Jj

1 µ¯K9V-.•§ .
2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ
3 k• ©‚ª
4 ?§¢y†Ž~
5 -½5nØ
6 SK†þÅ¢‚

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

•A † Riemann ØCþ
•Ä˜‘(Å•§
∂U ∂U
+A =0 (1)
∂t ∂x
Ù¥
!
c02
 
0 u
A= ρ0 , U= (2)
ρ0 0 ρ

du A ü‡A Š
λ1 = −c0 , λ2 = c0
¤± (1) ´ (dÂ) V-•§|£Ï A ¹k 2 ‡¢ pÉA
Š¤.
λ1 Ú λ2 ¤éA †A 1•þ©O•
α1 = (ρ0 , −c0 ), α2 = (ρ0 , c0 )
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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

=§‚÷v
αi A = λi αi , i = 1, 2. (3)
ò αi , i = 1, 2 Š^u•§ (1) üà,
∂U ∂U
αi + αi A =0
∂t ∂x
⇔ £d (3)¤
∂U ∂U
αi + λi αi =0
∂t ∂x
⇔

∂ri ∂ri
+ λi =0 (4)
∂t ∂x
Ù¥
r1 = α1 U = ρ0 u − c0 ρ, r2 = α2 U = ρ0 u + c0 ρ (5)
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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

-A ••:
Λi := (λi , 1), i = 1, 2
Kü A ••
Λi 1
τi := =p 2 (λi , 1) := (cos α, cos β)
|Λi | λi + 1

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

5¿
∂ri ∂ri ∂ri
= cos α + cos β
∂τi ∂x ∂t
1 ∂ri ∂ri
= (λi + )
|Λi | ∂x ∂t
⇔
∂ri ∂ri ∂ri
+ λi = |Λi |
∂t ∂x ∂τi

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

dd, ¿(Ü (4), Œ

∂ri
= 0, i = 1, 2 (6)
∂τi

d (6) Υ:

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

1 (x, t) á3 Ç•

dt 1 1
= =−
dx λ1 c0

,^A ‚ž r1 •~ê.
2 (x, t) á3 Ç•

dt 1 1
= =
dx λ2 c0

,^A ‚ž r2 •~ê.

¡d (5) ½Â r1 , r2 •˜‘(Å•§ (1) Riemann ØCþ.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

•Ä¦)•¥ ?¿: (x0 , t0 ), |^LT: ü^A ‚

t − t0 1 1
=∓ ⇒ t = ∓ (x − x0 ) + t0
x − x0 c0 c0

±9ƒA Riemann ØCþ

r1 (x0 , t0 ) = ρ0 u − c0 ρ, r2 (x0 , t0 ) = ρ0 u + c0 ρ

Kk£ã¥- a := c0 ¤

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

•••: )¼ê U 3: (x0 , t0 ) ? Š=•6u u, ρ Њ¼ê

3T (ÛÜ) «m [x0 − at0 , x0 + at0 ] þ Š, ¡d«m•T:
•••. („þã(a))

`² V-.•§ -‡A µ) ÛÜ•65¶|^TA5

•µt = tn žm þ ,‡˜m: xj êŠ)•† t = tn−1 þ
xj •þ Šk'§¿…žmÚ• §T •Ò
.
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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

û½•: «m [x0 − at0 , x0 + at0 ] þ ЊØ=(½ u(x0 , t0 ),

…(½ U 3± (x0 − at0 , 0), (x0 + at0 , 0), (x0 , t0 ) •º: n
/•S Š, ¡dn /••«m [x0 − at0 , x0 + at0 ] û½•.
(„þã(a))

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

K••: éu x ¶þ?˜: (x0 , 0), ••••¹ (x0 , 0) ˜ƒ:

(x, t) 8Ü´± (x0 , 0) •º:, LT: A x − at = x0 Ú
x + at = x0 (t > 0) •> /•, ¡ƒ• (x0 , 0) K••. („þ
ã(b))
Œ„: Њ¼ê3 (x0 , 0) ? Š§‘Xžm t OŒ§3 t žm
K•«m 5 Œ.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

• Ð>Š¯K ·½5
•Ä˜‘(Å•§ Ð>Š¯K

∂U

 ∂t
+ A ∂U
∂x
= 0, (x, t) ∈ G



U(x, 0) = U0 (x) = (0, ρ0 )T , 0 6 x 6 1 (7)




 U(0, t) =?, U(1, t) =?

Ù¥, A d (2) ½Â, ¦)• G = (0, 1) × (0, T ).

¯: 3Ÿo >.^‡e, Ð>Š¯K(7) ´·½ .

e¡|^A † Riemann ØCþnØ£‰ƒ.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

5¿ éu?˜: P(x, t)§k

1 3LT:… Ç•
dt 1 1
= =−
dx λ1 c0

A ‚ 1 þ, r1 = ρ0 u − c0 ρ •~ê.
2 3LT:… Ç•
dt 1 1
= =
dx λ2 c0

A ‚ 2 þ, r2 = ρ0 u + c0 ρ •~ê.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

duL?¿: P(x, t) ∈ G ü^A ‚oáue㤫 o«

œ/ƒ˜§ Œ„µ3: P(x, t) ? Riemann ØCþ r1 , r2 Š§

éã a¤¤« œ/˜: §‚dЊ(½¶

éã b¤¤« œ/ : §‚dЊچ>.þ r2 Š(½¶
éã c¤¤« œ/n: §‚dЊÚm>.þ r1 Š(½¶
éã d¤¤« œ/o: §‚d†>.þ r2 Ú m>.þ r1 Š(½.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

nþŒ•: ˜‘(Å•§Ð>Š¯K
 ∂U
 ∂t
+ A ∂U
∂x
= 0, (x, t) ∈ G




 U(x, 0) = U0 (x) = (0, ρ0 )T


(8)
r2 (0, t) = ®•Š







r1 (1, t) = ®•Š


÷v·½5.
e¡ ØãòwŠ·‚µŒò ÅÄ•§£,˜«~„ V-.
•§¤ ¦)¯K Ÿ5/=z•˜ V-.•§| ¦)¯
K.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

• ÅÄ•§ÐŠ¯K ¦)
¯K: •ÄÅÄ•§ÐŠ¯K
∂ 2u 2
2∂ u
−a = 0, − ∞ < x < ∞, t > 0 (9)
∂t 2 ∂x 2

u(x, 0) = φ0 (x), u t (x, 0) = φ1 (x), −∞ < x < ∞ (10)

Ù¥ a > 0 ´~ê. Á|^A † Riemann ØCþnØ, í

D’Alembert úª
Z x+at
1 1
u(x, t) = [φ0 (x − at) + φ0 (x + at)] + φ1 (ξ)dξ (11)
2 2a x−at

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

- U = (v , w )T , Ù¥

∂u ∂u
v= , w =a
∂t ∂x
KÅÄ•§ (9) ŒU •Xe˜ V-.•§|

∂U ∂U
+A =0 (12)
∂t ∂x
Ù¥  
0 −a
A=
−a 0

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

´•µ A ü‡A Š• λ1 = −a, λ2 = a, ÙƒA †A 1

•þ©O•
α1 = (1, 1), α2 = (1, −1)
Ïd, ˜ V-.•§| (12) ü‡ Riemann ØCþ©O•
r1 = v + w , r2 = v − w§…÷v
1 (x, t) á3 Ç• dt
dx
= − 1a A ‚ž, r1 = v + w •~
ê.
2 (x, t) á3 Ç• dt
dx
= 1
a
A ‚ž, r2 = v − w •~
ê.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

dd•

r1 (x, t) = r1 (x + at, 0), r2 (x, t) = r2 (x − at, 0)

⇔ (|^ (10))

(∂t u + a∂x u)(x, t) = (∂t u + a∂x u)(x + at, 0) = φ1 (x + at) + aφ00 (x + at)

±9
(∂t u − a∂x u)(x, t) = (∂t u − a∂x u)(x − at, 0) = φ1 (x − at) − aφ00 (x − at)

⇒ (òþãüªƒ\)

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

2∂t u(x, t) = [φ1 (x + at) + φ1 (x − at)] + a[φ00 (x + at) − φ00 (x − at)]

⇒ (þªü>3 [0, t] þÈ©, 5¿ u(x, 0) = φ0 (x))

Z t
2u(x, t) − 2φ0 (x) = [φ1 (x + aτ ) + φ1 (x − aτ )]dτ
0
Z t
+a [φ00 (x + aτ ) − φ00 (x − aτ )]dτ (13)
0

5¿

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

Z t Z x+at
1
φ1 (x + aτ )dτ = φ1 (ξ)dξ
0 a x

±9
t
1 x−at
Z Z
φ1 (x − aτ )dτ = − φ1 (ξ)dξ
0 a x
1 x
Z
= φ1 (ξ)dξ
a x−at
⇒
Z t Z x+at
1
[φ1 (x + aτ ) + φ1 (x − aτ )]dτ = φ1 (ξ)dξ (14)
0 a x−at

q5¿
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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

Z t Z x+at
a φ00 (x + aτ )dτ = φ00 (ξ)dξ = φ0 (x + at) − φ0 (x)
0 x

±9
Z t Z x−at
0
−a φ0 (x − aτ )dτ = φ00 (ξ)dξ = φ0 (x − at) − φ0 (x)
0 x

⇒
Z t
a [φ00 (x + aτ ) − φ00 (x − aτ )]dτ = [φ0 (x + at) + φ0 (x − at)]
0
−2φ0 (x) (15)

ò (14) Ú (15) “\ (13) =y D’Alembert úª (11) ¤á. 

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

0
SK. Á‰Ñí D Alembert úª (11) A‡Ì‡Ú½.

e¡·‚阑(Å•§Ð>Š¯K (8) UY?Ø.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

• •þ.(Å•§ Iþ.•§ =z

d (6) •: •þ.˜‘(Å•§ (1) ü‡ Riemann ØCþ÷v

∂ri 1 ∂ri ∂ri

=0 ⇔ p 2 (λi + )=0
∂τi λi + 1 ∂x ∂t
⇔
∂ri ∂ri
+ λi =0
∂t ∂x
Ù¥λ1,2 = ∓c0 •~þ.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

ddŒ•: •þ.˜‘(Å•§Ð>Š¯K(8), Œz•Xeü‡

Õá Iþ.V-•§

∂r1

 ∂t
− c0 ∂r
∂x
1
=0



r1 (x, 0) = ρ0 u(x, 0) − c0 ρ(x, 0) = −c0 ρ0 (16)



 r (1, t) = ®•Š

1

Ú

∂r2

 ∂t
+ c0 ∂r
∂x
2
=0



r2 (x, 0) = ρ0 u(x, 0) + c0 ρ(x, 0) = c0 ρ0 (17)



 r (0, t) = ®•Š

2

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

(Ø: •þ.˜‘(Å•§ ¦)¯K, Œ Ÿ5/=†•Xe

Iþ.˜ V-.•§ ¦).

∂u

 ∂t
+ a ∂u
∂x
= 0, (x, t) ∈ G



u(x, 0) = u0 (x) (18)



 u(0, t) = φ (t), e a > 0; u(1, t) = φ (t), e a < 0

0 1

Ù¥, ¦)• G := {(x, t) : 0 < x < 1; 0 < t ≤ T }, u0 , φ0 , φ1 •®

•¼ê,

~þ a ↔ A Š λi ; •• (a, 1) ↔ A •• (λi , 1)

¼ê u ↔ Riemann ØCþ ri , Ù3²1uA •• (a, 1)

A ‚þ•~þ.

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

~ 1: Áy²·Ü¯K
 ∂u ∂u
∂t
+ ∂x = 0, 0 < x < 2, t > 0
(19)
u(x, 0) = |x − 1| , u(0, t) = 1

ý)•: é ∀t > 0, k£5¿µe¡„g,‡¦ x < 2¤


 1, x 6 t,
u (x, t) = 1 − (x − t), t < x 6 t + 1, (20)
 (x − t) − 1, x >t +1

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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

y². ã (A) ‰Ñ ²1u•• (1, 1) A ‚x§L: (x0 , t0 )

A ‚•§• t = t0 + (x − x0 ).
é¦)•µULÙ¥: A ‚´Ä†>.½Ð©ž• x ¶
ƒ §òÙ©¤ü‡f«•µ7Ú†š7Ú§©.‚• t = x.
éš7Ú«•µ U©.‚ t = x − 1 ©•ùÚÚÉÚü‡f«•.

|^ u 3A ‚þ•~þ, Ké ∀t0 > 0, k


 u(0, t0 − x0 ) = 1, x0 6 t0 ,
u(x0 , t0 ) = u(x0 − t0 , 0) = 1 − (x0 − t0 ), t0 < x0 6 t0 + 1,
u(x0 − t0 , 0) = (x0 − t0 ) − 1, x0 > t0 + 1,


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 V-.•§ k• ©•{ 2 ˜‘(Å•§ eZnØ

SK. Á¦e ·Ü¯K ) (m>.^‡)

 ∂u ∂u
∂t
− ∂x = 0, - ∞ < x < 0, t > 0
u(x, 0) = |x + 1| u(0, t) = 1

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