Unit 1: Solids, Liquids and Gases:

à What is ma7er made from?

Ma#er is anything that has mass and volume.
à What is mass?
The amount of ma#er in an object.
à What is volume?
The space occupied by an object.

à Substance or material?
Most materials are mixtures. Wood is a mixture, so is soil and most rock. But
some materials are not mixtures. They have just one type of ma#er. A material
that has one type of ma#er is called a substance. Examples of substances: silver,
sugar, and pure water.
Every substance has its own type of parDcle.
► Substances exist as solid, liquid and gas. These are the three states of
ma#er.
► All substances are made up of Dny parDcles which can be atoms,
molecules or ions.
à What is a vacuum?
A space that has no parDcles (and so no ma#er) is called a vacuum. Most of
outer space is close to being a vacuum. But there are a few parDcles in outer
space. They are very, very, very far apart.

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States of Ma7er ProperAes:

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 States of ma7er parAcle theory:
Solid Liquid Gas
Arrangeme ParDcles are very ParDcles are close ParDcles are very
nt of close together to each other (sDll far from each other
par0cles
(touching each touching each & arranged
other) & arranged in other) but not randomly (not is a
a pa#ern arranged randomly pa#ern)
(not in a pa#ern)
Separa0on ParDcles are Dghtly ParDcles are loosely ParDcles are widely
of par0cles packed packed, sDll separated & far
touching each apart
other
Movement ParDcles can only ParDcles slide over ParDcles move very
of par0cles vibrate each other fast, freely
&randomly in all
direcDons
A7rac0on Very Strong Strong Very weak
forces
between
par0cles
Energy of ParDcles have small ParDcles have ParDcles have a lot
par0cles amount of energy moderate amount of energy
of energy
Diagram

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Changes of state – evaporating,
boiling, and condensing
How does the parAcle model explain changes of state?
When a substance changes from one state to another, its parDcles stay the same.
They do not change. The things that change are:
§ how the parDcles are arranged
§ how the parDcles move
§ the separaDon of the parDcles.
EvaporaDon is the change of state from liquid to gas that can happen at any
temperature.
In the liquid state, parDcles touch each other. They move around, sliding over
each other. Some parDcles move faster than others. The faster-moving parDcles
leave the surface of liquid. They separate from each other, forming gas. This is
evaporaDon.
Most substances change state, not just water.

Boiling is the change of state from liquid to gas. It only happens if the liquid is hot enough.

When you heat liquid water, bubbles of steam form everywhere in the liquid. In liquid
water, the particles are touching each other. Inside the bubbles, the particles are spread
out. The bubbles rise to the surface and escape. The water is boiling.

The temperature that a substance boils at is its boiling point. Different substances have
different boiling points. A substance has a high boiling point if its particles hold together
strongly. A substance has a low boiling point if its particles hold together weakly.

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Condensing or condensation is the change of state from gas to liquid. A gas condenses at
any temperature below its boiling point.

When a substance changes from the gas state to the liquid state, the particles in the gas
move more slowly. They get closer until they are touching, forming liquid. The substance
has condensed.

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Review Ques0ons

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States of Ma*er con.nued
Ø Mel0ng point: is the temperature at which the substance melts (changes from solid to
liquid)
Ø Freezing point: temperature at which the substance freezes (changes from liquid to
solid)
Ø Mel0ng point is the same temperature as freezing point of water
Ø Sublima0on: The change of state from solid to gas directly without passing by the
liquid state
Ø Deposi0on (de-sublima0on): The change of state from gas to solid directly without
passing by the liquid state
Ø What is the effect of temperature on the state of ma2er of a substance?

Temperature

§ A substance is a solid at any temperature below its mel0ng point.

§ A substance is liquid at any temperature between its mel0ng point and boiling point.
§ A substance is a gas at any temperature above its boiling point.

Accordingly, when a substance is heated, the par0cles gain energy move faster and get
further apart so the substance expands. (The par0cles do not get bigger; they just get
further apart).
When the substance is cooled, the par0cles lose energy, move slower and get closer
together so the substance contracts. (The par0cles do not get smaller; they just get closer
apart).

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Examples:

What will happen to the diameter of a balloon placed in hot water?

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 Dissolving and Solubility

Solute Solvent Solu4on

§ Solute: A solid that dissolves in a solvent to form a soluDon.

§ Solvent: The liquid in which the solid dissolves.
§ SoluAon: A mixtures formed of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
Examples: Salt soluDon (salt+ water)
Sugar soluDon (sugar+ water)
Copper sulfate soluDon (copper sulfate + water)

The parDcle theory explains how things dissolve in the following way . There
are small gaps between the parDcles in a liquid. When a substance dissolves in
a liquid, its parDcles spread out and fill the gaps. The figure below shows how
parDcles in a solid solute are pulled apart by the parDcles in the liquid solvent,
which then move between them.

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 Solu%on
Ø All soluDons are transparent. This means you can see through them. This
does not mean they are colorless. e.g. Copper sulfate soluDon is a clear blue
soluDon.
Ø On the other hand, opaque liquids are not considered soluDons e.g. milk
Ø CalculaDng mass of a soluDon:
Mass of a soluAon = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent
No mass has been lost. The mass has been conserved.

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Ø Solubility:
§ is the mass of the solute that can dissolve in 100g of water at
a given temperature

§ Every substance has a different solubility. The greater the

mass of the substance that will dissolve the more soluble the
substance is.
Example: at 20 OC,85g of Lithium chloride were dissolved in 100 g of water but
only 37 g of sodium chloride dissolved in 100 g of water. Accordingly, lithium
chloride is more soluble in water than sodium chloride at 20 OC.

§ Solubility increases by increasing temperature.

Example: 30 gm of sodium chloride will dissolve in 100 g of water at 50 OC

faster than dissolving the same amount of sodium chloride in 100 g of water at
10 OC

Concentrated Solu0on Dilute Solu0on Saturated Solu0on

A solu0on in which a lot of A solu0on in which a few A solu0on in which no more

par0cles of solute dissolve par0cles of solute dissolve solute can dissolve in the
in the solvent in the solvent solvent

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