bottom hole pressure Pw,
initial reservoir pressure Pe at an
assumed undisturbed (still at initial
conditions) distance re from the well
and wellbore radius rw using the
equations.
54
4- from Darcy’s Law in Field Units
4- from Darcy’s Law in Field Units

In field units the Darcy equation will be
Where :
k is in milli-Darcies (mD);
u is in RB/day/ft2;
dx dp is in psi/ft;
m is in centipoise (cP);
Y is specific gravity (dimensionless)
55
5-Permeability From RFT
The pressure profiles recorded using the Repeat Formation Tester

(RFT*) With this technique, permeability can be estimated from the
pressure drawdown data during fluid flow and from the pressure
buildup data following the flow test. Assuming a spherical flow from the
formation towards the packer and the sampling probe, implying a small
volume of formation, equilibrium conditions are usually reached very
early in the drawdown period, thus the fall in pressure may be
expressed by the equation:
ΔPss: pressure drop in psi during drawdown

C : factor depends on the type of flow
q : flow volume in cm3,
µ: : the fluid viscosity in centipoises
rp : the probe radius in cm
re : the external radius of the pressure perturbation.
56
5-Permeability From RFT
The measurement of permeability carried out by this method has two limitations: At
very high permeability the pressure drawdown is too small to be accurately measured
by the strain gauge manometer whose resolution is 1 psi (0.1 psi with the
RFT-B tool). This resolution may, to an extent, be improved using a quartz

manometer such as the Hewlett-Packard gauge whose resolution is 0.01 psi (0.002 psi for
the RFT-B). At very low permeability, the pressure may fall below the bubble point. When
this happens the gas (or the vapor) comes out of solution and the quantity of liquid coming
from the formation is less than volumetric displacement of the pretest pistons. There are
several factors which must be taken into account.
57
6-Permeability From NMR
Several decades of methods using the nuclear magnetic logging data for
permeability are given by the works of many petrophysicists, the famous ones
are from Schlumberger and Coates. All of the methods are concluded into two
types.
(1) K from /NMR and distribution of T2 (2) K from /NMR; /FFI; /BVI
For sand b1 = 4 b2 = 2 lightly affected by hydrocarbonate. Cks and Ckc in

Eqs. (10.14) and (10.15) are affected by the surface relaxation ability of rock,
and so, for same region, different zone, these coefficient are different, and
determined by core analysis experiments.
58
59
Basic Rock Properties ( Wettability )
the concept of wettability.
Definition of wettability and its importance to the petroleum industry.
Parameter Definition Importance

Wettability Tendency of a We use wettability to
fluid to spread help us understand
on a solid surface oil production when
in the presence injecting water as
of another wettability has a
immiscible fluid. primary role in water
injection performance
60
Applications of Wettability
The applications of wettability can be viewed in our daily lives. For

instance, rain coats, umbrellas, wool on sheep, and even ducks’
feathers are created to be oil-wet in order to repel water and
prevent it from soaking into the material by spontaneous imbibition.
On the other hand, towels and tissues, in general, are made to be
water-wet to soak up water. When dealing with reservoir rocks,
wettability helps in understanding the saturation distribution in the
reservoir at the pore-scale, as shown in Figure below. Different
wettability states will have different saturation distributions at the
pore-scale. In addition, the amount of oil recovered by water
injection is mainly dictated by the wettability of the rock
61
(a) a water-wet system (b) an oil-wet system

where oil (green) where water (blue)
remains in the center remains at the center of
the pores and fills the
of the pores and fills
large pores while the oil
the large pores,
surrounds the water
62
Classification of Wettability
In an oil-water reservoir, wettability can be divided into four
categories:
1. Water-wet
2. Intermediate-wet or neutral-wet
3. Oil – wet
4. Mixed-wet,
63
(1) Water-wet : where the rock surface

prefers to be coated with water and thus
the rock has a high affinity towards water,
allowing water to spread on the surface
(Figure a). This means that the contact
angle will be less than 90° as the water
spreads on the surface.
(2) Intermediate-wet or neutral-wet, where

the surface has an almost equal tendency
to be coated by one of the fluids (either oil
or water) (Figure b). This means that the
contact angle is around 90° as the surface
has equal affinity towards both oil and
water.
64
(3) Oil-wet : where the rock prefers to be in

contact with oil, opposite to the water-wet
case (Figure c). In this case, the contact
angle will be greater than 90° as the
surface prefers to be in contact with oil over
water.
(4) Mixed-wet : where parts of the rock

prefer to be in contact with oil and the
other parts prefer to be in contact with
water (Figure d). Mixed- wettability can
also be referred to as fractional wettability
and the contact angle will vary depending
on the region of the rock
65
Measuring Wettability
Wettability can be measured directly or indirectly :
1. Direct measurements include :
 contact angle
 and Amott index.
1. Indirect measurements include :
 imbibition capillary pressure
 and waterflood relative permeability.

66
Basic Rock Properties ( Saturation )
67
The concept of fluid saturation can be explained through a glass filled

with different fluids Figure a shows a glass filled entirely with water,
meaning that the entire pore volume (glass volume) is occupied by
water and thus the water saturation is 100%. Fluid saturation is the
volume of a particular fluid in a rock sample divided by the pore
volume. In Figure b, an identical glass is occupied by both water and
oil. Here, the water saturation cannot be 100% as the oil is sharing
some space with the water. Finally, Figure c has water, oil, and gas in
the same glass, and thus the saturation of each fluid will be less than
100%.
68
69
Similarly, rocks are filled with one or more fluids. Fluid saturation
helps us quantify the amount of hydrocarbons or water in the rock.
We can classify the saturation into three categories: water, oil, or
gas. Water saturation, Sw, is the volume of water in a rock divided by
the pore volume:
Equation 1
where S is the water saturation [dimensionless], V is the volume of water in

w w
the pore spaces [cm ], and V is the pore volume [cm ].

3
p
3
70
Equation 2
Equation 3
Equation 4
71
However, if a reservoir only contains oil and water, then Equation

4 will reduce to Sw + So = 1. Although Equation 4 is very simple, it
is helpful in finding an unknown fluid saturation mathematically.
Similar to porosity, fluid saturation is either presented as a fraction

or a percentage; however, bear in mind that it should always be
used as a fraction in calculations.
72
Figure below: Schematic showing a cross section of a rock at the

microscopic scale: (a) all the pore spaces are filled with water (Sw = 1),
(b) the pore spaces are filled with water and oil (Sw + So = 1), and (c) the
pore spaces are filled with water, oil, and gas (Sw + So + Sg = 1).
73
74
Summary of all the parameters used in Archie’s equation. The

symbol [–] indicates that the parameter is dimensionless.
Parameter Definition Unit
Sw Water saturation -
ф Porosity -
Rw Water resistivity Ω.m
Ro Rock resistivity when the rock is 100% Ω.m
saturated with water
Rt True resistivity (including hydrocarbons Ω.m
in the rock)
m Cementation exponent (usually 2) -
n Saturation exponent (usually 2) -
a Empirical constant (usually 1) -
75
Archie Equation to calculate SW :
Water saturation (Sw) of a

reservoir's uninvaded zone is
calculated by the Archie
(1942) formula
76
Archie Equation to calculate SW :

Water saturation (Sw) of a reservoir's uninvaded zone is calculated by the
Archie (1942) formula
a
m 1. Core analysis ( cut off value )
2. Pickett plot ( relation between resistivity and porosity )
n 3. Rw also can estimate from SP , or water lab test
Rw
77
Calculated formation's flushed zone (Sxo)
Logheader
Log header
78
Rw Determination
79
5-Capillary Pressure
80
Basic Rock Properties (Capillary Pressure)
Summary of fluid saturation and its importance to the petroleum

industry.
Parameter Symbol Definition Importance
Capillary Pc The pressure We use drainage
Pressure difference capillary pressure
between the non- to determine fluid
wetting phase distribution in
and the wetting reservoir (initial
phase across the condition) above the
interface. free water level.
81
Applications of Capillary Pressure
Drainage and water re-saturation capillary pressure curves have

different applications. Drainage capillary curves are used to find the
fluid saturation above the free water level. These curves can be used
to find the actual depth of the FOL/ FWL from the RFT data, as
explained before, or to find the gas/oil contact and oil/ water contact
GOC/OWC from wireline logging, as briefly discussed in Chapter
6. Once a depth is identified, the capillary pressure curve can be
calibrated to find fluid saturations at specific depths. In addition, it
can identify the depth of
82
Applications of Capillary Pressure
the transition zone and the clean oil zone. Water re-saturation capillary curves,
on the other hand, tell us about the flow of oil when water is introduced in the
system. They also can help in identifying the wettability of the system.
However,
they are not frequently used in the petroleum industry because
1. they are difficult to be measured in the laboratory and that is because the
spontaneous imbibition process is rapid and difficult to be measured
accurately,
2. relative permeability is easier to be measured and gives us more
information about multi-phase flow
83
5-Capillary Pressure
Capillary pressure is the pressure difference across the curved interface
formed by two immiscible fluids in a small capillary tube. The pressure
difference is
Where :
Pc : capillary pressure (psi)
Pnw : pressure in non-wetting phase (psi)
Pw : pressure in wetting phase (psi)
84
Oil–Water Capillary Pressure

Oil is the non-wetting phase in a water-wet oil–water reservoir. Capillary
pressure
for an oil–water system is
Where :
Po :pressure in the oil phase (psia)
Pw : pressure in the water phase (psia)
Capillary pressure increases with height above the oil–water contact (OWC)
as
water saturation decreases.
85
Gas–Oil Capillary Pressure

In gas–oil systems, gas usually behaves as the non-wetting phase, and oil is
the
wetting phase. Capillary pressure between oil and gas in such a system is
Where :
Pg : pressure in the gas phase (psia)
Po : pressure in the oil phase (psia)
Capillary pressure increases with height above the gas–oil contact (GOC) as
the
wetting phase saturation decreases.
86
Capillary Pressure measurement
Can estimate the Capillary

pressure from special core
analysis ,
Capillary pressure is usually

determined in the laboratory by
centrifuge experiments
that provide a relationship
between capillary pressure Pc
and water saturation Sw. A typical
Pc versus Sw curve has the
following features
87
Contents
88
(1) Reservoir Fluid Properties can Estimated from PVT sample
 Oil Compressibility
 Oil Viscosity
 Oil Density
 Oil Formation Volume Factor
 Gas Formation Volume factor
 Gas-Oil Ratio
 Bubble point pressure
89
Basic Fluid Properties
 • Types of fluid Sampling
(1) Sub-surface sampling (Down-hole sampling)

1-DST strings
2-Wireline sample ( MDT – in open hole )
3- Slickline ( cased hole )
(2) Surface sampling

1-Wellhead samples
2-Separator samples
Sub-surface sampling for Oil Reservoirs Subsurface

samples are generally taken with the well shut-in.
The sample should be taken under single-phase
conditions, Pres > Pb The well should be fully
cleaned up A static pressure gradient survey should
be performed either prior to or during sampling to
check for the presence of water at the bottom of the
well
90
Surface sampling for Oil/gas Reservoirs Sampling at the wellhead Valid

fluid samples are only likely to be obtained if the fluid is single-phase at
the wellhead Poses safety hazards (high-pressure fluid...) Sampling at
the separator Easier, safer, cheaper Only reliable surface method if fluid
is two-phase at the wellhead
Wellhead sampling Sample point should be as near wellhead as possible
Separator sampling The most important factor in separator sampling is

stability of conditions Stabilized gas and oil flow rates (and therefore
GOR) Stabilized temperature Stabilized wellhead pressure Gas and
liquid samples should be taken simultaneously, as they are a matched
pair Oil and gas rates must be measured carefully Sample points must
be as close to the separator as possible
91
Separator sampling
92
The following terms are defined for the black oil model:
Bo :oil formation volume factor (rb/stb or m3/scm)

= the ratio of oil volume at reservoir conditions to the oil volume at
surface conditions
Rs : solution gas-oil ratio ratio (SCF=stb or scm=scm)

= the ratio of the standard volume of solution gas dissolved in the
oil at a given pressure to the oil volume at surface conditions
Bg : gas formation volume factor (rb=SCF or m3/scm)

= the ratio of gas volume at a reservoir conditions to the gas
volume at surface conditions
Bw : water formation volume factor (rb=stb or m3/scm)

= the ratio of water volume at reservoir conditions to the water
volume at surface conditions
93
Bubble point pressure (pb)

Bubble point pressure (pb) is the Pressure at which first bubble of gas is released from
reservoir oils
Gas oil ratio (GOR)

Gas oil ratio (GOR)=total associated gas (SCF) / total crude production (STB) @ 60 f, 14.7
psi
Shrinkage factor (SF)

Shrinkage factor (SF) = Stock tank barrel (STB) / reservoir fluid barrel
Fluid Viscosity (µo,g,w)

Is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow
Fluid viscosity depends on pressure, temperature, and fluid composition.
Typical values:
Oil: 0.2 to 30 cp
Gas: 0.01 to 0.05 cp
Water: 0.5 to 1.05 cp
94
95
Example of Black oil properties
96
Reference
97
About Authorized
Name: Abbas Radhi Abbas ‫عباس راضي عباس‬
Position: Chief Engineer / petroleum Engineer ‫مهندس نفط‬
Nationality: Iraq- Missan ‫العراق ميسان‬
Date of Birth: 1978
Gender: Male
Education Background:
Period Education description
University of Bagdad – college of Engineering – petroleum engineering department-
1996-2001
(BSc)
Certificates of Appreciation
15 Certificates of Appreciation from difrent international companies such as (Schlumberger-Halliburton,
Weatherford , CNOOC , COSL , BHDC )
24 online webinar for SPE , 2 papers ,
Work Experience : in Missan Oil Company ( MOC)
Period Work description
(2004-2006) reservoir engineer ‫مهندس مكامن‬
(2006-2010 ) water injection engineer ‫مهندس حقن ماء‬
during (2011) drilling and workover engineer ‫مهندس حفر واستصالح‬
(2011 to 2024 ) petrophysics manager in Reservoir department ‫مدير البتروفيزياء‬
Language:
Mother language: Arabic
Second language/level: English/Fluent oral and written in English. 98
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Rock and Fluid Properties - (Overview)

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Rock and Fluid Properties - (Overview)

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Lecture No : 27

Abbas Radhi Abbas

2 Basic Rock Properties

3 Basic Fluid Properties

Core Wireline logging