DESIGN OF BEAMS:

Beams are a structural members assigned to transmit the loads from slab to the column through
it. Specially, flexure is more dominant than shear in the beam.
There are three types of reinforced concrete beams:
1. Singly reinforced beams
2. Doubly reinforced beams
3. Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams
In singly reinforced simply supported beams, reinforcements are placed at the bottom of the
beam whereas on top in case of cantilever beams.
A doubly reinforced concrete beams are reinforced in both compression and tension regions. The
necessity of using steel in compression region arises when depth of the section is restricted due
to functional or aesthetic requirements.
A complete design of beam involves consideration of safety under ultimate limit state in flexure,
shear, torsion and bond as well as consideration of serviceability limit states of deflection, crack
width, durability etc.
Basically, two types of works are performed namely, analysis of section and design of section.
In the analysis of a section, it is required to determine the moment of resistance knowing the
cross section and reinforcement details.in the design of sections, it is required to determine the
cross section and amount of reinforcement knowing the factored design loads.

Concrete Grade = M25

Steel Grade = Fe500

Ref Step Calculations Remarks

1 Known Data
Overall Depth of Beam, D=500mm D=500mm
Width of Beam, B=300mm B=300mm
Keep nominal cover = 25 mm
Take 18 mm dia. bar d=466mm
Effective depth, d=500-25-18/2mm=466mm
IS13920:1993 2
cl.6.1.3, Check for member size
Width of beam, B=300mm > 200mm
cl.6.1.2 Depth of beam, D=500mm
B/D = 300/500 = 0.6> 0.3
Hence, OK

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IS13920:1993 Clear Length, L=2.7766m
cl.6.1.4 L/D = 2.7766/.5 = 5.55> 4 OK

3 Check for Limiting Longitudinal Reinforcement

IS13920:1993 Min. Reinforcement
cl.6.2.1b fck √25
Astmin= 0.24 *500*300 = 0.24500*500*300
fy

= 360mm2

IS13920:1993 Max. Reinforcement, Ast,max= 0.025bD Astmin=360mm2

cl.6.2.2 =0.025 x 300 x 500 =3750mm2
Design for Flexure Ast,max=3750mm2
4 Mulim =0.1336fck bd2 = 3.457 x 25*300*4662 =
217.59KN-m Mulim=217.59KN-m
𝐷
1+ 1+500/300
𝑏
Mt = 𝑇( 1.7 ) = 11.62( ) = 18.27 KNm
1.7
IS 456:2000
Which is less than Mu available at each section of beam
Cl. 41.4.2.

Beam ID:7AB (First floor)

Doubly Reinforced
At first end at L=0
Section
For negative moment
(IS 456-2000 Mu=-233.577x106 N-mm
ANNEX G.
G.1.1 b) Mu>Mulim i.e. doubly reinforced section. So
compression bar should be designed.
For Mu/bd2=3.59 and d’/d=0.073
Table 55 Pt=1.012%(top) and Pc=0.0724%(bottom)
(SP16) Area of top bar=1.012/100*500*300=1518mm2
Area of bottom bar = 108.6mm2

For Positive Moment

Mu = 210.4359x106 N-mm
Singly Reinforced
Mu<Mulim
Table 3(SP16) Section
For Mu/bd2=3.24

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 Pt=0.9124%(bottom),
Area of bottom bar =1359.42 mm2

∴Area of bottom bars=1477.2 mm2 Abottom=1477.2mm2

∴Area of top bars=1518mm2 Atop=1518mm2
Provide 6 nos. 18mm top bars
6 nos. 18mm bottom bars.

At 0.25L,
For negative moment
Table 3
Mu=-114.5521x106 N-mm
(SP16) Singly Reinforced
Mu<Mulim i.e. singly reinforced section
For Mu/bd2=1.76 Section

Pt=0.445%(top)
Area of top bar=0.445/100*500*300=667.5mm2
For Positive Moment
Mu = 115.3007x106 N-mm
Mu<Mulim
For Mu/bd2=1.76
Pt=0.445%(bottom), Singly Reinforced
Table 3 Section
Area of bottom bar =667.5mm2
(SP16)

∴Area of bottom bars=667.5mm2 Atop=667.5mm2

∴Area of top bars=667.5mm2 Abottom=667.5mm2

Provide 3 nos. 18mm top bars

3 nos. 18mm bottom bars.

At 0.50L (middle),
For hogging moment(-ve moment)
Mu=-6.7223x106 N-mm
Singly Reinforced
Mu<Mulim
Section
For Mu/bd2=0.1 Take 0.3
Pt=0.07(top) ,
Table 3

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(SP16) Area of top bar =105 mm2
For positive Moment(+ve Moment)
Mu = 15.2704x106 N-mm
Mu<Mulim
For Mu/bd2=0.23 Take 0.3
Pt=0.07(bottom),
Table 3(SP16) Area of bottom bars =105 mm2 Singly Reinforced
Section
∴Area of bottom bars= 105 mm2
∴Area of top bars= 105 mm2

Provide 3 nos. 18mm top bars

3 nos. 18mm bottom bars.

At last end, at L=3.2766

For hogging moment(-ve moment)
Mu=-212.0552x106 N-mm
Singly Reinforced
Mu<Mulim
Section
For Mu/bd2= 3.26
Pt=0.92(top) ,
Table 3(SP16)
Area of top bar =1380 mm2

For Sagging Moment(+ve Moment)

Mu = 197.5694x106 N-mm
Mu<Mulim
For Mu/bd2=3.04
Pt=0.8416(bottom),
Area of bottom bars =1262.4mm2

∴Area of bottom bars=1262.4 mm2

∴Area of top bars=1380 mm2

Provide 6 nos. 18mm top bars

6 nos. 18mm bottom bars.

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 Check for deflection:
Cl. 23.2.1; IS Effective length=2.7766+0.466=3.2466m
456 2000 d=0.466mm
l/d=3.2466/0.466=6.96
α=23 ,β=1, γ= 0.85, δ=1.25 , =
=  (Ok)

Check for development length:

Cl 26.2.1; 0.87𝑓𝑦 ∅=0.87𝑥500𝑥18=873.884mm
Ld= 4𝜏𝑏𝑑 4𝑥1.4𝑥1.6
IS 456 2000 Singly Reinforced
M =245.0446KNm.
l
Section
V =148.624KN.
u
l =144mm
o

𝑀𝑙 241.918𝑥103
1.3𝑥 + 𝐿𝑜 = 1.3𝑥 + 144
𝑉𝑢 151.386
= 2221.43𝑚>Ld (Ok)
Minimum Distance between individual bar
Should be greater than 18 mm.

6.4.2 Main Beam (Shear)

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Concrete Grade: M25
Reference Steps Calculation Remarks
Tensile Steel Provided at left end = 1.09%
For fck=25 MPa, τcmax=3.1 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress of concrete
IS 456:2000 τc =0.6616 N/mm2
Table 19 Design shear strength of concrete
τcbd = 0.6696x300x466/1000 = 92.49KN
Tensile Steel Provided at mid span = 0.546%
Permissible shear strength of concrete
IS 456:2000 τc = 0.50472 N/mm2
Table 19 Design shear strength of concrete
τcbd = 0.5472x300x466/1000 = 70.56KN
Tensile Steel Provided at right end = 1.09%
Permissible shear strength of concrete
IS 456:2000  c = 0.6616N/mm2
Table 19 Design shear strength of concrete
τcbd = 0.6696x300x466/1000 = 92.49KN

Design shear force,

For left end,
➔Shear force from Plastic hinge analysis
i) Sway to right:
IS 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐴𝑠 +𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐵ℎ
Vu,a= VaD+L-1.4[ ]
13920:1993 𝐿𝐴𝐵
=-147.58KN
Cl. 6.3.2
ii) Sway to the left:
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐴ℎ +𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐵𝑠
Vu,a= VaD+L +1.4[ ]
𝐿𝐴𝐵
= 220.19 KN
➔Factored shear force from analysis
Va=151.386KN
Torsion=11.62KNm
f
Equivalent Shear=151.386+1.6*11.62/0.3
IS 456:2000
Cl. 41.3.1 = 213.35KN
Taking maximum absolute value of the three:

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Va= 220.19KN

For right end,

➔Shear force from Plastic hinge analysis
i) Sway to right:
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐴𝑠 +𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐵ℎ
Vu,b= VbD+L+1.4[ ]
𝐿𝐴𝐵
= 216.498 KN
ii) Sway to the left:
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐴ℎ +𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐵𝑠
Vu,b= VbD+L-1.4[ ]
𝐿𝐴𝐵
= -151.272KN

➔Factored shear force from analysis

Vb=149.465KN
Torsion=11.62KNm
Equivalent Shear=149.465+1.6*11.62/0.3
= 213.35KN

Taking maximum absolute value of the three:

Vb= 216.498 KN

For mid span, (Factored load from analysis)

Vu = 129.306 KN
Torsion=11.62KNm
Equivalent Shear=129.306+1.6*11.62/0.3
= 191.28KN

Spacing of stirrup
At left end
Vu=220.19KN
Vus=220.19-92.49=127.7KN
Assuming 2-legged 8 mm  stirrups, Asv =2x50.27

mm2

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IS 456:2000 0.87 f y Asv d
Cl. 40.4 Sv= =132.465 mm
Vus
Provide 2L- 8 dia stirrups @120c/c
At right end
Vu=216.498KN
Vus=216.498-92.49=124KN
Assuming 2-legged 8 mm  stirrups, Asv =2x50.27
mm2
0.87 f y Asv d
IS 456:2000 Sv= =136.42 mm
Cl. 40.4 Vus
Provide 2L- 8 dia stirrups @120c/c
At mid
Vu=191.28KN
Vus=191.28-70.56= 120.72KN
Assuming 2-legged 8 mm  stirrups, Asv =2x50.27

mm2
IS 456:2000 0.87 f y Asv d
Cl. 40.4 Sv= =140.124 mm
Vus

Provide 2L- 8 dia stirrups @120c/c

IS 456:2000 Minimum Shear Reinforcement

Cl. 26.5.1.6 𝑇𝑢 𝑆𝑣 𝑉𝑢𝑆𝑣
Asv= 𝑏1∗𝑑1∗(0.87𝑓𝑦) + 2.5𝑑1(0.87𝑓𝑦)
𝟏𝟏.𝟔𝟐∗𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟐𝟎.𝟏𝟗∗𝟏𝟐𝟎
=𝟐𝟑𝟐∗𝟒𝟑𝟐∗𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝟓𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐.𝟓∗𝟒𝟑𝟐∗𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝟓𝟎𝟎

= 88.23 mm2 ok

Maximum Spacing of stirrup

SP 34
i. 0.75d = 349.5 mm
ii. 450mm
So ok
Spacing of hoop over a length of 2d
IS
Least of
13920:1993
i. d/4 = 466/4 = 116.5mm
Cl. 6.3.5

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 ii. 8X18 = 144 mm
But greater than 100
Length of hoop = 2X466 = 932 mm
So, Provide 2L- 8 dia stirrups @100c/c to a length
of 1m.

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