26/01/2024

TỔNG LIÊN ĐOÀN LAO ĐỘNG VIỆT NAM

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC TÔN ĐỨC THẮNG
KHOA ĐIỆN - ĐIỆN TỬ
BỘ MÔN ĐIỆN TỬ VIỄN THÔNG

THIẾT KẾ MẠCH ĐIỆN TỬ 2

(ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN 2)
MÃ MÔN HỌC:402060

CHƯƠNG 4: FILTERS

PhD. Nguyễn Hữu Khánh Nhân

---TPHCM. 19/ 11/ 2015---

WHY’S THE FILTER USED?

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IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL LEARN

 How filters are characterized by their signal-
transmission properties and how they are classified into
different types.
 How filters are specified and how to obtain a filter
transfer function that meets the given specifications.
 The various first-order and second-order filter functions
and their realization using op-amps and RC circuits.
 The basic second-order LCR resonator and how it can
be used to realize the various second-order filter
functions.
 How second-order filter functions can be realized using
a single op amp and an RC circuit.
 The design of tuned transistor amplifiers for radio-
frequency (RF) applications.
19/11/2015 402060 – chapter 3 3

Chapter 4. Filters

4.1. Filter Transmission,Types, and Specifications.

4.1.1. Filter Transmission and Types.
4.1.2. Filter Specification.
4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.
4.3. Transfer Functions of First-Order and Second
Order Filter.
4.3.1. Transfer Functions of First-Order Filter.
4.3.2. Transfer Functions of Second-Order Filter.
4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.
4.5. The Second-Order LCR Resonator.
4.5.1. General Principle.
4.5.2. Transfer function.
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4.1. Filter Transmission,Types, and

Specifications.
4.1.1. Filter Transmission and Types.
 The filters we are going to study are linear circuits that can
represented by a general 2-port network.

 The transfer function T(s) is the ratio of output voltage Vo(s)

to the input voltage Vi(s).

 The filter transmission is found by evaluating T(s) and can

be expressed in terms of its magnitude and phase as

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4.1. Filter Transmission,Types, and

Specifications.
4.1.1. Filter Transmission and Types.

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4.1. Filter Transmission,Types, and

Specifications.
4.1.2. Filter Specification
The transmission of a low-
pass filter is specified by
Lower Amax, higher Amin, ws/wp closer four parameters:
to 1 are desirable in an ideal filter.
1. The passband edge ωP
2. The maximum allowed
variation in passband
transmission Amax
3. The stopband edge ωS
4. The minimum required
stopband attenuation Amin

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4.1. Filter Transmission,Types, and

Specifications.
4.1.2. Filter Specification

Transmission specification for a bandpass filter.

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4.1. Filter Transmission,Types, and

Specifications.
4.1.2. Filter Specification
 The following is the filter design procedure:
 Decide the filter specification.
 Find the transfer function whose magnitude meets the specification.
 The process of the above (2nd) step is known as filter approximation.

Transmission specification for a bandpass filter.

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4.2. The Filter Tranfer Function

 The filter transfer function T(s) can be written as the ratio of

2 polynomials as:

 The degree of the denominator, N, is the filter order.

 For stability consideration, M ≦ N.
 The numerator/denominator coefficients ai and bi are real numbers.
 The polynomials in the numerators/denominators can be
factored and T(s) can be written in the form:
Zero
Pole/Nature Modes

 Poles and zeros can be either a real or a complex number.

 Complex zeros and poles must occur in conjugate pair.
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4.2. The Filter Tranfer Function

Tranfer Function of a Low-Pass Filter
 Consider the filter whose transfer function is shown below.
 The filter has transmission zeros at s= ± jwl1 and s= ± jwl2.
 The transmission decreases toward -∞ as w approaches ∞. The
filter must have one or more zeros at s=∞. The number of
transmission zeros at s=∞ is N-M.

assume the filter is

of fifth order
(N=5)

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4.2. The Filter Tranfer Function

EX: Tranfer Function of a Low-Pass Filter
 Consider the filter whose transfer function is shown below.
 No finite values of w at which the transmission is zero. Thus all
the transmission zeros are at s=∞.
 Such a filter is known as “all pole filter”.

assume the filter is

of fifth order (N=5)

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4.2. The Filter Tranfer Function

Tranfer Function of a Bandpass Filter
 Consider the filter whose transfer function is shown below.
 The filter has transmission zeros at s= ± jwl1 and s= ± jwl2.
 The transmission decreases toward -∞ as w approaches 0 and
∞. The filter must have one or more zeros at s=∞ and s=0. Assume
only 1 zero at s=∞ and s=0. The filter must be of sixth order (N=6).

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4.2. The Filter Tranfer Function

Exercises:
1/ A second-order filter has its poles at . The
transmission is zero at ω = 2 rad/s and is unity at dc (ω = 0).
Find the transfer function.

2/ A fourth-order filter has zero transmission at ω = 0, ω = 2

rad/s, and ω =∞. The natural modes are –0.1 ± j0.8 and –
0.1 ± j1.2. Find T(s).

3/ A third-order low-pass filter has transmission zeros at ω =

2 rad/s and ω =∞. Its natural modes are at s = −1 and s =
−0.5±j0.8. The dc gain is unity. Find T(s).

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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
 2 functions that are frequently used in approximating the
transmission characteristics of low-pass filters are
Butterworth and Chebyshev filters. The magnitude of an N-th
 Butterworth filter exhibits order Butterworth filter with a
a monotonically decreasing passband edge wp is given
by
transmission with all the where ε
zeros at w =∞, making it an determines
all-pole filter. the maximum
variation in
passband
transmission.

402060 – chapter 3

4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.

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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.

The magnitude response of a Magnitude response for Butterworth filters of

Butterworth filter various order with Є = 1. Note that as the
order increases, the response approaches
the ideal brick-wall type of transmission.
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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
 Itspoles can be determined from the graphical construction.

N=2

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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
 Its poles can be determined from the graphical construction.

N=3 N=4
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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
 The transfer function of the Butterworth filter is

With

 The procedure to find a Butterworth transfer function that

meets the specification (Amin, Amax, ws (the edge of the
stopband), wp):

 Determine ε from Amax.

 Determine the required filter order as the lowest integer value of
N that results in A(ws) ≧ Amin.
 Determine the N poles.
 Determine T(s).
The detailed procedure can be found in Ex. 17.1
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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
Example 1
Find the Butterworth transfer function that meets the
following low-pass filter specifications: fp =10 kHz,
Amax = 1 dB, fs= 15 kHz, Amin = 25 dB, dc gain = 1.

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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.1. Butterworth Filters. The Butterworth Response

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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.
 The Chebyshev filter exhibits an equiripple response in the
passband and a monotonically decreasing transmission in the
stopband. It is an all-pole filter.
 While the odd-order filter has |T(0)| =1, the even-order filter
exhibits its maximum magnitude deviation at w=0.

402060 – chapter 3

4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.
 The transfer function of the Chebyshev filter can be written as

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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.
 At the passband edge, ω = ωp, the magnitude function is
given by

 The parameter Ɛ determines the passband ripple according

to

 The attenuation achieved by the Chebyshev filter at the

stopband edge (ω = ωS)

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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.
 The poles of a Chebyshev filter can be determined by

 For the same order and the same Amax, the Chebyshev filter
provides greater stopband attenuation than the Butterworth filter.
 To meet identical specification, one requires a lower order for the
Chebyshev than for the Butterworth.
Ex. 17.2 is a useful practice.
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4.2. Butterworth and Chebyshev

Filters.
4.2.2. Chebyshev Filters.

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4.5. The Second-Order LCR Resonator.

4.5.2. Transfer function.
 Having realized a given pair of complex conjugate natural
mode, find out where to inject the voltage signal Vi so that the
transfer function VO/Vi is the desired filter type.

The transmission zeros are the values of s at which the Z2(s) is

zero (provided Z1(s) is not simultaneously zero), and the
values of s at which the Z1(s) is infinite (provided Z2(s) is not
simultaneously infinite),
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4.5. The Second-Order LCR Resonator.

4.5.1. General Principle.

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4.5. The Second-Order LCR Resonator.

4.5.2. Transfer function.
Low-Pass Filter High-Pass Filter

For low-pass filter, it has 2 zeros. One is at the value of s

for which the series impedance becomes infinite and shunt
impedance becomes zero.
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4.5. The Second-Order LCR Resonator.

4.5.2. Transfer function.
 The all-pass transfer function

can be written as

The disadvantage of the

circuit is the lack of a
common ground terminal
between the input and the
output.

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

Single-Amplifier Biquadratic Active Filters
 The previous op amp-RC biquadratic circuits are versatile and are
easy to design. However, they are not economic in their use of op
amps. It is a problem in applications where the power-supply current is
to be conserved.
 Therefore the circuit with only one op amp is desirable. These
minimal realizations suffer 2 problems than multiple op-amp biquads.
 A dependence of limited gain and bandwidth of the op amp.
 Sensitive to the unavoidable tolerances in the values of R and C.
 The single-amplifier-biquads (SABs) are therefore limited to the
less stringent filter specifications.
 The synthesis of SABs follows a 2-step process.
 Synthesis of a feedback loop that realizes a pair of complex-
conjugate poles characterized by w0 and Q.
 Injecting the input signal in a way that realizes the desired zeros.
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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

Single-Amplifier Biquadratic Active Filters
 The synthesis of the feedback loop.

The closed-loop characterization

equation is

The poles of the closed-loop system

are identical to the zeros of the RC
19/11/2015 network.
402060 – chapter 3 33

4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters => First-Order Filters

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters => First-Order Filters

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters => First-Order Filters

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

Transfer Functions of Second-Order Filter.
 The general second-order (bi-quadratic) transfer function is
given by

 The natural modes (poles) are

 w0 is the radial distance of the

poles from the origin and is known
as the pole frequency.
 Q is called the pole quality
factor.
The response obtained for Q = 1/√2 is
the Butterworth, or maximally flat
0
BW  C 
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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

Single-Amplifier Biquadratic Active Filters
 2 RC networks (bridged-T networks) that can have complex
transmission zeros are shown below.

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

Single-Amplifier Biquadratic Active Filters
The pole polynomial of the active-filter circuit will be equal to
the numerator polynomial of the bridged-T network;

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters => Second-Order Filters

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters => Second-Order Filters
(a) Second-Order Low pass (LP2)
 The negative feedback loop
T(S)

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters => Second-Order Filters
(a) Second-Order Low pass (LP2)
 The positive feedback loop
A1v
Case 1: AV = 1 . H(S) 
T(S)
1  C1 R1  R 2  0 S  20 C1C 2 R1R 2 S2
 
Chose b1  2 b2 1

C 2 4b 2
 2
C1 b1
b1
R1  R 2 
4f0 C1
1
20 
R1R 2 C1C 2
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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters => Second-Order Filters
(a) Second-Order Low pass (LP2)
 The positive feedback loop
Case 2: AV  1.
Av
H (S ) 
T(S)
1  [C1 ( R1  R2 )  C2 R1 (1  Av)]0 S  02 R1R2C1C2 S 2
R1 = R2 = R; C1 = C2 = C;
1
0 
RC
R3
A V0  3  2  1 
R4

R3 R3
R4
 2  2  0,59 Av  1 
R4

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters => Second-Order Filters
(b) Second-Order High pass (HP2)
 The positive feedback loop
Case 1: AV0 = 1 và C1 = C2 = C.
1
(S ) 
HT(S)
2 1 1 1
1  2
0 R1C S S 0 R1 R2C 2
2

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters => Second-Order Filters
(b) Second-Order High pass (HP2)
 The positive feedback loop
Case 2: AV0  1 và C1 = C2 = C;
R1 = R2 = R; Av
H (S ) 
T(S)
[ R2 (C1  C2 )  C2 R1 (1  Av)] 1 1 1
1 
0 R1R2C1C2 S S 2 02 R1R2C1C2

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.
3rd-order Butterworth Low Pass Filter

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4.4. Second-Order Active Filters.

4.2.1. Butterworth Filters.

19/11/2015 402060 – chapter 3 47

nguyenhuukhanhnhan@tdtu.edu.vn

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