Acknowledgement

First and foremost, we would like to thank God, our Almighty Father for all

the guidance and blessings he gave. Without his guidance, the researchers would not

be able to complete this research successfully.

We also offer our gratitude to our esteemed school principal, Mr. Cresente J.

Piñol, for allowing us to conduct this research at our school, Hilario P. Davide, Sr.

National High School, and granting us the right to use the facilities and equipment in

the school.

Next, we give our deep appreciation to our research teacher, Mr. Joenard

Algones, for his hands-on guidance throughout our whole research journey. Thank

you as well to Mrs. Lizah Mae Alcaria and Ms. Geelyn Rellin, all the corrections

you’ve made, and all the suggestions you gave helped ug a lot in improving our

research paper.

We would also like to give thanks to Sir Rodrigo Davide Jr. for offering us

free printing service at his house. It was a really big help for us financially and it

saved us a lot of trouble in finding where to print our research paper.

Lastly, we offer our biggest thanks to everyone who supported us throughout

our whole research journey. To our family, friends, and peers who provided us

financial, emotional, and moral support, thanks a lot. All your encouragements lead

us to the completion of this research.

 Abstract

This research entitled “Comparative Analysis on the Efficacy of Vinegar and

Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Juice as Rust Removers” focuses on

investigating which among the substances is a better rust remover. Through

experiment, the researchers gathered both qualitative and quantitative data. The

research has three trials and three replicates, and each replicate has two nails, one

exposed to vinegar and one to calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice. This research has

Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and the data was analyzed using paired t-Test

and Pearson Correlation with scatter plot. The result of the paired t-Test showed a

statistically significant result leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis which is;

there is no difference in the efficacy of vinegar and calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice.

Based on the data gathered, the amount of rust removed using vinegar is greater

than the amount removed using calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice. Since the null is

rejected and vinegar has greater amount of rust removed, the researchers

concluded that vinegar is a better rust remover. The researchers also observed

changes in texture and color of the metal surface after a month. The texture became

rougher and the color turned reddish-brown.

 Chapter 1

Background, Gap, Goal, Rationale, SOP, Scope and Limitation, Theoretical

Background, Significance, Conceptual/Theoretical Framework, and Definition

of Terms

1.1 Research Background

Rust is a common problem caused by the reaction of iron and steel with

oxygen and moisture, leading to the formation of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) (Royer &

Cardenas, 2010). Rust not only affects the appearance of objects but also weakens

their structural integrity. Although there are several methods to remove rust,

natural solutions are becoming increasingly popular because of their cost-

effectiveness and eco-friendliness (Ñ arayanan et al., 2014). In this study, we will

compare the effectiveness of two commonly used natural substances, calamansi

(Citrofortunella microcarp ) juice and vinegar, for rust removal.

Citrus trees are a type of flowering plant that includes various species such

as calamansi (C. microcarpa). The fruit of these trees are known as citrus fruit,

which are rich in vitamins and minerals. Citrus juice is a common ingredient in

cooking and beverages due to its acidic and refreshing properties (Liu et al., 2017).

Citric acid, the main organic acid found in citrus juice, is known to exhibit rust

removal properties due to its ability to dissolve iron oxides. The acid reacts with the

iron(III) oxide present in rust and forms soluble iron citrate, facilitating the removal

of rust (Han et al., 2018).

 Vinegar is a sour liquid that is made by fermenting ethanol, which is obtained

from the distillation of various grains and fruits. The acidic properties of vinegar are

due to the presence of acetic acid. Like citric acid, acetic acid is known to exhibit rust

removal properties due to its ability to dissolve iron oxides. The acid reacts with the

iron(III) oxide present in rust and forms soluble iron acetate, facilitating the

removal of rust (Pluta et al., 2017).

1.2 Research Gap

Although there is some anecdotal evidence and DIY recommendations on the

efficacy of citrus juice and vinegar for rust removal, there is a lack of scientific

research that directly compares the effectiveness of these two substances. Existing

studies primarily focus on individual approaches to rust removal or compare

different chemical solutions. This research aims to address this research gap and

compare the rust removal efficiency of citrus juice specifically calamansi (C.

microcarpa) juice and vinegar.

1.3 Goal

The primary goal of this experiment is to determine which is a better rust

remover between citrus juice, specifically calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice and

vinegar. It aims to investigate the effects of these substances on the metal surface.

Specifically, the possible changes in the texture and color of the surface of the metal.
1.4 Rationale

Rust removal is a common problem faced by individuals, communities, and

industries worldwide. The accumulation of rust not only poses aesthetic concerns

but also affects the structural integrity and functionality of various metal objects,

such as machinery, vehicles, and infrastructure. Therefore, finding an effective and

easily accessible rust removal solution is of significant interest globally.

Citrus juice and vinegar are two common household items known for their

rust removal properties. Citrus juice, especially that derived from calamansi (C.

microcarpa), contains high levels of citric acid which is a natural rust cleanser. On

the other hand, vinegar, which is a diluted acetic acid solution, is also widely

recognized for its ability to dissolve rust. However, the question remains as to which

of these two substances is more efficient in removing rust.

In the Philippines, a tropical country blessed with abundant citrus fruits,

exploring the effectiveness of citrus juice as a rust remover gains particular

importance. By utilizing this readily available and affordable natural resource,

individuals and communities can potentially address their rust-related concerns in a

cost-effective and eco-friendly manner. Additionally, investigating the efficiency of

vinegar, which is commonly used as a cleaning agent in Filipino households, could

provide valuable insights regarding its rust removal potential, offering a practical

solution for many rust-related issues faced within the community. By comparing the

utilization of citrus juice and vnegar for rust removal, individuals can make

informed decisions regarding which method suits their specific needs.

1.5 Statement of the Problem

1.5.1. Which is a better rust remover; calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

juice or vinegar?

1.5.2. Does the use of calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice or vinegar result in any

noticeable changes in the texture of the metal?

1.5.3. Does the use of calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice and vinegar changes the

color of the metal?

1.6 Scope and Limitation

This research will determine the amount of rust remove by each substance in

a certain time, allowing for a comparison of their efficacy as rust remover.

Furthermore, the researchers will observe the effect of the rust removrs on the

surface of the metal. This research will also evaluate whether the use of calamansi

(C. microcarpa) juice and vinegar affects the texture and color of the metal surface.

However, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations to this research.

Firstly, due to resource constraints, the study will focus only on the efficacy of

calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice and vinegar in rust removal, and will not delve into

the mechanisms behind their rust-cleaning properties. Additionally, the research

will be conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, which may not fully

simulate real-world scenarios. Moreover, the study will primarily consider the

effectiveness of these natural substances on rust removal from specific types of

metal surfaces, and may not account for potential variations in rust types or

compositions.

1.7 Theoretical Background

The presence of rust on various metal surfaces is a common problem

encountered in everyday life. Rust formation occurs when metals, such as iron or

steel, react with oxygen and moisture, resulting in the oxidation of the metal surface.

This process leads to the appearance of a reddish-brown flaky layer, compromising

the integrity and aesthetics of the metal objects (Nguyen, 2019). To counteract the

detrimental effects of rust, people have been employing various methods and

substances to remove or prevent its formation. One popular approach is the use of

acidic substances, such as lemon juice derived from calamansi (Citrofortunella

microcarpa) or vinegar. Both calamansi juice and vinegar are known for their acidic

properties, which enable them to dissolve rust by breaking down the iron oxide

compounds present on the metal surface since rust is considered a basic substance,

hence the acid-base reaction (Nguyen, 2019)

Calamansi (C. microcarpa) is a citrus fruit abundant in Southeast Asia,

commonly used as a condiment or ingredient in various culinary dishes. It contains

natural acids, primarily citric acid, which exhibits corrosion-inhibiting properties

against rust. Additionally, calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice is rich in antioxidants,

which may also play a role in rust removal by neutralizing harmful oxidizing agents

(Santos et. al., 2020).

 On the other hand, vinegar, a fermented liquid produced from the acetic acid

bacteria, is widely recognized for its acidic and versatile nature. The acetic acid

content in vinegar grants it the ability to dissolve rust and other contaminants on

metal surfaces. Vinegar also poses certain advantages due to its affordability, ease of

accessibility, and a wide range of concentrations that can be experimented with to

determine the most effective rust removal solution (Smith, 2018) Both calamansi (C.

microcarpa) juice and vinegar have been utilized individually for rust removal, but

their comparative efficiency remains unclear. Hence, to address this gap in

knowledge, this study aims to investigate and determine which substance,

calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice or vinegar, exhibits superior rust removal efficacy.

Through a series of controlled experiments, the researchers will subject identically

rusted metal surfaces to treatment with calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice or vinegar,

carefully monitoring the amount of rust removed by each substance. The results of

this study will not only shed light on the effectiveness of calamansi (C. microcarpa)

juice and vinegar as rust removal agents but also provide practical insights for

individuals seeking efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly methods to combat

rust-related issues.

1.8 Significance of the Study Consumers

Since this study aims to compare the efficacy of calamansi (C. microcarpa)

juice and vinegar in rust removal this will enable consumers to make an informed

decision on which substance to use for rust removal, which can potentially save

them money and reduce the use of harmful chemicals.

 Mothers/Cooks – this study will help them in choosing the right rust

remover to be used since kitchen utensils are one of the most common examples

where rust occurs.

Fathers/Carpenters – rusty nails are a common problem for carpenters and

for fathers who are the one who either make or repair furniture. This study will help

in choosing the more effective rust remover.

Environment – this study can help minimize metal scraps and garbage like

rusty nails or kitchen utensils. By removing rust from rusty nails or kitchen utensils,

they can be used again.

Future Researchers – the result of this study can be used by future

researchers in conducting a new, related study.

1.9 Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework

Acidic substances:
Vinegar and Calamansi Basic
(C. microcarpa) Juice. substance:
Rust

Acid-Base Reaction

Vinegar and
Calamansi (C.
microcarpa) Juice as
Rust Removers.

Effects of the rust Amount of Rust

removers on the metal Rremoved (g)
surface.
1.10 Definition
Textureof Terms Color

Rust: The reddish-brown coating in a metal that occurs after some time if a wet

metal is exposed to air.

Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) juice: The juice extracted from

calamansi, a type of citrus fruit.

Coconut Vinegar: a sour fermented juice or liquid from a coconut.

Substances: Vinegar and Calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice.

Metal Surface: The observable part of a metal that is exposed to the rust removers.

Exposure: Refers to the length of time that the metal surface is in contact with

calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice or vinegar.

Texture: The smoothness or roughness of the metal surface.

Container: The place where the nails and the rust removers are stored or placed.

Effects: Changes caused by the rust removers to the metal surface.

Efficacy: The level of effectiveness or ability of the rust removers to remove rust.
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Iron is one of the most important metals belonging to it is family (Rana et. Al.,

2021). With respect to its availability, low toxicity, and price, iron should be one of

the most used metals in homogeneous catalysis (Enthaler et. Al., 2014). However, it

is also one of the reason why rust occurs ( Stele, 2022).

Rust is an all-too common phenomenon. Whether it is an old gate crumbling

away or a car in the junkyard, or kitchen tools, rust can be seen on a regular basis. It

can cause structural damage and aesthetic issues if left unchecked. Rust is a type of

corrosion that occurs on metal surfaces when iron reacts with water and oxygen

(Stele, 2022). Although rust is considered the result of an oxidation reaction, it does

not occur in dry air, it only occurs in moist air, hence, it needs iron, water or moist,

and oxygen to form (Helmenstine, 2022). In cultural heritage, unaesthetic stains on

carbonate stones due to their close contacts with metals are of concern for the

preservation of sculptures, monumental facades and archeological finds of various

origin and antiquities (Reale et. Al, 2020). Students experiencing skin problems

because of their rusty chair is also a great concern as well as their white uniform

will be stained (Sundiam et. Al., 2020).

 Corrosion of metals and other substances that has iron has been a

widespread issue in industries for centuries (Tang, 2019). Acid rain is one the

reasons of corrosion on metals such as iron which rusts (Thirumalai et. Al.,

2020). After welding, rust also often occurs on the welded area, and because

of it, in machines and in construction, welders clean off grime and then grind of any

rust present prior to welding, although good surface prep is vital to the quality of

the final weld, grinding or other forms of abrasive blasting takes extra time and

labor. Mechanical rust removal can also create irregularities, raising its own

questions about weld integrity (Holmquist, 2020).

It is common practice to use acid solution in removing rust on metal surface

(Gao et. Al., 2020). Strong acids and strong alkalis can remove rust quickly; however,

these caustic chemicals pose many health and safety risks and require that the user

observe strict safety precautions (Gasana, 2020). Acids are used to remove mineral

deposits, rust stains, and hard water deposits. They can remove discoloration from

some metals, such as aluminum, brass, bronze, and copper. Some acids are effective

both in cleaning and disinfecting surfaces (Koukel, 2013). A strong acidic product

has a low pH between 0 and 3. These products are suitable for removing calcium

deposits and rust particles (Willemsen, 2021). Acidic pH is more effective than basic

pH in removing rust (Guerra-Contreras, et. Al., 2021). Pulse laser cleaning and angle

grinder polishing were also used to clean the surface rust of carbon steel (He et. Al.,

2023). The use of additives to improve concrete properties along with techniques

for rust cleaning and guidelines on how to effectively clean rust from concrete
surfaces were also known (Asmara, 2023) as well as vibro cleaner that has a unique

impact for removal of contaminations like rust, dirt, oil etc. from critical objects

(Rokad et. Al., 2023). Aside from all of those possible ways in rust removal, organic

substances are interesting to study as one of the affordable and highly anti-

corrosive materials (Randis et. Al., 2023).

Vinegar is very acidic, with a pH of 2–3 (Raman, 2023) and calamansi

(Citrofortunella microcarpa) juice is also highly acidic with a pH of 2.4 (Chew,

2018). Cleaning products that are natural have fewer synthetic chemicals, and are

usually gentler to your skin and lungs. They can also be just as effective as their less

eco-friendly counterparts (Samson, 2023). Vinegars are produced via different

methods and from various types of materials, and are widely used in many places

(Othaman et. Al., 2014) while calamansi is one of the easy-to- find condiments used

almost in every popular dish prepared in the Philippines (Masagca & Ines, 2021).

Vinegar traditionally has been used as a food preservative, and it can be

produced from traditional methods employing wooden casks (Orleans Process) and

surface culture (Generator Process) to submerged fermentation (Bhat et. Al., 2014).

The production of fruit vinegars as a way of making use of fruit by-products is an

option widely used by the food industry, since surplus or second quality fruit can be

used without compromising the quality of the final product (Luzon-Quintana et. Al.,

2021). Vinegar made from fermented coconut water or the sap of coconut palm

inflorescence is used extensively as a preservative and flavoring agent in pickles and

may dishes (Perumpuli et. Al., 2014). Bubble fermentation of coconut water was
proven as a potential method for the coco vinegar production process (Jannah et.al.,

2020). Coconut

Vinegar is rapidly gaining popularity (Malakul et.al., 2022). Coconut water

was a suitable raw material for ethanol production and for vinegar production

(Fatima et. Al., 2015). Acetic acid is the major ingredient in vinegar (Beh et. Al.,

2017). Vinegar contains acetic acid (Fronteras et. Al., 2021) and acetic acid is one of

the best remedies for tackling rust (Buckley, 2019 & Shan et. Al., 2017). Although

vinegar accelerate the rate of rusting, it is also an effective way of removing rust

(Jesuraja t. al., 2020).

Citrus fruits can be utilized to remove rust in metals (Palisoc et. Al., 2021).

Calamansi is one of the most popular citrus fruits in the Philippines (Catalan et. Al.,

2023). Calamansi are utilized mainly for its pulp and juice, but their sometimes also

its leaves (Argulles et al., 2020). Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamansi) leaf extract

serves as an effective corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in hydrochloric acid media

(Bolo et. Al., 2016). Calamansi market- value cannot be set aside as it is one of the 21

major crops that aggregately share more than 95% of the Philippine total crop

production (Masagca Jr. et. Al., 2021). It is a valuable agricultural product that is

converted into various forms, raw, juiced, or processed (Masagca & Ines, 2021).

Calamansi contains citric acid which is good at dealing rust, and ascorbic acid

(Diansari e. al., 2021). Additionally, the Philippine calamansi juice had the highest

amount of succinic acid (Cheong et. Al., 2013).

 Chapter 3

Methods, Data Analysis, PIC, Instruments/Materials, and Research

Environment

This chapter presents the methods to be done in conducting this research and the

type of test that will be used in analyzing the data.

Rusting the Nails

Ten rusty nails will be used in conducting the experiment in this research.

The rusting of the nails will last for a week. The nails will be wrapped in a wet cloth

and will be put in an open container for two weeks.

Preparing the Vinegar

The vinegar that will be used in this study is coconut vinegar. The vinegar

was locally made and is already available by the time the study started.

Preparing the Calamansi Juice

The calamansi (c. microcarpa) that will be used will came from a locally

grown calamansi tree. The extraction of the calamansi juice will be done the day

before the experimentation.

Preparing the Place and Instruments for Experimentation

 The researchers will ask for permission to the school principal for

permission to conduct an experiment at Hilario P. Davide Sr. National High School

school laboratory. The instruments that will be used are weighing scale, watch

(timer), and smartphone. These instruments will be prepared one week before the

experimentation. Ten transparent containers will also be prepared at the same time.

Experimentation

Ten rusty nails will be put individually in each plastic containers. The rusty

nails will then be paired, one will be exposed to vinegar while the other one will be

exposed to calamansi (c. microcarpa) juice. Five pairs will be made and each pair

will be exposed to different concentration. All pairs will be exposed for 4 hours.

Photos of the rusty nails will be taken before and after, and the weight of the nails

will also be recorded before and after, the photos and the weight recorded will be

used for comparison. After making the observations, all nails will be returned to its

container and will all be exposed again for a whole day for the observations if there

is a negative effect to the surface of the metal if the metal is exposed for a longer

period.

DATA ANALYSIS

This research will have a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) allowing all

the nails to have an equal chance to be exposed to either vinegar or calamansi (C.

microcarpa). In analyzing the data, matched or paired t-test will be used. It is the

most appropriate type of test to be used since this research will be comparing the
results of two different substances. Pearson Correlation will also be used to

determine if the rust removers are correlated.

Prior Informed Consent

Prior to the collection of data by conducting an experiment, a transmitted

letter was sent to the school principal, Mr. Cresente J. Pin ol. The letter was signed

and approved giving the researchers the permission to conduct an experiment. By

this, the researchers are able to freely conduct an experiment, with the condition

that the experiment will not affect the students and their classes and the result will

only be used in research.

Research Instrument/Materials

Rusty Nails – the metal with rust that will be applied with calamansi

(citrofortunella microcarpa) juice and vinegar.

Weighing Scale (in grams) – it will be used to measure the weight of the nails

before and after applying the rust removal substance.

Cellphone – pictures of the nails will be taken before and after for comparison using

cellphone.

Transparent Container – the rusty nails will be applied with the rust remover in a

transparent container for better observation.

Watch – the duration of the contact of the rust remover and nails will be recorded.

Research Environment

Fig. 1: shows the panoramic and aerial view of Hilario P. Davide Sr. National High
School

The research will be conducted at Hilario P. Davide Sr. National High School.

According to Capadngan person.comm(2023), the land area of the school is

approximately 40,000 m². The school is located at Colawin, Argao, Cebu, with the

coordinates 9.9738°N, 123.5519°E. The school was chosen to be the place where the

research will be conducted by the researchers because the school has the facilities

and instruments that will be needed in conducting the experiment. It is also a lot

safer if the experiment will be conducted at the school

 Chapter 4
Analysis, Interpretation, and Discussions
This chapter presents the data gathered by the researchers by conducting an

experiment to test which is more effective in rust removal; calamansi

(Citrofortunella microcarpa) juice or vinegar. The experiment conducted was done

based on the objectives of this research.

Table 1: Complete Randomized Design

replicates T1 T2 T3 No. of Concentration
Nails
Vinegar 3 24hrs 28hrs 32hrs 3 100%
Calamansi 3 24hrs 28hrs 32hrs 3 100%
juice

The table above shows the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) of this

research showing all the trials and replicates, number of nails used, and

concentration of the rust removers used. The experiment conducted has three

trials, and three replicates, this is to prove the validity and accuracy of the result. In

every replicate, the concentration of the rust removers are 100%, meaning the rust

removers used were pure and there was no concentration gradient.

Table 2: shows the amount of rust removed using vinegar.
VINEGAR RUST REMOVED (g)

TRIALS 24 HRS 28 HRS 32 HRS CG AVERAGE

R1 1 0.6 0.3 0 0.475

R2 1 0.8 0.3 0 0.525

R3 1 0.7 0.4 0 0.525

As shown in table 2, vinegar is an effective rust remover. Three replicates

were made with three trials each, to prove the validity of the result. In every

replicate, it is clearly shown that, although not exactly the same amount, vinegar can

remove rust. It was observed that in the first trial, all replicates showed the same

amount of rust removed. The amount of rust removed declined in each trial mainly

because the remaining rust in the nails is also decreasing.

Table 3: shows the amount of rust removed using calamansi juice.

CALAMANSI RUST REMOVED (g)

JUICE

TRIALS 24 HRS 28 HRS 32 HRS CG AVERAGE

R1 0.9 0.6 0.3 0 0.45

R2 0.8 0.7 0.4 O 0.475

R3 1 0.6 0.4 O 0.5

As observed in table 3, calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) juice is an

effective rust remover. Three replicates with three trials were also made in order to
prove the validity of the result. The result shows that calamansi (C. microcarpa)

consistently removed rust, with varying amount per replicates.

Ho = There is no difference in the efficacy of vinegar and calamansi (C. microcarpa)

juice in rust removal

Ha = There is a difference in the efficacy of vinegar and calamansi (C. microcarpa)

juice in rust removal.

Table 4: paired t-Test on the average amount of rust removed using vinegar and
calamansi juice.
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 0.508333 0.470833
Variance 0.000833 0.000365
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation 0.944911
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 5.196152
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.017549
t Critical one-tail 2.919986
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.035099
t Critical two-tail 4.302653

The result of the paired t-Test as shown in table 4, shows that P value in one

tail is 0.017549, and the P value in two tail is 0.035099 , which are lower than the

alpha level which is 0.05. This means that the result is statistically significant and

according to Travers et., al (2017), the null hypothesis is to be rejected. Thus, the

researchers concluded that there is a difference in the efficacy of vinegar and

calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice in rust removal.

Figure 1: shows the Bar Graph representation of the average amount of rust removed
in every replicate.

Average Amount of Rust Removed (g)

0.54 0.525 0.525
0.52
Rust Removed

0.5 0.4875
0.48 0.475 0.475
0.46 0.45
0.44
0.42
0.4
Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3
Axis Title

Vinegar Calamansi Juice

The graph above shows the difference in the amount of rust removed in

every replicate. Based from the graph above, it can be observed that there is a

difference in the amount of rust removed. The average amount of rust removed in

every trial using vinegar is greater than the amount of rust removed using calamansi

(C. microcarpa) juice.

It was concluded from the result of the paired t-Test above that the null

hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted. The

alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference in the amount of rust moved

using vinegar and calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice and in the graph above shows that

the amount of rust removed using vinegar is greater than the amount of rust
removed using calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice. From this, it can be inferred that

vinegar is more effective than calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice in rust removal.

Table 5: Pearson Correlation Analysis on the average amount of rust removed using
vinegar and calamansi juice
Correlation Coefficient = 0.866025404

Correlation Coefficient Interpretation

.00 - .19 Very weak correlation

.20 - .39 Weak correlation

.40 - .59 Moderate correlation

.60 - .79 Strong correlation

.80 – 1.0 Very strong correlation

CALAMANSI JUICE VINEGAR The

12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

researchers used Pearson correlation in order to determine if there is a relationship

between the substances. The correlation coefficient is 0.866025404, and its

interpretation is there is a very strong correlation. The dots in the chart in figures 2

and 3 were also scattered with a right downward pattern, which suggest that there

is a very strong positive correlation. This means that the substances are directly

proportional, and if the rate of rust removal of vinegar will increase by changing one
variable, the same thing will happen to the rate of rust removal of calamansi (C.

microcarpa) juice by changing the same variable equally.

Further Observations

After the rust removal experiment, the researchers observed that the surface

of the nails that was exposed to the rust removers were smooth. The observation

was the same to all the nails applied with vinegar and calamansi (C. microcarpa)

juice. After a month, the serface the nails became rougher. The nails were placed in a

dry container so there was no rust, but the nails’ surface became rougher. The

researchers noticed that the rust removers have no immediate effect on the surface

of the nails, but after a month or a certain time, the surface will become rougher.

The surface of the nails also changed its color. After the rust removal

experiment, the color of the surface of the nails that were exposed to the rust

removers were the same as the color of a normal nail with no rust. However, after a

month, the surface of the nails became reddish-brown. This observation also applies

to all nails applied with vinegar and calamansi (C. micocarpa) juice.
 Chapter 5

Conclusion, Summary, and Recommendation

Summary

This study was conducted to investigate which is a better rust remover;

vinegar or calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) juice. The researchers gathered

qualitative as well as quantitative data via experiment. The data gathered includes

the amount of rust removed and the effect of the rust removers to the surface of the

metal. The data was then analyzed using paired t-Test which gave a statistically

significant p value that led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The bar graph

showing the average amount of rust removed in every replicate using calamansi and

vinegar (C. microcarpa) juice shows that the amount of rust removed using vinegar

is greater than using calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice. Pearson correlation was used

to know if there is a correlation between the rust removers and it shows that there

is a very strong positive correlation between the substances. After the experiment,

the researchers that although not immediate, there is a change in the surface o the

metal. It became rougher and the color became reddish-brown.

Conclusion

After gathering and analyzing the data, the researchers arrived at the

following conclusions. First, vinegar is a better rust remover than calamansi (C.
microcarpa) juice. Second is that there is a very strong positive correlation between

the rust removers. And lastly, both vinegar and calamansi (C. microcarpa) juice will

cause the surface of the metal to become rougher and change the color to reddish-

brown after a month.

Recommendation

After arriving at a conclusion, the researchers would like recommend the

following:

1. It is recommended to use separate nails/metal per trial for a better

observation.

2. Using varying temperature is also recommended to be used as trials since it

is difficult to change the concentration.

3. Future researchers are recommended to use more nails for better

observation.

4. The use of a different type vinegar or another citrus fruit is recommended for

the researchers to be able to explore and gather different data.

5. Using the peel of a citrus fruit as a rust remover is recommended to

contribute in minimizing waste.

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