2 Clauses

Chapter 2: Clauses
CHAPTER 2: CLAUSES
An Introduction to Clauses
OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, you will be able to

identify the types of clauses in English.
interpret their functions.
use different clauses properly in your writing.
GETTING STARTED
Work in groups of four. Discuss the following questions. You can use any resources
(grammar books, internet, etc.) to help you.
1. How many kinds of clauses are there in English? What are they?
2. What are the structures and functions of each kind of clauses?
GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE
I. Definition of Clauses
A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a finite verb.
Examples: - The round-faced girl is my friend’s sister. (phrase)
- The girl having a round face is my friend’s sister. (phrase)
- The girl who has a round face is my friend’s sister. (clause)
- The girl who has a round face is my friend’s sister. (clause)
II. Classification
There are two main kinds of clauses: independent (or main) clauses and dependent (or
subordinate) clauses.
An independent clause is one that can stand by themselves, as separate sentences.
Examples:
- The crew could see the whale, which had surfaced only 50m behind them.
- Do you know the butcher who went to court on Saturday?
- I am not tidying the dishes unless Peter helps.
- The excellence of a gift lies in how appropriate it is rather than how valuable it is.
A dependent clause is one that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not
express a complete thought.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Examples:
- The crew could see the whale, which had surfaced only 50m behind them.
- Do you know the butcher who went to court on Saturday?
- I am not tidying the dishes unless Peter helps.
- The excellence of a gift lies in how appropriate it is rather than how valuable it is.
Dependent clauses can act as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. There are 3 kinds of dependent
clauses: Noun clauses, Adjective clauses, and Adverbial clauses.
Example: - On weekends, we can do whatever we want. (Noun clause)
- The people whose names are on the list will go to camp. (Adjective clause)
- When you get home, call me. (Adverbial clause)
CHAPTER 2: CLAUSES
Unit 1: Noun clauses
OBJECTIVES: By the end of this unit, you will be able to

identify noun clauses;
interpret the functions of noun clauses; and
use noun clauses correctly.
GETTING STARTED
3. What is a noun clause?
4. What are the forms of noun clauses?
5. What are the functions of noun clauses in sentences?
GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE
I. Definition
A noun clause is a clause used as a noun in the sentence.
II. Forms
Noun clauses beginning with - I don’t know where she lives.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
a question word derive - I couldn’t hear what he said.

from information - Do you know when they arrive?
questions - I don’t know who lives there.
When Who - Please tell me what happened.
Where Whom - I don’t know who those men are.
Why What
- I wonder whose house that is.
How Which
Whose - What she said surprised me.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Noun clause beginning with - Whoever wants to come is welcome.

an --ever word = Anyone who wants to come is welcome.
Whoever - He makes friends easily with who(m)ever he meets.
Whomever - He always says whatever comes to his mind.
Whatever - There are 4 good programs on TV at 8 o’clock. We can
Whichever watch whichever program you prefer.
- She can go wherever she wants to go.
Noun clauses beginning with - I don’t know whether she will come.
Whether or If derive I don’t know if she will come.
from Yes/No Questions I don’t know whether or not she will come.
I don’t know whether she will come or not.
I don’t know if she will come or not.
- Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.
Noun clauses beginning with - I think (that) he is a good actor.
That follow certain verbs, - We know (that) the world is round.
adjectives, or nouns - That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious.
It is obvious (that) she doesn’t understand spoken English.
- That the world is round is a fact.
It is a fact that the world is round.
Common Verbs followed by THAT Noun clause

Verbs of thinking
assume believe - I hope that you will enjoy your holiday.
decide dream - She didn’t really think that it would happen.
expect feel
forget guess - I knew that I had seen her somewhere before.
hope imagine
know remember
suppose think
understand
Verbs of saying
admit allege - They admitted that they had made a mistake.
agree announce - She argued that they should invest more in the business.
answer argue
- The children complained that they had nothing to do.
assert claim
complain conclude
declare deny
explain mention
predict promise
reply say
suggest
Other verbs
discover doubt - I suspect that she eloped with her boyfriend.
find out hear - We discovered that our luggage had been stolen.
learn notice
observe pretend
prove realize
recognize regret
remember show
suspect
Note:
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Some verbs of saying - We tried to tell them that they should stop what they were
must always have an indirect doing.
object: tell, convince, persuade, - The police informed everybody that the danger was over.
inform, remind
After verbs such as discuss, we must use the fact that (not that) to introduce a noun clause.
conceal discuss
dispute disregard - We discussed the fact that he had been absent a lot.
hide ignore NOT: We discussed that he had been absent a lot.
overlook
support
After prepositions and phrasal - He pointed to the fact that Britain is an island.
verbs, we also use the fact that NOT: He pointed to that Britain is an island.
(not that). - They covered up the fact that people had died.
NOT: They covered up that people had died.
We can use other nouns with - I don’t agree with the idea that older is wiser.
more specific meanings such as - They played down the news that prices had risen.
idea or news instead of fact in
these structures.
Be + Common Adjectives followed by THAT Noun clause

Other verbs
afraid amazed - I am sorry that you can’t come.
annoyed angry - Everybody was pleased that the danger was past.
aware certain - It is lucky that you were able to drive us home.
clear concerned
disappointed glad
grateful happy
nervous obvious
sorry sure
surprised worried
Common Nouns followed by Noun clauses

advantage advice
agreement argument - He made a promise that he would do all he could to help.
assumption belief - I had a funny feeling that something was wrong.
chance claim
conclusion danger - She pointed out the danger that they might be left behind.
decision difficulty - There was a chance that we would succeed
effect evidence
fact feeling
guess hope
idea impression
message notion
opinion possibility
prediction problem
promise report
threat warning
Note:
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Chapter 2: Clauses
After nouns such as issue and question, we include of before a wh-clause.

consideration discussion
example knowledge - We considered the issue of what we mean by freedom.
issue matter - It’s a question of how we can survive.
problem question
review
Noun + be + THAT clause

danger problem - The danger is that we will be left behind.
chance possibility - The fact is that it is getting very late.
fact
NOTES:
1. THAT may be dropped in some cases.
When the Noun clause is in - We all hope (that) you’ll be able to come.
Object position - I hear (that) you have been promoted Captain.
- We know (that) the world is round.
When the Noun clause is after - It is obvious (that) she doesn’t understand spoken English.
Be + Adjective - Muriel was glad (that) she had come.
When the Noun clause is after a - I have a feeling (that) this is a mistake.
Noun that takes Noun clauses - It was a pity (that) the plan would fail.
- It was a good thing (that) we reach home in time.
2. The Subjunctive is used in a Noun clause that follows certain verbs, nouns and adjectives. The
subjunctive is more common in American English than British English. In British English, Should
+ Vo is more usual.
advise order crucial - The teacher demands that we be on time.
ask propose essential - I insisted that he pay me the money.
beg recommend imperative
command request important
- I recommended that she not go to the concert.
demand require (in)appropriate - It is important that they be told the truth.
intend suggest (un)necessary
insist stipulate vital
instruct warn
III. Functions
Functions Examples
- How and when they appear is a secret.
- That she told a lie makes him so sad.
1. Subject of Verb + Vsing.
- It is disappointing that Tom can’t come.
That Tom can’t come is disappointing.
- Who loses will pay.
- The trouble is that we are short of money.
- The question is how we are going to get some money.
- The important thing is what you do, not what you say.
2. Subjective Complement
- What surprise me most was that they were so cheerful
about their lost.
- What I wonder is whether she will come.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
3. Object of Verb
- We saw that the plan would fail.
- He wonders if his friends are willing to help him.
S+V+O - Nobody can know whether the agreement will promise a
lasting peace.
- The president examined what his advisors reported.
- They inform the manager that they were willing to work
overtime.
- She reminds me that she is in need of my help.
S + V (+prep) + IO + DO - We explained to everyone present that the delay was
inevitable.
- They suggested to the manager that the business should be
improved.
- We all consider your behavior wrong.
We all consider it wrong that you disobeyed your father.
S + V + O + OC
- I think it strange that everybody hates me.
(with formal object IT)
- We count it an honor that we could die for our country.
- I think it a pity that you didn’t try harder.
- He is responsible for what he says.
- I take no interest in what you have suggested.
4. Object of Preposition
- Everything depends on whether will pass your exam.
- He laughed at what you said.
- The news that they married was a surprise to everyone.
- He expressed a hope that you would soon be well again.
5. Appositive
- She told me her plan that she would write a story of her life.
- Is there any proof that the pistol was his?
6. Complement of - I’m happy that we finished on time.
Adjective - She had been nervous that she would miss her flight.
NOTES:
1. Noun clauses as subjects or after false subject It
▪ Instead of putting the noun - That we won the match surprised eveyone.
= It surprised everyone that we won the match.
clause in subject position, we
usually use it as a false - That the other team played badly really helped us.
subject and put the that clause = It really helped us that the other team played badly.
or the wh- clause at the end. - How the thief broke in is obvious, but why they only
took one old computer is a mystery.
= It is obvious how the thief broke in, but it is a mystery
why they only took one old computer.
b. We can use whether or if in a - It doesn’t really matter whether/if you go now or later.
noun clause at the end after it
as subject, but only whether in - Whether you go now or later doesn’t really matter.
a noun clause in subject If you go now or later doesn’t really matter.
position.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
2. Noun clauses as objects or after false object It
a. We can use a noun clause as - We learned that pineapples don’t grow on trees.
an object after a verb to - No one noticed that the keys were missing.
express facts or ideas, and in - She could never anticipate what he might want.
indirect speech. - Ewan suggested that we should leave early.
- He screamed that he hated school.
- She said that she felt that everyone was against her.
b. Some verbs need an indirect - I’ll show you how it works.
object (you, me) before a noun - He told me that he loved me.
clause as direct object: show, He told that he loved me.
tell, assure, convince, inform,
notify, persuade, remind,
warn.
c. After verbs of liking or not - He doesn’t like it that she still smokes.
liking, we use it as a false - I hate it that nobody ever cleans up after the meetings.
object before a noun clause.
d. After thinking verbs such as - They consider it an offence that women go out in public
consider or think, we can use without covering their head.
it as a false object + a - I think it odd that no one called us.
noun/adjective + a noun cl.
e. regard/see/view + it + as - Many people regard it as a really bad idea that the

N/Adj + N cl. police have started carrying guns.
IV. ‘Wish’ sentences

Main clause Noun Clauses Meanings Examples
(no relation
to)
- He wishes he knew her address.
He wished he knew her address.
S + Ved/2/WERE A wish for things to be
(Past Subjunctive) different in the present - He wishes his mother were here.
- If only I were taller, I might be better
at basket ball.
- Tom wishes his neighbors wouldn’t
A wish for sth to
S + WISH S + Would make so much noise.
happen or to stop
IF ONLY (Conditional)
happening in the future - If only you would try to keep the
place tidy.
- He wishes he had met her yesterday.
S + Had Ved/3
(Perfect Subjunctive)
A wish about the past - If only David had been a bit more
careful, he would have been all right.
V. Reported Speech
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. Definition: Reported speech or indirect speech is the words of the speaker reported
indirectly to a third person.
Example: Direct speech: Tom said, ‘I will come.’
Indirect speech: Tom said that he would come.
2. Reported speech of statement

SAY (to s.o) - Trevor says, ‘I’m tired.’
TELL s.o ⭢ Trevor says (that) he is tired.
announce - He says, ‘I’m going home.’
answer ⭢ He says (that) he is going home.
S THAT Statement
explain - She tells me, ‘I want to stop.’
mention ⭢ She tells me she wants to stop.’
promise
reply
CHANGES IN TENSES
When the reporting verb is in the past, the tense in reported speech normally moves back.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH/REPORTED
SPEECH
Present Simple Past Simple
- Mary says, ‘He has a new book.’ - Mary said (that) he had a new book.
But the Simple Present is unchanged when
it denotes an all time truth or habit.
- Tom says, ‘The earth is round.’ - Tom said (that) the earth is round.
- Tom says, ‘I wake up early every day.’ - Tom said (that) he wakes up early every
day.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
- Bob says, ‘I am writing a novel.’ - Bob said that he was writing a novel.
Past Simple Past Perfect
- Dick said, ‘They ate breakfast.’ - Dick said that they had eaten breakfast.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
- Jean said, ‘I’ve met him before.’ - Jean said that she had met him before.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
- Doris said, ‘We were studying English.’ - Doris said that they had been studying
English.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
- Larry said, ‘I’ve been waiting for her. - Larry said that he had been waiting for
her.
Future Conditional
- He said, ‘I will be in Paris on Monday.’ - He said that he would be in Paris on
Monday.
Conditional (would, should, could, might, Conditional (would, should, could, might,
ought to) ought to)
I said, ‘I would like to see it.’ I said I would like to see it.
NOTES:
Unreal past tenses after Wish, - ‘We wish we didn’t have to take exam,’ said the
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Would rather/ Would sooner, children.

It is time do not change. → The children said they wished they didn’t have to
take exam.
- ‘Bill wants to go alone,’ said Ann, ‘but I’d rather he
went with a group.’
→ Ann said that Bill wanted to go alone, but she’d
rather he went with a group.
- ‘It’s time we began planning our holiday,’ he said.
→ He said that it was time they began planning their
holidays.
Conditional sentences type 2 & - ‘If my children were older, I would emigrate,’ he said.
3 remained unchanged. Tom said that if his children were older he would
emigrate.
CHANGE IN ADVERBS OF TIME, PLACE, AND OTHERS

now → then, at the time “I’m writing now.” → He was writing then.
“Do it right now!” → He told us to do it at
right now → at once
once.
“Today we have a new test.”
today → that day, on Monday, on ....
→ That day they had a new test.
“I found my key yesterday.”
yesterday → the day before, the
→ He had found his key the day before/ the
previous day
previous day.
tomorrow → the next day/ the “Tomorrow we’ll have a party.”
following day, → The next day they would have a party.
on Monday, on ...
He said, She is coming this week.’
this week → that week
→ He said she was coming that week.
next week → the following “She’ll come back next week.”
week → She would come back the following week.
last week → the week before, the “Tom had a cold last week.”
previous week → Tom had a cold the previous week.
“We received her letter two days ago.”
ago → before, earlier → They had received her letter two days
before.
She said, ‘The train will leave here in 5 minutes.’
here → there, at the flat, beside her, ... → She said that the train would leave there in 5
minutes.
Blair said, “My dog always sleeps here under
the porch by this door.”
this → that
→ Blair said that her dog always sleeps there
under the porch by that door.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
CHANGE IN PRONOUNS
first person: agrees with the - He said, “I’ve forgotten the combination of my safe.”
function and number of the → He said that he had forgotten the combination of
Subject in the main clause. his safe.
second person: agrees with the - I said, “I like my new house.”
function and number of the → I said that I like my new house.
Object.
- He says, “I know her.”→ He says he knows her.
third person: remains unchanged.
- He said to me, “You are late.”→ He said to me I was
late.
3. Reported speech of questions

YES-NO questions
- ‘Is anyone there?’ he asked.
→ He asked if/ whether anyone was there.
- ‘Do you know Bill?’ he said.
asked + O → He asked if/ whether I knew Bill.
wondered
WHETHER
S wanted to S + V - ‘Do you want to insure your luggage or not?’
IF
know he asked.
inquired → He asked whether or not I wanted to insure
my luggage.
→ He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or
not.
WH- questions
- He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”
asked + O → He asked (her) why she hadn’t put on the brake.
wondered
WH- S + - She said, “What do you want?” → She asked
S wanted to
word V (them) what they wanted.
know
inquired - He said, “Mary, when is the next train?” → He
asked Mary when the next train was.
4. Reported speech of commands, advice and offers

S asked O TO Vo - He said, ‘Lie down, Tom.’
told NOT TO → He told Tom to lie down.
order Vo
suggested - He said, ‘Get your coat, Tom.’
recommended → He told Tom to get his coat.
requested
- ‘You had better hurry, Bill!’ she said.
commanded
advised → She advised Bill to hurry.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
- ‘Don’t swim out too far, boys,’ I said.

→ I warned/ told the boys not to swim out too far.
- He said, ‘Go away!’
→ He told me(/him/her/us/them/the children) to go
away.
- He said, “Could I see Tom, please?”
→ He asked to see Tom.
offered - ‘Do, please, send me to a warm climate,’ he asked/
begged.
→ He asked/ begged us to send him to a warm
climate.
- ‘Let’s sell the house,’ said Tom. ‘Let’s not,’ said Ann.
→ Tom suggested selling the house but Ann was
against it.
- ‘We could help you.’ → They offered to help me.
We can sometimes report advice, orders, requests, suggestions, etc. about things that need to
be done or are desirable using a that clause with should + bare infinitive.
Examples: - They have proposed that Jim should move to their London office.
- Alice thinks that we should avoid driving through the centre of town.
- I suggested that Mr Clarke should begin to look for another job.
- It has been agreed that the company should not raise its prices.
- They directed that the building should be pulled down.
- The report recommends that the land should not be sold.
- We urged that the students should be told immediately.
- We insist that the money should be available to all students in financial
difficulties.
In formal context, particularly in written English, we can often leave out should but keep the
infinitive (the subjunctive).
Example: - They directed that the building be pulled down.
- We insist that the money be available to all students in financial difficulties.
Some structures of reporting offers, suggestions, orders, intentions, etc.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. Verb + O + to Infinitive ‘You should take the job, Frank.’

1,4,6 - She encouraged Frank to take the job.
Advise , ask, call on, command, compel,
encourage, expect, instruct, invite, order, ‘It must be a peaceful demonstration.’
persuade, recommend1,6, remind, request, - Dr. Baker called on the crowds to
tell, urge, warn demonstrate peacefully.
2. Verb + to Infinitive ‘I’ll take you to town.’
- She offered to take me to town.
Agree, demand, guarantee, hope, promise,
swear, threaten, volunteer, vow ‘The theatre will be built next to the town hall.’
* ask + to inf.: when asking someone’s - They propose to build the theatre next to the
permission town hall.
- I asked to see his identification before i let
him into the house.
- He claimed to be innocent.
3. Verb + That clause/ V + to Infinitive
- He claimed that he was innocent.
Agree, demand, expect, guarantee, hope,
promise, propose, request, vow
- The team captain said that I had to play in
4. Verb + That clause (not: + to Inf.)
goal. (not: ... said to play...)
Advise, insist, order, say, suggest - There were cheers when he suggested that
we went home early. (not: ... suggested to ...)
- Carolyn intends to return to Dublin after a
5. Verb + to Infinitive (not: + That cl.)
year in canada. (not: ... intends that...)
Long, offer, plan, refuse, volunteer - The children wanted to come with us to the
cinema. (not: ... wanted that ...)
- The government proposed closing a number
6. Verb + Gerund (to report suggestions)
of primary school.
Advise, propose, recommend, suggest - The lecturer recommended reading a number
of books before the exam.
5. Reported speech of exclamation
Changing an Exclamatory Sentence into the Reported Speech

Some common exclamatory phrases:
- Hurrah! Ha! (Express joy)
- Alas! Oh! (Express sorrow, regret, or loss)
- Bravo! (Express Applause)
- What! Oh! How! (Express surprise)
- Pooh! Pshaw! (Express contempt)
1. In indirect speech, the The boy said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the match.’
exclamatory phrase or word → The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the
(interjection) is replaced match.
by ‘exclaimed with joy, sorrow,
The old man said, ‘Alas! I have lost my purse.’
regret, surprise, contempt etc.’
→ The old man exclaimed with sorrow that he had
2. Reporting verb SAID / SAID TO lost his purse.
should be changed into
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Chapter 2: Clauses
EXCLAIMED. ‘How glad I am,’ said Alice, ‘to meet my friend

3. Use the conjunction word THAT. here.’ → Alice exclaimed with delight that she was
very glad to meet her friend there.
4. Change that into a Statement.
The Emperor said, ‘Alas! Our foes are too strong!’
5. When WHAT or HOW is → The Emperor exclaimed with sorrow that their
followed by an adjective, use
foes were too strong.
VERY but when WHAT is
followed by a noun use ‘Hurrah!’ cried the boy, ‘I have won a prize.’ → The
(GREAT). boy exclaimed with delight he had done a prize.
6. Change of Personal Pronoun, The child said, ‘What a beautiful sight!’
Tense and Special words. → The child exclaimed with delight that it was a
7. Remove commas, quotation very beautiful sight. OR The child exclaimed with
marks and exclamation mark. delight that the sight was very beautiful.
8. Formula : Subject + exclaimed + The girl said, ‘How beautiful the rainbow is!’
that + other subject (from → The girl exclaimed with delight that the rainbow
Reported Speech) + verb (by was very beautiful.
changing the tense) + very +
The candidate said, ‘How difficult the problem is!’
adjective (or great + noun)+ ….
→ The candidate exclaimed with disapproval that
the problem was very difficult.
"What a shot!"
→ Somebody said it was a (great) shot.
He said, “How dreadful!”
→ He exclaimed that it was dreadful.
He said, “What a dreadful idea!”
→ He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea.
The students said to the teacher, ‘Good morning,
Teacher!’ → The students respectfully wished their
teacher good morning.
He said to me, “Hello! Where are you going?”
→ He greeted (me) and asked me where I was going.
“Good!” he exclaimed.
→ He gave an exclamation of pleasure/
satisfaction.
Pam said, ‘What a mistake I made!’
→ Pam realized what a mistake she had made.
Pam said, ‘This is a wonderful restaurant!’
→ Pam exclaimed that that was a wonderful
restaurant.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Exercise 1: Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell their function.
1. The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.
2. He said that he would not go.
3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.
4. He said that he was not feeling well.
5. I cannot rely on what he says.
6. I don’t know where he has gone.
7. He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.
8. The news that he is alive has been confirmed.
9. The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.
10. It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.
11. It was fortunate that he was present.
12. The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.
13. That he believes his own story is remarkable.
14. He knows all about art, but he doesn't know what he likes.
15. My one regret in life is that I am not someone else.
Exercise 2: If the given words are questions, insert a capital letter and a question mark.
If the given words are a noun clause, write ‘I don’t know’ and a final period.
Example: W where is he?
I don’t know where he is.
1. what he did
2. what did he do
3. how old is he
4. how old he is
5. where did he go
6. where he went
7. why he said that
8. why did he say that
9. who he is
10. who is he
11. when will he arrive
12. when he will arrive
13. who is he talking to
14. which one he bought
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Chapter 2: Clauses
15. what his name is
Exercise 3: Finish the second sentence with a noun clause based on the preceding direct
question.
Example: How do you say this?
- Can you tell me how you say this?
1. How much did it cost?

- He doesn’t remember .
2. How much does it cost?
- Ask the manager .
3. Which do you prefer?
- Please tell the clerk .
4. What cities did you visit?
- Please tell us .
5. What country is he from?
- Let’s ask Bill .
6. Whose book did he use?
- I wonder .
7. Whom should I speak to?
- I would like to know .
8. Who wrote this paper?
- Can you tell me ?
9. Why did you buy it?
- Please tell me .
10. When are they leaving?
- Let’s ask them .
11. Where does Mr Nam live?
- Do you remember ?
12. Who is that man?
- I don’t know .
13. Why did she leave?
- Do you know .
14. Where will he be?
- Let’s ask him .
15. When did Tom return?
- Please tell me .
Exercise 4: Make a question from the given sentence. The words in parentheses should
be the answer to the question you make. Then change the question to a noun clause.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. That man is (Mr. Robertson).

Question: Who is that man?
Noun clause: I want to know who that man is.
2. George lives in (Los Angeles).
Question:
Noun clause: I want to know
3. Ann bought (a new dictionary).

Question:
Noun clause: Do you know
4. It is (350 miles) to Denver from here.

Question:
Noun clause: I need to know
5. Jack was late to class (because he missed the bus).

Question:
Noun clause: The teacher wants to know
6. That is (Ann’s) pen.

Question:
Noun clause: Tom wants to know
7. Alex saw (Ms. Frost) at the meeting.

Question:
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Noun clause: I don’t know
8. (Jack) saw Ms. Frost at the meeting.

Question:
Noun clause: I don’t know
9. Alice likes (this) book best, (not that one).

Question:
Noun clause: I want to know
10. The plane is supposed to land (at 7:14 p.m.).

Question:
Noun clause: Could you tell me
Exercise 5: Use the words in parentheses to complete the sentences. Use any appropriate
verb tense. Some of the completions contain noun clauses and some contain questions.
Examples:
A: Where did Ruth go ? She’s not in her room. (Ruth, go)
B: I don’t know. Ask Tina. She might know where Ruth went . (Ruth, go)
1. A: John is searching every drawer. Do you know what ________________? (he, look for)
B: I have no ideas. Why don’t I just ask him? John? What _________________? (you,
look for)
2. A: Oops! I made a mistake. Where _________________? Didn’t I lend it to you? (my

eraser, be)
B: I don’t have it. Ask Sally where _________________. I think I saw her using it. (it, be)
3. A: I heard that Sam changed his mind about going on the picnic. Why
_________________ to stay home? Is something wrong? (he, decide)
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Chapter 2: Clauses
B: I don’t know. Maybe Jane can tell us why _________________ not to come with us.
Let’s ask her. I hope he’s okay. (he, decide)
4. A: Whose book _________________? (this, be)

B: It’s not mine. I don’t know whose book _________________. (it, be)
5. A: Did Jack get enough food when he went to the market? How much fish
_________________? It takes a lot of fish to feed 12 people. (he, buy)
B: Just relax. I don’t know exactly how much fish _________________, but I’m sure
there’ll be enough for dinner for all of us. (he, buy)
6. A: The door isn’t locked! Why _________________ it before he left? (Fred, lock, not)
B: Why ask me? How am I supposed to know why _________________ it? Maybe he
just forgot. (he, lock, not)
7. A: The Lee family are recent immigrant, aren’t they? How long ___________________
in this country? (they be)
B: I have no idea. Would you like me to ask Mr. Lee how long ___________________
here? I’ll be seeing him this afternoon. (he and his family, live)
8. A: I need a math tutor. Do you know who _________________? (John’s tutor, be)
B: No. Let me ask Phil. Excuse me, Phil? Who _________________? Do you know?
(John’a tutor, be)
9. A: You’re a student here? I’m a student here, too. Tell me what classes
_________________ this term. Maybe we’re in some of the same classes. (you, take)
B: Math 4, English 2, History 6, and Chesmistry 101. What classes _________________?
(you, take)
10. A: Lucy, why _________________ for the exam? You could have done much better if
you’ve been prepared. (you, study, not)
B: Well, Professor Morris, why _________________ for the exam is a long story. I
intended to, but … (I, study, not)
Exercise 6: Circle the best choice.

Example: He asked me where ____.
A. did I live B. I lived C. do you live D .that I lived
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. I talked to Bob two weeks ago. I thought he wanted to know about my cat, but I
misunderstood him. He asked me where ___, not my cat.
A. is my hat B. my hat was C. my hat is D. was my hat
2. ‘The people in the apartment upstairs must have a lot children.’
‘I don’t know how many ___, but it sounds like they have a dozen.’
A. children do they have B. do they have children
C. children they have D. they have children
3. Do you know ___? I myself have no idea.
A. how many years the earth is B. how old the earth is
C. how long is the earth D. how much time has been the earth
4. ‘There’s too much noise in this room. I can’t understand what ___.’ ‘Neither can I.’
A. is the professor saying B. is saying the professor
C. that the professor is saying D. the professor is saying
5. When I was little, my father gave me some advice. He said ___ talk to strangers.
A. I shouldn’t B. that shouldn’t C. don’t D. that I don’t
6. ‘I didn’t expect Ann’s husband to be here at the opera with her.’
‘I’m surprised, too. Ann must have insisted that ___ with her.’
A. he come B. he comes C. he came D. he had come
7. ‘Ms. Wright, can you give me a little extra help typing some letters today?’
‘Sorry, I can’t. The boss has an urgent report for me to write. She demanded that it ___ on
her desk by 5 p.m today.’
A. was B. will be C. is D. be
8. ‘Did you tell Carol where ___ us this evening?’
‘Yes, I did. I can’t understand why she is late.’
A. should she meet B she to meet C. she meets D. to meet
9. A fortune-teller predicted ___ inherit a lot of money before the end of the year.
A. that I would B that I C. what I will D. what I
10. ‘Bill Frazer seems like a good person for the job, but we don’t know why he left his last
job.’
‘I know why. He told me ___ a serious policy disagreement with his boss last January.’
A. if he’d had B. he’d had
C. what he’d had D. that what he had
11. ‘Is it true that you fell asleep in class yesterday and began to snore?’
‘Unfortunately, yes. ___ is unbelievable! I’m very embarrassed.’
A. That I could do such a thing it B. That I could do such a thing
C. I could do such a thing it D. I could do such a thing
12. ‘Officer, can you tell me how to get to Springfield?’
‘Sure. What part of Springfield ___ to go?’
A. do you want B. you want C. that you want D. where you want
13. ‘Is it true ___ the law says there is no smoking in restaurants in this city?’
‘Yes. That law was passed last year.’
A. that what B. what C. if D. that
14. ___ prompt is important to our boss.
A. A person is B. Is a person
C. If a person is D. Whether or not a person is
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Chapter 2: Clauses
15. A scientific observer of world life must note every detail of how ___ in their environment:
their eating and sleeping habits, their social relationships, ad their methods of self-
protection.
A. do animals live B. live animals C. do live animals D. animals live
16. The mystery movie was clever and suspenseful. The audience couldn’t guess ___
committed the murder until the surprise ending.
A. who he B. who had C. that who D. that
17. How do you like your new school? Tell me ___.
A. who in your class is B. who your class is in
C. who is in your class D. your class who is in it
18. ‘What do you recommend ___ about this tax problem?’
‘I strongly suggest that we consult an expert as soon as possible.’
A. do we do B. we will do C. we do D. should we do
19. The college does not grant degrees simply to ___ pays the cost of tuition; the student must
satisfy the academic requirements.
A. whoever B. who C. whomever D. whoever that
20. ‘What are you going to buy in this store?’
‘Nothing. ___ want is much too expensive.’
A. That I B. What I C. That what I D. What do I

1. Do you know _____________________?
A. where we will be taking the TOEFL test
B. where will we be taking the TOEFL test
C. where we will taking the TOEFL test
D. which we will be taking the TOEFL test
2. _________________changed his life forever.
A. That Tomo did B. What did Tomo do
C. What Tomo did D. Who Tomo did
3. I will talk _________________.
A. about whatever is on your mind B. whatever is on your mind
C. about whenever is on your mind D. about whichever is on your mind
4. I don't know ____________________.
A. when will we go to the football game B. whom we will go to the football game
C. whenever we will go to the football game D. when we will go to the football game
5. when the others will arrive?
______________________
A. Do Steve know B. Do Steve knows
C. Does Steve know D. Is Steve know
6. Did the student hear ______________________?
A. who Jim Drake said about open university advising
B. what Jim Drake said about open university advising
C. what did Jim Drake say about open university advising
D. whom Jim Drake say about open university advising
7. After four hours of interrogation, the police officers finally figured out ____________.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
A. who he was behind the Bank of America bank robbery

B. who was behind Bank of America bank robbery
C. who was behind the Bank of America bank robbery
D. whose was behind the Bank of America bank robbery
8. ________________ is hiring a tutor who can help them with their math skills.
A. What they do B. What should they do
C. Whatever they should do D. What they should do
9. Do you know ________________?
A. who's house that is B. whose house is that
C. whose house that is D. whose house is
10. ______________is unimportant to her peers.
A. If she passes B. Whether does she pass or not
C. Whether she pass or not D. Whether she passes or not
Exercise 8: Write THAT or WHAT in the blank.

1. _________ he said to me was not important.
2. I know ____________ Hiroko has talked to Jun.
3. He doesn't remember __________ happened at the accident.
4. I heard ______________ there was a serious traffic accident on the corner of University
Parkway and College Avenue.
5. ______________ we should do in the case of an earthquake should be an agenda item at
the next City Council meeting.
6. _____________ we should keep a 72 hour emergency kit in case of an earthquake was a
suggestion at the city council meeting.
7. I need to talk to you about ___________ John said to Mary at the party last Friday.
8. Everyone knows _____________ she said to him.
9. We know _____________ good love is always hard to find.
10. Friendship in a relationship is _______________ I seek.
Exercise 9: Using a dictionary if necessary, complete each definition with a noun and
that or what. Put brackets round (that) where it could be left out.
conception confession condidence confirmation confusion contempt
Example: Confidence is believing (that) you can be successful, or feeling (that) you
are certain about something.
1. _________________ is a statement or letter telling you _____________ something is

correct, or _____________ an arrangement is definite.
2. _________________ is a statement made by someone admitting _____________ they are

guilty of a crime, or _____________ they are ashamed of something.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
3. _________________ is feeling _____________ somebody or something is without value

and deserves no respect, or showing no concern for _____________ might be against the
rules or dangerous.
4. _________________ is the process of forming an idea or an understanding of

_____________ something is, or _____________ something should be.
5. _________________ is a state of uncertainty about _____________ is happening, or

_____________ something means.
Exercise 10: The original version of this paragraph included the ten words listed here
introducing noun clauses. Put them back in appropriate places in the paragraph.
how that (x5) what where whether why
I had a strange experience when I got a summer job as a temporary office assistant in a big
company. On my first day, I didn’t know I was supposed to do and nobody seemed to care I
was doing anything or not. Since I didn’t understand anything worked in the office, I just sat
down at an empty desk and waited. When the office manager walked in, she stared at me and
asked I was sitting on her chair. I remember I felt really embarrassed and tried to explain
nobody had told me I should sit. She announced quite loudly I wasn’t being paid to sit around
and I should go and find some work to do. So I tried to act as if I was busy and started
cleaning out all the wastebaskets. I only discovered later in the morning I had gone to the
wrong office.
Exercise 11: Rewrite these sentences, beginning with It.

1. That the weather wasn’t very nice wasn’t my fault.
2. That nobody stopped to help the old woman after the accident is absolutely disgraceful.
3. What you’re going to need on a trip can be hard to work out two months in advance.
4. How Adrian became so rich so fast remains a mystery to everyone.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
5. Whether he eats the fish or not doesn’t bother me, but he should eat something.
Exercise 12: Add it and that where appropriate to these sentences.
1. They concluded in their report didn’t make any difference if the vehicles had air bags or
not.
2. If you say is important I should attend the meeting, I can assure you I’ll be there.
3. They notified everyone living near the river was possible the water was contaminated.
4. None of the staff likes now every Thursday is a late night.
5. She delivered a marvelous performance pleased her parents.
Exercise 13: Rewrite each sentence with a meaning similar to the one above it.
1. It’s considered an honour that they’ve been chosen to play for their country.
The boys
2. It used to be thought outrageous that women were smoking in public.

People
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Chapter 2: Clauses
3. Won’t it be seen as a sign of weakness that we didn’t fight back?

Won’t they
4. It wasn’t regarded at the time as an indication that anything was wrong.

No one
5. It is regarded as a bad idea that the police have started carrying guns.
Many people
Exercise 14: Correct the ten mistakes in these sentences.
1. The audience stood up and applauded our performance convinced we had a successful
show.
2. You want to take one class or twenty makes no difference because you have to register
first and the university doesn’t like people have been attending classes without being
registered.
3. Mr. Trotter was trying to show how should the equipment be used, but they weren’t
listening.
4. Didn’t you think strange nobody told his car lights were left on all night?
5. I tried to warn the trail was dangerous, but it didn’t surprise they went hiking anyway.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Noun with noun clauses

Exercise 15: Rewrite each pair of sentences as a single sentence using a noun derived
from the verb in the sentence above it, plus other appropriate changes.
Example:
They concluded that the child’s death was an accident. It made a lot of people angry.
- Their conclusion that the child’s death was an accident made a lot of people angry.
1. Manfred explained that a friend’s dog had eaten his homework. It wasn’t very convincing.
Manfred’s
2. They expect that everyone will just go along with their plans. It’s unrealistic.
Their
3. She suddenly realized that she was drifting out to sea. It caused her to panic.
Her
4. We discussed how we might solve the problem. It went on for over three hours.
Our
5. People believe there are aliens from outer space living among us. It’s quite widespread.
The
Exercise 16: Using a dictionary if necessary, complete each definition with a noun and
that or what plus a preposition where necessary.
belief example fear knowledge statement
1. If you do something with apprehension, you have a ____________________ something

bad may happen.
2. Oblivion is an unconscious state in which you have no ____________________ is
happening around you.
3. When you say or do something with conviction, you have a strong
____________________ you are right.
4. A precedent is an earlier action or decision used as a good ____________________
should be done in other similar situation.
5. An estimate is an appropriate idea or ____________________ something will cost.
Exercise 17: Correct the ten mistakes in these sentences.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. They discussed people were getting into the country illegally and the issue whether those
people would be able to become legal citizens.
-
2. His theory is cutting down the trees causes more flooding due to there is nothing left on
the hills to hold the soil in place and absorb the rain.
-
3. Alfred tried to explain away he had missed several meetings, but he had nothing to say on
the question what had happened to his quarterly report.
-
4. It seems to be they didn’t have a lot of applicants so they overlooked that I didn’t have
much experience and offered me the job.
-
5. The German research team’s discovery, which the addition of milk to a cup of tea reduces
its health benefits, seems to have been based on the assumption which the only benefit of
hot tea is an improvement in the flow of blood which goes to the heart because that is all
they measured.
-
Adjective with noun clauses
Exercise 18: Rewrite each pair of sentences as a single sentence containing a noun
clause.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. So many young people don’t know how to swim nowadays. That’s rather surprising.
It’s
2. All the lights were on, but nobody seemed to be at home. That seemed very strange.
It
3. Nobody complained about all the noise you were making. That was lucky for you.
You
4. My friend has to work and can’t go to the concert. She’ll be disappointed.

My friend
5. He made such a mess. I was angry about it.

I
Exercise 19: Complete each sentence with an adjective and that or what, with
prepositions where necessary.
Confident happy (x2) not sure sorry (x2) worried surprised
Example: My parents are happy that I do well at school.
1. I’m ____________________ ‘savoire faire’ means.
2. We’re ____________________ none of the children got hurt in the accident.
3. I made you cry. I’m ____________________ I said. I’m really ____________________ I

spoke that way.
4. Aren’t you ____________________ you’ll fail the test or are you really
____________________ you’re ready?
5. I’m _____________________ he didn’t come.
Exercise 20: Complete each sentence using appropriate forms of one pair of words and
noun clauses.
Afraid/have amazed/win essential/wear certain/have fortunate/not be
Example: Were you frightened by the muggers? – Yes, I was afraid that they had knives.
1. Isn’t it astonishing that Rick finished first? – Yes, I’m _____________________ the race.
2. Are you sure that Stella took the car keys? – Yes, I’m _______________________ them.
3. You’re lucky that you weren’t hurt. – Yes, it’s ____________________________ near
the front of the bus.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
4. jacob doesn’t think safety glasses are necessary. – Well, it is

____________________________ them.
Exercise 21: Add that in five appropriate places in this paragraph.
The philosopher David Hume’s argument people cannot be certain about anything not directly
taken in through their senses was destined to lead him to the idea we cannot be certain about
God. Hume also argued our expectation the future will be like the past (e.g. the sun will rise
tomorrow morning) had no basis in reason.
Exercise 22: Complete each paragraph with one set of words (not necessarily in this
order).
if/that/that how/that/the fact that how/that/where
1. The claim ____________________ you live can determine _____________ healthy you
feel seems rather obvious, doesn’t it?
2. Are you one of those people who leave the house and can’t remember ___________ they
switched off the oven, or walk away from their parked car with the suspecion
_____________ they didn’t put the handbrake on, or even leave the supermarket just
hoping ____________ they didn’t forget to pick up all their bags?
3. More people are taking pills containing glucosamine for pain in their knees.
________________ no one is quite sure __________ this ‘medicine’ works doesn’t mean
____________ we should ignore its reputation for relieving pain and increasing mobility.
Subjunctive in noun clauses

Exercise 23: Choose an ending (a-d) for each beginning (1-4) and appropriate forms of
these words, using the subjunctive or should where appropriate.
Demand propose vital wish be become resign stay
1. At some point every individual __________ a. that local clinics ___________ opens.
2. The planners have already ___________ b. that he or she ___________ richer.
3. It’s ___________ for rural comminities c. that the prime minister ___________.
4. The protest leaders are _____________ d. that part of the town centre
___________ a pedestrian area.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Exercise 24: Complete the sentence, using the idea of the words in parentheses.
Example: (You should organize a camping trip.)
The girls proposed that their scout leader organize a camping trip.
1. (Ms. Hanson thinks that the director should divide our class into two sections.)
Ms. Hanson recommended that our class ___________ into two sections.
2. (You must call home every week.)
Dan’s parents insisted that he ___________ home every week.
3. (Someone must tell her the truth about her illness.)
It is essential that she ___________ the truth about her illness.
4. (Open your suitcases for inspection.)
The customs official demanded that all passengers ___________ their suitcases.
5. (Ann, you should take some art courses.)
The counselor recommended that Ann ___________ some art courses.
6. (All parts of the motor must work correctly.)
It is vital that all parts of the motor ___________ in proper working order.
7. (Please mail all packages at the central office.)
The director requests that all packages ___________ at the central office.
8. (Soldiers must obey their officers.)
It is imperative that soldiers ___________ their officers.
9. (We must remember to give the babysitter certain phone numbers to call in case of
emergency.)
It is important that the babysitter ___________ phone numbers to call in case of
emergency.
10. (You should join the party.)
Don recommended that I _______________ the party.
Noun clauses as subjects and objects

Exercise 25: Rewrite these sentences in a less formal style beginning with it.
1. That they don’t have any money left doesn’t surprise me at all.
2. That children would rather sit watching TV instead of playing outside just astonishes me.
3. Why the government didn’t act immediately to stop the movement of all animals has
never been explained.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
4. Whether Nicole’s father had been for or against her marriage wasn’t clear, but he did
participate in the wedding ceremony.
5. That the other team played badly really helped us.
Exercise 26: Add one set of words to each paragraph (not necessarily in this order).
It/that/that it/that/what that/where/whether
A. He wanted to know (1) ___________ we were doing, but (2) ___________ was obvious
(3) ___________ he didn’t really seem very interested in our answer.
B. Sometimes one of them will say (4) ___________ he or she actually prefers
(5)___________ (6)___________ the other has separate interests.
C. (7) ___________ Robert’s new schedule will be an improvement remains to be seen, but
no one liked it (8) ___________ he just decided (9) ___________ the changes would be
made without consulting anyone.
Exercise 27: Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1. Mr Baker complained about the noise was predictable, but we assured it wouldn’t happen
again.
2. The headmaster warned during our meeting some teachers wouldn’t like their classrooms
had suddenly been changed.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
3. They told me about Geoff had said in the meeting, but I thought strange he hadn’t
mentioned money.
4. The police regarded suspicious the dead woman’s husband had recently taken out a life
insurance policy in her name.
5. The prosecutor showed the jury how could the crime have been committed by Feldman,
but he didn’t convince that Feldman was guilty.
‘Wish’ sentences
Exercise 28: Cloe is on holiday in a foreign city. She was so busy admiring the sights that
she has got lost. What does she wish? Write sentences with ‘I wish’.
1. I haven’t got a map.
- I wish I had a map.
2. The streets all look the same.
3. I didn’t bring my mobile phone.
4. I can’t speak the language.
5. I didn’t buy a phrase book.
6. I’m hot and thirsty.
7. I came here alone.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
8. I need someone to help me.
9. I’m sorry I came here.
10. I want to be back in my hotel.
Reported speech
Exercise 29: Complete each sentence, using indirect speech, with a meaning similar to
the one above it.
Example: ‘It’s a strange story.’
- They said that it was a strange story.
1. ‘I’m in love with your sister and I want you to tell her.’
He just blurted out that
2. ‘Where are you going next and how do you plan to get there?’
One of them asked us
3. ‘I lived here before any of the old houses had electricity or indoor plumbing.’
The old woman said that
4. ‘I can’t do the work now, or even tomorrow, but I’ll try to do it later in the week.’
Darren told me on Monday that
5. ‘I’m sorry. I’ve been rather obsessed with myself and my own problems recently.’
Carolyn
6. ‘I’ll give you £50 after I get paid.’

Peter told Elizabeth
7. ‘Emile is from Montreal and speaks French.’

Jackie says
8. ‘What shall I wear if I’m invited to dinner?’

Celine asked me
9. ‘Simon, I’m looking for cheaper flat.’

Fraser mentioned
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Chapter 2: Clauses
10. ‘Bridget, I’lll look after you.’

Mark assured
11. ‘Fiona, you can stay at my place.’

Malcolm invited
12. ‘Andrew, take off your dirty boots!’

Andrew’s mother ordered
13. ‘Don’t go there after dark.’

She warned
14. ‘I’m not paying for the tickets.’

Jason refused
15. ‘You should buy a rail pass.’

Melvin suggested
Exercise 30: Complete this text with appropriate forms of one pair of verbs in each
space.
ask/become be/remind encourage/give join/persuade
promise/provide volunteer/work
A charity is an organization that helps people in need such as the poor, the homeless, children
and refugees. Some people volunteer to work for a charity while others (1)_____________
________________ support with money or other gifts. Many charities (2)________________
well-known people, such as film stars, ______________ a representative for their
organization in the hope that they will (3)________________ others ____________________
the organization or (4)__________ them _________________ money to the charity. Charities
not only help people, they also (5)__________________ those who have a comfortable life
____________________________ generous to those who have much less.
Exercise 31: Complete the sentences to report what was said using one of the verbs
below and a to-infinitive phrase. You may need to use a verb more than once. If
necessary, add an appropriate object after the verb. (Advanced grammar in use, 47.1,
p.95)
Ask demand invite remind threaten volunteer warn
Example: ‘Would you like to come on a picnic with us?’

- He invited me/us to come on a picnic with them.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. ‘If you don’t give me a pay rise, I’ll resign.’

- He
2. ‘Can I borrow your pencil?’

- He
3. ‘I must know your decision soon.’

- He
4. ‘Don’t forget to go to the supermarket after work.’

- He
5. ‘Can you give me a lift to the station?’

- He
6. ‘Stay away from me!’

- He
7. ‘If you can’t find anyone else, I’ll drive you to the airport.’
- He
Exercise 32: If either is possible, underline them both.
1. She promised/volunteered that she would collect the children from school today.
2. We offered/suggested that we could meet them at the airport.
3. He promised/volunteered to cook dinner tonight.
4. He demanded/ordered to have his own key to the building.
5. I agreed/offered that I would deliver the parcel for her.
6. The teacher said/agreed to meet the student representatives.
7. He advised/proposed that the subject of holiday pay should be raised at the next meeting.
8. We expected/insisted to receive the machine parts today.
9. The Foreign Minester refused/requested that the peace talks should be re-opened.
10. The company suggested/promised to create 300 new jobs in the next six months.
Exercise 33: Write C (correct) or I (incorrect) on the line before each sentence.
1. ___ It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.

2. ___ She told me when should pick up the children.
3. ___ The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.
4. ___ We could not believe what he did to us.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
5. ___ Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow?

6. ___ We never know whether we will get paid or not.
7. ___ This evening you can decide what do you want to do.
8. ___ The manager explained how wanted the work done.
9. ___ The map showed where the party would be held.
10. ___ Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today?
11. ___ The teacher heard who answered the question.
12. ___ I do not understand what it went wrong.
13. ___ Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best.
14. ___ She did not remember who in her class.
15. ___ No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.
16. ___ We found out which was her favorite type of candy.
17. ___ Do you know what caused the plants to die?
18. ___ I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program.
19. ___ We thought about who would be the best vice president.
20. ___ She saw what in the box in the closet.
21. ___ It doubtful whether he will pass the test or not.
22. ___ The group discussed who he should receive the prize.
23. ___ It is not certain why the class was cancelled.
24. ___ I will do what does it need to be done.
25. ___ We forgot when did the movie start.
26. ___ I would like to ask if you could come over for dinner this weekend.
27. ___ The children knew which the best game to play.
28. ___ The advisor informed her that needed to add another class.
29. ___ He saw who took the money.
30. ___ It is unclear how the window got broken.

1. Today, the true story of ____ at Little Bighorn remains a mystery.
A. happened B. it happened C. what happened D. what happening
2. For more than a decade, ____ that certain species .
are becoming scare.
A. the warmings of bird-watchers B. warn the bird-watchers
C. bird-watchers have warned D. a warning for bird-watchers
3. Early in the eighteen century, Halley accurately predicted when ____ of 1682 would
return.
A. the comet B. was the comet C. the comet was D. had the comet
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Chapter 2: Clauses
4. No single factor explains why ____ vary so greatly among individuals.

A. aging affects B. the effects of aging
C. aging has an effect D. the aging effect
5. Lack of clarity about ____ the party in the coming year will be removed at the party’s
convention.
A. will lead B. lead C. they will lead D. who will lead
6. We do not ____ the bow drill was first developed for woodworking or fire making.
A. whether it B. know whether it C. know whether D. sure whether
7. Minute Man National Historical Park is a monument to where ____.
A. the beginning og the Revolutionary War
B. in the beginning of the Revolutionary War
C. the Revolutionary War to begin
D. the Revolutionary War began
8. Tests on the colors of cars were conducted at the University of California to determine
____ the safest colors for cars.
A. which B. which were C. if D. how were
9. The National Institute of Dental Research estimates ____ in fluoridated areas have about
25 percent less tooth decay than children elsewhere.
A. for school children B. school children’s
C. that school children D. that for school children
10. The process of photosynthesis explains how ____ able to use the energy in sunlight to
manufacture foods from the simple chemicals in air and water.
A. green plants B. green plants are C. planting greens D. with green plant are
Exercise 35: Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
Example: If you disagreed with what I was proposing, why didn’t you say me earlier that
you didn’t like it? … why didn’t you say/say to me/tell me earlier …
1. At first he argued me that his answer was correct, but then I convinced that it wasn’t.
2. My sister reminded that I had supported her in a similar situation and she urged not to
give up.
3. He offered me to pay the bill himself, but I suggested him to split it between us.
4. The doctor recommended me to take one aspirin with a glass of warm water every
morning.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
5. He was always complaining his problems at the school and once threatened burn it down.
6. They didn’t deny to be responsible for the damage and they were even boasting what they
had done.
Exercise 36: Complete each sentence in indirect speech.
‘I have too much work to do.’ – ‘You did nothing yesterday.’

=> Corinne was complaining that she had too much work to do until her mother pointed out
(1)
‘Who broke the window?’ – ‘I don’t know.’

=> I asked him (2)
and he mumbled (3)
‘I have ten cats.’ – ‘I prefer dogs.’

=> When my sister told Paul during dinner last night (4)
his only comment was (5)
‘Where do you think he hides his money?’ – ‘I don’t think he has any.’
=> They wanted Stan’s wife to tell them (6)
but her response was (7)
‘How do you feel?’ – ‘I’m angry.’

=> Mrs Hawkins asked (8)
and I had to tell her (9)
‘Why didn’t you say anything earlier?’ – ‘You didn’t allow anyone else to speak.’
=> She wanted to know (10)
I explained to her (11)
‘Can you tell me what’s wrong?’ – ‘Your’re ignoring a dangerous situation.’

=> Then she apologized and asked (12)
I told her (13)
‘Have you read my report or not?’ – ‘I haven’t had time.’

=> I then asked her (14)
Her reply was (15)
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Chapter 2: Clauses
‘Don’t forget your umbrella.’

=> Jessica’s mother always tells (16)
‘Move your car.’

=> The traffic warden insisted (17)
‘Beatrice, please don’t leave me.’

=> Sebastian pleaded (18)
‘Jenny, may I borrow your calculator?’

=> I asked (19)
Exercise 37: Correct the eight mistakes in this text.
On our way up the mountain we got lost and so we asked an old man could he tell us the way
to the waterfall. He was really nice. He didn’t recommend us drive any further on that road.
He told us go back about a mile to a bridge. He suggested to park just past the bridge and to
walk up the trail on the left. He warned us be careful crossing the streams and he advised us
not drink the water. That’s how we found the waterfall. I thougt was really beautiful.
Exercise 38: Correct the errors in the following sentences.
1. What is the government official going to say in his speech tonight will affect all of us.
2. I asked Paul help me move the table to the other side of the room.
3. My friend asked me what you are going to do Saturday? I replied it depends on the
weather.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
4. What my friend and I did it was our secret. We didn’t even tell our parents what did we
do.
5. The doctor asked that I felt okay. I told him that I don’t feel well.
6. Is clear that the ability to use a computer it is an important skill in the modern world.
7. They asked us that we will be sure to turn out the lights when we leave.
8. Is true you almost drowned? my friend asked me.

Yes, I said. I’m really glad to be alive. It was really frightening.
9. It is a fact that I almost drowned makes me very careful about water safety whenever I go
swimming.
10. I didn’t know where I supposed to get off the bus, so I asked the driver where is the
science museum. She tell me the name of the street. She said she will tell me when should
I get off the bus.
11. Studying psychology last year made me realize that what kind of career did I want to
have.
12. My mother said don’t forget your family when you’re far away from home.
13. When I asked the taxi driver to drive faster he said I will drive faster if you pay me more.
At that time I didn’t care how much would it cost, so I told him to go as fast as he can.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
14. My mother did not live with us. When other children asked me where was my mother, I
told them she is going to come to visit me very soon.
15. I asked him what kind of movies does he like, he said me, I like romantic movies.
CHAPTER 2: CLAUSES
Unit 2: Adjective clauses

identify adjective clauses in English;
interpret the functions of adjective clauses; and
use adjective clauses in sentences correctly.
GETTING STARTED
1. What is an adjective clause?
2. What are the forms of adjective clauses?
3. What are the functions of adjective clauses?
GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE
I. Definition of an adjective clause

An Adjective clause is a Subordinate clause used in the same way as an Adjective to
modify a Noun or Noun Equivalent. It is also called a Relative Clause.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Examples: - The man who told me this refused to give his name.
- I met someone who said he knew you.
- The noise which he made woke everybody up.
- She was annoyed by something that I had said.
II. Classification
There are 2 main kinds of Relative clauses: Defining/Restrictive clause and
Non-defining/Non-restrictive clause.
1. Definition
DEFINING/RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES NON-DEFINING/NON-RESTRICTIVE
CLAUSES
− A defining clause is a clause that defines − Non-defining relative clauses are clauses
or restricts a Noun in the main clause. It that add something to the Noun they
is essential to the meaning of the follow to give more information about the
sentence. noun.
Example: The professor who teaches Example: ProfessorWilson, who teaches
Chesmistry 101 is an excellent lecturer. Chesmistry 101, is an excellent lecturer.
2. Relative pronouns used in adjective clauses

RELATIVE PRONOUNS used in Defining Clauses
Subject Object Possessive
For Person WHO WHO/WHOM WHOSE
THAT
For Thing WHICH WHICH WHOSE/ OF WHICH
RELATIVE PRONOUNS used in non-defining Clauses
Subject Object Possessive
For Person WHO WHO/WHOM WHOSE
For Thing WHICH WHICH WHOSE/ OF WHICH
THAT is never used in Non-defining relative clauses.
3. Form of adjective clauses

With relative pronouns
Defining clause with relative pronouns Non-defining clause with relative
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Chapter 2: Clauses
pronouns
S of V: S of V:
N, + +V
N+ +V
- The man robbed you. He has been arrested. - Peter suggested stopping at the next town.
> The man who/that robbed you has been He had been driving all day.
arrested. > Peter, who had been driving all day,
suggested stopping at the next town.
- I’ve met the student. The student won the
first prize. - I passed the letter to Peter. He was sitting
> I’ve met the student who/that won the besides me.
first prize. > I passed the letter to Peter, who was
sitting beside me.
- He can do the exercises. These exercises
are difficult to his classmates. - That block has been empty for years. It
> He can do the exercises which/that are cost $25 million to build.
difficult to his classmates. > That block, which cost $25 million to
build, has been empty for years.
- The stairs are rather slippery. They lead to
the cellar.
> The stairs which/that lead to the cellar
are rather slippery.
O of V: O of V: N, + +S+V
Notes: WHOM is the correct form
and WHO is sometimes
N+ +S+V used in conversation.
- The man told me to come back today. I saw - Peter turned out to be innocent. Everyone
the man. suspected him.
> The man Ø/whom/that/who I saw told > Peter, whom(/who) everyone suspected,
me to come back today. turned out to be innocent.
- He is always polite to the teacher. He - She introduced me to her husband. I hadn’t
respects the teacher. met him before.
> He is always polite to the teacher Ø/ > She introduced me to her husband,
whom/that/who he respects. whom(/who) I hadn’t met before.
- The car broke down. I hired the car. - She gave me this jumper. She had knitted
> The car Ø/which/that I hired broke it herself.
down. > She gave me this jumper, which she had
knitted herself.
* WHOM is used formally.

* WHO/THAT are normally used in spoken language,
but THAT is more usual than WHO.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
* However, it is more common to omit the Object Pro.

WHOM, WHO, THAT
* WHICH/WHO is hardly ever used after Indefinite

Pronouns/Adjectives (all, everything, little, much,
none, no, only, …) or after Superlative. Instead, use
THAT or Ø.
- All the apples that fall are eaten by the

pigs.
- This is the best hotel Ø/that I know.
Formal English
O of
O of Prep.
Prep. N, + Prep. + +S+V
N + Prep. + +S+V
- The man is my teacher. I spoke to the man. - Mr Jone was very generous about overtime
> The man to whom I spoke is my teacher. payments. I was working for him.
> Mr Jone, for whom I was working, was
- The ladder began to slip. I was standing on
very generous about overtime payments.
the ladder.
> The ladder on which I was standing - His house is now worth $50,000. He paid
began to slip. $10,000 for it.
> His house, for which he paid $10,000, is
now worth $50,000.
Informal English:
O of
O of Prep.
Prep.
N, + + S + V + Prep.
N+ + S + V + Prep.
- The man Ø/whom/that/who I spoke to is - Mr Jone, whom/who I was working for,

my teacher. was very generous about overtime
payments.
- The ladder Ø/which/that I was standing on
began to slip. - His house, which he paid $10,000 for, is
now worth $50,000.
When the clause contains an expression of

time or place, this will remain at the end.
- Peter, with whom I played tennis on

Sunday, was very skillful.
- Peter, whom/who I played tennis with on
Sunday, was very skillful.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
N + WHOSE + N
Possessive Possessive N, + WHOSE + N
N + N + OF WHICH
- The film is about a spy. His wife betrays - Ann is trying to get a job. Her children are
him. at school all day.
> The film is about a spy whose wife > Ann, whose children are at school all
betrays him. day, is trying to get a job.
- The student writes well. I read his - His house was a depressing sight. Its
composition. windows were all broken.
> The student whose composition I read > His house, whose windows were all
writes well. broken, was a depressing sight.
- I don’t like a house. Its walls were made of
glass.
> I don’t like a house whose walls were
made of glass.
* For things WHOSE+Clause is not as usual

as WITH + NP
- I don’t like a house with glass walls.
With relative adverbs

Defining Clauses Non-defining Clauses
Time: Time:
N, + +S+V
N+ +S+V
- He doesn’t know exactly the year. He was - You can visit me this Sunday. I am free
born in that year. this Sunday.
> He doesn’t know exactly the year > You can visit me this Sunday, when/on
when/in which/that/Ø he was born. which I am free.
- I remember the day. I met you on that day. - We are going on holiday in September.
> I remember the day when/on The weather isn’t so hot in September.
which/that/Ø I met you. > We are going on holiday in September,
when the weather isn’t so hot.
- In an Adj. clause that modifies a N of time, the preposition is used preceding WHICH.
Place: Place:
N+ +S+V N, + +S+V
N, + WHICH + S + V + prep.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
N+ + S + V + prep.
- The building is very old. He lives in the - This has been my family’s home. We’ve
building. lived in our home for over four hundred
> The building where/in which he lives is years.
very old. > This has been my family’s home,
> The building which/that/Ø he lives in is where/in which we’ve lived for over four
very old. hundred years, since the time of Edmund
Claremont.
Reason:
N+ +S+V
- The reason why/that/for which/Ø he -
refused is unknown.
- That was the reason why/that/for which/Ø
we went there.
4. Differences between a defining and non-defining relative clauses

Defining Relative Clause Non-defining Relative Clause
Tell us some essential information about the Tell us some extra information about the
things or people they refer to, so it cannot be things or people they refer to, so it can be
removed. removed.
- The picture that hangs next to Magaret’s
portrait is the one I like best. - The next painting shows Edmund’s wife
Margaret, who/that he married in 1605.
May begin with the relative pronoun THAT Cannot begin with THAT
- The man who/that robbed you has arrested.
- Peter, who/that had been driving all day,
suggested stopping at the next town.
- He can do the exercises which/that are
difficult to his classmates. - That block, which/that cost $25 million to
build, has been empty for years.
Very often omit the relative pronoun in O case Never omit the relative pronoun in O case
- The man Ø/whom/that/who I saw told me to - Peter, whom/who everyone suspected,
come back today. turned out to be innocent.
- The car Ø/which/that I hire broke down. - She gave me this jumper, which she had
knitted herself.
Are never separated from the rest of the Must be separated from the rest of the
sentence by commas, parentheses, or dashes. sentence by commas, parentheses, or dashes.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
+ Non-defining Cl.
+ Defining - This is George, whose class you will be

Cl. taking.
- The book which is on the table is mine. - My neighbor, who is very pessimistic,
- Laura has a cat which is very fat. says there will be no apples this year.
- We are studying sentences which contain - That block, which cost £5 million to
adjective clauses. build, has been empty for years.
NOTES:
1. WHICH can refer to a whole clause.
Example: - He said that he had never seen me before, which was not true.
- It rains all night, which was good for the garden.
- The clock struck 13, which made everyone laughed.
2. The importance of commas in relative clauses:
Example: - All my students who study hard have passed the exam.
(I have 60 students, 40 of them study hard and passed the exam)
- All my students, who study hard, have passed the exam.
(I have 60 students; all of them study hard, and all of them passed the exam.)
- The travelers who knew about the floods took another road.
(only the travelers knowing about the floods took another road; other travelers didn’t
know, so they took the flooded road.)
- The travelers, who knew about the floods, took another road.
(All travelers knew about the floods and took another road.)
3. An Adjective clause modifying a Noun in general sense will be changed into a Noun
clause.
Example: - The thing that you have said seems reasonable. (Adj. cl)
What you have said seems reasonable. (N cl)
- Let me show you the place where this book is sold. (Adj cl)
Let me show you where this book is sold. (N cl)
CONNECTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES : Connective clauses do not describe their nouns

but continue the story. They are usually placed after the Object of the main Verb or of a Prep.
Example: - I told Peter, who said it wasn’t his business.
- I threw the ball to Tom, who threw it to Ann.
- He drank beer, which made him fat.
- We went with Peter, whose car broke down before we were half way there.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Sometimes, it may be difficult to say whether a clause in this position is non-defining or

connective, but there is no need to make this distinction, as the two forms are the same.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
1. The boy to _____ I lent my money is poor.
A. that B. whom C. who D. which
2. The land and the people _____ I have met are nice.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
3. Did you ever find out _____ penetrated in you house last month?
4. The year _____ the first man traveled in space will never be forgotten.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
5. I cannot tell you all _____ I heard.
A. which B. that C. as D. because
6. I can answer the question _____ you say is very difficult.
A. which B. whom C. who D. whose
7. We saw the girl _____ you say is beautiful.
A. which B. whom C. who D. whose
8. This is the place _____ the battle took place ten years ago.
A. which B. in where C. where D. from where
9. The princess was happy during the years _____ she lived with the fairy.
A. when B. in which C. where D. that
10. The town _____ we are living is noisy and crowded.
A. in where B. which C. at which D. where
11. The year _____ we came to live here was 1975.
A. when B. which C. that? D. in the time
12. The teacher _____ house is next to mine died this morning.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
13. He was loyal to _____ trusted him.
A. whomever B. whom C. whoever D. what
14. The knife _____we cut bread is very sharp.
a with that B. which C. with which D. that
15. Tonight I’ll do the assignment _____ gave us last week.
A. the teacher B. who the teacher C. whom the teacher D. of the teacher
16. The lady _____ son went on a picnic with us last weekend is a teacher at our school.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. that
17. He has just gone to his friend’s house, _____ there is a party today.
A. who B. which C. whom D. where
18. Take _____ measures you consider best.
A. however B. whenever C. wherever D. whatever
19. _____ difficulties you may encounter, I’m sure you’ll succeed.
A. How B. Whatever C. However D. How greater
20. He is the only friend _____ I like.
A. who B. that C. whom D. whose
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Chapter 2: Clauses

1. Sunday is the day _____ which we usually go fishing.
a during B. at C. in D. on
2. The person _____ you want to see is not here.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
3. This is the last time _____ I speak to you.
A. of which B. that C. who D. whose
4. The tree the branches _____ we cut off is an apple tree.
A. of which B. that C. who D. whose
5. He talked about the books and the authors _____ interested him.
A. who B. that C. which D. whom
6. You know your lesson _____ surprises me.
A. who B. which C. that D. no word is needed
7. She is the most beautiful girl _____ ever lived.
8. There were two small rooms in the beach house _____ served as a kitchen.
A. the smaller of which B. the smallest of which
C. the smaller of them D. smallest of that
9. The decision was postponed, _____ was exactly what he wanted.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
10. All the people _____ have gone into the room are still young.
11. The year _____ he died was full of calamities.
A. on which B. which C. in which D. where
12. The new model, _____ has just come out, is the best so far.
13. The rumour _____ we heard yesterday is not true.
A. that B. which C. no word is needed D. all are correct
14. The picnic was postponed, _____ was due to the weather.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
15. I was happy during the years _____ I lived with my grandfather.
A. when B. that C. in which D. where
16. The area _____ we are living is quiet.
A. which B. at which C. in where D. where
17. The man _____ she loves has been captured by the enemy.
18. The student _____ you just met is in one of my classes.
A. his parents B. whose parents C. parents of his D. parents who
19. The woman _____ lives next door to us is a weather-forecaster on a local TV station.
A. whose B. she C. whom D. who
20. The speech _____ we listened last night was informative.
A. to which B. which to C. to that D. that
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Chapter 2: Clauses

1. ‘Were you able to locate the person ____ wallet you found?’ – ‘Luckily, yes.’
A. which B. that his C. whose D. that’s
2. Some fish is frozen, but ____ is best.
A. fish is fresh B. fresh fish C. fish fresh D. fresh fish is caught
3. ‘Why do you get up at 4 a.m.?’ – ‘Because it’s the only time ____ without being
interrupted.’
A. when I can work on my book B. when I can work on my book at
C. when I can work on my book then D. at when I can work on my book
4. ‘You seem so happy today.’ – ‘I am. You are looking at a person ____ has just been
accepted into medical school!’
A. who B. who she C. whom she D. whom
5. ‘The movie ____ last night was terrific.’ – ‘What’s it about?’
A. I went B. I went to it C. I went to D. that I went
6. Many people lost their homes in the earthquake. The government needs to establish more
shelters to care for those ____ have homes.
A. who doesn’t B. who don’t C. which doesn’t D. which don’t
7. The problem ____ never occurred.
A. I had expected it B. who I had expectedC. that I had expected it D. I had expected
8. I had to drive to the factory to pick up my brother, ____ car wouldn’t start.
A. who his B. who C. who’s D. whose
9. I read a book about Picasso, ____.
A. is a Spanish painter B. a Spanish painter
C. who a Spanish painter is D. that is a Spanish painter
10. The people ____ the acrobat turn circles in the air were horrified when he missed the
outstretched hands of his partner and fell to his death.
A. watched B. watch C. watching D. were watching
11. ‘My writing has improved a lot in this class.’ – ‘Mine has, too. All the students ____ do
well in writing.’
A. whom Mr. Davis teaches them B. which Mr. Davis teaches
C. that Mr. Davis teaches them D. Mr. Davis teaches
12. ‘Have you seen the place ____ the graduation ceremony will be held?’ – ‘Yes. It’s big
enough to hold 5,000 people.’
A. in that B. where C. is where that D. which
13. ‘How’s your class this term?’ – ‘Great. I have seventeen students, most of ____ speak
English very well.’
A. who B. those C. whom D. which
14. ‘Will everyone like the book?’ – ‘No. Only people ____ interested in anthropology.’
A. are B. who are C. in whom are D. that is
15. ‘How did you enjoy your dinner with Mr. Jackson?’ – ‘It was boring. He talked only
about himself, ____ almost put us to sleep.’
A. which B. that C. who D. that he
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Chapter 2: Clauses
16. My grandfather, ____ a wise man, has greatly influenced my life.

A. is B. that is C. who is D. who he is
17. ‘Is Dr. Brown the person ____ you wish to speak?’ – ‘Yes, please.’
A. that B. whom C. to that D. to whom
18. In the movie, a teenager ____ to pursue a singing career meets resistance from his strong-
willed father.
A. wants B. wanted C. wanting D. who want
19. ‘Excuse me, but there is something about ____ immediately.’ – ‘Certainly.’
A. which I must speak to you B. which I must speak to you about it
C. that I must speak to you about D. that I must speak to you
20. Little Women, ____ in 1868, is my sister’s favorite book.
A. is a novel published B. a novel published
C. a novel was published D. was a novel published
Exercise 4: Circle the letter of all the correct answers.

Example: The check ____ I gave to Oliver was for work he’d done for me.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that E. Ø
1. Mr. Green is the man ___ I was talking about.
A. who B. whom C. that D. Ø E. which
2. She is the woman ___ sits next to me in class.
3. The hat ___ Tom is wearing is unusual.
4. Hunger and poverty are worldwide problem to ___ solutions must be found.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. Ø E. which
5. I enjoyed talking with the man ___ I sat next to on the plane.
A. who B. whom C. that D. Ø E. whose
6. People ___ fear flying avoid traveling by plane.
7. That is the man ___ daughter won the spelling bee.
8. The people about ___ the novelist wrote were factory workers and their families.
9. A barrel is a large container ___ is made of wood or metal.
A. where B. which C. that D. Ø E. whose
10. The bat is the only mammal ___ can fly.
A. who B. which C. that D. Ø E. whose
11. People ___ don’t get enough sleep may become short-tempered and irritable.
12. The cold weather ___ swept in from the north damaged the fruit crop.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
13. Alex bought a bicycle ___ is specially designed for long-distance racing.
14. I read about a man ___ keeps chickens in his apartment.
15. We used the map ___ my sister drew for us.

1. Yoko told me about students _____ have taken the entrance exam 13 times.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
2. The _____ I talked to didn’t know where the meeting was.
A. which B. whom C. that D. ∅
3. You need to talk to a person _____ you can trust. You will feel
better if you do.
A. whose B. which C. whom D. ∅
4. Bob is the kind of person to _____ one can talk about anything.
A. who B. whom C. that D. him
5. He is a person _____ friends trust him.
A. who B. his C. that D. whose
6. I’m looking for an electric can opener _____ also can sharpen
knives.
A. who B. which C. that D. ∅
7. People _____ live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.
A. who B. whom C. which D. ∅
8. The problems _____ Tony has seem insurmountable.
A. what B. he C. that D. ∅
9. The man _____ I introduced you to last night may be the next
president of the university.
A. which B. whom C. that D. ∅
10. Cathy is trustworthy. She’s a person upon _____ you can always
depend.
A. who B. whom C. that D. ∅
11. Your career should focus on a field in _____ you are genuinely
interested.
A. which B. what C. that D. ∅
12. People _____ outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. which
13. That is the place _____ the accident occurred.
A. where B. which C. on which D. that
14. There was a time _____ movies cost a dime.
A. as B. where C. when D. which
15. One of the people _____ I admire most in the history of the world is Gandhi.
A. that B. which C. whose D. of them
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Chapter 2: Clauses
16. I enjoyed talking to the people _____ I had dinner last night.
A. to whom B. with whom C. with that D. with whose
17. I received two job offers, _____ I accepted.
A. neither of which B. neither of them
C. neither of that D. neither of whom
18. I have three brothers, _____ are professional athletes.
A. two of which B. two of whom C. both of which D. two of them
19. Sally lost her job, _____ wasn’t surprising.
A. that B. what C. it D. which
20. Her boss fired her, _____ made her angry.
A. that B. what C. which D. it

1. Ms. Donaldson, ____ teaches linguistics at the university, recently received recognition
for her research on the use of gestures in communication.
2. A woman ___ teaches linguistics at university received an award for outstanding research.
3. The earth, ___ is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, is the third planet from the
sun.
4. A grant of &1.5 million was awarded to Dr. Sato, ___ has impressed the scientific
community with his research on the common cold.
5. The award for the Most Valuable Player was won by a player ___ the coaches and the
entire team respect.
6. The award was won by Dennis Johnson, ___ the coach highly respects.
7. My accountant, ___ understands the complexities of the tax system, is doing my taxes this
year.
8. The school board voted to close a neighborhood elementary school. The decision, ___
affected over 200 students, was not warmly received in the community.
9. Our office needs a secretary ___ knows how to use various word processing programs.
10. The winner of the Nobel Prize in physics dedicated the honor to his high school physics
teacher, ___ had been an inspiration during his early years.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. Who is eligible for the scholarship?

Anyone _____ scholastic record is above average can apply for the scholarship.
A. who has a B. has a C. who’s a D. whose
2. Dr. Sales is a person _____.

A. in whom I don’t have much confidence
B. in that I don’t have much confidence
C. whom I don’t have much confidence in him
D. I don’t have much confidence
3. Is April twenty-first the day _____?
No, the twenty-second.
A. you’ll arrive then B. when you’ll arrive
C. on that you’ll arrive D. when you’ll arrive on
4. The severe drought _____ occurred last summer ruined the corn crop.
A. that it B. which it C. it D. that
5. Florida, _____ the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year.
A. is B. known as C. is known as D. that is known as
6. The new shopping mall is gigantic. It’s advertised as a place _____ you can find just
about anything you might want to buy.
A. where B. which C. in where D. in that
7. Lola’s marriage has been arranged by her family. She is marrying a man _____.
A. that she hardly knows him C. she hardly knows
B. whom she hardly knows him D. she hardly knows him
8. People who exercise frequently have greater physical endurance than those _____.
A. who doesn’t B. that doesn’t C. which don’t D. who don’t
9. Is this the address to _____ you want the package sent?
Yes.
A. where B. that C. which D. whom
10. Ann quit her job at the advertising agency, _____ surprised everyone.
A. which B. that C. who D. that it
11. That book is by a famous anthropologist. It’s about the people in Samoa _____ for two
years.
A. that she lived C. among whom she lived
B. that she lived among them D. where she lived among them
12. The missing man’s family is desperately seeking anyone _____ information about his
activities or whereabouts.
A. has B. having C. who have D. have
13. The publishers expect that the new biography of Simon Bolivar will be bought by people
_____ in Latin American history.
A. who they are interested B. are interested
C. interested D. they are interested
14. I have always wanted to visit Paris, _____ of France.
A. is the capital B. which the capital isC. that is the capital D. the capital
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Chapter 2: Clauses
15. The chemistry book _____ was a little expensive.

A. that I bought it B. I bought that C. what I bought D. I bought
16. Have you ever met the man _____ over there?
No. Who is he?
A. stands B. standing C. is standing D. who he is standing
17. Do you have the book _____ the teacher?
Yes, I do.
A. that it belongs to B. to which belongs to
C. to which belongs D. that belongs to
18. The voters were overwhelmingly against the candidate _____ proposals called for higher
taxes.
A. who his B. whose C. whom he had D. that his
19. Do you remember Mrs. Goddard, _____ taught us English composition?
I certainly do.
20. I have three brothers, _____ are businessmen.
A. that all of them B. who they all C. all of whom D. who all of them
Exercise 8: Circle the correct explanation of the meaning of each sentence.

1. The students, who attend class five hours per day, have become quite proficient in their
new language.
A. All of the students attend class for five hours per day.
B. Only some of the students attend class for five hours per day.
2. The students who attend class five hours per day have become quite proficient in their
new language.
A. All of the students attend class for five hours per day.
B. Only some of the students attend class for five hours per day.
3. The orchestra conductor signaled the violinists, who were to begin playing.
A. All of the violinists were to begin playing.
B. Only some of the violinists were to begin playing.
4. The orchestra conductor signaled the violinists who were to begin playing.
A. All of the violinists were to begin playing.
B. Only some of the violinists were to begin playing.
5. I put the vase on top of the TV set, which is in the living room.
A. I have more than one TV set.
B. I have only one TV set.
6. I put the vase on top of the TV set which is in the living room.
A. I have more than one TV set.
B. I have only one TV set.
7. Trees which lose their leaves in winter are called deciduous trees.
A. All trees lose their leaves in winter.
B. Only some trees lose their leaves in winter.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
8. Pine trees, which are evergreen, grow well in a cold climate.

A. All pine trees are evergreen.
B. Only some pine trees are evergreen.
9. The store honored the complaints that were less than 60 days old.
A. The store honored only those complaints less than 60 days old.
B. The store honored all the complaints, all of which were less than 60 days old.
10. He gave a tip to the porter, who carried his luggage.
A. There is more than one porter there.
B. There is only one porter there.
Exercise 9: Write Yes if the Adj. clause requires commas and add the commas in the
appropriate places. Write No if the Adj. Clause does not require commas.
1. ____ Thirty people two of whom were members of the crew were killed in the ferry
accident.
2. ____ I’m trying to convince my mother to buy a small car which has front-wheel drive
instead of a large car with rear-wheel drive.
3. ____ Over 500 students took the entrance exam the results of which will be posted in the
administration building at the end of the month.
4. ____ The newspapers carried the story of an accident in which four pedestrians were
injured.
5. ____ The newly married couple that lives next door just moved here from California.
6. ____ The Caspian Sea which is bounded by the Soviet Union and Iran is fed by eight
rivers.
7. ____ The new supervisor was not happy with his work crew none of whom seemed
interested in doing quality work.
8. ____ My oldest brother in whose house I lived for six months when I was ten has been a
father to me in many ways.
9. ____ Tom is always interrupting me which makes me mad.
10. ____ To express the uselessness of worrying, Mark Twain once said, ‘I’ve had a lot of
problems in my life most of which never happened.’
Exercise 10: Write YES if the adjective clause requires commas and add the commas in
the appropriate places. Write No if the adjective clause does not require commas.
Examples:
_No_ The newspaper article was about a man who died two years ago of a rare tropical
disease.
Yes_ Paull O’Grady, who died two years ago, was a kind and loving man.
1. _____ I made an appointment with a doctor who is considered an expert on eye disorders.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
2. _____ I made an appointment with Dr. Raven who is considered an expert on eye
disorders.
3. _____ The car that Al bought had had three previous owners, but it was in excellent
condition.
4. _____ We thoroughly enjoyed the music which we heard at the concert last Sunday.
5. _____ Bogota which is the capital of Colombia is a cosmopolitan city.
6. _____ They climbed Mount Rainier which is in the State of Washington twice last year.
7. _____ Emeralds which are valuable gemstones are mined in Colombia.
8. _____ The company offered the position to John whose department performed best this
year.
9. _____ On our trip to Africa, we visited Nairobi which is near several fascinating game
reserves and then traveled to Egypt to see the pyramids.
10. _____ I think the waiter who took our order used to work at Captain Bob’s Restaurant.
11. _____ Someone who understands physics better than I do is going to have to help you.
12. _____ Larry was very close to his only brother who was a famous social historian.
13. _____ Violent tropical storms that occur in western Asia are called typhoon.
14. _____ Similar storms that occur on the Atlantic side of the Americas are called
hurricanes rather than typhoons.
15. _____ A typhoon which is a violent tropical storm can cause great destruction.
Exercise 11: Underline the correct verb.

Examples:
- There are three students in my class who speeks/speak French.
- There is one student in my class who speaks/speak Greek.
1. The patients who is/are treated at City Hospital doesn’t/don’t need to have private
physicians.
2. the courses this school offers/offer is/are listed in the catalog.
3. A pedometer is an instrument that measures/measure the distance a person walks/walk.
4. People who suffers/suffer from extreme shyness can sometimes overcome their problem
by taking a public speaking class.
5. The boy drew pictures of people at an airport who was/were waiting for their planes.
6. In the months that has/have passed since the accident, Robert has regained the use of his
legs.
7. Malnutrition and illiteracy are among the problems in the world that has/have no simple
solutions.
8. It is estimated by those who works/work in the hunger program that 3500 people die
from starvation in the world every day.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
9. Most advertisements are directed toward adults or teenagers, but you can see commercials
on televison that is/are aimed at prompting children to persuade their parents to buy
certain products.
10. The requirements of the school as written in the catalog states/state that all students who
wishes/wish to attend must take an entrance exam.
Exercise 12: Combine these sentences, using (b) as an adjective clause.

Example: (a) Louis knows the woman. (b) The woman is meeting us at the airport.
=> Louis knows the woman who/that is meeting us at the airport.
1. (a) The chair is an antique. (b) Sally inherited it from her grandmother.
2. (a) The bench was wet. (b) I sat on it.
3. (a) The man finished the job in five days. (b) I hired him to paint my house.
4. (a) I miss seeing the old woman. (b) She used to sell flowers on that street corner.
5. (a) The architect is brilliant. (b) Mario works with him.
6. (a) Mary tutors students. (b) They need extra help in geometry.
7. (a) I took a picture of the rainbow. (b) It appeared in the sky after the shower.
8. (a) We sent a package to our relatives. (b) They live in Iowa.
9. (a) The woman works as a cashier. (b) She sits next to me in class.
10. (a) We bought some trees. (b) Our neighbor told us they were on sale.
Exercise 13: Combine these sentences, using whose in the adjective clause.
Examples: The man’s wife had been admitted to the hospital. I spoke to him.
=> I spoke to the man whose wife had been admitted to the hospital.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
I read about the child. Her life was saved by her pet dog.
=> I read about the child whose life was saved by her pet dog.
1. The students raised their hands. Their names were called.
2. Jack knows a man. The man’s name is William Blueheart Duckbill, Jr.
3. The woman’s purse was stolen outside the supermaket. The police came to question her.
4. We live in a small town. Its inhabitants are almost invariably friendly and helpful.
5. The day care center was established to take care of children. These children’s parents
work during the day.
6. We couldn’t find the person. His car was blocking our driveway.
7. Tobacco is a plant. Its large leaves are used for smoking or chewing.
8. Three students’ reports were turned in late. The professor told them he would accept the
late papers this time but never again.
9. My grandfather is a very optimistic man. His wife died three years ago.
10. Alice went to the police station yesterday. Her handbag was stolen in Oxford Street.
Exercise 14: Combine the sentences by using either where or when to introduce an
adjective clause.
Examples: That is the place. The accident occurred there.
=> That is the place where the accident occurred.
There was a time. Movies cost a dime then.
=> There was a time when movies cost a dime.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. A café is a small restaurant. People can get a light meal there.
2. Every neighbourhood in Brussels has small cafes. Customers drink coffee and eat pastries
there.
3. There was a time. Dinosaurs dominated the earth then.
4. The house was destroyed in an earthquake ten years ago. I was born and grew up there.
5. Summer is the time of year. The weather is the hottest then.
6. The miser hid his money in a place. It was safe from robbers there.
7. There came a time. The miser had to spend his money then.
8. His new shirt didn’t fit, so Dan took it back to the store. He’d bought it there.
9. I remember the day. It was the day my mom told me we were moving.
10. We pulled into the driveway of the house. My mum had grown up in the house.
Exercise 15: Circle the correct sentence from each pair.
Example: A. Do you remember the name of the place in that the crime was committed?
B. Do you remember the name of the place where the crime was committed? X
1. A. Have you ever been back to the town, that you were born in?
B. Have you ever been back to the town that you were born in?
2. A. My left ankle which I broke last winter is still giving me trouble.

B. My left ankle, which I broke last winter, is still giving me trouble.
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3. A. Is that the man you were talking about?

B. Is that the man you were talking about him?
4. A. I’m looking for the book you lent me last week.

B. I’m looking for the book what you lent me last week.
5. A. The region, where we go for our holidays, is becoming increasingly popular.

B. The region where we go for our holidays is becoming increasingly popular.
1. ___ I did not believe the story that he told me.
2. ___ Ms. Brown, whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow.
3. ___ The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written.
4. ___ Sally has an appointment with the hardresser whom you recommended.
5. ___ The phone number that you gave me.
6. ___ She is able to solve all the problems which did she cause.
7. ___ The day that she spent on the b each left her sunburned.
8. ___ Next week I am going to visit my cousins, whom have not seen in several years.
9. ___ Did you forget the promise whom you made?
10. ___ The teacher whom the students like the most is their history teacher.
11. ___ The children that were vaccinated did not get sick.
12. ___ I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election.
13. ___ The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor.
14. ___ I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective.
15. ___ We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the buildings on Maple
Street.
16. ___ She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:00.
17. ___ Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class.
18. ___ The people which came in late had to sit at the back.
19. ___ The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult.
20. ___ After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the street.
21. ___ My sisters prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.
22. ___ The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.
23. ___ The car which he was driving could not possibly be his.
24. ___ The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.
25. ___ The cost of the trip which we wanted to take.
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26. ___ The children are playing with the toys which their mother told them to put away.
27. ___ The guests who were seated around the dinner table.
28. ___ The students have to read all the chapters which are on the tests.
29. ___ I really do nt like the artists which you like.
30. ___ The stones that they were set in the ring were quite valuable.
Exercise 17: All of the following sentences contain errors in adjective clause structures.
Correct the errors.
Example: In our village there were many people didn’t have much money.
- In our village there were many people who/that didn’t have much money.
OR In our village many people didn’t have much money.
1. I enjoyed the book that you told me to read it.
2. I still remember the man who he taught me to play the violin when I was a boy.
3. I showed my father a picture of the car I am going to buy it as soon as I save enough
money.
4. The woman about who I was talking about suddenly walked into the room. I hope she
didn’t hear me.
5. Almost all of the people appear on television wear makeup.
6. My grandfather was a community leader whom everyone in our town admired him very
much.
7. I don’t like to spend time with people which losses their tempers easily.
8. I sit next to a person who his name is Ahmed.
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9. In one corner of the marketplace, an old man who was playing a violin.
10. A cafeteria is a kind of restaurant that you choose your food and take it to a table yourself.
Exercise 18: Correct the ten mistakes in the use of relative clauses in these sentences.
1. The strawberries are grown in rich organic soil that we use to make our pies.
2. I can’t remember the name of the woman in the office I talked her last week, but she said
she still had some tickets I could buy them.
3. A detective story is one there is a murder or other crime in it and a detective he tries to
identify the person committed the crime.
4. We need a group of people will work together as a team is capable of winning the prize.
5. The people I work with them are all crazy about a singer called Silk I really don’t like
him at all.

1. Modern humans, who first appeared about 600,000 years ago, ____ Homo sapiens.
A. calling B. were called C. they called D. they were called
2. The first writing ____ evidence of is on Mesopotamian clay tablets.
A. we B. that we C. has D. that we have
3. ____ drought-resistant plants which store water in fleshy tissue.
A. Succulents are B. Succulents
C. They are succulents D. Succulents which are
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4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom ____ as Jack Benny, was a famous comedian in vaudeville
and on radio and television.
A. most people’s knowledge B. most people know
C. knowing most people D. the knowledge of most people
5. ____ that hunted other animals tended to have very narrow, sharp, curved claws.
A. For dinosaurs B. Dinosaurs are known
C. Dinosaurs D. Like dinosaurs
6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who ____ farsighted.
A. had become B. they had become C. becoming D. it became
7. Chimney Rock, ____ 500 feet above the North Platte River, has eroded considerably in
the last two centuries.
A. stands B. is standing C. it stands D. which stands
8. ____ that accompany recurring bouts of severe depression reduce bone density.
A. It changes hormones B. Hormonal changes
C. The hormones change D. The change in hormones is
9. Willa Cather is an author ____ for her evocative and memorable vision of frontier prairie
life.
A. whom readers B. the praise of readers
C. whom praisings D. whom readers praise
10. Mars’s tiny moon Phobos is a small mountain of rock that ____ from the asteroid belt by
Mars’s gravitational pull.
A. was probably captured B. it probably
C. the probable capture D. probably the capture
CHAPTER 2: CLAUSES
Unit 3: Adverbial Clauses

identify adverbial clauses in English.
interpret the functions of each type of adverbial clauses.
use the adverbial clauses in sentences correctly.
GETTING STARTED
1. What is an adverbial clause?
2. How many types of adverbial clauses are there in English? What are they?
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Chapter 2: Clauses
GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE
I. Definition
An Adverbial clause is a subordinate one that does the work of an Adverb: it modifies
Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Phrases, Clauses and Sentences.
Examples:
- Modifies a Verb: He acts as if he were a crazy.
- Modifies an Adjective: The new building is so beautiful that all passers-by must stop to
admire it.
- Modifies an Adverb: He sings better than I do.
II. Classification
There are 9 kinds of Adverbial Clauses
- Adverbial clause of Time - Adverbial clause of Contrast
- Adverbial clause of Place - Adverbial clause of Result
- Adverbial clause of Manner - Adverbial clause of Comparison
- Adverbial clause of Purpose - Adverbial clause of Condition
- Adverbial clause of Reason
1. Adverbial clause of time
Connective words of time Example
- When it rains, I usually go to the office by bus.
WHEN (at that time) (khi)
- The thief ran away when he saw a policeman.
- Please don’t talk while I am speaking.
WHILE/AS (during the/that time) (trong - I read the book while I was in hospital.
khi)
- He looked hard at me as he was passing.
AS SOON AS/ONCE (when one - I’ll tell him the news as soon as I see him.
event happens, another event happens - Once you understand this principle, you will find no
soon afterwards) (ngay khi, một khi) difficulty.
BEFORE (trước khi) - It will be five years before we meet again.
- You can make any decision after you have thought it
AFTER (sau khi)
over.
SINCE (from that time to the present): the - Where have you been since I last saw you?
present perfect is used in the main clause. - I have never seen him since he got married.
UNTIL/TILL (to that time and then no - Let me wait until you come.
longer)
(Till is not used at the beginning of the
- Until you told me, I had heard nothing about it.
sentence, and mainly used in speaking - She won’t go away till you promise to help her.
rather than writing)
BY THE TIME (adv)(one event is - It will be dark by the time you get there.
completed before another event): use
Past perfect or Future perfect in the
- This will have been done by the time you come back.
main clause.
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WHENEVER/EVERY TIME (mỗi - The roof leaks whenever it rains.

khi, bất cứ khi nào) - You may leave whenever you wish.
- He had hardly finished relating the story when
everyone burst out laughing.
Hardly had he finished relating the story when
everyone burst out laughing. (Anh ta vừa kể xong câu
HARDLY/ SCARELY ... WHEN chuyện thì mọi người cười phá lên.)
(chỉ) vừa mới
- The performance had hardly begun when the lights
went off.
- Hardly had the performance begun when the lights
went off.
- He had no sooner/No sooner had he arrived than he
was asked to leave again. (Anh ta vừa mới đến lại được
yêu cầu lên đường.)
NO SOONER ... THAN (ngay lúc,
ngay khi)
- He had no sooner drunk the coffee than he began to
feel drowsy.
- No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to
feel drowsy.
- The first time I went to New York, I went to an opera.
THE FIRST/SECOND TIME
- I saw two plays the last time I went to New York.
THE LAST TIME (THAT),
THE NEXT TIME (THAT), ... - The next time I go to New York, I’m going to see a
ballet.
AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS - “I will work as long as I live.” (Paven)
(conj) (during all that time, from - I will never speak to him again as/so long as I live.
beginning to end)(chừng nào mà)
Note: In time clause, Present - I will help you when I come back tomorrow.
Tenses replace Future Tenses (Not: ...when I’ll come back tomorrow.)
2. Adverbial clause of place

Connective words of Place Example
WHERE (nơi mà) - I feel quite comfortable where I am.
- Stay where you are.
- “Where there is a will, there is a way.” (Proverb)
WHEREVER (bất cứ nơi nào) - I will go wherever the father-land needs.
- I will go wherever you go.
EVERYWHERE - Everywhere she goes, she brings a camera.
ANYWHERE - Place it anywhere you like.
3. Adverbial clause of manner

Connective words of Manner Example
AS - I will do as I like.
HOWEVER - The students may dress however they please.
AS IF/AS THOUGH + - He behaves towards me as if I was his servant
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- He acted as if he were crazy.

Subjunctive (usually the - It looks as if/ as though it is going to rain.
idea following AS IF, AS - Life is short as if it were a dream.
THOUGH is untrue. It - She performs a song as though she were a child.
indicates unreality, - When she came in from the rainstorm, she looked as if
improbability, or doubt in she had taken a shower with her clothes on.
the present.) - He acted as though he had never met her.
- She spoke as if she wouldn’t be here.
4. Adverbial clause of purpose
Connective words of Example
Purpose
- He burns the candle at both ends so that he can make
fortune.
SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT - She concentrated on her study so that she pass her exam.
(literary)/THAT (poetic) - Others seem to live in order that they may it.
- Patriots risk their lives in order that they may live more
* In Adverb clauses of Purpose, safely.
Conditional Verb is used.
- Spring comes that man may enjoy April love.
- Unknown warriors fall down that we may live on.
- She eats little lest she should become fat.
LEST (so that ... not) - She didn’t dare leave the house lest he ahould be
recognized.
- They hid behind some bushes in case passers-by should
see them.
IN CASE/ FOR FEAR THAT
(phòng khi, vì sợ rằng) - We dare not move for fear that the enemy should see us.
- I don’t mention it for fear that it should hurt her feeling.
5. Adverbial clause of reason

Connective words of Reason Example
BECAUSE = IT IS - Patriots risk their lives because they love their
BECAUSE .... THAT countries.
- It is because they love their country that patriots risk
their lives.
NOT BECAUSE .... BUT - We negotiate not because we fear death but because
BECAUSE we love peace.
PARTLY BECAUSE .... - I didn’t come yesterday partly because I felt sick, partly
PARTLY BECAUSE because it rain heavily.
AS, SINCE (= because) - As he is working very hard, he is likely to get success.
- Since you insist, I’ll consider the matter.
- She must have taken the money, since it isn’t here.
SEEING THAT (because … as you - Seeing that it is raining, you had better stay indoors.
see) (xét thấy sự thật là, do, vì) - Seeing that he is coming, you needn’t write to him.
BECAUSE .... NOW/ NOW - Now that you are grown up, you mustn’t behave like a
THAT child.
= Because you are grown up now, you mustn’t behave
NOW THAT is used for Present
like a child.
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and Future situations - It takes me only five minutes to go to school, now that
I’ve got a motorbike.
- Now that the semester is finished, I am going to rest a
few days and then take a trip..
AS/SO LONG AS (= because) - As/So long as you are not busy, could you tell me with
this work?
INASMUCH AS (= because): is - Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not
usually found only in formal reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still
writing and speech remote.
FOR (indirect cause) - Man wants to go to the moon for life on another planet
seems very attractive.
FOR rarely used in conversation. It
is also Co-ordinating Conjunction - A smile can’t be begged, borrowed or stolen for it is of
that form an Independent clause, no value.
- He stood his ground firmly, for he was a brave man.
- He stood his ground firmly. For he was a brave man.
- When I saw her in the river, I was frightened. For the
currents were dangerous at that point.
IN CASE (= because: British English) - Take an umbrella in case it rains. (because it may rain)
6. Adverbial clause of contrast/concession

Contrast
- Though we have thorny problems, we shouldn’t be
discouraged.
- He’s really means over money matter, though he is wealthy.
THOUGH/ALTHOUGH - Although he had been prevented from studying by illness,
(dù, dẫu cho)
he passed the exam.
EVEN THOUGH/EVEN IF - Even if you don’t like him, you can still be polite.
(dù có, dù là)
- I shall get there even though I have to pawn my watch to get
the railway fare.
- Even if the weather is cold, I’m going swimming tomorrow.
- Even if Mary studies hard, she won’t pass the exam.
- Whether you are rich or poor, you should never waste your
money.
- Whether or not it rains, we are playing football on Sunday.
Whether it rains or not, we are playing football on Sunday.
WHETHER … OR NOT - I’m going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it is
(dù có hay không) cold.
- Ill as she was, she did go to school.
- I know some of family secrets, young as I am.
- Work as he will, he finds it hard to support his family.
- Part as we might, we can’t be divided.
- Mary is rich whereas John is poor. = Mary is rich while
WHILE/WHEREAS John is poor.
(trong khi)
- Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor.
NO MATTER WHAT/ - No matter what you do, don’t breathe a word about it.
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- Whatever may happen, you ought to keep calm.

- Whatever book he reads, he will never learn anything.
- Whatever faults he may have, impatience is not one of them.
WHATEVER (bất kể điều gì) - You are certainly right, whatever others say.
- However rich people are, they always seem anxious to make
NO MATTER HOW/
more money.
HOWEVER (bất kể thế nào)
- You can hardly get success, however hard you try.
NO MATTER WHERE/ - However I advise him, he remains impatient.
WHEREVER (bất kể ở đâu)
- It cannot taste good, however you cook it.
NO MATTER WHY - It doesn’t matter where you go, drive carefully.
(bất kể tại sao)
- No matter why the commission made that decision, we are
NO MATTER WHO/ bound to follow it.
WHOEVER, (bất kể ai) - No matter who is president, everyone living in the U.S. has
NO MATTER WHOM/ certain basic rights under the U.S. Constitution.
WHOMEVER (bất kể ai) - Whoever else may object, I shall approve.
- Whomever you rely on, you must behave yourself.
- It makes no matter whether you get great success or bitter
failure, don’t be discouraged.
- Elderly as he is, he likes to talk to young intellectuals. (Dù đã
lớn tuổi, ông vẫn thích chuyện trò với giới trí thức trẻ.)
ADJECTIVE + AS - Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you. (Dù mến anh
(tuy, dù) nhiều nhưng tôi vẫn không thể sống với anh được.)
- Young as I am, I already know what career I want to follow.
(Tuy còn trẻ, tôi cũng đã biết tôi muốn theo đuổi nghề gì.)
7. Adverbial clause of result

Connective words of Result Example
- The news was so important that the messenger was
immediately taken to the King.
- The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were covered
SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT up in a twinkling.
- The flower is so beautiful that I must stop to admire it.
- He run so quickly that I cannot catch him.
- He has so much money that he cannot spend it all.
- He worries so much about his financial position that
he can’t sleep at night.
- He has so many friends that he cannot visit them all.
SO+ + Nuncountable + THAT - So many people complained that in the end they took
the program off.
- He has so few friends that he gets no help from
SO+ + Ncountable + THAT anybody.
- I have so little time for amusement that I can only go
to the movies once a year.
- He is such a fool that he cannot understand me.
- He spoke for such a long time that people began to
doze off. (mơ màng ngủ)
- They are such lazy boys that they are always
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punished.
- It was such good coffee that I had another cup.
+ THAT - She is such a delicated doctor that she’s always
willing to go to wherever and whenever she is needed.
* When SO or SUCH introduces a = She is so delicated a doctor that she’s always
sentence, there will be Inversion willing to go to wherever and whenever she is needed.
of S & V - So important was the news that the messenger was
taken to the king.
- Such a delicated doctor is she that she is willing to go.
8. Adverbial clause of comparison

Connective words of Comparison Example
- Today it was as hot as it was yesterday.
- She is as careful as her mother.
AS ... AS,
- Her mother is as beautiful as she was.
NOT SO ... AS/ NOT AS ... AS - He ordered as strictly as a general did.
THE SAME, ... - His new novel is not so interesting as his earlier
one.
- He is not so stupid as he looks.
- I don’t know him so well as her.
- I don’t know him so well as she.
- It’s hotter today than it was yesterday.
- That question is easier than I thought.
- The author’s real life is more exciting than his
Short ADJECTIVE-ER … THAN
novel.
MORE + long ADJECTIVE ...THAN
- He sang better than we thought.
- She admires you more than (she admires) him.
- She admires you more than he (admires you).
- Some grains are less nutritious than rice.
LESS ... THAN,
- She sang less beautifully than I expected.
- The older he gets, the weaker he is.
- The wiser he becomes, the humbler (khiêm tốn) he
is.
- The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her
parents are.
- The heavier the coin was, the more it was worth.
- The more we get together, the happier we’ll be.
+ - The more he worked, the richer he was.
- The more she knows him, the more she loves him.
- The more I hate him, the more he likes me.
- The less difficult the lessons are, the less studious
the students are.
- The less he cuts school, the less I hate him.
- The less diligent the boy is, the less progress he
makes.
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9. Adverbial clause of condition

Condition
- I will lead a peaceful life if I retire.
IF - If she come, I will tell her.
- Unless you try hard, you cannot get success.
UNLESS = IF NOT If you do not try hard, you cannot get success.
(nếu 0, trừ phi) - I’ll go swimming tomorrow unless it’s cold.
I’ll go swimming tomorrow if it’s not cold.
- Suppose my father saw me with you, what might he think?
SUPPOSE (THAT), - Supposing that I weren’t here now, what would you do?
SUPPOSING (THAT) - Supposing that there were no gravity, our life would be
(giả sử)
chaotic.
- There would be great changes in our lives on condition that
ON CONDITION THAT every day we thought more of others than of ourselves.
(với điều kiện là)
- You can have the book on condition that you keep it clean.
- You can borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
AS/SO LONG AS - So long as we are frank enough, there will be no
(với ĐK là, miễn là, chỉ cần)
misunderstanding.
- He says he’ll accept the post provided/providing (that) the
salary is satisfactory.
PROVIDED/PROVIDING - Provided/Providing (that) the future holds half of the things
(THAT) you hope for us, we’ll be lucky enough.
(với điều kiện, miễn là)
- Providing/Provided (that) no one has any further questions,
the meeting will be adjourned.
IN CASE (THAT) (=IF: - I’ll be at my uncle’s house in case you (should) need to reach
American English) me.
IN THE EVEN THAT - In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.
- In the event that you (should) need to reach me, I’ll be at my
* IN CASE THAT & IN
uncle’s house.
THE EVENT THAT
express the idea that
something probably won’t
happen, but it might.
SHOULD emphasizes
the speaker’s uncertainty
that something will
happen.
- The picnic will be cancelled only if it rains.
ONLY IF - Only if it rains will the picnic be cancelled.
Note:
- He would have fallen but for me. (Nó đã ngã nếu 0 có tôi.)
BUT FOR (prep.) + NP - But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday.
(nếu không có …)
(Nếu trời không mưa chúng tôi đã có 1 kỳ nghỉ đẹp.)
Expressions with different meanings

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Condition
- I will lead a peaceful life if I retire.
IN CASE (= because: British English)
- If she comes, I will tell her.
- I’ll be at my uncle’s house in case you (should) need to
IN CASE (THAT) (= If: American reach me.
English)
- In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.
- They hid behind some bushes in case passers-by should
see them.
IN CASE = FOR FEAR THAT
(phòng khi, vì sợ rằng) - We dare not move for fear that the enemy should see us.
- I don’t mention it for fear that it should hurt her feeling.
- Please don’t talk while I am speaking.
WHILE (time)
- I read the book while I was in hospital.
- Mary is rich while John is poor. = Mary is rich whereas
WHILE (= whereas) (contrast)
John is poor.
- I met him as he was stopping at the red light.
AS (time) - As he grew older, he lost interest in everything except
gardening.
- As Peter is late for school, his mother has to apologize to
AS (reason)
his teacher.
- I will do as I like.
- Do as I say and sit down.
AS (manner)
- Leave the table as it is. (Hãy để cái bàn y nguyên như
vậy.)
- Young as I am, I already know what career I want to
ADJ. + AS (contrast) follow. (Tuy còn trẻ, tôi cũng đã biết tôi muốn theo đuổi
nghề gì.)
AS … AS (comparison) - Today it is as hot as it was yesterday.
SINCE (time) - We have not since seen him since he married.
(from that time to the present)
SINCE (reason) (because) - Since there is no more to be said, the meeting ends.
AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS - “I will work as long as I live.” (Paven)
(time) (during all that time, from - I will never speak to him again as/so long as I live.
beginning to end)
AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS - As/So long as you are not busy, could you tell me with
(reason) (because) this work?
- You can borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS - So long as we are frank enough, there will be no
(condition) misunderstanding.
- As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
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Exercise 1: Underline the correct answer.

1. While/When I had locked all the doors, I went to bed.
2. I fell off the chair while/until I was changing the light bulb.
3. They waited when/until everybody was there before/until they started the meeting.
4. My grandfather worked hard all his life until/when he retired.
5. I usually get up before/as soon as I wake up.
6. It started to rain until/just as we got to the park.
7. I broke my leg as soon as/when I was skiing.
8. The film had already started when/just as we sat down in the cinema.
9. I always take a bath before/after I go to bed.
10. Do not disturb me when/until I am busy with my work.

1. After Jessica ____ her degree, she intends to work in her father’s company.
A. will finish B. will have finished C. finishes D. is finishing
2. By the time I go to bed tonight, I ____ my work for the day.
A. will finish B. have finished C. will have finished D. finish
3. When my parents ____ for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time.
A. will arrive B. arrived C. will have arrived D. arrive
4. Fatemah looked down to discover a snake at her feet. When she saw it, she ____.
A. was screaming B. had screamed C. screamed D. screams
5. By the time Alfonso finally graduated from high school, he ____ seven different schools
because his parents moved frequently.
A. attended B. was attending C. had attended D. had been
attending
6. Until you learn to relax more, you ____ your ability to speak English.
A. haven’t improved B. aren’t improving C. don’t improve D. won’t improve
7. I borrowed four books on gardening the last time I ____ to the library.
A. go B. went C. had gone D. have gone
8. Before I started the car, all of the passengers ____ their seat belts.
A. will buckle B. had buckled C. buckle D. have buckled
9. It seems that whenever I travel abroad I ____ to take something I need.
A. forgot B. am forgetting C. forget D. had forgotten
10. When I see the doctor this afternoon, I ____ him to look at my throat.
A. will ask B. asked C. will have asked D. ask
11. After ancient Greek athletes won a race in the Olympics, they ____ a simple crown of olive
leaves.
A. received B. had received C. were receiving D. have received
12. After the race ____, the celebration began.
A. had been won B. is won C. will be won D. has been won
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13. I’ll return Bob’s pen to him the next time I ____ him.
A. see B. will see C. will have seen D. have seen
14. I ____ all of the questions correctly since I began this grammar exercise on verb tenses.
A. am answering B. answer C. have answered D. answered
15. A small stone struck the windshield while we ____ down the gravel road.
A. drive B. were driving C. had driven D. had been driving

1. As soon as Martina saw the fire, she ___ the fire department.
A. was telephoning B. telephoned C. had telephoned D. telephoned
2. Before Jennifer won the lottery, she ___ any kind of contest.
A. hasn’t entered B. didn’t enter C. wasn’t entering D. hadn’t entered
3. Every time Prakash sees a movie made in India, he ___ homesick.
A. will have felt B. felt C. feels D. is feeling
4. Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I ___ to visit friends and family several times.
A. return B. will have returned C. am returning D. have returned
5. While he was washing his new car, Mr. De Rosa ___ a small dent in the rear fender.
A. has discovered B. was discovering C. is discovering D. discovered
6. Yesterday while I was jogging in the park, Matthew ___ on the company’s annual report.
A. was working B. had been working C. has worked D. works
7. Tony ___ to have children until his little daughter was born. After she won his heart, he
decided he wanted a big family.
A. didn’t want B. hadn’t wanted C. wasn’t wanting D. hasn’t wanted
8. After the horse threw her to the ground for the third time, Jennifer picked herself up and
said, “I ___ on another horse as long as I live.”
A. never ride B. have never ridden C. will never ride D. do not ride
9. The next time Paul ___ to New York, he will visit the Metropolitan Museum’s famous
collection of international musical instruments.
A. will fly B. flies C. has flown D. will have flown
10. Ever since Maurice arrived, he ___ quietly in the corner. Is something wrong?
A. sat B. has been sitting C. sits D. is sitting
11. After Nancy ___ for twenty minutes, she began to feel tired.
A. jogging B. had been jogging C. has been jogging D. has jogged
12. Peter, ___ since you got home from football practice?
A. have you eaten B. will you eat C. are you eating D. do you eat
13. By the time the young birds ___ the nest for good, they will have learned how to fly.
A. will leave B. will have left C. are leaving D. leave
14. The last time I ___ in Athens, the weather was hot and humid.
A. had been B. was C. am D. will be
15. The farmer acted too late. He locked the barn door after his horse ___.
A. had been stolen B. will be stolen C. is stolen D. has been stolen
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ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER

Exercise 4: Complete each sentence with as or as though plus one of these phrases.
know-all know-how in the know no knowing
1. It seemed ____________ some of the committee were in favour of the plan early on, but
there’s ____________ what they will decide in the end.
2. I can do some of the repairs myself, but I rally can’t do as much ____________ someone
with more technical ____________.
3. Rebeca is such a ____________ and always behaves ____________ she’s the teacher and
we’re her students.
4. According to those ____________, this year’s profit won’t be so impressive
____________ last year’s outstanding results.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

1. I will give you this English book __________________ you can pass your exam.
A. so that B. in order to C. lest
2. We keep our meat in the fridge __________________ it doesn't go bad.
3. Yvonne is borrowing some English books __________________ learn more of this
language.
4. I have to leave early __________________ I won't miss my plane.
5. Elizabeth is putting on her warm jacket __________________ she catches a cold.
6. I didn't tell her about her husband's sickness __________________ she worried.
7. He should come here as soon as possible __________________ repair our car.
8. He spoke so loudly _____________________ wake Mary. He is a naughty boy.
9. Yvonne is learning English __________________ she can read English books.
10. He went to school __________________ practise his English.
Exercise 6: Join these ideas, using the words in brackets.

Example: I wrote down the number. I didn’t want to forget it. (so as not to)
- I wrote down the number so as not to forget it.
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1. He’s started walking to work. He wants to get more exercise. (so as to)
2. The government are going to increase taxes. They want to raise more money. (in order to)
3. We took a map with us on the journey. We didn’t want to get lost. (so as not to)
4. They stopped work at 1 o’clock. They wanted to have lunch. (in order to)
5. He switched on the light. He wanted to see what he was doing. (so that/could)
6. I turned down the music. I didn’t want to disturb the neighbours. (so that/wouldn’t)
7. She repeated everything. She wanted us to remember it. (so that/would)
8. She’s saving money. She wants to buy a new car. (so that/can)
9. She got up early. She didn’t want to be late for work. (so that/wouldn’t)
10. We waited a few munites until the rain stopped. We didn’t want to get wet.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON

Exercise 7: Complete the sentences in A using because or because of and an idea from B.
A B
Example: He phoned the police because (d) a. his bad leg
1. I didn’t have any lunch _____________ b. I thought it might rain
2. Our plane was delayed _____________ c. I wasn’t hungry
3. He went to Paris _____________ d. he’d lost his wallet
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4. I took an umbrella _____________ e. the fog

5. He couldn’t run very fast _____________ f. he wanted to learn French
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONTRAST
Exercise 8: Complete the following sentences with but, even though, or nevertheless.
1. Bob ate a large dinner. Nevertheless , he is still hungry.
2. Bob ate a large dinner, but he is still hungry.
3. Bob is still hungry even though he ate a large dinner.
4. I had a lot of studying to do, _______________ I went to a movie anyway.
5. I had a lot of studying to do. _______________, I went to a movie.
6. _______________ I had a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie.
7. I finish all of my work _______________ I was very sleepy.
8. I was very sleepy _______________ I finished all of my work anyway.
9. I was very sleepy. _______________, I finished all of my work.
10. All of my family friends have advised me not to travel abroad during this time of political
turmoil. ________________, I’m leaving next week to begin a trip around the world.
Exercise 9: Complete the following sentences with yet, although, or however.

1. I washed my hands. _______________, they still looked dirty.
2. I washed my hands, _______________ they still looked dirty.
3. _______________ I washed my hands, they still looked dirty.
4. Diana didn’t know how to swim, _______________ she jumped into the swimming pool.
5. _______________ Diana didn’t know how to swim, she jumped into the swimming pool.
6. Diana didn’t know how to swim. _______________, she jumped into the swimming pool.
7. I wouldn’t trust Alan with my money _______________ he seems to be trust worthy.
8. Alan seems trustworthy and capable as a financial advisor, _______________ I wouldn’t
trust him with my money.
9. Alan seems trustworthy and capable as a financial advisor. _______________, I wouldn’t
trust him with my money.
10. Some people think great strides have been made in cleaning up the environment in much
of the world. _______________, others think the situation is much worse than it was
twenty years ago.
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Exercise 10: Underline the correct completions.

1. a. Even though/ Despite her doctor warned her, Carol has continued to smolke nearly
three packs of cigarettes a day.
b. Even though/ Despite her doctor’s warnings, Carol has continued to smolke nearly
three packs of cigarettes a day.
c. Even though/ Despite the warnings her doctor gave her, Carol continues to smoke.
d. Even though/ Despite the fact that her doctor warned her of dangers to her health, Carol
continues to smoke.
e. Even though/ Despite she has been warned about the dangers of smoking by her doctor,
Carol continues to smoke.
2. a. Although/ In spite of an approaching storm, the two climbers continued their trek up the
mountain.
b. Although/ In spite of a storm was approaching, the two climbers continued their trek.
c. Although/ In spite of there was an approaching storm, the two climbers continued up
the mountain.
d. Although/ In spite of the storm that was approaching the mountain area, the two
climbers continued their trek.
e. Although/ In spite of the fact that a storm was approaching the mountain area, the two
climbers continued their trek.
3. a. Although/ Despite his many hours of practice, George failed his driving test for the
third time.
b. Although/ Despite he had practiced for many hours, George his driving test for the third
time.
c. Although/ Despite practicing for many hours, George failed his driving test again.
d. Although/ Despite his mother and father spent hours with him in the car trying to teach
him how to drive, George failed his driving test repeatedly.
e. Although/ Despite his mother and father’s effort to teach him how to drive, George
failed his driving test.
4. a. Even though/ In spite of repeated crop failures due to drought, the villagers are refusing
to leave their traditional homeland for resettlement in other areas.
b. Even though/ In spite of their crops have failed repeatedly due to drought, the villagers
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are refusing to leave their traditional homeland for resettlement in other areas.
c. The villagers refused to leave even though/ in spite of the drought.
d. The villagers refused to leave even though/ in spite of the drought seriously threatens
their food supply.
e. The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of the threat to their food supply
because of the continued drought.
f. The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of the threat to their food supply is
serious because of the continued drought.
g. The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of their food supply is threatened.
h. The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of their threatened food supply.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF RESULTS

Exercise 11: Add such or so to the following sentences.
Example: The wind was so strong that it blew my hat off my head.
1. Sue is ______ a good pianist that I’m surprised she didn’t go into music professionally.
2. The radio was ________ loud that I couldn’t hear what Michael was saying.
3. The food was ________ hot that it burned my tongue.
4. Alison did ________ a poor job that she was fired.
5. Professor James is ________ a stern (nghiêm khắc) taskmaster that lazy students won’t take
his class.
6. The restaurant patron at the table near us was ________ belligerent (háu chiến) that we all felt
embarrassed, especially when he swept everything off the table and demanded his money
back.
7. Small animals in the forest move about _______ quickly that one can barely catch a
glimpse of them.
8. The intricate metal lacework on the Eiffel Tower in Paris was ________ complicated that
the structure took more than two and a half years to complete.
9. Charles and his brother are ________ hard-working carpenters that I’m sure they’ll make
a success of their new business.
10. The children had ________ much fun at the carnival that they begged to go again.
11. There are ________ many leaves on a single tree that it is impossible to count them.
12. ________ few students signed up for the course that it was canceled.
13. I feel like I have ________ little energy that I wonder if I’m getting sick.
14. Jan and Arlene have always been ________ good friends that it’s a shame to see them not
speaking to each other.
15. Indian food can be hot and spicy. Jack ate some very hot chicken curry when he was in
India a year ago. In fact, it was ________ hot that smoke came out of his ears!
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Exercise 12: Join each pair of sentences using so/such … (that).

Example: He’s got a very good memory. He never needs to write anything down.
- He’s got such a good memory (that) he never needs to write anything down.
1. It was a very warm evening. We had dinner outside in the garden.
-
2. He was very nervous. He couldn’t eat anything.

-
3. Our neighbour’s party was very noisy. We couldn’t sleep.

-
4. The restaurant was very crowded. They couldn’t find anywhere to sit down.
-
5. We were all having a good time. We didn’t want to stop.

-
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION

Exercise 13: Complete the sentences using in case. Decide if it goes in the first or the
second blank. Add necessary punctuation and capitalization.
Example: In case you need to get in touch with me , I’ll be in my office until late this
evening.
1. ____________ we’ll be at the Swan Hotel in case you need to call us.
2. ____________ you’d be better take your raincoat with you ____________ the weather
changes. It could rain before you get home again.
3. Mary is willing to work with you on your design project. ____________ you find that you
need help with it ____________ she’ll be back in town next Monday and can meet with
you then.
4. ____________ my boss has to stay near a phone all weekend ____________ the company
wants him to go to London to close the deal they’ve been working on all month.
5. ____________ I’m not back in time to make dinner ____________ I put the phone
number for carry-out Chinese food on the refrigerator. You can call and order the food for
yourself.
Exercise 14: Complete the sentences using in the event that.

Example: In the event that Janet is late for work again tomorrow , she will be fire.
1. Are you sure you’re taking enough money with you? ____________ you’d better take a
credit card with you ____________ you run out of cash.
2. The political situation is getting more unstable and dangerous. ____________ my family
plans to leave the country ____________ there is a civil war.
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3. Just to be on the safe side, ____________ I always take a change of clothes in my carry-
on bag ____________ the airline loses my luggage.
4. The cheapest way to get from an airport to a hotel is to take an airport bus, but I’m not
sure if River City has one. ____________ there is not airport bus ____________ you can
always take a taxi.
5. Ann is one of five people nominated for an award to be given at the banquet this evening.
____________ she has already prepared an acceptance speech ____________ she wins it
tonight.
Exercise 15: Circle the correct answer.

Example: Most people you meet will be polite to you ___ you are polite to them.
A. unless B. if
1. I can’t buy a car ___ I save enough money.
A. unless B. only if
2. Eggs will not hatch ___ they are kept at the proper temperature.
3. Our kids are allowed to watch television after dinner ___ they have finished their
homework. Homework must come first.
4. I’ll give you a hand ___ you need it, but I hope I don’t hurt my back.
A. unless B. if
5. I’m afraid the battery is dead. ___ I buy a new one, the car won’t start.
A. unless B. if
6. My sister can fall asleep under any conditions, but I can’t get to sleep ___ the light is off
and the room is perfectly quiet.
A. unless B. if
7. There can be peace in the world ___ all nations sincerely lend their energy to that effort.
8. Alice will tutor you in math ___ you promise to do everything she says.
9. Oscar won’t pass his math course ___ he gets a tutor.
10. I won’t be involved in this project ___ you assure me that we won’t be violating any laws.
A. unless B. if
Exercise 16: Choose the correct words so that the sentences make sense.
Example: I’m going to go/ not going to go to the park unless the weather is nice.
1. I’m going to go to the park unless it rains/ doesn’t rain.
2. I’ll pass the course provided that I pass/ don’t pass the final examination.
3. Tom doesn’t like to work. He’ll get a job unless/ only if he has to.
4. I always eat/ never eat breakfast unless I get up late and don’t have enough time.
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5. I always finish my homework even if/ only if I’m sleepy and want to go to bed.
6. Grass grows provided that it gets/ doesn’t get enough water.
7. You will/ won’t learn to play the violin well unless you practice every day.
8. Even if the president calls, wake/ don’t wake me up. I don’t want to talk to anyone. I want
to sleep.
9. Jack is going to come to the game with us today if/ unless his boss gives him the
afternoon off.
10. Borrow/ Don’t borrow money from your friends unless you absolutely must.
Exercise 17: Complete the following sentences with the correct tenses of the verb in
parentheses.
1. If you are kind to me, I (be) __________ good to you.
2. If I (succeed) __________ this time, I shall have completed the examination.
3. If your statement is correct, what he (tell) __________ me is untrue.
4. If you (be) __________ willing to go, so __________ I.
5. I will pay him well if he (do) __________ the work properly.
6. If I really (say) __________ that I am very sorry.
7. If you (say) __________ that you (take) __________ the book by mistake I should have
understood.
8. If I did hurt his feelings, I (try) __________ to explain to him.
9. If he has lost the key, he (have) __________ to buy another one.
10. If you (finish) __________ your homework, you may go out.
11. If you (tell) __________ me at the time, I should have understood at once.
12. I should always have done that if they (explain ) __________ it at the start.
13. We (go) __________ much earlier if we had known the times of the trains.
14. They would not have gone to that hotel if they (know) __________ its prices.
15. He (send) __________ his children abroad for the summer if he has the money.
Exercise 18: Add IF or UNLESS to each of the following sentences.

1. He wouldn’t have waited ______ you’d been late.
2. He won’t speak French ______ he goes to France.
3. I’ll go to the door ______ I hear the bell.
4. I will not go the door ______ I hear the bell.
5. ______ he wrote to me, I should write to him.
6. I will not write to him ______ he writes to me.
7. ______ the clock had been right, we should have caught the train.
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8. He will not learn much ______ he works harder.

9. ______ you send a telegram now, he’ll get it this evening.
10. ______ he started immediately, he would arrive by midday.
11. I should never have found the house ______ the policeman hadn’t helped me.
12. ______ you rang, he would come.
13. He would come ______ you rang.
14. ______ you had rung, he would have come.
15. He would have come ______ you had rung.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES ON ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Contrast & Reason
Exercise 19: Complete the sentences with even though or because.
Examples: - I put on my sunglasses even though it was a dark, clougy day.
- I put on my sunglasses because the sun was bright.
1. ___________ she has a job, she doesn’t have enough money to support her four children.
2. ____________ she has a job, she is able to pay her rent and provide food for her family.
3. I’m going horseback riding with Judy this afternoon _____________ I’m afraid of horses.
4. I’m going horseback riding with Judy this afternoon _____________ I enjoy it.
5. ____________ you’ve made it clear that you don’t want any help, I have to at least offer
to help you.
6. I knew that I should get some sleep, but I just couldn’t put my book down
_____________ I was really enjoying it.
7. I’m glad that my mother made me take piano lessons when I was a child _____________
I hated it at the time. Now, I play the piano every day.
8. ____________ Tom didn’t know how to dance, he wanted to go to the school dance
____________ he felt lonely sitting and staring blankly at the TV while all of his friends
were having fun together.
9. Joe jumped into the river to rescue the little girl who was drowning _____________ he
wasn’t a good swimmer.
10. My hair stylist subscribes to three different fashion magazines _____________ she’s not
interested in clothes. She subscribes to them _____________ her customers like them.
Exercise 20: Circle all the correct completions for each sentence.
Example: _B, D_ the post office was closed, I couldn’t mail my packages.
A. Therefore B. Because C. For D. Since
1. ___ we got lost driving into the city, we were late for the meeting.
A. Since B. Because C. Consequently D. For
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Chapter 2: Clauses
2. I couldn’t repair my bicycle, ___ I didn’t have the right tools.

A. so B. for C. because of D. therefore
3. Two of the factories in our small town have closed. ___, unemployment is high.
A. Consequently B. Because C. So that D. Therefore
4. ___ I had nothing for lunch but an apple, I ate dinner early.
A. For B. Since C. Due to D. Therefore
5. The fire raged out of control. It got ___ bad that more firefighters had to be called in.
A. such B. therefore C. so D. as
6. ___ the flood has receded rút xuống, people can move back into their homes.
A. Now that B. Since C. Because D. Inasmuch as
7. Mr. Watson retired from his job early ___ his ill health.
A. because B. due to C. because of D. for
8. Bill’s favorite show was on. He reached to turn on the TV ___ he could watch it.
A. because of B. therefore C. so that D. for
9. She bought the book ___ she had heard it was good.
A. because B. so C. because of D. due to the fact that
10. The Eskimo way of life changed dramatically during the 1800s ___ the introduction of
firearms and the influx of large numbers of European whalers and fur traders.
A. because B. due to C. so D. for
Reasons & Results

Exercise 21: Underline the correct answers.
Example: I haven’t got much money as/so I can’t afford a new car.
1. As/As a result it was such a beautiful ay, we decided to have a picnic.
2. It was his birthday because/so we decided to buy him a present.
3. As a result/Since all the seats on the train were taken, we had to stand.
4. The banks were closed and as a result/because we couldn’t get any money.
5. I didn’t find the book very interesting and so/as I didn’t finish it.
6. We couldn’t drive across the bridge as a result/because it was closed.
7. She had the best qualifications and she so/therefore got the job.
8. Mark joined the English Drama Club so/because he wanted to improve his intonation.
9. The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so/since some of the students began to fall asleep.
10. The lecture was boring and irrelevant, and because/as a result some of the students
began to fall asleep.
Exercise 22: Complete the sentences with because, because of, or therefore.
1. _______________ it rained, we stayed home.
2. It rained. _______________, we stayed home.
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3. We stayed home _______________ the rain.

4. The hurricane was moving directly toward a small coastal town. _______________, all
residents were advised to move inland until it passed.
5. The residents moved inland _______________ the hurricane.
6. _______________ the hurricance was moving directly toward the town, all residents were
advised to move inland.
7. Pirahas, which are found in the Amazon River, are ferocious and bloodthirsty fish. When
they attack in great numbers, they can devour ăn ngấu nghiến an entire cow in several minutes
_______________ their extremely sharp teeth.
8. A tomato is classified as a fruit, but most people consider it a vegetable
_______________ it is prepared and eaten in the same ways as lettuce, onions and other
vegetables.
9. In ancient Rome, garlic was believed to make people courageous. Roman soldiers,
_______________, ate large quantities of it before a battle.
10. He found working in Japan very difficult _______________ the language problem.
Exercise 23: Complete the sentences with due to, since, or consequently. Add any
necessary punctuation and capitalization.
1. _____________ his poor eyesight John has to sit in the front row in class.
2. _____________ John has poor eyesight he has to sit in the front row.
3. John has poor eyesight _____________ he has to sit in the front row.
4. Sarah is afraid of heights __________________ she will not walk across the bridge.
5. Sarah will not walk across a bridge _____________ her fear of heights.
6. _____________ a camel can go completely without water for eight to ten days it is an
ideal animal for desert areas.
7. Mark is overweight _____________ his doctor has advised him to exercise regularly.
8. _____________ a diamond is extremely hard it can be used to cut glass.
9. _____________ consumer demand for ivory many African elephants are being
slaughtered ruthlessly _____________ many people who care about saving these animals
from extinction refuse to buy any item made from ivory.
10. Sarah will not walk across a bridge __________ her fear of heights.
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Example: We stopped at the baker’s ___ we could buy some bread.
A. that B. to C. so that D. because
1. The match was cancelled ___ it was raining.
A. so that B. that B. to D. because
2. They pulled over onto the side of the road ___ check that the tyres were all right.
A. so that B. so as to C. because D. that
3. ___ you’re late you had better sit here, near the front.
A. So B. So that C. To D. Since
4. We’ll phone you when we get there ___ you don’t worry.
A. so that B. because C. that D. since
5. Put the ice cream back in the freezer ___ it doesn’t melt.
A. that B. so that C. because D. since
6. Paul think Chinese is a difficult language, ___ he has decided to learn it.
A. yet B. so that C. since D. because
7. Sophie left early ___ she had a dental appointment.
A. because B. so that C. so D. although
8. ___ Australia is a huge country, it has quite a small population.
A. Whereas B. Because C. Although D. That
9. The population of Britain is very large ___ it is quite a small country.
A. and B. even though C. that D. because
10. We didn’t arrive until 10 p.m., we only went sightseeing the next day.
A. So B. That C. In order to D. Since
11. It was raining this morning, ___ Kelly took the bus to school.
A. so B. because C. so that D. since
12. We phone the station ___ find out what time the train left.
A. since B. in order to C. because D. so that
13. Water pipes can burst in the winter ___ when water freezes, it expands.
A. so that B. so C. because D. although
14. Why did you leave your bag in the hall? - ___ I won’t forget it in the morning.
A. Because B. Since C. To D. So
15. Why didn’t Jim play football today? – ___ he forgot his boots.
A. Because B. So C. So that D. In order to
Exercise 25: Complete each sentence with a meaning similar to the ones given.
Example:
The weekend was beautiful and sunny. The weather forecast had predicted it would be.
- Just as the weather forecast had predicted it would be, the weekend was beautiful and
sunny.
1. He always wants me to buy his ticket. He never has any money.
Because
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Chapter 2: Clauses
2. We should look for some cheap sandals. We’re at the street market.
While
3. I’ve had a constant pain in my neck. I was in a car crash two years ago.
Since
4. They can go on more trips abroad. Their children have grown up.
Now that
5. His phone wasn’t on. I left him a message.
As
Exercise 26: Circle all the correct completions for each sentences. There may be more
than one correct completion.
Example: A,C,D I was tired, I went to bed.
A. because B. for C. since D. due to the fact that
1. A small fish need camouflage to hide itself ___ its enemies cannot find it.
A. so that B. so C. therefore D. due to
2. Josh couldn’t open the door ___ the lock was broken.
A. because B. therefore C. so D. due to the fact that
3. The workers have gone on strike. ___, all production has ceased.
A. Because B. Therefore C. Consequently D. Inasmuch as
4. ___ my company’s bid for building the library was the lowest, we were awarded the
contract.
A. Because B. Since C. For D. Inasmuch as
5. I needed to finish the marathon race ___ I could prove that I had the strenth and stamina
to do it. I didn’t care whether I won or not.
A. because of B. so that C. for D. therefore
6. Let’s ask our teacher how to solve this problem ___ we can’t agree on the answer.
A. since B. because of C. consequently D. as long as
7. Our apartment building has had two robberies in the last month, ___ I’m going to put an
extra lock on the door and install a telephone in my bedroom.
A. now that B. so that C. so D. since
8. The Chippewas are Native North Americans. Their language is one of the most complex
in the world, ___ it contains more than 6,000 verb forms.
A. consequently B. so C. so that D. for
9. ___ the bad grease stain on the carpet, we had to rearrange the furniture before the
company arrived.
A. Because of B. Now that C. Due to D. Since
10. The price of airline tickets has gone down recently. ___ the tickets cost less, more people
are flying than before.
A. Consequently B. Because of C. Because D. For
11. The mountain road was closed to all traffic ___ the heavy rainfall had caused a huge
mudslide that blocked the way.
A. therefore B. because C. due to D. so
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12. Janet called the security guard ___ someone had taken her briefcase while she was
making a call at the public phone.
A. so that B. so C. because D. because of
13. Dolphins are sometimes caught and killed in commercial fishing nets ___ they often swim
in schools with other fish, such as tuna.
A. since B. as C. so D. because
14. We can finally afford to trade in the old car for a new one ___ I’ve gotten the raise I’ve
been waiting for.
A. so that B. now that C. consequently D. so
15. I asked him to move ___ I could see the screen better.
A. because B. so that B. so as D. in order that

Example: ____ I get angry and upset, I try to take ten deep breaths.
A. Until B. Whenever C. Therefore C. For
1. _____ Paul brings the money for our lunch, we’ll go right down to the cafeteria.
A. Since B. As soon as C. Now that D. Until
2. My mouth is burning! This is _____ spicy food that I don’t think I can finish it.
A. such B. so C. very D. too
3. Both my books _____ from my room last night.
A. were stolen and my wallet B. and my wallet were stolen
C. and my wallet was stolen D. were and my wallet was stolen
4. When _____ a dictionary, you need to be able to understand the symbols and
abbreviations it contains.
A. having used B. use C. to use D. using
5. Bats are fascinating _____ have many interesting and amazing qualities.
A. animals. Therefore, they B. animals, they
C. animals. They D. animals. Because they
6. While _____ to help Tim with his math, I got impatient because he wouldn’t pay attention
to what I was saying.
A. I am trying B. having tried C. I try D. trying
7. _____ extremely bad weather in the mountains, we’re no longer considering our skiing
trip.
A. Due to B. Because C. Since D. Due to the fact that
8. Emily is motivated to study _____ she knows that a good education can improve her life.
A. therefore B. because of C. because D. so
9. Sonia broke her leg in two places. _____, she had to wear a cast and use crutches for three
months.
A. Inasmuch as B. Consequently C. For that D. Because
10. Our village had _____ money available for education that the schools had to close.
A. so little B. such little C. so much D. such much
11. Hundreds of species of Hawaiian flowers have become extinct or rare _____ land
development and the grazing of wild goats.
A. now that B. due to C. because D. for
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12. Tom Booth is one of the best players in the country. We have won all of our games _____
he joined our team.
A. when B. the first time C. since D. due to
13. Joe seemed to be in a good mood, _____ he snapped at me angrily when I asked him to
join us.
A. yet B. so C. for D. and
14. _____ Jan arrives, we will have finished this group project.
A. By the time B. Until C. Now that D. Since
15. For the most part, young children spend their time playing, eating, and _____ a lot.
A. they sleep B. sleeping C. sleep D. they are sleeping
16. Joan worked in a vineyard last summer _____ money for school expenses.
A. because to earn B. so she earns C. for she earned D. so that she could earn
17. _____ unprepared for the exam, I felt sure I would get a low score.
A. Being B. Having C. Because D. Upon
18. Ever since _____ Ted the bad news, he’s been avoiding me.
A. telling B. told C. I told D. having told
19. _____ my daughter reaches the age of sixteen, she will be able to drive.
A. Having B. Since C. Once D. Because
20. Matt will enjoy skiing more the next time he goes to Mr. Baker _____ he has had skiing
lessons.
A. so that B. before C. now that D. and
Exercise 28: Complete the sentences. Place the letter of the completion in the blank
space. Use each completion only one time.
A. Its many benefits
B. Its inherent dangers
C. It has been shown to be safe
D. It has been shown to cause birth defects and sometimes death
E. His fear of height
F. He is afraid of height
G. He is normally quite shy and sometimes inarticulate
H. An inability to communicate well in any language besides English
I. Having excellent skills in the job category they were trying to fill
J. He had the necessary qualifications
1. In spite of B , nuclear energy is clean and potentially inexhaustible source of energy.

2. In spite of ___, Carl enjoyed his helicopter trip over the Grand Canyon in Arizona.
3. Because of his age, John was not hired even though ___.
4. Although ___, Mark rode an elevator to the top of the World Trade Center in New York
for the magnificent view.
5. Although ___, many people avoid using a microwave oven for fear of its rays.
6. Jack usually has little trouble making new friends in another country despite ___.
7. In spite of ___, the use of chemotherapy to threat cancer has many severe side effects.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
8. Though ___, Bob managed to give an excellent presentation at the board meeting.
9. Jerry continued to be denied a promotion despite ___.
10. DDT is still used in many countries as a primary insecticide even though ___.

Example: It was cold and wet. D , Bob put on his swimming suit and went to the beach.
A. Therefore B. Despite C. Although D. Nevertheless
1. I can’t ride my bicycle ___ there isn’t any air in one of the tires.
A. despite B. because C. although D. but
2. I got to class on time ___ I had missed my bus.
A. even though B. nevertheless C. because D. despite
3. Brian used to be an active person, but now he has to limit his activities ___ problems with
his health.
A. nevertheless B. because of C. although D. in spite of
4. It should be easy for Bob to find more time to spend with his children ___ he no longer
has to work in the evenings and on weekends.
A. even though B. now that C. due to D. but
5. Jake is a very good student of languages. His brother Michael, ___, has never been able to
master another language.
A. therefore B. even though C. whereas D. on the other hand
6. The ancient Aztecs of Mexico had no technology for making tools from metal. ___, they
had sharp knives and spears made from a stone called obsidian.
A. Whereas B. Although C. Nevertheless D. Despite
7. Roberta missed the meeting without a good reason ___ she had been told that it was
critical that she be there. I wouldn’t want to be in her shoes at work tomorrow.
A. despite B. despite the fact thatC. even D. however
8. I usually enjoy attending amateur productions in small community theaters. The play we
attended last night, ___, was so bad that I wanted to leave after the first act.
A. therefore B. however C. whereas D. even though
9. Some snakes are poisonous, ___ others are harmless.
A. but B. so C. for D. despite
10. Most 15th century Europeans believed that the world was flat and that a ship could
conceivably sail off the end of the earth. ___, many sailors of the time refused to venture
forth with explorers into unknown waters.
A. Due to the fact that B. Nevertheless C. Therefore D. Whereas
Exercise 30: Show the relationship between ideas by adding any of the following
expressions, as appropriate:
Because Because of While/whereas On the other hand
Since Due to Nevertheless In spite of
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Chapter 2: Clauses
Now that Even though However despite

Therefore Although
Example: It was still hot in the room even though/ although I had turned on the air
conditioner.
1. Several people in the crowd became ill and fainted ___________________the extreme
heat.
2. The garderner trimmed the branches on the cherry tree ___________________ I asked
him not to.
3. The meat of the puffer fish can cause paralysis or even death if it improperly prepared.
_______________, it remains a delicacy in Japan for brave diners.
4. ___________________ everyone disagreed with him, Brian went ahead with his original
plan for the company.
5. The first mention of the game of chess appears in an Indian text written almost 1500 years
ago. ___________________ its ancient beginnings, it remains one of the most widely
played games in the world today.
6. Alice heard a siren and saw the flashing lights of a police car in her rear-view mirror.
___________________, she quickly pulled over to the side of the road and stopped.
7. Most adults carry around certain attitudes and prejudices about the world around them.
Most children, ___________________, enter new situations without such preconceived
(hình thành, nhận thức trước) notions.
8. They often have to close all of the ski areas in the mountains ___________________
severe weather conditions and avalanche (tuyết lở) danger.
9. ___________________ paper was first developed by the ancient Chinese, its English
name comes from the word papyrus, the name of an Egyptian water plant.
10. The supervisor must know what everyone in the department is doing
___________________ all responsible for error will fall on her shoulders.
11. ___________________ aspirin is relatively safe for most adults, it should be administered
very carefully to children, if at all. It can be dangerous to children’s health.
12. The peanut is used today to make everything from cosmetics to explosives ____________
the pioneering scientific work of George Washington Carver in the 1910s and 1920s.
13. In ancient China, yellow was considered to be an imperial color. ___________________,
only the emperor was allowed to wear it. No one else could have yellow clothing of any
kind.
14. ___________________ the abacus (bàn tính) had been in use in Asia since ancient times,
many in the Western world credited 19-year-old Blaise Pascal, a Frenchman, with
inventing the first calculating mahine in 1642.
15. ___________________ she thought she heard the telephone ringing, Marge turned the
TV down – only to discover it had been a telephone on the show she was watching.
Exercise 31: Underline the correct option.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
1. Some of his photographs had won prizes in competitions. So that/Consequently, he

thought of himself as a professional photographer.
2. She listened while/at the same time Ray read to her in a low voice.
3. The graphics in that new computer game I bought are quite good. Even so/Even though, I
soon got bored with playing it.
4. Mr Townsend was on holiday so/in consequence he wasn’t considered.
5. He was refused entry to the country. Though/Instead he was forced to return to Spain.
6. I understand your point of view. However,/Although I don’t agree with it.
7. Even so,/Even though I knew the house was empty, I rang the doorbell.
8. It was the best race seen in the stadium before that/since Howe beat Razak in 1989.
9. John had lived in the village for 20 years. Even though/Nevertheless, the locals still
considered him an outsider.
10. The car skidded to a halt as/meanwhile we were approaching the bridge.
11. He has lived next door to us for years, yet/however we hardly every see him.
12. They met for tea at a café in New Street and afterwards/since they went shopping.
13. I walked up the stairs cautiously. Even so/Even though I nearly fell twice.
14. We all sat there gloomily, meanwhile/while Stuart smiled to himself.
15. I first saw Sam Moroney in Manchester. After/After that, I didn’t miss any of his British
concerts.

Example: The sky was gray and cloudy. ___, we went to the beach.
A. Consequently B. Nevertheless C. Even though D. In spite of
1. I turned on the fan ___ the room was hot.
A. due to B. despite C. even though D. because
2. Sam and I will meet you at the restaurant tonight ___ we can find a babysitter.
A. although B. unless C. otherwise D. only if
3. Carol showed up for the meeting ___ I asked her not to be there.
A. even though B. despite C. provided that D. because
4. You must lend me the money for the trip. ___, I won’t be able to go.
A. Consequently B. Nevertheless C. Otherwise D. Although
5. The road will remain safe ___ the flood washes out the bridge.
A. as long as B. unless C. providing that D. since
6. The roles of men and women were not the same in ancient Greece. For example, men
were both participants and spectators in the ancient Olympics. Women, ___, were
forbidden to attend or participate.
A. nevertheless B. on the other hand C. therefore D. otherwise
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7. The windows were all left open. ___, the room was a real mess after the windstorm.
A. Nevertheless B. However C. Consequently D. Otherwise
8. ___ I can’t make the presentation myself, I’ve asked my assistant to be prepared to do it
for me.
A. For B. In the event that C. Only if D. On the other hand
9. It looks like they’re going to succeed ___ their present difficulties.
A. despite B. because of C. even though D. yet
10. ___ Marge is an honest person, I still wonder whether she’s telling the truth about the
incident.
A. In spite of B. Since C. Though D. In the event that
11. The professor told me that I was doing well, ___ my final grade was awful.
A. so B. therefore C. in spite of D. yet
12. ___ Beth has a new car, she no longer takes the commuter train to work. She drives to
work every day.
A. Now that B. While C. Although D. In case
13. You’d better give me your answer quickly, ___ I’ll withdraw the invitation.
A. although B. nevertheless C. even though D. or else
14. I have to go to the meeting ___ I want to or not.
A. provided that B. whether C. even if D. only if
15. What time do you expect Ted to be home? I must talk to him. I usually go to bed around
ten, but tell him to call me tonight ___ it’s past midnight.
A. however B. in case C. even if D. as long as
16. ___ you’re going to the fruit market, would you please pick up a few apples for me?
A. Even if B. Although C. So D. As long as
17. I guess I’m a soft touch. I just lent Jan some money for lunch ___ she never paid me back
my last loan.
A. even though B. unless C. or else D. only if
18. I think I did OK in my speech last night ___ I’d had almost no sleep for 24 hours.
A. even B. in spite of C. unless D. despite the fact that
19. I asked Angela to run the office while I’m gone ___ I know I can depend on her.
A. unless B. since C. although D. therefore
20. ___ the secret of how to make silk remained inside Asia, Europeans were forced to pay
incredibly high sums of money for this mysterious material to be brought overland to
Europe.
A. Although B. Only if C. Due to D. As long as
Exercise 33: Fill in the blank with the missing connective word.
Example: Could you tell me where Mary was when the lights went out?
1. Great minds meet _________ you look through a keyhole and you see another’s eye.
2. The zoo is a place _________ animals look at silly people.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
3. The English laughs at a joke three times. Once _________ he hears it, once _________ it
is explained to him, and once _________ he understands it.
4. He lost his glasses and he couldn’t look for them _________ he found them.
5. _________ she threw me the rose in her hair, I caught it and threw back her wig.
6. He had his glasses changed six times but he still can’t read. It wasn’t _________ his last
change that the doctor discovered the reason – he is illiterate.
7. Never hit a man _________ he is down, _________ he might get up and hit you.
8. He has never invited anyone to dinner at home, _________ his first wife could cook
_________ wouldn’t, _________ his second wife can’t cook but does.
9. _________ we were newlyweds, I was so fascinated _________ she could talk for hours
on any subject _________ it is so terrible _________ she doesn’t need any subject.
10. He’s as careful _________ a nudist crossing a barbed wire fence.
11. She was so fat _________ she had to put on a girdle to get into her kimono.
12. She had _________ a big mouth that she could eat a banana sideways.
13. I know a girl _________ fat that when I gave her a belt for Christmas, she used it for a
wristwatch.
14. He doesn’t drink coffee in the morning _________ it keeps him awake all day.
15. His second wife is so ugly _________ two weeks _________ he took her home, he told
his children ghost stories _________ they wouldn’t be frightened _________ they saw
her.
Exercise 34: Complete the following sentences by putting conjunctions in the blank. At
the end of the sentence, say what kind of adverb clause is employed in it.
Example: Because John has poor eyesight, he has to sit in the front row. (reason)
1. He did his work _________ he thoroughly enjoyed it.
2. _________ I have finished my university studies, I shall spend a year in travelling.
3. Put those books back immediately _________ they belong.
4. We took a lot of phorographs _________ we were in Switzerland.
5. The pianists waited for silence _________ he began to play.
6. They promised to wait _________ the clock struck eight.
7. I gave up studying mathematics _________ it was too difficult a subject.
8. It was only _________ the train was late that I did not meet you.
9. He often worked late _________ he could earn more money.
10. I am posting this letter tonight _________ he will receive it the day after tomorrow.
11. _________ she may have told you, I still think he is not to be trusted.
12. The expense may be justifiable (hợp lý, chính đáng) _________ it does seem excessive.
13. Much _________ I enjoy his lectures mannerisms irritate me.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
14. _________ we were very tired after the journey, we were in good spirits.
15. The oral examination was not so great an ordeal (sự thử thách) _________ I had feared.
16. _________ that my expenses are paid I shall be willing to attend the conference.
17. You can count on him to do the job exactly _________ you want it done.
18. _________ the money does not arrive in time, how will you pay your landlady?
19. I shall use this money exactly _________ I like.
20. Those books must be found _________ they are.
1. ___ After the plane circle the airport, it landed on the main runway.
2. ___ The refrigerator process took many hours since the lines so long.
3. ___ This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.
4. ___ The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town.
5. ___ We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.
6. ___ Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen.
7. ___ Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the new house.
8. ___ Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the springtime.
9. ___ The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was falling
heavily because they did not want to have an accident.
10. ___ If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better time because the
small details will not cause problems.
11. ___ The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guilty.
12. ___ After the children read some stories before they went to bed.
13. ___ The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a week.
14. ___ If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark.
15. ___ A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.
16. ___ All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.
17. ___ The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board.
18. ___ The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due, and must
approve it.
19. ___ Because the food was cold when it was served the diners sent it back to the kitchen.
20. ___ You should slow down while you are driving, or the police will pull your car over.

1. A spacecraft is freed from friction ___ launched into space.
A. it B. it is C. after is D. after it is
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Chapter 2: Clauses
2. ___ with their surroundings, or they hide in crevices for protection.

A. Lobsters B. Lobsters blend C. Lobsters blending D. Because lobsters blend
3. ___ a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow is a simple hinge joint.
A. While the shoulder B. While the shoulder is
C. The shoulder is D. The shoulder
4. A car has several sections with moving parts, ___ of those parts is essential.
A. good lubrication B. well lubrication
C. and good lubrication D. and well lubrication
5. Bears cannot see well ___ small eyes.
A. bears have B. because having C. because they have D. because of bears
6. ___ at the Isthmus of Panama, so animals were able to migrate between North and South
America.
A. A land bridge existed B. When a land bridge existed
C. A land bridge D. With a land bridge
7. ___ mostly made of granite, it also contains some human-made materials.
A. The Empire State Building B. The Empire State Building is
C. Although the Empire State Building is D. Although the Empire State Building is built
8. Pressure differences make the eardrum vibrate ___ the ear.
A. enters the sound waves B. as sound waves
C. sound waves enter D. as sound waves enter
9. An optical microscope magnifies as much as 2,000 times, but an electron microscope ___
as much as a million times.
A. magnifying B. it magnifies C. can magnify D. magnify it
10. If scientific estimates are accurate, ___ with the Earth about 20,000 years ago.
A. the Cañon Diablo meteorite collided
B. the collision of the Cañon Diablo meteorite
C. the Cañon Diablo meteorite colliding
D. colliding the Cañon Diablo meteorite
Exercise 37: Underline the adverb clauses in the following sentences and say what type
of adverb clause each one is.
1. When we arrived at the football field, the game had started.
2. Richard left dirty footmarks wherever he went.
3. Kick the ball hard, as Richard did.
4. Don’t handle those cups and saucers (đĩa nhỏ, nông để đụng tách) as if they were made of iron.
5. I am standing where I can see the game.
6. You can’t come into this room while we are having a lesson.
7. As soon as the boy came into the room the noise started.
8. Use the paint-brush as I showed you yesterday.
9. Everywhere I looked there were dirty footmarks.
10. Our friends has arrived when we got home.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
11. I need a hammer and nails because I am going to repair the shed.
12. We couldn’t play the match, because the fog was too thick.
13. We shall come and see you if we have a holiday.
14. Although it was rather foggy, we played the match.
15. We shall play the match, even though it is rather foggy.
16. We had to cancel the match, because it was so foggy.
17. Mrs Brown locked the cupboard so that Richard could not take the cakes.
18. I will tell you the secret if you won’t tell it to anyone else.
19. They went swimming, although the sea was very rough.
20. He told me the secret so that I should help him.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES ON CLAUSES

Exercise 38: Pick out the subordinate clauses in the following sentences and identify
each as an Adjective, Adverbial or Noun clause.
1. He was a man who never found happiness.
2. When the fire started, I grabbed a bucket (thùng, xô).
3. The apples that make the best pies are the sour ones.
4. What you want is hard to obtain.
5. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride.
6. I read the books which he recommended.
7. Hawkeye knew that he was being watched.
8. I was alarmed by what he said.
9. He enrolled in college because he wanted to be a lawyer.
10. What annoyed me was the clerk’s indifference.
11. You are the man I am looking for.
12. He went swimming on a day when the sun was bright.
13. While she was gossiping, the supper burned on the stove.
14. His suggestion was that we should stay home.
15. We left before the concert was finished.
Exercise 39: Indicate the type and function of the subordinate clause in each following
sentence. Write the letter of the phrase in the table on the line.
1. ___ He was wearing the jacket I gave him. A. Restrictive Adjective Clause
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Chapter 2: Clauses
2. ___ This is the town where the film was shot. B. Non-restrictive Adjective Clause
3. ___ Whoever believes in me will have everlasting life. C. Subject Noun Clause
4. ___ You can give that away to whoever you like. D. Object Noun Clause
5. ___ My dad prefers tennis, which he still plays. E. Complement Noun Clause
F. Appositive Noun Clause
6. ___ The farmer whose land we use often gives us apples.
G. Adverbial Clause of Time
7. ___ My mother, who milked the cows, made butter and cheese.
H. Adverbial Clause of Place
8. ___ Although I like insects, I do not wish to study entomology.
I. Adverbial Clause of Manner
9. ___ That spider was more colorful than the others in the shed (were).
J. Adverbial Clause of Purpose
10. ___ We were fishing where the smugglers used to land.
K. Adverbial Clause of Reason
11. ___ We had to rush home as a storm was coming. L. Adverbial Clause of Result
12. ___ We wanted to get back before it got dark. M. Adverbial Clause of Concession
13. ___ We had caught a fish as big as the one Dad caught last Sunday. N. Adverbial Clause of Condition
14. ___ My brother is so little that I carried his bucket for him. O. Adverbial Clause of Comparison
15. ___ We cleaned the fish quickly so that we could grill it for dinner.
16. ___ Where he hid the money is still a mystery.
17. ___ They now know who the thief was.
18. ___ That they were up to no good was obvious.
19. ___ We were relieved when they arrived.
20. ___ That is exactly what happened.
Exercise 40: Underline the subordinate clause(s) in each sentence. Then, indicate the
type and function of the subordinate clause by writing the letter of the phrase in the
table on the line.
A. Restrictive Adjective Clause G. Adverbial Clause of Time
B. Non-restrictive Adjective Clause H. Adverbial Clause of Place
C. Subject Noun Clause
D. Object Noun Clause
E. Complement Noun Clause
L. Adverbial Clause of Result
M. Adverbial Clause of Concession
N. Adverbial Clause of Condition
O. Adverbial Clause of Comparison
1. ___ All things are difficult before they are easy.
2. ___ The size of a man can be measured by the size of the thing that makes him angry.
3. ___ Man lives by habit indeed, but what he lives for is thrill and excitements.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
4. ___ Tolerance of differeing opinion is the only attitude that makes possible a free press.
5. ___ An error doesn’t become a mistake until you refuse to correct it.
6. ___ Humanity is not so adult that it can do without hero- worship.
7. ___ Whoever has an idea has a bargaining tool.
8. ___ Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing.
9. ___ When we have not what we like, we must like what we have.
10. ___ Opinions cannot survive if one has no chance to fight for them.
11. ___ Very frequently a fight for what is right degenerates into a quarrel for what is left.
12. ___ One learns to itch where one can scratch.
13. ___ Results! Why, man, I have gotten a lot of results. I know several thousand things that
won’t work.
14. ___ I wish he would explain his explanation.
15. ___ Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored.
16. ___ All I know is what I read in the papers.
17. ___These are two kinds of people in one’s life – people whom one keeps waiting – and
the people for whom one waits.
18. ___ The word ‘prejudice’ means ‘prejudgment’. Learning facts after judgment has been
passed does astonishingly little to change the judgment.
19. ___ The only people who never fail are those who never try.
20. ___ The problem, what man will do with the enormous power which science has put into
his hands, is probably the most vital and alarming problem of modern times.
table on the line.
C. Subject Noun Clause
D. Object Noun Clause
E. Complement Noun Clause
L. Adverbial Clause of Result
1. ___ ‘Know yourself’ was the advice given to us by a Greek sage.

2. ___ A river is joined at places by tributaries that swell its waters.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
3. ___ All that glitters is not gold.

4. ___ Common sense soon taught him that fire could be produced by rubbing two sticks
together.
5. ___ Even a feather shows which way the wind is blowing.
6. ___ Ever since we left the house, it has not ceased raining.
7. ___ Fortune selects him for her lord, who reflects before acting.
8. ___ He did not know that his father had been shot.
9. ___ He likes you as much as I do.
10. ___ He made his living by the presents he received from the men he served.
11. ___ He preserved so steadily that he succeeded at last.
12. ___ He returned home after he had finished the work.
13. ___ He threatened to beat him unless he confessed.
14. ___ He travelled home by the way his father showed him.
15. ___ He tried for a long time before he succeeded.
16. ___ He walked with care lest he should stumble.
17. ___ He was always honest though he was poor.
18. ___ He will succeed because he has worked hard.
19. ___ How this came to pass is not known to anyone.
20. ___ I agree to this, provided you sign you name.
21. ___ I have seen the house where Shakespeare was born.
22. ___ I think I shall never clearly understand this.
23. ___ I will let off this man because he has been punished already.
24. ___ I would be glad to lend you that money if I had much in my own pocket.
25. ___ In chipping their flint weapons men must have seen that fire occasionally flashed out.
26. ___ It is quite evident rain will fall today.
27. ___ It is quite evident you have made a mistake.
28. ___ It will be easily understood how useful even the simplest weapons were to the first
dwellers on the earth.
29. ___ It’s an ill wind that blows no one any good.
30. ___ Let us go to bed as it is now late.
table on the line.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
C. Subject Noun Clause I. Adverbial Clause of Manner

D. Object Noun Clause J. Adverbial Clause of Purpose
E. Complement Noun Clause K. Adverbial Clause of Reason
F. Appositive Noun Clause L. Adverbial Clause of Result
1. ___ Man has the power of making instruments, which bring into view stars, whose light
has taken a thousand years to reach the earth.
2. ___ Men engage in some work so that they may earn a living.
3. ___ Murder, though it has no tongue, will yet speak.
4. ___ No one knows when he will come, or whether he will come at all or whether he is
even alive.
5. ___ Of what use is a knowledge of books to him who fails to practice virtue.
6. ___ Prove a friend before you trust him.
7. ___ Springs are fed by rain, which was percolated through the rocks or soil.
8. ___ Surely the story you are telling me is not true.
9. ___ The equator shows where days and nights are of equal length.
10. ___ The exact time when the theft was committed was never found out.
11. ___ The fact that you have now signed your name to a letter shows that you lack moral
courage.
12. ___ The first thing that man needed was some sharp – edged tool.
13. ___ The fool has said in his heart: ‘There is no good.’
14. ___ The house we lived in has fallen down.
15. ___ The man by whom the theft was committed has been caught.
16. ___ The name ‘Valcano’ indicate the belief of the Ancient Greeks that the burning hills
of the Mediterranean were the work-shops of the divine blacksmith, Vulcan.
17. ___ The plan you acted on has answered well.
18. ___ The question first occuring to the mind of a savage is how is fire to be made.
19. ___ They accepted every plan we proposed.
20. ___ This is not the book that I should have chosen.
21. ___ This is not true as far as I can tell.
22. ___ This is the same story that I heard ten years ago.
23. ___ Unless you leave the house at once, I will send for a policeman.
24. ___ We cannot rely on what he says.
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Chapter 2: Clauses
25. ___ We heard the school would open in ten day’s time.
26. ___ We learn from travellers that savages can produce fire in a few seconds.
27. ___ What is one man’s meat is another man’s poison.
28. ___ What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.
29. ___ Whatever difficulty man has is improved by use.
30. ___ You must know that the air is never quite at rest.
GRAMMAR IN USE
SPEAKING
1. Discuss with your partner about your favorite sport.

1. What sport do you like to play?
2. How often do you play it?
3. Who do you often play it with?
4. Where do you play sport?
5. How do you feel when you play that sport?
Use the following prompts to complete your ideas. Focus on using various structures of
clauses.
Sports: football, volleyball, jogging, table-tennis, running, walking
Frequency: every day, once/ twice a week, at weekend
Places: stadium, court, neighborhood, school yard
Feelings: stronger, healthier, more energetic, excited, relax
Benefits: to keep healthy, to limit illnesses, to have more energy for studying well, to
keep fit, to enlarge social relationships
Examples:
1. What sport do you like to play? => The sport which I feel interested in is playing football.
(adjective clause)
2. How often do you play it? => I often play it every afternoon when I finish my study.
(adverb clause)
3. How do you feel when you play that sport?
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Chapter 2: Clauses
=> That I can have more energy for studying well is the first motivation for me to play it.
(noun clause)
2. Other topics for discussion

Topic 1: Discuss with your partner about your travelling
Possible questions Useful vocabulary as clues

a. Do you like travelling?
b. Where did you go last year? beach, mountain, highland
c. How did you go there? by coach, by motorcycle, by car, by plane
d. Who travelled with you then? family, colleagues, friends, relatives
e. Where did you stay? hotel, resort, relatives’ house, guest house
f. How did you feel about the trip? excited, happy, relaxed
g. What activities did you do during the trip? go shopping, go sightseeing, take photos, buy
souvenirs, enjoy seafood, swim in the sea,
join a program of cultural exchange with the
local people
Topic 2: Discuss with your partner about your future plan.
Possible questions Useful vocabulary as clues

a. What are you going to do after become a good teacher, do some business,
graduation? travel overseas, apply for a Master program
b. Why do you want to do it? to earn money to support family
to enlarge knowledge
to enjoy life
to have a better life
c. What do you need to prepare? have a good health
study harder to achieve a good study record
set up a careful plan for…
d. Do you have any plan for travelling?
e. ….
3. Solution discussion
Instruction: Discuss with your partner the following situations. Take notes your ideas
and connect them for complete sentences. Then present your ideas for the best choice.
Situation 1: You are going to the cinema with your friends this weekend. What kind of film
would you like to watch: a romantic film, a horror film, an action film?
Examples:
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Chapter 2: Clauses
A romantic film An horror film An action film

- affect the way we perceive - make us feel fear, - exciting
love, friendship, trust,… sleeplessness,… - reduce stress
- help us spend time with our - have nightmares about the -…
partners. film
- give a chance to know our -…
partners better.
⇨ A romance movie can positively affect the way that we perceive love, friendship,
trust,…(adjective clause)
⇨ Watching a romance movie give us chances to know our partners better because we
can learn how actors and actresses behave with each other.
Adverb clause: because we can learn how actors and actresses behave with each other
Noun clause: how actors and actresses behave with each other
Situation 2: You are discussing some common sports among students. Talk about the
following 3 sports: table tennis, football, and badminton. Which sport, in your opinion, is the
most suitable for students?
4. Topic development
Discuss in pairs and together note down details to support each idea given in the chart
below.
Topic 1: How to maintain a good friendship
Spending time Helping each

other
Ways to maintain a
good friendship
Buiding trust (Your own idea)
Topic 2: How to become a good teacher
Being friendly with Having good knowledge

students
A good teacher
146 (Your own idea)

Buiding trust
Chapter 2: Clauses
WRITING
1. You received a letter from your Australian friend, David. He asked you about your
new friend, An. Read part of his letter below.
…You said you have just made friends with a girl, An. Could you tell me more
about her? What is she like? What is she doing now? Is it possible to introduce
me with her when I visit Vietnam? Do let me know
Read the following sample letter responding to David and underline all clauses used in
the letter.
13 February 2016
Dear David,
How are you? I am fine here and hope this letter finds you in the best of your
health and spirits. Today I am writing this letter to tell you about my new
classmate who I have just met in my class recently.
Her name is An and she comes from a province of the Mekong Delta. She is a
girl who owns pleasing manners and good personality. She is very sharp
minded and confident too. At first, I thought her to be arrogant and did not even
try to talk to her, but we came friends within two or three days then. She was the
one who approached everyone in my class and introduced herself. I really liked
her friendly attitude and confidence. I am really looking forward to long lasting
friendship with her.
I will surely call her soon as you arrive here so that you are able to meet her.
Please pay my regards to your parents.

Cheers
Viet
Write a letter of 150 words responding to David. Try to use as many types of clauses you
learn from the lesson as possible and link them as coherently as you can.
147
Chapter 2: Clauses
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Chapter 2: Clauses

OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, you will be able to

2. What are the structures and functions of each kind of clauses?

Unit 1: Noun clauses

OBJECTIVES: By the end of this unit, you will be able to

4. What are the forms of noun clauses?

5. What are the functions of noun clauses in sentences?

Noun clauses beginning with - I don’t know where she lives.

a question word derive - I couldn’t hear what he said.

Noun clause beginning with - Whoever wants to come is welcome.

Common Verbs followed by THAT Noun clause

Be + Common Adjectives followed by THAT Noun clause

Common Nouns followed by Noun clauses

After nouns such as issue and question, we include of before a wh-clause.

Noun + be + THAT clause

2. Noun clauses as objects or after false object It

e. regard/see/view + it + as - Many people regard it as a really bad idea that the

IV. ‘Wish’ sentences

2. Reported speech of statement

Would rather/ Would sooner, children.

CHANGE IN ADVERBS OF TIME, PLACE, AND OTHERS

3. Reported speech of questions

4. Reported speech of commands, advice and offers

- ‘Don’t swim out too far, boys,’ I said.

Some structures of reporting offers, suggestions, orders, intentions, etc.

1. Verb + O + to Infinitive ‘You should take the job, Frank.’

5. Reported speech of exclamation

Changing an Exclamatory Sentence into the Reported Speech

EXCLAIMED. ‘How glad I am,’ said Alice, ‘to meet my friend

15. what his name is

1. How much did it cost?

1. That man is (Mr. Robertson).

Noun clause: I want to know

3. Ann bought (a new dictionary).

Noun clause: Do you know

4. It is (350 miles) to Denver from here.

Noun clause: I need to know

5. Jack was late to class (because he missed the bus).

Noun clause: The teacher wants to know

6. That is (Ann’s) pen.

Noun clause: Tom wants to know

7. Alex saw (Ms. Frost) at the meeting.

Noun clause: I don’t know

8. (Jack) saw Ms. Frost at the meeting.

Noun clause: I don’t know

9. Alice likes (this) book best, (not that one).

Noun clause: I want to know

10. The plane is supposed to land (at 7:14 p.m.).

Noun clause: Could you tell me

2. A: Oops! I made a mistake. Where _________________? Didn’t I lend it to you? (my

4. A: Whose book _________________? (this, be)

Exercise 6: Circle the best choice.

Exercise 7: Circle the best choice.

A. who he was behind the Bank of America bank robbery

Exercise 8: Write THAT or WHAT in the blank.

1. _________________ is a statement or letter telling you _____________ something is

2. _________________ is a statement made by someone admitting _____________ they are

3. _________________ is feeling _____________ somebody or something is without value

1. _____ is a statement or letter telling you _ something is

2. _____ is a statement made by someone admitting _ they are

3. _____ is feeling _ somebody or something is without value

5. _____ is a state of uncertainty about _ is happening, or

3. I made you cry. I’m I said. I’m really I