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THE PALGRAVE HANDBOOK OF
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND
MANAGEMENT IN EUROPE

Edited by
Edoardo Ongaro and Sandra van Thiel
 The Palgrave Handbook of Public Administration
and Management in Europe

“Recognizing that the art of effective government in contemporary society is now

also dependent on social science, Ongaro and van Thiel have delivered an ambitious
scholarly project to document administrative diversity and complexity in Europe.
­
Grounded in a parliamentary-legal context, this long awaited set of analyses by pro-
minent ­ scholars provides a compass for delivering on governments’ promises, a
­comparative framework for scholarly research across borders, and a model that public
administration and management communities in other regions of the world—governed
under diverse ­systems—should not only teach, but replicate as an intellectual resource.”
—Marc Holzer, University Professor and Founding Dean Emeritus, School of Public
Affairs and Administration, Rutgers University, USA

“Public administration in Europe is doing remarkably well—both as a field of practice

and as an interdisciplinary field of study. Contrary to some expectations the modern
state, its organization and its management are more important and relevant than
ever, and European scholars are playing an ever more prominent role in describing
and explaining these developments. This Handbook offers a fascinating overview over
the unique administrative and theoretical diversity of Europe, and for the first time
it assembles a truly European group of PA scholars, from north and south as well as
from east and west. It is a milestone for many years to come.”
—Werner Jann, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Administration and
Organisation, University of Potsdam, Germany

“This comprehensive collection is strongly recommended as the essential source on

European public administration and management. A compelling feature is that the
book includes so many of the right experts writing on the most pertinent subjects in
this field.”
—John Hallighan, Professor of Public Administration, University of Canberra,
Australia

“True understanding is comparative and contextual in nature. This handbook

embodies that spirit and will greatly help advance our understanding of public
­
administration and policy in Europe. It is not only comprehensive and systematic
­
but also substantive and state of the art! A must-have for those who are interested
in Europe and those who are interested in comparing public management and policy
across national boundaries.”
—Kaifeng Yang, Dean and Professor, School of Public Administration and Policy,
­Renmin University, China, and Professor, Florida State University, US
“This is an authoritative collection of key readings on Public Administration and
Management covering all key topics and perspectives. While its geographic focus is
Europe, indeed right because of the uniqueness of depth of analysis into the context
of this region, readers in all parts of the world will find it most useful.”
—M. Ramesh, Professor of Governance and Public Policy,
Lee Kwan Yew School of Public Policy, Singapore

“This Handbook provides a comprehensive and informative ­collection of key readings

on the public sector in Europe. Anyone interested in p
­ ublic administration in Europe
can profit from reading this volume.”
—B. Guy Peters, Maurice Falk Professor of American Government,
University of Pittsburgh, USA

“When brilliant scholars are joined together by equally competent editors—in

a p­erspective that is all-encompassing across the countries of a region and the
generations of scholars—the outcome is a marvellous gift for the entire public
­
­administration and management community, the Latin American and the global one.
We do have in our hands a richly designed mosaic of theories, doctrines, approaches,
methods and practices, corresponding to all the most relevant themes in the field.
Charting the territory of public administration and management in Europe provides
an invaluable map for the comparative administration movement across the globe.
Focus and locus are intertwined to generate good knowledge.”
—Bianor Scelza Cavalcanti, International Director, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Brazil

“Now we have a very significant and challenging handbook of Public Administration

and Management contextualized to contemporary Europe, where the science and
practice of public administration are strongly developed. It represents a basis for other
regions of the world to undertake comparative research and ultimately further the
general study of public management in the global society.”
—Koichiro Agata, Professor of Public Administration, Waseda University, Japan
 Edoardo Ongaro · Sandra van Thiel
Editors

The Palgrave
Handbook of Public
Administration and
Management in Europe
Editors
Edoardo Ongaro Sandra van Thiel
Department for Public Leadership and Institute for Management Research
Social Enterprise—PulSE Faculty Radboud University Nijmegen
of Business and Law Nijmegen, The Netherlands
The Open University
Milton Keynes, UK

ISBN 978-1-137-55268-6 ISBN 978-1-137-55269-3 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55269-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017939083

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any
other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher
nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United
Kingdom
 This book is dedicated to Christopher Pollitt
a dear colleague, an intellectual guide, a friend
 Foreword

‘Tous les savoirs du monde’ (All the Knowledge

of the World)

It always was an ambition of human beings to map what is known, and to do

so in a systematic way. This happened in Mesopotamia, in China, in Europe.
It happened in the distant past of Alexandria, but also in the current wikipe-
dian world.
Mapping the known in a certain reality, almost in an encyclopedic way,
requires considering two intellectual dimensions. First, to have a good struc-
ture for the knowledge inventory. Second, to have a comprehensive list of
what is known under a particular category within that structure.
These structures of knowledge are always contingent. One could structure
the existing knowledge and create a comprehensive format which includes all
modules (which is mostly what this handbook aims to make). However, one
could also start in a deductive way, and then develop a tree structure of pos-
sible knowledge, known and unknown.
It is also interesting to see how levels of knowledge and coverage of reali-
ties have evolved over the centuries. This is a dynamic process since knowl-
edge creates realities, but realities also create knowledge. For these reasons, it
is good to take stock of what is known in a particular field. This book is tak-
ing stock of Public Administration in Europe as well as of the distinctiveness
of European Public Administration. With its 63 chapters, it is comprehensive
in its ambition.

European Perspectives for Public Administration (EPPA):

European PA Versus PA in Europe
The PA research community in Europe has changed significantly in the past dec-
ades. PA research has become more European. The volume of research money
at the national and European (see the research programmes FP7 and H2020)
vii
viii Foreword

level also has expanded and allowed to finance substantial research pro-
grammes and networks (COST). It has pushed the quantity and quality of
comparative research in the field of PA. Researchers and Ph.Ds. have circu-
lated within Europe between research teams. Doctoral PA programmes have
professionalized.
The PA community in Europe has grown in the past decades, certainly in
some countries. There are many reasons for this. Obviously, the presence of
EGPA (the European Group for Public Administration) and NISPAcee (the
network of National Institutes and Schools for Public Administration in Cen-
tral Eastern Europe) has created a (re-)new(ed) capacity. The PA-teaching
networks have become more European with an effort to guarantee exchange,
learning, quality control and to promote knowledge transfer across Europe
(through the European Association of PA Accreditation—EAPAA, and the
Erasmus programme).
There is a need to keep PA ‘contemporary’ and to stay relevant for the
practice of public administration. Contemporary PA is not just PA knowledge
produced today and focusing on current developments in the field of public
administration and society, it is PA knowledge produced today that is relevant
for the future. To have a PA knowledge production strategy which guarantees
its relevance for the future, there is a need to organize this as an academic
community.
Several periodic efforts have been organized in the past, mostly in the
USA. The Minnowbrook tradition including the major conferences Min-
nowbrook I (1968), Minnowbrook II (1988), Minnowbrook III (2008) are
fine examples of how to reflect upon how to remain relevant for the future
and how to anticipate. On the European side, even when many Americans
were involved, the Bielefeld project at the beginning of the 1980s was a land-
mark initiative. EGPA, on the occasion of its 35th anniversary in 2010 (as
a regional group within IIAS—the International Institute of Administrative
Sciences—which celebrated its 80th anniversary), reflected on the identity of
its European PA community (Bouckaert and van de Donk 2010); and 5 years
later, on occasion of its 40th anniversary, launched a similar exercise, this time
focused on the institutionalization of EGPA in the research landscape, Euro-
pean and global, as well as on the functional, cultural and institutional reasons
that call for a regional group for PA in Europe (Ongaro 2017). Some promi-
nent scholars have also made their own analysis and assessment of the field
(Pollitt 2016).
When these past efforts of ‘taking stock’ or producing ‘substantial reflec-
tions’ are analyzed, there seems to be a set of common denominators,
assumptions and expectations (Bertels et al. 2016):

1. Public Administration research and teaching runs too much behind the
actualities; however it should also be in front of the facts, it should not
just push realities but also pull realities;
 Foreword ix

2. Public Administration is too much dominated by one discipline; how-

ever, it should be much more taking several disciplines into account and
result in an equilibrated approach;
3. Public Administration is thinking too much in causal terms; however, it
should also, as a social science, think in teleological terms;
4. Public Administration is often pretending to be disconnected from time
and space; however, it should take actively and positively context and
culture into account;
5. Public Administration research is still relevant for practice; however, it
should anticipate its future relevance for public administration.

But why a European perspective?

There are several reasons to take a European perspective to map the
knowledge of PA. The European level adds to its multi-level governance
approach. There is administrative diversity and plurality, also shown in the
official languages as expressions of cultures. Several modern conceptions were
founded in Europe and have evolved in their own way, including the welfare
state, separation of State and Churches or parliamentarianism. Its history has
created its own path dependency.
There is a difference between European Public Administration (EPA) and
Public Administration in Europe (PAE). It is necessary to distinguish between
these two approaches. The one, EPA, takes the contingencies and features
of Europe into account. It starts from the European specificities and moves
to the general and generic levels. The other, PAE, is about applying general
knowledge to the European sphere of public administration. Both approaches
invite for comparative research and learning from other practices.
There are specific problems in Europe which need to be addressed, also
by European scholars. Studying the functioning of the European Union
Institutions (and the Council of Europe) and their policies, and their inter-
actions with the Member-Countries, is one of the most significant topics
where European Public Administration needs to increase its relevance and its
capacity to be a part of the solutions. At the same time, Europe is about an
ethnolinguistic and cultural diversity. There are 24 official languages in the
European Union. To bring unity in diversity in a context of ‘requisite variety’
becomes an important assignment for PA.
Transformations of PA systems in Europe are a combination of causality
and path dependency as a push factor, but also and even more of a teleologi-
cal drive as a pull factor. Defining this ‘telos’—the goal to be pursued—should
be a part of the role of PA to develop possible futures. The European Union
moved from a chapter in foreign policy to a chapter in domestic policy and
politics. Therefore, Public Administration also needs to move from Public
Administration in its separate Member-Countries, to Public Administration
in Europe, to ultimately European Public Administration. This trajectory calls
for the broad umbrella of European Perspectives for Public Administration.
x Foreword

Learning Through Dialogues

The major purpose of mapping knowledge is also to push for new strategies
for new knowledge. Increasingly knowledge production happens through
interactions, collaborations and dialogues. PA as an interdisciplinary field of
study needs platforms with shared research strategies. Ultimately, taking stock
should be functional for the future. It will allow to ‘Know the known’, to
‘Know the unknown’, and to be aware of the ‘Unknown unknown’.
A crucial point for PA is if our knowledge of PA creates new realities, or
whether (new) realities create new knowledge. It is the difference between
knowledge as discovering existing realities and knowledge as innovating new
realities. Social sciences in general, and PA in particular have been too much
on the side of discovering and understanding existing realities, and perhaps too
little on the side of innovating new realities. Let us hope this Handbook results
in research strategies which innovate realities, and which anticipate future chal-
lenges. Let us develop European Perspectives for Public Administration.

Geert Bouckaert
KU Leuven, Belgium

References
Bouckaert, G. & van de Donk, W. (eds.) (2010). The European Group for Public
Administration (1975–2010) Perspectives for the Future, Le Groupe Européen
pour l’Administration Publique (1975–2010) Perspectives pour le Futur. Bruylant,
Bruxelles, 342p.
Bertels, J., Bouckaert, G. & van de Donk, W. (2016). European Perspectives for Pub-
lic Administration and Public Management. Paper presented at the 2016 IPMN
Conference, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
EPPA (European Perspectives for Public Administration). www.europeanperspectivespa.eu.
Ongaro, E. (ed.) (2017). Public Administration in Europe: The Contribution of EGPA.
London: Palgrave
 Acknowledgements

It is possibly a bit unusual to start acknowledgements with the very authors of

the chapters of the book, but it is the contribution of each and every one of
the many prominent scholars scattered across Europe who have been willing
to spend a not irrelevant bit of their time and energies to make this handbook
possible that we want to acknowledge first.
Our gratitude also goes to our home institutions. One of the ­ editors
(Edoardo) is especially grateful for a sabbatical granted by his former i­nstitution,
Northumbria University, in Winter-spring 2016: an opportunity which deci-
sively contributed to make this long-yearned intellectual venture possible.
We also thank wholeheartedly the Publisher, Palgrave. Jemima Warren has
been a hugely supportive editor, always friendly to all our requests (often: of
more, and then again more, pages for the handbook). All our requests had
very good reasons (at least so we thought), but we wouldn’t have even dared
to ask so many without knowing how exceptionally supportive Jemima and
the staff at Palgrave were.
The venture of this handbook was originally conceived together with
another commissioning editor at Palgrave, Sara Crowley-Vigneau. Sara has
shown, since the very first talk—initial and exploratory—we had about the
idea of a handbook on public administration and management in Europe, an
incredible intellectual adhesion and trust in the significance of this p ­ roject
and has supported it wholeheartedly. We are very grateful to Sara for her
­support, which was simply decisive for this project to take off.
Later on in the unfolding of the project, Amy Helsloot provided invaluable
support in the stylistic editing of all the chapters.
Last but not least, we want to thank our families for the unflinching s­upport
and inexhaustible patience, not least in tolerating our absence from family tasks
(chores) while working during long weekends on the completion of this project.

Edoardo Ongaro
Sandra van Thiel
xi
 Contents

Part I Public Administration and Management in Europe

1 Introduction 3
Edoardo Ongaro and Sandra van Thiel

2 Public Administration and Public Management Research

in Europe: Traditions and Trends 11
Edoardo Ongaro, Sandra van Thiel, Andrew Massey, Jon Pierre
and Hellmut Wollmann

3 Education and Training in Public Administration

and Management in Europe 41
Christoph Reichard and Eckhard Schröter

4 Languages and Public Administration in Europe 61

Edoardo Ongaro and Sandra van Thiel

Part II Public Management Themes

5 Strategic Management in Public Services Organizations:

Developing a European Perspective 101
Ewan Ferlie and Salvador Parrado

6 Leadership in Europe’s Public Sector 121

Anne Drumaux and Paul Joyce

xiii
xiv Contents

7 Public Budgets and Budgeting in Europe: State

of the Art and Future Challenges 141
Iris Saliterer, Mariafrancesca Sicilia and Ileana Steccolini

8 IPSAS, EPSAS and Other Challenges in European Public

Sector Accounting and Auditing 165
Isabel Brusca, Eugenio Caperchione, Sandra Cohen
and Francesca Manes-Rossi

9 Accountability in Liberal Democratic, Parliamentary Systems 187

Leanne-Marie McCarthy-Cotter and Matthew Flinders

10 Performance Management in Europe: An Idea Whose

Time Has Come and Gone? 207
Wouter Van Dooren and Cornelia Hoffmann

11 Explaining Citizen Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction with

Public Services 227
Steven Van de Walle

12 Public Personnel Reforms and Public Sector HRM

in Europe 243
Peter Leisink and Eva Knies

13 Public Service Motivation: State of the Art and Conceptual

Cleanup 261
Wouter Vandenabeele, Adrian Ritz and Oliver Neumann

14 Ethics and Integrity 279

Michael Macaulay

15 The Public Network Scholarly Community in Europe:

Main Characteristics and Future Developments 291
Daniela Cristofoli, Myrna Mandell and Marco Meneguzzo

16 Collaborative Governance and the Third Sector: Something

Old, Something New 311
Taco Brandsen and Karen Johnston

17 Agencification in Europe 327

Koen Verhoest
 Contents xv

18 ICT, E-Government and E-Governance: Bits & Bytes

for Public Administration 347
Vincent Homburg

19 Public Procurement in Europe 363

Jolien Grandia

20 Public–Private Partnerships: Recent Trends

and the Central Role of Managerial Competence 381
Veronica Vecchi and Mark Hellowell

21 From Participation to Co-production: Widening

and Deepening the Contributions of Citizens
to Public Services and Outcomes 403
Elke Loeffler and Tony Bovaird

22 The Roles of Branding in Public Administration

and Place Management: Possibilities and Pitfalls 425
G.J. Ashworth and M. Kavaratzis

23 Communication of and for Public Services 441

Martial Pasquier

24 Managing Crises in Europe: A Public Management

Perspective 459
Donald Blondin and Arjen Boin

25 Consulting for the Public Sector in Europe 475

Reto Steiner, Claire Kaiser and Lukas Reichmuth

26 Public Sector Negotiations 497

Robin Bouwman

Part III Public Policy and Administration Themes

27 Policy-Making and Public Management 517

Alberto Asquer and Valentina Mele

28 Agenda-Setting and Framing in Europe 535

Sebastiaan Princen
xvi Contents

29 Policy Implementation in an Age of Governance 553

Harald Sætren and Peter L. Hupe

30 Policy Evaluation in Europe 577

Valérie Pattyn, Stijn van Voorst, Ellen Mastenbroek
and Claire A. Dunlop

31 Policy Learning and Organizational Capacity 595

Claire A. Dunlop and Claudio M. Radaelli

32 Policy Diffusion and European Public Policy Research 621

Fabio Wasserfallen

33 Comparative Regulatory Regimes and Public Policy 635

Martino Maggetti and Christian Ewert

34 Coordination in Europe 653

Muiris MacCarthaigh and Astrid Molenveld

35 Risk and Blame in the Public Sector 671

Sandra L. Resodihardjo

36 EU Citizens and Public Services: The Machinery

Behind the Principles 689
François Lafarge

37 Is Social Innovation a Game Changer of Relationships

Between Citizens and Governments? 707
William Voorberg and Victor Bekkers

38 Welfare Administration and Its Reform 727

Tanja Klenk

Part IV Comparative Perspectives and the Study

of Public Administration in Europe

39 The Transformative Effects of Transnational Administrative

Coordination in the European Multi-level System 747
Tobias Bach and Eva Ruffing

40 The Changing Nature of European Governance

and the Dynamics of Europeanization 765
Vasilis Leontitsis and Stella Ladi
 Contents xvii

41 The European Commission as an Administration 783

Hussein Kassim

42 The EU Policy Process 805

Eva G. Heidbreder and Gijs Jan Brandsma

43 Europeanization of Policies and Administration 823

Ellen Mastenbroek

44 Comparative Local Government Research: Theoretical

Concepts and Empirical Findings from a European
Perspective 841
Ellen Wayenberg and Sabine Kuhlmann

45 Factors and Determinants of the Quality of Public

Administration in the CEE-Region 865
Juraj Nemec and Michiel S. de Vries

46 Public Administration in Europe North and South: Enduring

Differences and New Cleavages? 881
Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos

47 The Impact of Fiscal Crisis on Public Administration

in Europe 899
Tiina Randma-Liiv and Walter Kickert

48 Exploring the Legacies of New Public Management

in Europe 919
Philippe Bezes

49 Public Value Management and New Public Governance: Key

Traits, Issues and Developments 967
Joyce Liddle

50 What is the ‘Neo-Weberian State’ as a Regime

of Public Administration? 991
Haldor Byrkjeflot, Paul du Gay and Carsten Greve

51 Max Weber’s Bequest for European Public Administration 1011

Christian Rosser

52 Islamic Public Administration in Europe 1031

Wolfgang Drechsler
xviii Contents

53 Public Administration and Political Science 1049

Michael W. Bauer

54 Law and Public Administration: A Love–Hate Relationship? 1067

Dacian C. Dragos and Philip M. Langbroek

55 An Organization Approach to Public Administration 1087

Tom Christensen and Per Lægreid

56 Economics and PA: Public Choice Theory, Transaction

Costs Theory, Theory of Expectations, and the Enduring
Influence of Economics Modeling on PA—Comparing the
Debate in the US and Europe 1105
Piret Tõnurist and Martin Bækgaard

57 Behavioral Public Administration: Connecting Psychology

with European Public Administration Research 1121
Asmus Leth Olsen, Lars Tummers, Stephan Grimmelikhuijsen
and Sebastian Jilke

58 The Case of Case Study Research in Europe: Practice

and Potential 1135
Markus Haverland and Reinout van der Veer

59 Challenges for Large-Scale International Comparative

Survey-Based Research in Public Administration 1147
Koen Verhoest, Jan Wynen, Wouter Vandenabeele
and Steven Van de Walle

60 Administrative Action and Administrative Behaviour:

Some Philosophical Underpinnings 1169
Turo Virtanen

Part V Overview and the Future of Public Administration

and Management Research in Europe

61 The Contested Autonomy of Policy Advisory Bodies:

The Trade-off Between Autonomy and Control
of Policy Advisory Bodies in the Netherlands,
the United Kingdom, and Sweden 1189
D. Bressers, M.J.W. van Twist, M.A. van der Steen
and J.M. Schulz
 Contents xix

62 Usable Knowledge: Discipline-Oriented Versus

Problem-Oriented Social Science in Public Policy 1213
Colin Talbot and Carole Talbot

63 Conclusions 1235
Sandra van Thiel and Edoardo Ongaro

Post-face: The Significance of the Palgrave Handbook of Public

Administration and Management in Europe for the US Public
Administration Community 1243

Post-face: Latin American Public Administration’s

Transformation: Lessons from the European Experience 1247

Post-face: The Significance of the Palgrave Handbook of Public

Administration and Management in Europe for the Asian Public
Administration and Management Community: The Pleasure
of Rediscovering European Public Administration 1263

Post-face: The Significance of the Palgrave Handbook

of Public Administration and Management in Europe
for Australia—Learning from Europe: Developments
in Australian Public Administration 1273

Index 1289
 Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Edoardo Ongaro is Professor of Public Management at the Open University,

UK. Previously he has held positions at Northumbria University, Newcastle,
UK and at SDA Bocconi School of Management and Bocconi University,
Italy. Since September 2013 he is the President of the European Group
for Public Administration (EGPA), the main learned society in Europe
in the field of public management and administration. He has served in
various academic and expert committees and has contributed to numer-
ous international research projects. He is editor of Public Policy and
Administration. He has published extensively on the topic of administra-
tive reforms and comparative public management. Publications include:
Philosophy and Public Administration: An Introduction (2017 Edward Elgar);
Strategic Management in Public Service Organisations: Concepts, Schools and
Contemporary Issues (2015 Routledge, co-authored with Ewan Ferlie); Multi-
Level Governance: The Missing Linkages (editor, 2015 Emerald); and Public
Management Reform and Modernization: Trajectories of Administrative
Change in Italy, France, Greece, Portugal and Spain (2009 Edward Elgar).
Prof. Ongaro is Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences of the United
Kingdom.

Sandra van Thiel is Professor of Public Management at Radboud University,

Nijmegen, The Netherlands and director of the Institute for Management
Research at the Nijmegen School of Management. Her research focuses
on the creation and steering of semi-autonomous agencies. She has pub-
lished in journals like Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,
Governance and Public Management Review. Books have appeared with
Palgrave MacMillan, for example a 30-country comparison of agencies

xxi
xxii Editors and Contributors

(together with Koen Verhoest, Per Laegreid and Geert Bouckaert). Sandra is
editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Public Sector Management.

Contributors

Gregory J. Ashworth was educated in Geography at the Universities of

Cambridge, Reading and London (Ph.D. 1974). Since 1994, he is Professor
of heritage management and urban tourism in the University of Groningen
(NL). His main research interests focus on the interrelations between tour-
ism, heritage, and place marketing, largely in an urban context. He is author
or editor of around 15 books, 100 book chapters, and 200 articles. He
received honorary life membership of the Hungarian Geographical Society in
1995, an honorary doctorate from the University of Brighton in 2010, and
was knighted for services to Dutch Science in 2011.
Alberto Asquer is lecturer of public policy and management at SOAS
University of London, where he is director of the Centre for Financial and
Management Studies. His research focuses on the regulation of infrastructure
and utilities and on public sector organisational change. His studies have been
published in Governance, Public Management Review, International Public
Management Journal, Utilities Policy, and Water Policy. He is co-editor of
The Political Economy of Local Regulation published by Palgrave MacMillan
in 2016. He holds an MSc and a Ph.D. from LSE.
Tobias Bach is Associate Professor of Public Policy and Administration
at the University of Oslo, Norway, and a Fellow at the Hertie School of
Governance, Germany. His research focuses on the structure and organi-
zation of government and executive politics in a comparative perspective,
including bureaucratic autonomy, the effect of supranational integration on
national administrations, career patterns of senior officials, and bureaucratic
politics. He has published articles in Governance, Public Administration,
Public Management Review, Administration & Society, and the International
Review of Administrative Sciences, among others.
Martin Baekgaard is Associate Professor at the Department of Political
Science, Aarhus University (Denmark). His current fields of research and
teaching include performance management, citizen satisfaction, intergovern-
mental relations, public budgeting, experimental and quantitative methods,
and political knowledge. His research has been published in journals like
Public Administration Research and Theory, Public Administration Review,
Governance, and Public Administration.
Michael W. Bauer is Jean Monnet Professor and holds the Chair of
Comparative Public Administration and Policy Analysis at the German
University of Administrative Sciences in Speyer. He is interested in inter-
national and multi-level public administration as well as in the comparative
 Editors and Contributors xxiii

analysis of public policy-making. Current projects include investigating the

autonomy of international bureaucracies, studying implementation conflicts
in EU annulment litigation, and surveying the attitudes of subnational as well
as supranational public servants to European integration.
Victor Bekkers is Professor of public administration and public policy at the
Department of Public Administration and Sociology of Erasmus University
Rotterdam. His main research focusses on the role of innovation and mod-
ern information and communication technologies as well as new media influ-
ence the content, course, and outcomes of policy and governance processes.
Most recently he coordinated an EU wide, 7th framework research project on
social innovation in the public sector (LIPSE).
Philippe Bezes is CNRS Research Professor (Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique) in the Centre d’Études européennes at Sciences Po (CEE, Paris,
France). His academic interests are administrative reforms and changing
bureaucracies in France and in comparative perspective, state transformations,
institutional change and public policy. He is the author of Réinventer l’Etat:
Les réformes de l’administration française (1962–2008) (Presses Universitaires
de France, 2009) and has recently published a co-edited volume Public
Administration Reforms in Europe: The View from the Top (with Steven van
de Walle, Gerhard Hammerschmid, Rhys Andrews, Edward Elgar, 2016). He
has also published in journals like Governance or West European Politics.
Donald Blondin is a Ph.D. candidate at Leiden University’s Political Science
Institute. His research examines the management of transnational crises,
with a particular focus on the European Union. Donald has also written on
the governance of global challenges such as climate change, financial insta-
bility, and economic development. He holds a Master of Public Policy from
the Hertie School of Governance (Berlin, Germany) and a Bachelor’s degree
from the University of California, Berkeley.
Arjen Boin is a Professor of Public Governance and Institutions at Leiden
University’s Political Science Institute. He is also managing director at
Crisisplan, an international consultancy. He writes on the challenges of strate-
gic crisis management.
Robin Bouwman is a Ph.D. student of Public Administration at the
Institute for Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, the
Netherlands. He carries out to compare public- and private-sector negotia-
tions and negotiators. His research interests include Negotiation, bargaining,
decision-making and experimental research methodology.
Tony Bovaird is Emeritus Professor of Public Management and Policy
at the Institute of Local Government Studies, University of Birmingham,
UK and Director of the non-profit organization Governance International.
His research covers strategic management of public services, performance
measurement in public agencies, evaluation of public management and
xxiv Editors and Contributors

governance reforms, and user and community co-production of public ser-

vices. He has undertaken research for UK Research Councils, OECD, the
European Commission, many UK government departments and local author-
ities, Scottish and Welsh governments, LGA, Audit Commission, National
Audit Office, and many other public bodies in the UK and internationally.
He is on the Scientific Board of the German Research Institute for Public
Administration. He is co-author (with Elke Loeffler) of Public Management
and Governance (Routledge, 3rd edition 2015).
Taco Brandsen is Professor of Public Administration at Radboud University
Nijmegen. His research interests include public management, co-production,
the third sector and civil society. He has initiated and been part of numer-
ous national and international research projects in public administration. He
is currently joint editor of the journal Voluntas, one of the world’s leading
journals in nonprofit and voluntary sector studies.
Gijs Jan Brandsma is Assistant Professor in European Politics and
Administration at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. His research focuses
on EU decision-making, accountability, delegation to the EU executive,
and on multi-level governance.He has published in many journals includ-
ing Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, European Union
Politics, Public Administration, Journal of European Public Policy, Journal
of Common Market Studies, and others. Books have appeared with Oxford
University Press and Palgrave, in particular on the issue of delegation to the
European Union executive. Gijs Jan co-chairs the EGPA Permanent Study
Group on European and Multi-level Governance.
Daphne Bressers is a Ph.D. researcher and program manager at the
Netherlands School of Public Administration. She holds a research mas-
ter degree in public administration and organizational science at Utrecht
University. Topics of interests and research are: strategic management, policy
advice, and policy advisory systems.
Isabel Brusca is Professor in Accounting in the Department of Accounting
and Finance at the University of Zaragoza. Her research and professional
interest is focused on public sector accounting and management. She has par-
ticipated in numerous research projects in this field and is the author of sev-
eral books and papers in prestigious journals, such as International Review
of Administrative Sciences or Local Government Studies. She has been a
consultant of the Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (CDLR)
of the Council of Europe. She has participated in the study designing the
basic guidelines for the reform of the budgetary and accounting system of
the European Commission. She is vice president of the Spanish Association of
University Professors of Accounting and co-chair of the XII Permanent Study
Group of EGPA (European Group for Public Administration).
 Editors and Contributors xxv

Haldor Byrkjeflot is Professor in Sociology at University of Oslo, cur-

rently academic director of one of the three major strategic priority areas at
University of Oslo, UiO Nordic. Currently, he is particularly interested in
exploring issues relating to historical-comparative research, organization the-
ory and the making and circulation of ideas across societies. His publications
cover a broad spectre of social scientific problems such as logics of employ-
ment systems, comparative healthcare reforms, public sector reforms as well
as the comparative study of management systems and bureaucracy.
Eugenio Caperchione is Professor of Public Management and Public Sector
Accounting. His main research area is public sector accounting, and he priv-
ileges the comparative approach. He has published extensively on this sub-
ject, and has taken intensively in the work of CIGAR network (Comparative
International Governmental Accounting Research—http://www.cigar-net-
work.net), where he is serving as the Chairman of the Board; and of EGPA,
European Group for Public Administration, co-chairing the XII Permanent
Study Group, Public Sector Financial Management. He has been an invited
speaker and has presented papers in a number of international conferences
and workshops.
Tom Christensen is Professor in the Department of Political Science,
University of Oslo, Norway. He is also affiliated with Uni Research Rokkan
Centre, Norway, and Renmin University, China. His main research inter-
ests deal with studies of central civil service and public sector reforms,
both nationally and comparatively. His research is theoretically based on
organization theory. He has published extensively in all the major public
administration journals and has coauthored several textbooks and interna-
tional edited volumes in the field. His recent volumes include The Ashgate
Research Companion to New Public Management (with P. Lægreid) and The
Routledge Handbook to Accountability and Welfare State Reforms in Europe
(with P. Lægreid).
Sandra Cohen is an Associate Professor of Accounting in the Department
of Business Administration at Athens University of Economics and Business.
Her research interests lie in the fields of Public Sector Accounting (accrual
accounting adoption, accounting harmonization), Management account-
ing and Intellectual Capital. Her research work has been published in sev-
eral ranked journals such as Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal
and Financial Accountability and Management, and has been presented in
numerous international conferences. She is a member of the Greek National
Accounting Standards Setter and co-chair of the XII Permanent Study Group
of EGPA. She is a co-author in four books in Greek and either author or co-
author in numerous chapters in international books. She has participated in
several consulting projects for both the private sector and the public sector
mainly related to cost accounting and she has been a member of the research
team in several EC founded projects.
xxvi Editors and Contributors

Daniela Cristofoli was Assistant Professor in Public Management at the

Università della Svizzera Italiana. She recently moved to Università degli
Studi di Milano—Bicocca. Her research interests include public network
management and governance and public management reforms.
Michiel S. de Vries is Professor and Chair in Public Administration at the
Radboud University Nijmegen. He is past president of IASIA, the chair of the
NISPA working group on Local Government and full member of the group
of independent experts on the European Charter of Local Self-government.
His latest book is Understanding Public Administration (Palgrave publ,
2016). His work was published in journals, including Administration &
Society, International Review of Administrative Sciences, European Journal of
Political Research and Local Government Studies.
Dacian C. Dragos is Jean Monnet Professor of Administrative and European
Law at the Babes Bolyai University Cluj Napoca, Romania, and director of
the Center for Good Governance Studies. His research focuses on adminis-
trative procedure, alternative dispute resolution in administrative law, trans-
parency in administration, law and public management, public procurement
law and policy. He has published in law and administrative science jour-
nals. Books and chapters in books have appeared with Springer, Cambridge
University Press, Bruylant, CRC Press, DJOEF, Edward Elgar, C.H. Beck
Romania. He is a member of the editorial board of the European Public
Procurement and PPP Law Review and a co-chair of the Group X—Law and
Administration of the European Group for Public Administration.
Wolfgang Drechsler is Professor and Chair of Governance at the Ragnar
Nurkse School of Innovation and Governance at Tallinn University of
Technology, Estonia, and a visiting faculty member at the Lee Kuan Yew
School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. He holds a
Ph.D. from the University of Marburg and an honorary doctorate from
Corvinus University Budapest. Wolfgang has been a visiting professor i.e., at
the Université catholique de Louvain; at the Central University of Finance
and Economics Beijing; at the University of Malaya; at Zhejiang and at
Gadjah Mada Universities; and at the National Institute for Development
Administration Bangkok. In civil service, he has been Advisor to the President
of Estonia, Executive Secretary with the German Wissenschaftsrat, and,
as an APSA Congressional Fellow, Senior Legislative Analyst in the United
States Congress. Wolfgang’s areas of interest include Non-Western, especially
Confucian, Buddhist, and Islamic, Public Administration; PA, Technology,
and Innovation; and Public Management Reform. He is a member of the
management board of IASIA.
Anne Drumaux is full Professor in not-for-profit and public management at
Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, Université Libre de
Bruxelles, Belgium. Her research lies in the interaction between public policy
and strategic management.
 Editors and Contributors xxvii

Paul du Gay is Professor of globalization at the Department of

Organization, Copenhagen Business School and also at Royal Holloway
University in London. His research interests have been and continue to be
located on the cusp of sociology, politics, history and cultural studies, with a
key focus on questions of organizations and identity.
Claire A. Dunlop is Professor of Politics at the Department of Politics at
the University of Exeter, United Kingdom. A public policy and administra-
tion scholar, Claire’s main fields of interest include the politics of expertise
and knowledge utilization; epistemic communities and advisory politics; risk
governance; policy learning and analysis; impact assessment; and policy nar-
ratives. She explores these conceptual interests at the UK and EU levels prin-
cipally, and most frequently in relation to agricultural, environmental and
LGBT issues. Claire has published more than 40 peer-reviewed journal arti-
cles and book chapters—most recently in Policy and Politics, Policy Sciences,
International Public Management Journal, Regulation & Governance
and Journal of European Public Policy. She is editor of Public Policy and
Administration.
Christian Ewert is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Lausanne and a
researcher at the NCCR Democracy, Zurich, Switzerland. He works on trans-
national regulatory regimes and private governance. In particular, he inves-
tigates the interaction within complex regulatory regimes, how regulatory
resources and responsibilities are shared, and how these regimes are held
accountable for their performance and output.
Ewan Ferlie is Professor of Public Services Management at King’s College
London. He has published widely on questions of restructuring and large
scale change in public services organizations. He is coauthor (with Edoardo
Ongaro) of ‘Strategic Management in Public Services Organizations’,
recently published by Routledge. He is Hon Chair of a Learned Society: the
Society for the Study of Organizing in Health Care (SHOC).
Matthew Flinders is Founding Director of the Sir Bernard Crick Centre for
the Public Understanding of Politics at the University of Sheffield. He is also
Chair of the Political Studies Association of the United Kingdom and a mem-
ber of the board of the Academy of Social Sciences.
Jolien Grandia is Assistant Professor of public administration at Radboud
University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Her research focuses on the role
of public procurement in public administration and its effects and determi-
nants. She received her Ph.D. from the Erasmus University in Rotterdam on
the role of factors and actors in the implementation of sustainable public pro-
curement. Jolien has published in journals like Public Administration, Public
Money & Management and The Journal of Cleaner Production. She is also
the guest-editor of a special issue of the International Journal of Public Sector
Management on ‘public procurement as a policy tool’.
xxviii Editors and Contributors

Carsten Greve is Professor of public management and governance at the

Department of Business and Politics, Copenhagen Business School. His
research focuses on public management reform and public-private partner-
ships in an international perspective.
Stephan Grimmelikhuijsen is Assistant Professor at the Utrecht School
of Governance (Utrecht University). His research interests include govern-
ment and court transparency, citizen attitudes, legitimacy, experimental meth-
ods and a behavioural approach to public administration. His work appeared
in various journals, such as Journal of Public Administration Research and
Theory, Public Administration Review and Public Administration.
Gyorgy Hajnal is Professor and Director of the Institute of Economic and
Social Policy at Corvinus University, Budapest. He also holds a position of
Tenured Research Chair at the Institute for Political Science, Center for
Social Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (IPS CSR HAS). In
addition to his academic positions, Gyorgy served as consultant to various
domestic and international governmental and business entities. His current
research interests extend to comparative analysis of administrative reforms
and reform doctrines at central and local levels, administrative culture and PA
teaching, and the structural dynamics of central government organization,
with a prime focus on the Central and Eastern European region. He pub-
lished articles in such journals as Public Management Review, International
Journal of Public Administration, and the Journal of Public Affairs Education,
and numerous book chapters in edited volumes published by renowned aca-
demic publishers such as Routledge, Palgrave and Edward Elgar.
Markus Haverland holds the Chair in Political Science at the Faculty
of Social Sciences of Erasmus University Rotterdam. He is also a Fellow at
the Montesquieu Institute (The Hague), the European Research Centre
for Economic and Financial Governance (Leiden/Delft/Rotterdam), and
the Netherlands School of Government. His research and teaching interests
include EU policy-making and its effect on EU member states, compara-
tive politics and public policy, and research design (in particular explanatory
case study designs). He has published among other journals in Journal of
Common Market Studies, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Journal
of European Social Policy, Journal of European Public Policy, Journal of
Public Policy, Public Administration, Public Administration Review, and
West European Politics. With Joachim Blatter he has written Designing Case
Studies (Palgrave 2014). He is also a co-editor of Major Works in Qualitative
Political Science, 4 Volumes, (SAGE 2016).
Eva G. Heidbreder is Professor for political science/European integration.
Her research areas include the European Commission, administrative coop-
eration in multi-level policy-making and civil society participation in the
EU. She is currently visiting professor at the Freie Universität Berlin and on
leave from the Heinrich Heine Universität in Düsseldorf. Previously, she has
 Editors and Contributors xxix

worked as visiting professor at the University Konstanz and the Humboldt

Universität Berlin, as well as the Hertie School of Governance. She obtained
her Ph.D. at the European University Institute in Florence and a postgradu-
ate diploma at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna.
Mark Hellowell is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, where
his research focuses on the business-government relations of various kinds.
He is advising many international and governmental organizations, among
them the House of Commons Treasury Committee, the World Bank, the
African Development Bank, OECD. He leads a University of Edinburgh col-
laboration with the World Bank in which developing country policy-makers
are trained in Managing Markets for Health. He is author of several publi-
cations in peer review journals on different aspect of public–private partner-
ships, mainly in the healthcare sector.
Cornelia Hoffmann obtained her Ph.D. title at the University of Antwerp
for her research on performance management in the public sector, focussing
in particular on the use of performance information. Her research project
was funded by the Flemish Government in the scope of the Policy Research
Centre “Governmental organization—Decisive Governance” (2012–2015),
for which she also provided policy recommendations. She also worked as
Consultant at the Governance Directorate of the OECD in Paris. Currently
she is working as EU Liaison Manager at the Heinrich Böll Foundation e.V.,
where she is responsible for the worldwide supervision of EU projects.
Vincent Homburg is Associate Professor at the Department of Public
Administration and Sociology at Erasmus University Rotterdam, the
Netherlands. His research focuses on the antecedents and manifestations of
electronic government. Vincent has published more than 80 peer-reviewed
articles and chapters. Books have appeared with Palgrave MacMillan, IOS
Press and Routledge.
Peter Hupe has been active in the practice and study of public administra-
tion for four decades now. With Erasmus University Rotterdam as an insti-
tutional basis, he had academic affiliations in London, Leuven, Oxford, and
Potsdam. The major part of his research regards the theoretical-empirical
study of the policy process, particularly policy implementation and street-level
bureaucracy. He has published in, among others, Policy & Politics, Public
Administration, and Public Management Review.
Sebastian Jilke is Assistant Professor at the school of Public Affairs and
Administration (SPAA) at Rutgers University-Newark and co-director of the
Center for Experimental and Behavioral Public Administration (CEBPA) at
SPAA. He also co-chairs the newly established European Group for Public
Administration Permanent Study Group on Behavioral Public Administration.
His interests include citizen–state interactions and equality in service provi-
sion, and his recent work examines how citizens and public officials respond
xxx Editors and Contributors

to market-type mechanisms in public service delivery. He has published in

various journal including the Journal of Public Administration Research
and Theory, Public Administration Review and the European Journal of
Political Research and his recent book (together with O. James & Gregg Van
Ryzin) on Experiments in Public Management Research is forthcoming with
Cambridge University Press.
Karen Johnston is Professor of Organisational Studies at the University of
Portsmouth, UK. Her research focusses on public management and leader-
ship, public governance, gender equality and representative bureaucracies.
She has extensive academic and research experience having worked in leading
universities in South Africa, USA and UK, and for government and civil soci-
ety organisations. She has published extensively in highly ranked journals such
as Public Administration; and books such as the Handbook on International
Public Administration and Governance by Edward Elgar and Making and
Managing Public Policy by Routledge. Prof. Johnston is executive member
of a number of learned societies as such the International Research Society for
Public Management and the European Group for Public Administration.
Paul Joyce is an Institute of Local Government Studies Associate at the
University of Birmingham, an Affiliated Researcher in the Department
of Public Management at the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and
Management (Université Libre de Bruxelles) and Visiting Professor at Leeds
Beckett University. He is currently researching the interrelations of Strategic
Management, Leadership and Public Governance in Europe and elsewhere.
Claire Kaiser is Deputy Head of Institute at the Swiss Institute for Public
Management in Bern, Switzerland. She successfully completed her Ph.D. in
public administration at the Center of Competence for Public Management at
the University of Bern. Her research focuses on public management and local
governance. She has published in journals like Public Management Review
and International Journal of Public Administration.
Hussein Kassim is Professor of Politics at the University of East Anglia. His
research examines EU institutions, the relationship between the EU and the
member states, and EU policy in aviation and competition policy, on which
subjects he has published widely. He is currently working on projects on the
European Commission, the General Secretariat of the Council, national EU
narratives, and EMU choices during the financial and economic crisis.
Mihalis Kavaratzis is Associate Professor of Marketing at the University
of Leicester. He holds a Ph.D. on city marketing from the University of
Groningen. His research focuses on the theory and application of place
marketing and place branding and the study of destination marketing
and ­destination images. Mihalis also acts as a trainer and adviser for local
­authorities on Place Branding. He has published extensively in geography,
tourism, planning as well as marketing journals. He is co-editor of ‘Towards
 Editors and Contributors xxxi

Effective Place Brand Management’ (with G.J. Ashworth, 2010) and

‘Rethinking Place Branding’ (with G. Warnaby and G.J. Ashworth, 2015).
Walter J.M. Kickert is Emeritus Professor of Public Management at the
Department of Public Administration, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The
Netherlands. His main research interests are comparative politics and adminis-
tration, public management and administrative reform, and fiscal crisis, austerity,
and reforms.
Tanja Klenk is Professor of Health Studies at the University of Kassel,
Germany. Her principal research interests lie in the field of the governance
and administration of the welfare state and comparative social policy. Her
work has been published in journals such as Administration & Society, Public
Management Review, Comparative Governance and Politics. Her most recent
book ‘Restructuring welfare governance’ (edited together with Emmanuele
Pavolini and published with Edward Elgar), discusses the introduction and
impact of marketization and managerialism in different fields of social policy
in different European countries.
Eva Knies is Associate Professor of Organizational Science and Human
Resource Management at the Utrecht University School of Governance (The
Netherlands). Her research interests include: public value creation, public
service performance, Human Resource Management in the public sector (in
particular education and healthcare), and public leadership. Her research has
been published in various international journals in the fields of public admin-
istration, public management, and Human Resource Management.
Sabine Kuhlmann is Professor of Political Science, Administration and
Organization at the University of Potsdam, Germany; Vice-President of
EGPA and a member of the National Regulatory Control Council of the
German Federal Government. Her main research interests include compara-
tive public administration, public sector reforms, local government, and eval-
uation. She has published inter alia in Public Administration Review, Public
Management Review, and Public Administration. Books have appeared
with Edwar Elgar, for example, an Introduction to Comparative Public
Administration (together with Hellmut Wollmann). Sabine Kuhlmann is dep-
uty editor of the International Review of Administrative Sciences.
Stella Ladi is a senior lecturer at Queen Mary University of London and an
assistant professor at Panteion University in Athens. Her research interests
include the Eurozone crisis, public policy and public administration reforms,
Europeanization, global governance and the role of experts in public policy.
She has published in journals such as Public Administration, West European
Politics, New Political Economy, Comparative European Politics and Political
Studies Review. She is a member of the executive committee of the Greek
Politics Specialist Group (GPSG).
xxxii Editors and Contributors

Per Lægreid is Professor at the Department of Administration and

Organization Theory, University of Bergen, Norway. He is also affiliated
with Uni research Rokkan Centre, Norway. His research focus is on public
sector reforms and institutional change in a comparative perspective. He has
published extensively in international journals such as Public Administration,
Public Administration Review, Governance and Public Management Review.
His books have been published at Ashgate, Edward Elgar, PalgraveMacmillan
and Routledge and the latest volumes include Organizing for Coordination
in the Public Sector (with L. H. Rykkja, K. Sarapuu and T. Ramnda-Liiv),
Nordic Administrative Reforms. Lessons for Public Management (with
C.Greve and L.H. Rykkja) and The Routledge Handbook to Accountability
and Welfare State Reforms in Europe (with T. Christensen).
François Lafarge works at Ecole nationale d’administration, and is a senior
lecturer at the University of Strasbourg. He specialized in public law (French,
European, comparative and transnational) and in public management. His
research activities focus on the evolution of the executive function within the
European Union. His recent publications cover European administrative law,
executive and regulatory agencies (national and European) and administrative
cooperation between Member States for the implementation of the EU law.
François coordinated the permanent study group ‘Law and Administration’
of the European Group for Public Administration and is deputy editor of the
Revue française d’administration publique.
Philip M. Langbroek is Professor of Justice Administration and Judicial
organisation at the Utrecht School of Law, Utrecht University, the
Netherlands. Trained in public administration and law, he has taught Dutch
administrative law, public administration and methodology of legal research
for many years and published widely on administrative law, o­ mbudsmen and
court administration, for example on Administrative Pre-Trial Proceedings,
on Quality Management in Courts and on Justification Texts of court
decisions. Currently, he co-chairs the EGPA study group on justice and
court administration. He is a member of the editorial board of Utrecht
Law Review and is managing editor of the International Journal for Court
Administration. To date, he is also director of the Montaigne Centre for
Judicial Administration and Conflict Resolution at Utrecht School of Law.
Peter Leisink is Pprofessor of Public Administration and Organization
Science at the Utrecht University School of Governance (The Netherlands).
His research interests are: management and organization of service organiza-
tions, the contribution of strategic human resource management to service
performance in public and non-profit organizations, leadership and motiva-
tion in (public) organizations, age-related personnel policies, and changes in
employment relations. His publications have appeared as book chapters and
as articles in international journals in the fields of public administration, pub-
lic management, human resource management and industrial relations.
 Editors and Contributors xxxiii

Vasilis Leontitsis is a lecturer at the European Law and Governance School

of the European Public Law Organisation (EPLO). He has previously worked
at the University of Sheffield and the London School of Economics (LSE).
His predominant research interests lie in the spheres of the EU, European
territorial politics and Greek politics. He is a member of the executive com-
mittee of the Greek Politics Specialist Group (GPSG).
Joyce Liddle is a Professor of Public Leadership and Management at
IMPGT, Aix-Marseille Université, France, and Honorary Chair of the UK
Joint University Council. She is a Fellow of the UK Academy of Social
Sciences and Regional Studies Association. Her research focuses on Regional
& local governance, leadership, partnerships and entrepreneurship. She co-
edits an Annual Emerald Series on International Public Management and is
sole editor of Public Entrepreneurship. She regularly publishes in journals like
IIAS, Local Government Studies, Regional Studies, PMR, and others. Books
have appeared with Routledge and Emerald, and she is Chair of the EAB of
IJPSM as well as an EAB member of five other international journals. She is
lead researcher on the LocREF Cost project on Austerity in European Local
Government; conducting the UK survey of all local authorities.
Elke Loeffler is the Chief Executive of the non-profit organisation
Governance International and an Associate of Birmingham University. Her
research and teaching focus on citizen engagement, in particular, user and
community co-production of public services and outcomes, public govern-
ance, open government, quality and performance management. She has pub-
lished 20 articles in peer-reviewed journals and edited or co-authored more
than 60 co-production case studies from 21 countries on the Governance
International Good Practice Hub. Elke is an editorial board member of the
International Review of Administrative Sciences, ‘der moderne staat’ and the
‘Innovation Journal’. Elke is also the co-editor (with Tony Bovaird) of the
third edition of the textbook ‘Public Management and Governance’. In 2012
she was appointed to the Advisory Board of the Public Leaders Network of
the Guardian to represent academia/thinktanks. She is a graduate in econom-
ics and political science from the University of Tübingen and Washington
University St. Louis and holds a Ph.D. in public management from the
German University of Administrative Sciences in Speyer.
Michael Macaulay is the Director of the Institute for Governance and Policy
Studies (School of Government) at the School of Government, Victoria
University of Wellington, New Zealand. His research interests are ethics,
integrity, governance and anti-corruption. He is currently a Visiting Professor
at the Universities of Sunderland (UK) and York St John (UK) and is a for-
mer Visiting Professor at the University of Johannesburg (South Africa). He
is Associate Managing Editor for Public Integrity and was previously an edi-
tor for International Journal of Public Administration. He is co-chair of the
European Group for Public Administration (EGPA) permanent study group
on ethics and integrity.
xxxiv Editors and Contributors

Muiris MacCarthaigh is lecturer in Politics and Public Administration at

Queen’s University Belfast. His current research interests relate to the politics
and practice of state retrenchment and administrative reform, with a particu-
lar focus on the Irish case. He also has ongoing interests in the study of state
agencies, political-administrative relationships, accountability studies and vari-
ous other aspects of public sector governance. His recent work has appeared
in Public Administration, Public Administration Review, Governance and the
Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis.
Martino Maggetti is Associate Professor of political science at the Institute
of Political, Historical and International Studies (IEPHI) of the University of
Lausanne, Switzerland. His current research interests mainly focus on regu-
latory agencies and networks, policy dynamics, multi-level policy-making,
and transnational private governance. His research articles have appeared
in several top journals, including: Business & Society, European Journal of
Political Research, European Political Science Review, International Review
of Administrative Sciences, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Journal of
European Public Policy, Journal of Public Policy, Political Research Quarterly,
Public Administration, Regulation & Governance, Swiss Political Science
Review, and West European Politics. His latest book is Comparative Politics:
Theoretical and Methodological Challenges (Edward Elgar 2015, co-edited
with Dietmar Braun).
Myrna P. Mandell’s work includes articles, books and chapters on a number
of different facets of networks, including: how to organize and manage net-
works, performance measures for networks, and the use of language and lead-
ership in networks. Recently she co-edited a book on building the foundation
for developing new theories of networks that was published in 2014.
Francesca Manes Rossi is Associate Professor of Accounting at Salerno
University, where she teaches and conducts research on accounting and audit-
ing. She has also trained government officials in Italy and has been active in
providing consulting services to public sector entities. Her research interests
regard performance measurement in local government and cultural organi-
zations, intellectual capital, sustainability and integrated reporting, audit-
ing and accounting standards both in the private and public sectors. She has
participated in the study designing the basic guidelines for the reform of the
budgetary and accounting system of the European Commission. She has
developed special skills in the field of IAS/IFRS and IPSASs and is co-chair of
the XII Permanent Study Group of EGPA.
Andrew Massey is Professor of Politics at the University of Exeter. He has
researched and published widely in the field of comparative public policy and
public administration. He is the editor in chief of the International Review of
Administrative Sciences and also the journal Public Money & Management.
 Editors and Contributors xxxv

Ellen Mastenbroek is Professor of European Public Policy at the Department

of Public Administration and Political Science at Radboud University,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands and visiting professor at the Department of
Political Science at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Her main
research interests are the Europeanization of national governments, EU
compliance and ex-post evaluation of EU legislation. She has published
various articles on these topics, in journals such as Public Administration,
Regulation and Governance, Journal of Common Market Studies and Journal
of European Public Policy. She is co-chair of the EGPA Permanent Study
Group on EU Administration and Multi-level Governance. She also chairs
EUROPAL, a multidisciplinary research group on Europeanization of Policy
and Law based at Radboud University.
Leanne-Marie McCarthy-Cotter is a Research Fellow in the Sir Bernard
Crick Centre for the Public Understanding of Politics at the University of
Sheffield. She received her Ph.D. from Cardiff University in 2015.
Valentina Mele is Associate Professor at the Department of policy analysis
and public management, Bocconi University. Her research interests include
innovation in public organizations, public sector reforms and managerial
­challenges faced by international organizations. She has published in journals
such as Public Administration, Governance, Journal of Public Administration
Research and Theory and the Academy of Management Journal. She has
recently joined the Journal of Public Policy as field editor (Governance and
Qualitative methods). She holds an MPA from Columbia and a Ph.D. from
LSE.
Marco Meneguzzo is Professor of Public administration and management at
the Department of Business, Government and Philosophy at the University of
Rome Tor Vergata and Professor of Public and non-profit management at the
Università della Svizzera Italiana. His research interests focus on the public
sector and include new public management and governance, and public–pri-
vate partnerships.
Astrid Molenveld is postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Public
Administration of the Erasmus University Rotterdam, and University of
Antwerp. Astrid obtained her Ph.D. in social and political science in June
2016. In the thesis, she studied the determinants explaining coordination
and ‘organisational adaptation’ of cross-cutting policy programs. She has
a particular interest in applying multiple research-methods in her work, like
Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Q-methodology and statistics. Her
current research activities include comparative research on coordination of
cross-cutting (i.e. ‘wicked’) policy issues and community self-organization.
Anamarija Musa is an Assistant Professor and senior research associate at the
Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Croatia. Her research focuses on trans-
parency and e-government, public sector organisations, especially agencies,
xxxvi Editors and Contributors

the Europeanisation in Central and Eastern Europe, and local governance.

Her recent publication includes the monography on agency model of p ­ ublic
administration (Agencijski model javne uprave, 2014, in Croatian). She
­currently serves as the Information Commissioner in Croatia, in charge for
the protection of the right on access to information and open data.
Juraj Nemec is Professor of Public Management at Masaryk University
in Brno, Czech Republic and at Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica,
Slovakia. His current research focuses on the relevance of New Public
Management instruments in the public sector today (in transitional con-
ditions). He has published about 30 articles in different ‘impact’ journals
like Public Management Review or International Review of Administrative
Sciences, many books and book chapters—in total more than 400 scientific
publications. He is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Public Administration and
Policy and member of editorial boards of more than 20 journals.
Oliver Neumann is a postdoctoral researcher in the Institute of Information
Systems and the KPM Center for Public Management at the University of
Bern, Switzerland. His interests include employee motivation, person–job fit,
e-government, and open government. He holds a Ph.D. in business adminis-
tration and management from the University of Bern. Previously, he s­tudied
at the Universities of Mannheim and Konstanz in Germany, and at York
University in Toronto, Canada.
Asmus Leth Olsen is Associate Professor at the University of Copenhagen,
Department of Political Science. His research is focused on the areas of
behavioural public administration, performance management, and experimen-
tal public administration. His current research focuses on the effects of per-
formance information on citizens and the role of dishonesty for selection into
public sector employment. His work has appeared in journals like Judgment
and Decision Making, Political Behavior, and Public Administration Review.
He is the winner of 2015 Herbert Kaufman Award for the best public
administration paper presented at the American Political Science Association
Meeting.
Salvador Parrado teaches at the Spanish Distance Learning University,
Madrid and is Faculty Associate at the Hertie School of Governance (Berlin)
and the Istanbul Policy Center (Sabancı University). He has widely published
on public management, private–public partnerships, the civil service and exec-
utive politics. He is associate editor of the journal Public Administration.
Martial Pasquier studied at the Universities of Fribourg, Berne, and
Berkeley. He became a full Professor of Public Management and Marketing
in 2003 at the Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration (IDHEAP),
University of Lausanne. He is visiting Professor at the Universities of
Strasbourg, Nancy II, Paris II and Aix-Marseille. He is Director of the Swiss
Public Administration Network (since 2008) which involves the universities
 Editors and Contributors xxxvii

of Lausanne, Berne, and Lugano. He is Vice-rector of the University of

Lausanne. His research focuses on transparency, public communication, and
public agency management.
Valérie Pattyn is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Public Administration
at Leiden University, the Netherlands. Her main areas of expertise are policy
evaluation, evidence-based policy, and policy advice. She combines research
on the institutionalization of policy evaluation and evaluation capacity build-
ing with applied evaluation studies in various policy fields. In addition, she
is involved in research projects about policy advice production and knowl-
edge utilisation within and outside the civil service. Valérie is co-chair of the
EGPA Permanent Study Group on Policy Design and Evaluation, mem-
ber of the coordination committee of the Flemish Evaluation Association
and of the Dutch Evaluation Society. She has published in journals such as
Evaluation, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, International Review of
Administrative Sciences, Public Management Review, and Policy and Society.
Jon Pierre is Professor of Political Science at the University of Gothenburg,
Sweden and Professor of Public Governance, Melbourne School of
Government, University of Melbourne. He is also adjunct Professor at the
University of Pittsburgh. He has published extensively on governance, urban
politics, and public administration. His most recent books in English include
Governing the Embedded State (Oxford University Press, 2015, with Bengt
Jacobsson and Göran Sundström); The Relevance of Political Science (co-
ed with Gerry Stoker and B. Guy Peters) (Palgrave, 2015); (ed) The Oxford
Handbook of Swedish Politics (Oxford University Press, 2015); and Comparative
Governance (Cambridge University Press, 2017, with B. Guy Peters).
Sebastiaan Princen is Professor of Governance and Policymaking in the
European Union at Utrecht University’s School of Governance. His research
focuses on policy-making processes in the European Union (EU). He has
published extensively on agenda-setting processes in the EU, including the
monograph Agenda-setting in the European Union, which appeared with
Palgrave in 2009. Together with Herman Lelieveldt, he is a co-author of the
widely used textbook The Politics of the European Union, which is published
by Cambridge University Press.
Claudio M. Radaelli is Professor of Political Science, Jean Monnet Chair
in Political Economy and Director of the Centre for European Governance
at the University of Exeter, UK. A comparative policy analyst, Claudio has
published 80 articles and written or edited 17 books and special issues of
academic journals. His main fields of specialization include the theory of
­
policy learning, Europeanization, the role of economics in public policy, and
regulation. In 2016, Claudio was awarded a European Research Council
advanced grant on Procedural Tools for Effective Governance (Protego).
In the same year, he edited with Claire Dunlop the Handbook of Regulatory
Impact Assessment (Elgar).
xxxviii Editors and Contributors

Tiina Randma-Liiv is Professor and Chair of Public Management and Policy

at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, where she currently also serves
as Vice Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Member of the University
Council. Her research interests include the impact of fiscal crisis on public
administration, public sector structure, civil service reforms, policy transfer
and small states.
Christoph Reichard is Emeritus Professor of Public Management at the
University of Potsdam, Germany. His main fields of research include public
management reforms, organisation of public service delivery, state-owned
enterprises, performance management, public financial management and
public personnel management. He published about 280 books and arti-
cles. For many years he was chairing the European Association of Public
Administration Accreditation (EAPAA) and co-chairing the EGPA-study
group on Public Administration and Teaching.
Lukas Reichmuth is a scientific collaborator and researcher at the Swiss
Institute for Public Management in Bern and a Ph.D. candidate at the
University of Lausanne. His research focuses on the role of consulting at the
local level.
Sandra L. Resodihardjo is Assistant Professor in Public Administration
at the Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, the
Netherlands. Her research focuses on crisis management, security and safety
issues, and framing. She currently studies blame games following crises,
the concept of safety in the Netherlands, and the use of resilience in for-
mal emergency networks. She published in, amongst others, the Journal of
Contingencies and Crisis Management, European Journal of Policing Studies,
Punishment & Society, West European Politics, and Public Administration.
She also published a monograph titled Crisis and Change in the British and
Dutch Prison Services. Understanding Crisis-Reform Processes (Ashgate/
Routledge, 2009) and in edited volumes, including The Globalization of
Supermax Prisons (Rutgers University Press, 2013).
Adrian Ritz is Professor for Public Management and a member of the exec-
utive board of the KPM Center for Public Management at the University of
Bern in Switzerland where he teaches at the Faculty of Social Sciences and
at the Faculty of Law. His main research areas are in the field of public man-
agement, leadership, motivation and human resources management, adminis-
trative reforms, evaluation and performance management. Adrian Ritz is the
chairman of the scientific commission for public management of the German
Academic Association for Business Research (VHB, 2016–2018).
Christian Rosser is a political scientist specialized in administrative theory
and the modern history of administrative ideas as well as public policy and
evaluation. He is senior research fellow and lecturer at the Swiss Graduate
School of Public Administration (IDHEAP), University of Lausanne.
 Editors and Contributors xxxix

Prior to this position, he held a deputy professorship at the University of

Konstanz and was research fellow at the Center of Excellence ‘Cultural
Foundations of Social Integration’, Institute for Advanced Study at the
University of Konstanz. His work on this chapter was funded in part by
this Center of Excellence. Rosser’s publication outlets include Public
Administration Review, Public Administration, The American Review of
Public Administration, Administration & Society, and Administrative Theory
and Praxis, among others. In 2010, he won the Marshall Dimock Award
for the best lead article in Public Administration Review during the volume
year 2009—with a contribution to Hegel, Wilson, and Weber’s theories of
bureaucracy.
Eva Ruffing is acting professor of Politics in Multi-level Systems at the
University of Hamburg, and a private lecturer at the University of Hannover,
Germany. Her research topics are in particular the interplay between
European and national administrations, focusing on agency autonomy, policy
influence and structural adaptation, and public participation in administra-
tive decision-making (also in a multi-level perspective). She has published in
the Journal of European Public Policy, Public Administration, Governance,
Public Policy and Administration, and Global Environmental Politics, among
others.
Harald Sætren is Professor emeritus in Administration and Organization
Theory at the University of Bergen, Norway. His research in recent years has
focused on several crucially interlinked stages of the public policy-making
process, such as agenda-setting, policy formulation/design and implemen-
tation. He has published in journals like Administration & Society, Journal
of Comparative Policy Analysis, Policy Science, Policy Studies Journal and
Public Policy and Administration.
Iris Saliterer is a Professor of Public and Nonprofit Management at Albert-
Ludwigs University Freiburg, Germany, and Adjunct Professor at Alpen-Adria
University Klagenfurt, Austria. In the academic year 2016–2017, she held
the Austrian Joseph A. Schumpeter Fellowship at the Weatherhead Center
for International Affairs at Harvard University, Cambridge, US. Her research
focus is on public sector budgeting and accounting, performance manage-
ment, and public innovation, and she led several large-scale research pro-
jects in these areas. She pursues an integrative publication strategy and has
published both in international academic journals like Public Management
Review, International Review of Administrative Sciences and practice-oriented
journals and handbooks.
Eckhard Schröter is Professor of Public Administration at Zeppelin
University (Friedrichshafen, Germany) where he also serves as Academic
Head of Programs in ‘Politics, Administration and International Relations’.
Before joining the newly established Department of Public Management &
Governance at Zeppelin University, he had taught at Humboldt University
xl Editors and Contributors

Berlin and at the University of California at Berkeley. His major research

interests are in comparative public sector reform, administrative culture, met-
ropolitan governance, and representative bureaucracy. His recent book publi-
cations include Representative Bureaucracy in Action (2013) and The Politics
of Representative Bureaucracy (2015) (both edited with B. Guy Peters and
Patrick von Maravic).
Martin Schulz holds a Ph.D. in public administration. He is a co-dean
and vice-director of the think tank of the Netherlands School of Public
Administration. He is an associate dean of the Netherlands School of Public
Administration and vice-director of its think tank. Topics of interest and
research are: ad hoc commissions, advisory councils, advisory systems and
management of complex projects.
Mariafrancesca Sicilia is Associate Professor at Bergamo University in
Italy and Visiting Fellow in the Department of Public Leadership and Social
Enterprise (PuLSE) at The Open University in UK. Her research covers pub-
lic sector budgeting, accounting, accountability, performance measurement
and management and models of public services delivery, such as coproduction
of public services. She has carried out research for Italian central government
departments, local governments and other public bodies. She is manag-
ing editor of Azienda Pubblica (a leading Italian language public manage-
ment journal). She has published in journals such as Accounting, Auditing &
Accountability Journal, Public Administration, Public Administration Review,
Public Management Review, Public Money and Management.
Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos is Associate Professor of Political Science at the
University of Athens and Research Associate of ELIAMEP (Athens) and
the Hellenic Observatory of the London School of Economics (LSE). He
has studied law, sociology and political science at the University of Athens,
the LSE and Yale University. His publications include : Is Southern Europe
Doomed to Instability?, co-edited with Thanos Veremis, London: Frank Cass,
2002; and The State and Democracy in the New Southern Europe, co-edited
with Richard Gunther and P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2006.
Ileana Steccolini is Professor of Accounting and Finance at Newcastle
University London Campus. She is an Adjunct Professor at RMIT,
Melbourne and a Fellow, Queen’s Centre for Not-for-profit Research,
Queen’s University, Belfast, UK. She has published on public sector account-
ing and accountability, reforms and change in such journals as Accounting,
Auditing and Accountability Journal, Critical Perspectives on Accounting,
Financial Accountability and Management, Management Accounting
Research, Public Administration, Public Administration Review. She is the
founder of the Accounting and Accountability Special Interest Group within
IRSPM and a member of the editorial board of Financial Accountability
 Editors and Contributors xli

and Management, the Journal of Qualitative Research in Accounting and

Management, the Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting and Financial
Management, Accounting, Auditing, and Accountability Journal, Public
Administration Review.
Reto Steiner is Dean and Managing Director at ZHAW School of
Management and Law, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (Switerland).
Previously he held positions at the Swiss Institute for Public Management
in Bern and at the Free University of Bozen (Italy). His main areas of
research and teaching include organizational design and change, local and
regional governance, public corporate governance, and public management.
Before his current appointment, Reto Steiner was a professor at the Center
of Competence for Public Management at the University of Bern and a
Research Fellow at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National
University of Singapore (NUS) and at the Department of Politics and Public
Administration at the University of Hong Kong.
Carole Talbot is lecturer in Public Policy and Management at Alliance
Manchester Business School. She has published on issues of Collaborative
Working, Structural Change, and Mergers and more recently on Academic—
Policy Maker relations.
Colin Talbot is Emeritus Professor at the University of Cambridge. He has
published on a wide range of public management issues and including books
on Theories of Performance (2010), Unbundled Government (2004) and
Agencies: how governments do things through semi-autonomous organiza-
tions (2004). He has also worked with the OECD and World Bank and pro-
vided expertise to several UK parliamentary committees.
Piret Tõnurist is a Research Fellow at the Ragnar Nurkse School of
Innovation and Governance, Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia) and
a Policy Analyst at the OECD, Observatory of Public Sector Innovation. Her
current fields of research include public sector innovation, state owned enter-
prises, energy innovation systems, systems/design thinking and behavioral
insights in public policy. She has published in journals such as Technovation,
Science and Public Policy, Voluntas, and International Journal of Public
Administration.
Lars Tummers is Associate Professor at Utrecht University, School of
Governance and associate editor of Public Administration Review. His research
interests are public management, leadership, and citizen–state interactions.
When researching such topics, he often combines insights from psychology and
public administration (Behavioral Public Administration). He has published in
various journal including the Journal of Public Administration Research and
Theory, Public Administration Review and Public Administration. He obtained
various grants and awards, such as a EU Marie Curie Grant (carried out at the
University of California, Berkeley), an NWO VENI and the Erasmus University
Research Prize for research excellence.
xlii Editors and Contributors

Steven Van de Walle is Professor of Public Management at the Public

Governance Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium. His research focuses on public
sector reform and public service encounters. He has published in journals like
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Public Administration
review or Public Administration. His two most recent books are ‘Public
Administration Reforms in Europe: The View from the Top’ (2016, Edward
Elgar, ed., with Hammerschmid, Andrews, and Bezes), and ‘Theory and
Practice of Public Sector Reform’ (2016, Routledge, ed. with Groeneveld).
Martijn van der Steen is a Professor of public administration at Erasmus
University Rotterdam. He is also co-dean, director of the think tank and
vice-director of the Netherlands School of Public Administration. Topics of
interest and research are: strategic management, future studies, management
of complex systems and network governance. He has published articles in
journals such as Public Administration, Policy & Politics, Review of Public
Personnel Administration, Teaching Public Administration, International
Journal of Public Administration, Public Policy & Administration,
International Review of Administrative Science, Foresight, International
Journal of Auditing, Administration & Society, and published chapters in sev-
eral edited books.
Reinout van der Veer is a Ph.D. candidate at Erasmus University,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands. His research focuses on the interaction
between the politicisation of the European Union and the behavior of EU
executives, specifically in the area of European economic governance.
In 2016 he was awarded with a research talent grant by the Netherlands
Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).
Wouter Van Dooren is Associate Professor of Public Administration at
University of Antwerp and lecturer at the Antwerp Management School,
Belgium. Before, he was postdoctoral fellow at the Flemish Research
Foundation at the KULeuven and seconded expert at the Governance
Directorate of the OECD in Paris. His research focusses on performance
management and performance measurement in the public sector. He also
studies related issues such as accountability and Public–Private Partnerships.
His book ‘Performance Management in the Public Sector’ (Routledge, with
Geert Bouckaert and John Halligan) is broadly used to introduce students
and professionals in the subject of performance management.
Mark van Twist is Professor of public administration at Erasmus University
Rotterdam. He is also dean and member of the board of the Netherlands
School of Public Administration and academic director internal audit & advi-
sory at the Erasmus School of Accounting & Assurance. Topics of interest
and research are: strategic management, public–private partnership, managing
complex projects and network governance.
 Editors and Contributors xliii

Stijn van Voorst is a Ph.D. candidate at Tilburg University and Radboud

University, the Netherlands. He works on a four-year project about ex-post
legislative evaluation in the EU and has published in the journals such as
European Journal of Risk Regulation, International Review of Administrative
Sciences and Journal of European Public Policy.
Wouter Vandenabeele is an Associate Professor at the Utrecht University
School of Governance, the Netherlands, and a Visiting Professor at the Public
Governance Institute at KU Leuven University, Belgium. His research inter-
ests focus on the role of people within public organizations and in particular
on the motivation of public servants. His work on public service motivation
appeared in, among others, major journals as Public Administration, Journal
of Public Administration Research and Theory, Public Administration Review,
Public Management Review and Review of Public Personnel Administration.
He also co-edited several symposia and special issues on the topic in various
academic journals.
Veronica Vecchi is Professor of Business Government Relations and Public
Management at Bocconi University School of Management (SDA Bocconi).
She is director of executive education at MISB Bocconi, the Bocconi campus
in India. She coordinates Bocconi Monitor on PPPs and the SDA Bocconi
Lab for Impact Investment. She is PPP key expert within the Investments
Evaluation Board of Italian Healthcare Ministry and she is advisor to
IADB, OECD, World Bank and many Italian National, Regional and Local
Authorities in the PPP field. She is author of several peer review papers on
PPPs and many books, for the domestic and international audience.
Koen Verhoest is research professor (ZAPBOF) in Public Administration
at the Department of Political Science (Research Group on Public
Administration and Management), University of Antwerp and is affiliated to
the Public Governance Institute (KU Leuven). His main research interest is
on the organizational aspects of public tasks and their governance and regu-
lation in multi-level and multi-actor contexts, including the autonomy, con-
trol and coordination of agencies and the governance of partnerships. He has
published extensively in international journals on organization and regulation
of public services in e.g. Regulation & Governance, Organization Studies,
Governance, International Public Management Journal, International Review
of Administrative Sciences, Public Management Review, Policy Studies,
and Public Administration and Development. Widely sold books include
‘Autonomy and control of state agencies’; ‘The coordination of public sec-
tor organizations’, and ‘Government agencies: Practices and lessons from 30
countries’ (all with co-authors published by Palgrave).
Turo Virtanen is adjunct Professor at the University of Helsinki. He has
worked as a professor of political science, administration and organisation
studies at University of Helsinki for about 20 years until 2010. His research
xliv Editors and Contributors

interests have spanned management and leadership of universities, knowledge

management, human resource management, theory of policy implementation,
international civil service, theory of social action and power, organizational and
leadership culture, and public management. Turo has undertaken numerous
external services as a member or chair of many panels assessing the quality of
academic research, accrediting study programmes, reviewing institutions and
assessing quality assurance systems in Finland and many European countries.
William Voorberg is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Public
Administration of the Erasmus University Rotterdam. His current research
interests lie with the effects and outcomes of co-creation between citizens
and public organizations. Previous research interests were focused on fraud
combat in social security and collaboration between client and professional in
youth care.
Fabio Wasserfallen is Assistant Professor of Political Economy at the
University of Salzburg, Austria. He received his Ph.D. from the Department
of Political Science at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. In the aca-
demic year 2014–15, he was in residence at Princeton University as one of
six selected international early-career scholars of the Fung Global Fellows
Program. Among others, his research focuses on European integration, pol-
icy diffusion, federalism, and direct democracy and has been published or is
forthcoming in journals such as the American Political Science Review, the
American Journal of Political Science, the British Journal of Political Science
and the European Journal of Political Research.
Ellen Wayenberg is Professor at the Faculty of Economics and Business
Administration, Ghent University (Belgium). She specializes in public policy
and public administration with a specific interest for public policy, multi-
level governance (MLG), intergovernmental relations (IGR) and local gov-
ernment. Over the last years, Ellen has published in various international
journals including the International Review of Administrative Sciences,
Local Government Studies, Urban Research and Practice and she has co-
edited books on Policy, Performance and Management in Governance and
Intergovernmental Relations (2011) and Governance and Intergovernmental
Relations in the European Union and the United States, Theoretical
Perspectives (2010). Ellen is one of the co-chairs of the EGPA Study Group
on Regional and Local Government, and is actively involved in COST Action
IS1207: Local Public Sector Reforms: An International Comparison.
Hellmut Wollmann is emeritus professor of public administration at
Humboldt Universität Berlin, Germany. His research has been on compara-
tive (local) government and administration with a recent focus on public
and social services provision. Books have been published by Edward Elgar,
Rowman & Littlefield and Palgrave MacMillan, for instance, Introduction
to Comparative Public Administration, 2014 (co-authored with Sabine
 Editors and Contributors xlv

Kuhlmann); Evaluation in Public Sector Reform, 2003; Governing After

Communism 2006 (co-authored with V. Dimitrov and K. Goetz); Public and
Social Services in Europe: from public and municipal to private sector provision,
2016 (coedited with Ivan Kopric and Gérard Marcou).
Jan Wynen is a postdoctoral researcher funded by FWO at both the KU
Leuven Public Governance Institute and the Research Group on Public
Administration & Management of the University of Antwerp, Belgium. He
holds a Ph.D. in Social Sciences (KU Leuven) and two master degrees in eco-
nomics. His main research interests are econometrics and public sector man-
agement.
 List of Figures

Fig. 6.1 Multiplicity of theories 135

Fig. 10.1 Trade-off between accountability and learning
(Hoffmann 2016) 220
Fig. 13.1 Typology of motivations 266
Fig. 15.1 Public network evolution of the European and American
community. Elaboration on our own data 302
Fig. 16.1 Typology of collaborative governance 317
Fig. 19.1 Procurement process. Adapted version of the procurement
process model by Van Weele (2005, p. 13)365
Fig. 20.1 PPP contracts, funding schemes, and services delivered
(Authors contribution) 385
Fig. 21.1 The ladder of participation 405
Fig. 21.2 The co-production star 409
Fig. 23.1 Types of communications (adapted from Pasquier
and Villeneuve 2012, 159) 448
Fig. 25.1 Underlying analytic framework 477
Fig. 25.2 Consulting market in Europe and the public share
1998–2010482
Fig. 25.3 Share of total market for consulting earned in public
sector 1998–2008 (selected countries) 483
Matrix 26.1 Zero-sum negotiation 501
Fig. 26.1 Zone of potential agreement 502
Matrix 26.2 Variable sum negotiation setting 503
Chart 29.1 Articles published each year with title words implementation
or implementing inside and outside sampled core field
journals. Total N = 752 and 5618, respectively 555
Chart 29.2 All sampled core field articles, i.e. with title words
implementation or implementing by absolute numbers
published each year. Total N = 752 560
Chart 29.3 All sampled articles by region of origin/focus and year
of publication. Absolute numbers. (N) = 752 568

xlvii
xlviii List of Figures

Fig. 31.1 Conceptualising modes of policy learning 598

Fig. 35.1 Factors influencing the blame game process 681
Fig. 42.1 The EU policy cycle 807
Fig. 44.1 Western European countries scaled according to Page’s
regulation variable (1991) 843
Fig. 44.2 Types of Local Government Reform I—Bouckaert
and Kuhlmann Typology (2016) 848
Fig. 47.1 The ambivalent impact of fiscal crisis on public
administration reforms 911
Fig. 52.1 Majority-Muslim countries in Europe
(and Bosnia–Herzegovina) 2016 1032
Fig. 53.1 Three different clusters of PA—Relative dominance
of legal, business or political science traditions in Europe.
(Adapted from: Hajnal 2003 and Schneider 2004.) 1053
Fig. 53.2 The PA triangle 1054
Fig. 57.1 “Behavioral Public Administration” in Public
Administration, Public Administration Review and Journal
of Public Administration Research and Theory (1996–2015) 1126
Fig. 59.1 Survey lifecycle from a quality perspective 1155
Fig. 62.1 Estimate of the numbers employed in professional
social inquiry in the UK 1217
Fig. 62.2 Knowledge-driven research use (DOSS) 1220
Fig. 62.3 Problem-driven research use 1225
Fig. 62.4 Continuum of discipline focus 1227
Fig. 62.5 Actors in the policymaking process 1230
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drums and strumming of guitars (rhababas) are kept up for some
hours during the night, with the usual discordant idea of singing.”[111]
It is interesting to compare Mansfield Parkyns’s description of the
mode of duelling in Dongola.
“This duel is not a serious matter, but is engaged in by young men
on the slightest possible pretext, often merely to display their
manhood. An angareeb, under which a jar of beer is usually set (for
refreshment between the rounds), is placed between the
combatants, each of whom is stripped to the waist, and armed with
one of the formidable whips I have described” (coorbash). “As soon
as all is ready they begin, giving alternate stripes on each other’s
shoulders, but neither being allowed to evade or ward off a blow;
they continue this agreeable pastime for a very long time, till one
falls down exhausted from loss of blood and the punishment he has
received.”[112]
I spent a lazy day on March 1, watching the peaceful, patriarchal
life of the village, and especially the flocks and herds when they
came to the well to drink. Men, women, and boys all helped to fill the
cattle-troughs, which are made of baked mud. The surroundings
described in the book of Genesis seemed to have been preserved
here without change of any kind.
My friends did not return on March 2, as they had expected. I took
my rifle and a guide and tried to bring home an ariel, but could not
approach within three hundred yards of the game. At about that
distance one was hit, but got away. On the 3rd the guide and I went
in another direction. Creeping carefully up against the wind, I aimed
at a buck at three hundred yards’ distance. He fell forward, burying
his horns in the ground, when I fired, but was up again, and ran in a
circle and then fell once more. I rushed forward to give him the coup-
de-grace, but he bolted over the brow of a hill at the top of his speed,
and we lost sight of him. I wandered about seeking for his tracks, but
could not find them in that tumbled country. Later I saw three more
ariels, which ran into some dry grass. We made a circuit, and
presently came within sight of them again. They were evidently on
the alert. Under cover of a tree, I took a steady aim and hit a buck,
who limped away and lay down, but presently rose at eighty yards
distance as we advanced, and I then killed him by a shot through the
heart. We covered the body with branches to protect it from vultures,
and carried the head into camp. I kept the skin and the head, but
gave the flesh to my guide, who was much delighted. He went out on
a donkey and cut the beast up, and distributed presents of meat
among his friends.

SOUDANESE WITH AMULETS. AT THE WELL, GORATIA.

See p. 189. See p. 190

My companions returned half an hour after midday. They had had

difficulty in finding the course of the Atbara, and their camels had
been on the march eight hours when they reached it at a gorge in
coarse sandstone rock, where the river forces its way through a
narrow cleft about twenty metres wide, between cliffs rising vertically
from a profoundly deep pool. There they determined to encamp and
spend the next day in attempting to find the junction of the rivers. To
the great disappointment of all, they failed to achieve their purpose.
The country in which they were is extremely wild. A lion had killed
one of their camels in broad daylight. The boy who was in charge of
the beasts while they browsed saw the lion creep from the thick
undergrowth, spring upon the camel and crush its skull with one blow
of the paw. He screamed, and the lion walked off into the scrub in
which it had been concealed. The other camels were terrified, and
would certainly have bolted in a panic if they had not been hobbled.
At night my friends heard hyenas running within a dozen yards of
their beds.
They had been much interested in watching the huge flocks of
small birds of the linnet kind which assembled half an hour before
sunset and went to drink together in the pools of the Atbara. They
come with an undulating flight, and, small as they are, the rushing of
the wind as they beat the air makes a noise like thunder, and their
numbers darken the sky. The weight of the throngs of them which
alight at a time bends down the ends of the overhanging branches
and twigs to the level of the water. I had seen these flocks many
times, and the cunning trick which the crocodile uses in preying upon
them. This was a point of Soudanese natural history which did not
escape the observation of Sir Samuel Baker.
“Few creatures are so sly and wary as the crocodile. I watch them
continually as they attack the dense flocks of small birds that throng
the bushes at the water’s edge. These birds are perfectly aware of
the danger, and they fly from the attack if possible. The crocodile
then quietly and innocently lies upon the surface, as though it had
appeared quite by an accident; it thus attracts the attention of the
birds, and it slowly sails away to a considerable distance, exposed to
their view. The birds, thus beguiled by the deceiver, believe that the
danger is removed, and they again flock to the bush, and once more
dip their thirsty beaks into the stream. Thus absorbed in slaking their
thirst, they do not observe that their enemy is no longer on the
surface. A sudden splash, followed by a huge pair of jaws beneath
the bush that engulfs some dozens of victims, is the signal
unexpectedly given of the crocodile’s return, who has thus slily
dived, and hastened under cover of water to his victims. I have seen
the crocodiles repeat this manœuvre constantly, they deceive by a
feigned retreat, and then attack from below.”[113]
 These birds fall a prey not only to crocodiles but to large fish—of
what species I am not sure—which rise at them as other kinds rise at
flies and snap them off the twigs. Besides, kites scout about the
outskirts of the flocks as they fly and pick up the stragglers.
In this part of the country we saw baobab trees only on the banks
of the river. Elsewhere, the trees are all mimosas and the
undergrowth of the same order.
On the 4th we marched over a dead level of cotton soil to an
abandoned village. We had to carry drinking-water, for the well at
this place had been filled up by the Dervishes. I have very little doubt
that this region is full of malaria in the wet season. Our camp was at
the foot of a rocky hill, on which we found abundance of guinea-fowl
when we took out our guns late in the afternoon. On the following
day we saw herd after herd of ariel as we marched. They were
extremely tame, and we passed within ten yards of some of them.
The track which we followed brought us to the Atbara again, at the
hamlet of Aradeeb. This village was poverty-stricken and almost in a
state of famine. The aphis[114] had blighted the entire dhurra crop of
the inhabitants. I could not discover how the people lived, but they
seemed to bear their trouble uncomplainingly, and here as
elsewhere appeared to be sincerely thankful for the peace and
safety which the Anglo-Egyptian rule secures to them. In every
village to which we came we heard the same remark—“Miri quies,”
“the Government is good.” I believe that this expression of opinion is
perfectly sincere. If so, it is one of the greatest of the many great
triumphs of British administration.
The course of the Atbara is much narrower here than at the point
where we had left it, and the pools are deeper. They are not
connected by a current in the dry season. I judged that the stream
would be from twenty-five to thirty feet deep when the floods are at
their height. The river runs, with a shingly bed, through a curious
formation of coarse, gritty sandstone, which forms fine cliffs and
numerous rocky bars and barriers. The sandstone stratum extends
to about two-thirds of the height of the ravines, and the upper third
consists of the usual black-cotton soil.
 When the heat of the day was over I caught a couple of fish of
about three pounds and four pounds weight. They showed some
sport and made very good eating. In the evening we should have
rested in perfect contentment, after enjoying the luxury of a bath, if
insects of various sorts had not swarmed upon us incessantly,
crawling and biting. Dupuis gave the sheikh of the village two sheep
which we had brought from Zegi. They suffered severely from the
heat, and it seemed cruel to drive them further. Besides, we were
glad to add something to the store of the villagers in their time of
scarcity.
On March 6 we quitted Aradeeb. The old sheikh came to our
camp to see us start, and brought us hot coffee in which we
ceremonially drank “peace to the village.” Throughout our journey on
this day we followed the course of the river, constantly crossing
gorges and khors. We reached Sofi at midday. This is the large
village near which Sir Samuel Baker dwelt for five months in 1861.
He has given a very full and most interesting account of the
surrounding district in “The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia.” There are
rest-huts built of straw at Sofi, and we were glad to take refuge in
them, though the temperature within when we arrived was 107° F.
However, we were able to remove our helmets, and this we could not
do in our tents in the daytime as the sun penetrated the canvas. At
night the temperature was 98° F., and a hot wind was blowing
strongly. Towards evening I had taken my rod to a pool in the river,
but this unpleasant breeze had by that time ruffled the surface
smartly, and I got no sport. I think the fish lie quietly in shelter during
these storms and do not feed.
Next morning we left Sofi, passed through the village of Tomat,
and about midday pitched our camp five miles beyond this place
opposite to the “mugra,” that is the junction of the Settite and Atbara
rivers. The two streams at the point of meeting have a course about
a quarter of a mile broad. The bed of the Atbara is flat and there is
much shingle in it. The sandstone formation has come to an end,
and the rocks which crop up here and there are of a granitic
character. Very little water was flowing in either river, but a larger
stream trickled in the Settite than in the other. We did not stir far from
camp in the afternoon, but shot sand-grouse as they came to drink in
the pools.
During the day we saw tracks of lions, hyenas, and monkeys—
grivets and baboons. The soil and the vegetation by the river were
such as we had seen on the previous marches. A lion came into the
camp during the night. We were sleeping in the open and heard him
sniffing round our beds. I sang out to Dupuis, and asked him what
was making the noise. He struck a light, and the beast skulked off
into the bush. My two friends snatched up their rifles and hurried off
to see if he meant to attack the camels. That, no doubt, had been his
errand, for he left us alone, though I saw his tracks within a yard of
my bed next morning. The camels, as usual, were gathered in circles
near the men’s fires. They were hobbled, and I heard them stamping
quickly on the ground in their fright, making a strange pattering
noise. I believe they only show fear in this way when they smell a
lion.
The next day we marched to Khor Katout, a big ravine in the plain
of the Atbara, which extends to the river. A hot wind had again
arisen, and was carrying quantities of dust with it. The journey was
exceedingly unpleasant, and coolness was nowhere to be found.
Khor Katout is a well-known haunt of lions, and we heard them
roaring in the night. On March 10 we arrived at the point where the
road from Gedaref to Kassala joins that on which we were travelling.
Here there is a “nocter”—a military post, where five soldiers are
stationed. At this place we found a rest-hut, in which we took shelter
till three in the afternoon, and then marched on till six, covering
about nine miles in the three hours. Since we had left the course of
the Atbara we had been obliged to send to the river for water. It was
brought in the “fantassis.”[115] This necessity delayed us, and added
to the petty troubles of the journey, but we expected to reach the
river bed again on the next day. That night my sleeping-place in the
open was within three or four yards of the track, and the moon was
very bright. It was a most characteristic Eastern sight, when, about
nine o’clock, some thirty camels passed along the route at the foot of
my bed, slowly and silently. They carried no loads, and were
probably returning from Kassala to Gedaref.
 On the following day, as we marched, we saw spoor of lions and
leopards among the mingled traces of hyenas, jackals, and many
antelopes. We camped for the night at a very lonely spot on the
Atbara which is called Khashim el Girba.[116] Here the river emerges
from a narrow, deep, rocky gorge where the width of its course in
places does not exceed one hundred and twenty feet. The steep
sides have been smoothed by the terrific rush of water in the rainy
season. One of the pools in the bed of this cataract is very large, and
uniformly deep. I noticed that earth had lodged behind rocks which
jutted from the sides of the gorge, and a growth of mimosa scrub had
established itself even in the shallow soil on these ledges. There is
no village at Khashim el Girba, but it is a recognized camping-
ground. Beyond the narrows the Atbara broadens to a width of half a
mile, and its course is divided by an island. Here, at the time of our
visit, one could wade across the river bed through a stream which
reached the ankles. The scene must be one of singular beauty and
grandeur when the floods are coming down from Abyssinia. We
heard a lion roaring at night, and there are numbers around this
place, but they had plenty of game to prey upon and did not
approach the camp.
On the morning of March 12 the Berthon boat was put together,
and my companions took her, with some surveying gear, to the great
pool in the gorge. I followed and carried my angling-tackle. We
rowed about half a mile up the course of the river upon this stretch of
water, and then came to the narrowest part of the bed of the rapids.
Here a very large rock that has an accessible side juts out into the
pool, in a most convenient position for survey work, and my
companions began to take measurements, walking up a gravelly
incline which seemed to have been placed there for the purpose.
Their object was to mark out a gauge which would show the rise and
fall of the river during the flood season in this gorge, where, of
course, the movement is very clearly seen. My friends made the
necessary marks in chalk at the time, and these were afterwards
chiselled in the rock by a mason, who was sent down for the
purpose. The gauge has since been connected by electric wire with
Cairo, and since then in flood time the variations in the depth of the
Atbara have been telegraphed every other day to the Irrigation
Department in the capital. This has proved to be a very satisfactory
arrangement. If an exceptionally heavy flood occurs, the news is
sent to Cairo immediately; warnings are then dispatched up and
down the Nile so that all concerned may be prepared for the
consequent rise of the river, which will take place, say, in six weeks’
time. The Irrigation Department and the landowners look to their
culverts and strengthen weak parts of the banks, and all is in
readiness when the flood comes. Formerly it was the custom to
patrol the riverside night and day when an unusual rush of water was
expected, but the risk of disaster in Lower Egypt from this cause has
been almost ended by the operation of the dam at Assuan and the
precautions now taken.
I tried my luck in the pool, where I saw many huge fish, but they
did not bite, though a number smelled at the spoon bait and some
struck at it with their tails. I made attempts with other attractions, but
the copper spoon appeared to allure them most. Then I cast the line
into several pools in vain, but presently, in the shallower part of the
big one, hooked a fish of about four pounds’ weight, which fought
hard, lashing the water, and plunging and keeping the reel busy. It
took me half an hour to play him into a shallow, and in the meanwhile
many big fish came up to see what was making the disturbance.
I went back to the deeper part of the pool, and as soon as I had
made a cast, hooked one, whose first tug showed that he was a
prize worth landing. I feared that I should lose him, as my tackle was
hardly strong enough for a heavy catch, so I made up my mind to
play him very gently and tire him out, if possible. Away he went and
round spun the wheel. He hid under a ledge of rock, and I wound it
gently. This started him again, and now he showed sport without a
break for twenty minutes. After that, to my surprise, I brought him up
quite close to a shallow, and then I saw that I had hooked a real
monster and had a good chance of landing him. But it would be
useless to try to get him ashore without help, and I shouted and
shouted again; for all the time he was making dashes and stopping
in exhaustion, and I was playing him in nearer to the shallow. At last
one of our boys came to aid me, and I saw that he was eager to help
—but the first thing that he did was to rush into the water and grab
my line! I yelled to him to leave it alone and strove to explain what he
was to do. The next time my prize came into the shallow his strength
had nearly failed him, for he rolled over and showed his white belly. It
was a moment of excitement when the black fellow slipped into the
water and tried to catch hold of the fish’s tail. I did nearly lose him
then, but he was almost spent; and after a great deal of shouting I
made the boy understand at last that he was to put his thumbs into
the fish’s gills on each side. At first he thought I wanted him to put
his fingers into its mouth, and was afraid. It took two men to lift my
fish on to dry ground, and I could hardly believe that the tackle had
held him; I was using a small trout-rod. From snout to tail he
measured forty-five inches, and he had a girth of thirty inches. We
judged his weight to be between fifty and sixty pounds. This species
(lates niloticus) is called by the natives “el baggar” (the cow). It has
been described by Sir S. Baker, who also published in “The Nile
Tributaries of Abyssinia” a drawing of a fine specimen which he
caught in the Atbara. My photograph shows that the fish which I
landed does not altogether correspond to his description. It may be
that the Soudanese name covers more than one species, or there
may be considerable variation among members of the same species,
but I am inclined to think that the illustration in Sir S. Baker’s book
was prepared from an imperfect sketch.
During the morning we saw a troop of baboons. For a time they
watched us. It was interesting to note their method of scouting. Here
and there one would climb a tree, scan the surroundings sharply,
and then descend quietly and join the main body. A few minutes later
another would renew the observation from another tree. In this
manner they keep a constant look-out. Mansfield Parkyns studied
the habits of these creatures in Abyssinia and has given a most
interesting account of them.
“The monkeys, especially the Cynocephali, who are astonishingly
clever fellows, have their chiefs, whom they obey implicitly, and a
regular system of tactics in war, pillaging expeditions, robbing
cornfields, etc. These monkey forays are managed with the utmost
regularity and precaution. A tribe, coming down to feed from their
village on the mountain (usually a cleft in the face of some cliff),
brings with it all its members, male and female, old and young.
Some, the elders of the tribe, distinguishable by the quantity of mane
which covers their shoulders, like a lion’s, take the lead, peering
cautiously over each precipice before they descend, and climbing to
the top of every rock or stone which may afford them a better view of
the road before them. Others have their posts as scouts on the
flanks or rear; and all fulfil their duties with the utmost vigilance,
calling out at times, apparently to keep order among the motley pack
which forms the main body, or to give notice of the approach of any
real or imagined danger. Their tones of voice on these occasions are
so distinctly varied that a person much accustomed to watch their
movements will at length fancy—and perhaps with some truth—that
he can understand their signals.
“The main body is composed of females, inexperienced males,
and the young people of the tribe. Those of the females who have
small children carry them on their back. Unlike the dignified march of
the leaders, the rabble go along in a most disorderly manner, trotting
on and chattering, without taking the least heed of anything,
apparently confiding in the vigilance of their scouts. Here a few of the
youth linger behind to pick the berries off some tree, but not long, for
the rearguard coming up forces them to regain their places. There a
matron pauses for a moment to suckle her offspring, and, not to lose
time, dresses its hair while it is taking its meal. Another young lady,
probably excited by jealousy or by some sneering look or word, pulls
an ugly mouth at her neighbour, and then, uttering a shrill squeal
highly expressive of rage, vindictively snatches at her rival’s leg with
her hand, and gives her perhaps a bite in the hind-quarters. This
provokes a retort, and a most unladylike quarrel ensues, till a loud
bark of command from one of the chiefs calls them to order. A single
cry of alarm makes them all halt and remain on the qui vive, till
another bark in a different tone reassures them, and they then
proceed on their march.
“Arrived at the cornfields, the scouts take their position on the
eminences all round, while the remainder of the tribe collect
provision with the utmost expedition, filling their cheek-pouches as
full as they can hold, and then tucking the heads of corn under their
armpits. Now, unless there be a partition of the collected spoil, how
do the scouts feed? for I have watched them several times, and
never observed them to quit for a moment their post of duty till it was
time for the tribe to return, or till some indication of danger induced
them to take flight. They show also the same sagacity in searching
for water, discovering at once the places where it is most readily
found in the sand, and then digging for it with their hands, just as
men would, relieving one another in the work if the quantity of sand
to be removed be considerable.”[117]
In the afternoon Crawley shot a wild pig. I walked to the river
again, being charmed by the lovely scenery, and as I approached
saw numbers of crocodiles scuttle into the water. None was of great
size. I doubt if any region in the world affords more varied sport than
the valley of the Atbara. The climate is perfectly healthy in the dry
season.
On March 13 we struck our camp in the afternoon and soon met
the first European whom we had encountered since we left Gallabat.
He was a British officer on the way from Kassala to Gedaref, and he
made mention of the slave-raids which had taken place since we left
the latter place. It seemed likely that the Arab Battalion would be
kept busy in holding the marauders in check. In the course of our
march we crossed the Atbara, at a point where it is about four
hundred yards in breadth. Water that reached our ankles was
trickling among the shingle in places. At sundown we arrived at a
camping-ground called Fashur, and halted for the night. Our dinner
was “bully beef” and pickles—neither a luxurious nor a prudent meal.
We were now suffering from heat eczema, which is most irritating in
the cool of the night. The baying of a hyena kept me awake for
hours, and a bed in the Soudan is not a pleasant place for one who
lies on it with an itching skin and listens to that dismal noise.
Our camp at Fashur was very hot and dusty. In the afternoon of
the next day we started for a march of twenty-two miles, which would
take us half the way from the Atbara to Kassala. We turned our
backs to the river and crossed a plain covered by dried grass and
mimosa scrub, which is probably a swamp during the rainy season.
Our tents were pitched on the open, level ground after an exhausting
journey, at the halting-place ordinarily used by those who follow this
track. There were no habitations, and we saw none on the road.
During the night a detachment of the Arab Battalion passed our
encampment, on its way to protect villages against slave-raiders.
On March 15 we arrived at the River Gash just outside Kassala.
Its course here lies in a flat, sandy bed, which was quite dry. During
the journey—eighteen and a half miles—we saw eight ostriches. The
Gash, beyond Kassala, splits into numerous small streams which,
even in the rainy season, sink into the ground and disappear
completely. Sir Samuel Baker has given an account of the river at
that time of the year, which shows its importance in relation to
produce and water-supply in the district.
“As we approached within about twenty-five miles of Kassala, I
remarked that the country on our left was in many places flooded;
the Arabs, who had hitherto been encamped in this neighbourhood
during the dry season were migrating to other localities in the
neighbourhood of Soojalup and Gozerajup with their vast herds of
camels and goats. As rain had not fallen in sufficient quantity to
account for the flood, I was informed that it was due to the river
Gash, or Mareb, which, flowing from Abyssinia, passed beneath the
walls of Kassala, and then divided into innumerable ramifications; it
was eventually lost, and disappeared in the porous soil, after having
flooded a large extent of country. This cause accounted for the
never-failing wells at Soojalup—doubtless a substratum of clay
prevented the total escape of the water, which remained at a depth
of forty feet from the surface. The large tract of country thus annually
flooded by the river Gash is rendered extremely fruitful, and is the
resort of both the Hadendowa and the Hallonga Arabs during the dry
season, who cultivate large quantities of dhurra and other grain.
Unfortunately, in these climates, fertility of soil is generally combined
with unhealthiness, and the commencement of the rainy season is
the signal for fevers and other maladies.”[118]
 KASSALA HILL AND MARKET-PLACE.
See p. 205.

We were now close to the curious and isolated eminence called

Kassala Hill, which stands within the border-line of the colony of
Eritrea. We had seen this towering landmark when we were more
than forty miles distant from it, and a whole day’s travelling had
seemed to bring us no nearer to it. It offers a splendid sight in the
desert, when the setting sun shines on the bare pile of red granite. I
was told that in the days when the Italians occupied Kassala, Alpine
climbers, with elaborate paraphernalia, had attempted the ascent,
but failed in all cases to reach the summit. There is a superstition
among the natives that any one who tries to scale the heights will die
shortly afterwards, and this belief has been confirmed among them
by the death of Colonel Collinson, a former Moudir of the town, who
made the last endeavour of which I heard, and succumbed to fever
six months afterwards.
We rose early next morning (March 16) and visited the British
officers at the Moudirieh. Needless to say we were in touch with a
civilized cuisine again, and nothing teaches a man to appreciate a
good lunch in a cool room like a journey in the desert. In the
afternoon I visited the hospital, which was in charge of Dr. Ensor. It is
a most instructive place to a medical man; for here patients are
gathered together from all parts of the Eastern Soudan. And it
affords a proof of the benefits of Anglo-Egyptian administration that
is beyond cavil. I saw cases of many interesting tropical diseases,
about which the doctor and I had a long talk in the evening. We
dined at the mess of the 11th Battalion of the Egyptian army—once
more among our fellow-countrymen.
On the next day we visited Cristo’s, the Whiteley’s of Kassala, and
made purchases for the remainder of the journey. At sundown I
watched the 11th at tattoo. This regiment had a good band,
composed of Soudanese blacks, and it gave one a lively pleasure to
hear European music again, though I must admit that they played
the Old Hundredth arranged as a march! In the evening the
Governor had a dinner-party in honour of St. Patrick’s-day, and a
number of officers were present. The place might have been an
Indian station instead of Kassala.
On March 18 my companions left the camp very early,
accompanied by another English soldier who was visiting the town,
to make an inspection of the bed of the Gash above Kassala. In the
evening they rode out in the opposite direction to see the end of its
course in the tract in which it is absorbed. Possibly the subterranean
waters, free from evaporation, will afford an invaluable reservoir for
irrigation and the maintenance of stock in the future.
THE MOUDIRIEH AT KASSALA.
See p. 205.
 TENTS PITCHED IN THE ENCLOSURE OF THE MOUDIRIEH AT KASSALA.
See p. 205.

The Governor of Kassala had a small black servant, about

thirteen years of age, called Fadl Mullah (Courtesy of the Prophet).
The lad had been picked up in a deserted Dervish trench during the
battle of the Atbara, where he was found tied to a dead camel and
covered with blood. The Governor told us that he was “as sharp as a
needle” and most zealous in service, never sleeping in the afternoon,
and always running when he was sent upon an errand. He only gave
trouble in one way, and this was that once in every two months or so
he would come to the Moudir and declare that he had found his
father. When the putative parent had disclaimed the bond, and the
Governor had said that he would hear no more about it, the boy
would acquiesce. But he was sure to discover another “father” a few
weeks later.
 While we were at Kassala an Italian officer arrived in the town
from Eritrea. No one had received notice of his coming, and no one
seemed to know what his business was. I sat next to him one night
at dinner, and he told me that he was a lieutenant in the Mountain
Artillery, and was using his leave to make a journey to the junction of
the Atbara and Settite Rivers. He would return thence direct to his
battery.
On the 20th we struck our camp and left Kassala in the afternoon,
turning our faces towards the Atbara again. We had the pleasure of
the company of the Governor and another English officer during the
next two days’ journeys, which were hot, tiring, and uneventful. We
bade farewell to our friends on the afternoon of the 22nd. On the
following day we marched in the direction of the Goz Regeb hill. This
singular rise of ground in the desert appeared and disappeared as
we moved down imperceptible slopes and then ascended again. We
saw the mirage all around us. The soil in this region was shingly. At
Goz Regeb there was a two-roomed rest-house. It was of baked
mud, and was the most solid building that we had seen since we left
Khartoum. We had been told at Kassala that it belonged to the
Slavery Department, and that we might make use of it as it was then
unoccupied. That night there was a high wind, and among its
ludibria, was Crawley’s sponge, which, oddly enough, was found
next day in the Atbara about half a mile from our halting-place.
On March 24 Dupuis climbed Goz Regeb Hill and took
photographs of the curious balanced granite blocks which stand
upon it. At a distance many of them look like figures of men, and at a
nearer range like worn statues. But it is certain that they have not
been placed in their position by human agency. I am unable to offer
any conjecture as to their origin or geological relation to their
surroundings.
An incursion of great numbers of Arabs from the south, with their
flocks and herds, into the region around Goz Regeb takes place
regularly at the commencement of the rainy season. They are then
compelled to come to this district to avoid the seroot fly[119]—the
tsetse of the Soudan—which is fatal to all live stock except goats.
Obviously, this necessary migration is an important fact both in
relation to politics and campaigning in the Soudan. Sir S. Baker
came in contact with the movement northward.

GOZ REGEB GRANITE GOZ REGEB STONES.

STONE, MIMOSA SCRUB IN See p. 208.
THE DISTANCE.
From a Photograph by Mr. C. E.
See p. 208. Dupuis.
From a Photograph by Mr. C. E.
Dupuis.

“The commencement of the rainy season was a warning to all the

Arabs of this country, who were preparing for their annual migration
to the sandy and firm desert on the west bank of the river, at
Gozerajup; that region, so barren and desolate during the hot
season, would shortly be covered with a delicate grass about
eighteen inches high. At that favoured spot the rains fell with less
violence, and it formed a nucleus for the general gathering of the
people with their flocks.
“The burning sun, that for nine months had scorched the earth,
was veiled by passing clouds; the cattle that had panted for water,
and whose food was withered straw, were filled with juicy fodder; the
camels that had subsisted upon the dried and leafless twigs and
branches, now feasted upon the succulent tops of the mimosas.
Throngs of women and children mounted upon camels, protected by
the peculiar gaudy saddle hood, ornamented with cowrie shells,
accompanied the march: thousands of sheep and goats, driven by
Arab boys, were straggling in all directions; baggage-camels, heavily
laden with the quaint household gods, blocked up the way; and fine
bronzed figures of Arabs, with sword and shield, and white topes or
plaids, guided their milk-white dromedaries through the confused
throng with the usual placid dignity of their race, simply passing by
with the usual greeting, ‘Salaam Aleikum’ (Peace be with you).
“It was the Exodus; all were hurrying towards the promised land—
the ‘land flowing with milk and honey,’ where men and beasts would
be secure not only from the fevers of the south, but from that deadly
enemy to camels and cattle, the fly; this terrible insect drove all
before it.”[120]
During the wet season the Mouderir (Government) of Kassala is
transferred to new buildings which have recently been erected for its
reception at the village of Goz Regeb, and there is a general
movement of the Europeans and the wealthier native inhabitants of
the town to the same place. The exercise of jurisdiction and the
collection of revenue in this region are made difficult by the annual
migration of which Sir Samuel Baker wrote. Great numbers of people
from different parts of the country collect now, as in former days,
within one district in a very short space of time, the comminglement
of flocks and herds adds to the confusion, and it is no simple
administrative task to deal with a shifting population of this
magnitude. If the seroot fly were exterminated, as certain species of
noxious African mosquitoes have been, this yearly exodus would no
longer take place.
On March 25, we camped beside the river at a pleasant place well
shaded by trees. I took my rod to a pool and landed a couple of fish,
one about six pounds and the other twelve pounds in weight. They
were of the same species as my fifty-pound prize, and both showed
fight. They came into shallow water after plenty of coaxing, and I got
them ashore without aid. My experience that evening shows that a
diary is kept with difficulty in the Soudan. I sat on my bed to write the
notes of the day, and held a candle aloft in my left hand to keep it out
of reach of the draughts which blew the flame in all directions if I
lowered it. With the right hand I used my pencil, and kept clearing
away the insects that flew upon my face and swarmed about the
light. They seemed to exercise no choice, but flew indifferently into
one’s mouth or eyes or into the flame, and they were nastiest when
moribund, but still active, after resolutely passing through the fire.

ROCKS AT GOZ REGEB.

See p. 208.
From a Photograph by Mr. C. E. Dupuis.
 ROCKS ON GOZ REGEB HILL.
See p. 208.
From a Photograph by Mr. C. E. Dupuis.

On the 26th we halted, after marching from five in the morning till
eleven, at a spot a few miles distant from the river, where there are
three rest-houses—one for the chiefs of the party which is travelling,
one for the servants, and one to serve as kitchen. Gazelles were
plentiful in this district, but we were unable to use our rifles on
account of the throng of Arabs, cattle, and sheep in the
neighbourhood. It was interesting to watch the manner in which the
goats feed at this season. They are tended by half-naked
Soudanese boys who carry long crooked staves. With these they pull
down the branches of the mimosas, and the goats browse the leaves
and twigs. They also stand upon their hind legs, resting their forelegs
upon boughs, and so reach the foliage, keeping the branches down
with their hoofs, while they eat the succulent new shoots. When they
are seen from a distance in this attitude they exactly resemble
people. In this region the villages are very small—mere hamlets
consisting of a few huts, and very little ground is under cultivation.
The land is used for pasture throughout the district, and is apparently
common to all comers.
On March 27, we travelled about thirteen miles and halted at a
rest-house. We had reached a zone of lower temperature—the
maximum at midday was 89°—and the journeys were no longer
unpleasant. The riverside scenery is interesting and beautiful in the
lower as well as in the higher reaches, and the dome-palms become
more numerous as one advances northward and add to the charm of
the banks. There was no other vegetation when we saw the country
except low-grown mimosas and mimosa-scrub. Sand stretches away
on either side from the course of the river, and we crossed few khors
after leaving Goz Regeb, for the rainfall in this region is absorbed in
the soil and is insufficient to produce torrents which would scour a
course towards the stream.
In the afternoon I took my fishing-tackle and tried my fortune in a
pool from which I landed two fish, one of about fifteen pounds and
one of about five pounds, and a crocodile tried his luck upon the
bank and nearly caught a man. Before I set out with my rod I had
been warned by the sheikh of the village near which we had
encamped that the beasts were very dangerous in this part of the
Atbara, and I kept a good look-out for signs of them. It happened,
however, that just as I had made a cast, Dupuis, who had been out
with his rifle, passed behind me and sang out, “Have you caught
anything?” I stepped back briskly, as good luck would have it, and
answered, “Have you shot anything?” and at the instant the crocodile
lashed at my legs with its tail to strike me into the water. It had been
awaiting its chance to take me off my guard, and I had had no inkling
of danger. I judged the length of the reptile to be about twelve feet. It
certainly had a sound sporting plan and made a smart dash; for it
only missed me by a few inches. The tails of these creatures are
very powerful, and if the one that had been stalking me had judged
distance a little better, I should certainly have been knocked into the
pool.
A little later I heard in Cairo that a week after my adventure, a
woman, who was filling a water-sack close to the place where I had
stood, turned round to answer some men who were exchanging
chaff with her; as she did so, a crocodile struck her on the hip with its
tail, lashed her some distance into the water, and immediately
dragged her under. I was told that they use the tail-trick only with
human beings and always seize beasts by the snout. But this
account does not quite agree with the observations of Sir S. Baker,
who made a very careful study of the habits of the crocodiles in the
rivers of the Soudan.

A MIRAGE, SHOWING GOZ REGEB HILL IN THE DISTANCE, ALSO

NUMEROUS GAME TRACKS.
See p. 208.
 “The crocodile perceives, while it is floating on the surface in mid
stream, or from the opposite side of the river, a woman filling her
girba,[121] or an animal drinking, etc. Sinking immediately, it swims
perhaps a hundred yards nearer, and again appearing for an instant
upon the surface, it assures itself of the position of its prey by a
stealthy look; once more it sinks, and reaches the exact spot above
which the person or animal may be. Seeing distinctly through the
water, it generally makes its fatal rush from beneath—sometimes
seizing with its jaws, and at other times striking the object into the
water with its tail, after which it is seized and carried off.
“The crocodile does not attempt to swallow a large prey at once,
but generally carries it away, and keeps it for a considerable time in
its jaws in some deep hole beneath a rock, or the root of a tree,
where it eats it at leisure.”[122]
The fish which I had caught were of the same species as those
which I had previously landed, and proved very good at table in the
evening. It was our custom to dress for dinner—in pyjamas.
On March 28 our journey lay through the desert, and reminded us
of our first marches towards Gedaref. The river banks with their
dome palms were the only landmark. Elsewhere nothing was to be
seen but sand, with patches of thinly-growing, very coarse grass or
low mimosa scrub here and there, and mirage all around us.
Next day we travelled twenty-one miles to Adarama. On the way
we passed at a distance a great zareba prepared by Osman Digna.
This was protected by double walls, each about twelve feet high.
There is an interval of some three feet between the two. They
enclose a square space of sandy ground, and the sides have a
length of about three hundred yards. The Dervish leader intended to
occupy it after the battle of the Atbara. The defences are now slowly
falling to pieces; for the walls are made of sun-dried mud, and as this
becomes weatherworn and crumbles the wind carries it away,
leaving gaps in the ramparts. The sight symbolizes much. Adarama
was formerly one of the large towns of the Soudan, but now consists
of a few mud huts. There is also a small garrison of about twenty
soldiers. The place lies halfway between Gozerajup and Berber, and
has a pleasant rest-house among the palm-trees close to the river.
The bed of the Atbara is sandy here, and the average breadth is
about four hundred yards.
On March 30 we reached Gumaza. I had the luck to bring down a
fine buck gazelle while we were on the road. In the evening Dupuis
and I made practice at the crocodiles in the river, and their numbers
were shown by the commotion that they made in the pools. The next
day we pushed on across the desert towards Berber and slept in the
open. On April 1 our road lay through similar country. Sometimes a
gazelle would scamper away in the distance, but often nothing was
to be seen but sand and mirage. And then suddenly we were
confronted by vestiges of civilization. When we were not far from the
Atbara battle-field we saw the unmistakable traces of a traction
engine. About eleven o’clock dome palms were in sight, and we
reached a rest-house beside the river half an hour later. After lunch
we heard the jerky puffing of a petrol motor, and rushed out to see
what was approaching. It was a heavy engine dragging a car, and
the tracks which we had discerned were accounted for. The
Englishman in charge told us that he had carried a tombstone to the
battlefield; it had been erected on an officer’s grave. He added that
he could travel six miles an hour in the desert, but that petrol was
very expensive in Berber, where it cost ten shillings a gallon; so he
had come to the rest-house to await a troop of forty mules, which
were to drag the engine and car back to the town.
 LORD KITCHENER’S BRIDGE OVER THE ATBARA, NEAR BERBER.
See p. 214.

On April 2 we reached the bridge over the Atbara—monumentum

ære perennius, if Lord Kitchener’s energy and perseverance receive
their deserts from posterity. It was strange to us to see a railway
train, and hear the whistle of a locomotive once more. On the next
day we arrived at Berber. Here we were in full contact with
civilization, and here, practically, the duties of the expedition ended,
for we followed the ordinary train and steamer route to our journey’s
end. Here, too, I will take leave of my reader, hoping that the long
excursion from Khartoum has not wearied him, and will only add my
conviction that a splendid future lies before the Eastern Soudan, and
before Abyssinia, after the clouds have gathered over that country
and burst.

FOOTNOTES:
 [1]A khor is a gully or gorge formed by the rush of rain in the
wet season. It is a watercourse at that time, but a dry ravine
during the rest of the year.
[2]Kneel.
[3]These bottles were of aluminium covered with felt. Before
we started on the day’s march, the felt was soaked in water, and
the evaporation from it tended to keep the drinking supply cool.
[4]Lieutenant-Colonel.
[5]Governor.
[6]Chief baggage-man.
[7]This trill is maintained on the same note—the upper B flat of
the feminine vocal compass—and is produced by a vibration of
the tip of the tongue on the hard palate. Many European ladies
have tried to give a rendering of it, but without success. In Lower
Egypt the “joy-trilling” is called zungareet.
[8]“The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,” 1867, p. 525.
[9]Ib. p. 523.
[10]“Life in Abyssinia,” 1868, p. 101
[11]“The great plain comes to an end within a few miles of
Gedaref, the ground becomes uneven and rocky, and Gedaref
itself is situated in an open valley surrounded by bare hills of
basaltic rock.”—Sir W. Garstin, “Report upon the Basin of the
Upper Nile,” 1904.
[12]“The shotel (sword) is an awkward-looking weapon. Some,
if straight, would be nearly four feet long; they are two-edged, and
curved to a semicircle, like a reaper’s sickle. It is a very clumsy
weapon to manage. Many of the swords are made of the soft iron
of the country and bend on the least stress. The handles are
made of the horn of the rhinoceros, sawn into three longitudinal
pieces, and incised so as to end in sharp points parallel to the
blades. The shank is usually clinched over a half-dollar beaten
convex. I should scarcely mind a blow from a sword thus
mounted, as, were the striker to give his wrist any play, in order to
make his cut at all effective, he could not fail sending one of the
highly ornamental but very useless points of his hilt into his own
wrist. . . . In the use of the gun the natives are in general
exceedingly clumsy. They prefer large, heavy matchlocks, to load
which is a labour of some minutes. They carry their powder in
hollow canes fitted into a leathern belt worn round the waist; and,
having no fixed charge, pour out at hazard a small quantity into
the hand. This they measure with the eye, occasionally putting
back a little if it appear too much, or adding a little if it seem not
enough. After this operation has been performed two or three
times, till they are pretty well satisfied as to the quantity, it is
poured into the gun-barrel. The proper charge is now tested by
the insertion of the ramrod. Lastly, when all is settled, some rag
and a small bar or ball of roughly wrought iron are rammed down.
This last operation (with the exception that the ramrod often sticks
in the rag for half an hour) is not difficult, as the ball is made of
about a quarter of an inch less diameter than the bore of the
piece for which it is intended. It is great fun to see these gunners,
when taken unawares by a sudden alarm; one can’t find his flint,
another has lost his steel; then there is the striking of a light,
blowing the match, priming the gun, fixing the match to a proper
length and direction; and, lastly, sticking into the ground the rest,
which nearly all of them use, especially if their piece be of the
heavy description. There is one thing in their favour—that the
mere sound of driving in the rest is generally sufficient to turn
away the bravest Abyssinian cavalry that ever charged.”—
Mansfield Parkyns, pp. 236, 241.
[13]“Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia,” by Rev. H.
Stern, 1862.
[14]“Narrative of a Journey through Abyssinia,” by Henry
Dufton, 1867.
[15]Dufton, pp. 16, 17.
[16]Ib. pp. 35, 36.
[17]“The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,” 1867, pp. 356-357.
[18]“The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,” p. 182.
[19]For a variety of reasons—some of them creditable—a
number of Abyssinians abandon their allegiance to Menelek and
the Rases (chiefs) and become subject to Anglo-Egyptian
jurisdiction.
[20]“King of Kings,” title of the Abyssinian monarch.
[21]“The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,” p. 502.
[22]Mansfield Parkyns has given a full and careful description
of the national costume. I extract the following details from it:
—“The ‘quarry’ is the principal article of Abyssinian dress: it is of
cotton, and very fine and soft; those of the richer being finer but
probably not so serviceable as those of the poorer class. It is
made in three pieces; each piece is about three feet broad by
fifteen feet long. Near both ends of each piece is a red stripe, five
or six inches broad.” The pieces are sewn together so as to form
“a white double cloth, with a red border near the bottom only; the
breadth of the ‘quarry’ is nine feet by seven and a half long. . . .
The methods of putting on the cloth are as various as the modes
of wearing a Highland plaid. One of the most ordinary ways is first
to place it like a cloak over the shoulders: the right end, which is
purposely left the longer, is then thrown over the left shoulder, and
the bottom border, which would otherwise (from its length) trail on
the ground, is gathered over the right shoulder” (“Life in
Abyssinia,” pp. 228, 229). “The trousers are of a soft textured but
rather coarse cotton stuff, made in the country, and are of two
sorts: one called ‘cállis,’ the other ‘coumta.’ The former reaches
half-way down the calf of the leg, the latter to about three or four
inches above the knee” (ib. pp. 225, 226). The other garment
worn by the men is a belt. These cinctures “vary in length from
fifteen to sixty yards, and are about one yard in width. In quantity
of cotton they are nearly all of the same weight, as the very long
ones are in proportion finer than the shorter” (ib. p. 227). With
regard to feminine dress, “there is a distinguishing costume for
young girls, and for those who, from being married or otherwise,
are no longer considered as such. The dress of the former is
indeed rather slight, though far more picturesque than that of the
latter. . . . The girls merely wear a piece of cotton stuff wrapped
round the waist and hanging down almost to the knee, and
another (or the end of the former, if it be long enough) thrown
over the left shoulder, so as to leave the right arm and breast
exposed. In other parts of Tigre a black goat-skin, ornamented
with cowries, is often substituted for this latter. An ordinary
woman wears a large loose shirt down to the feet, with sleeves
made tight towards the wrist. This, with a ‘quarry’ similar to those
of the men, but worn rather differently, and a parasol when out of
doors, is a complete suit” (ib. pp. 241-243). Parkyns thus
describes the system of hairdressing: “In general, neither sex
wears any covering on the head, preferring to tress and butter
that with which nature has provided them. The hair of the
Abyssinians is admirably adapted for this purpose, being neither
short and crisp like a negro’s, nor yet of the soft elasticity of a
European’s, but between the two. . . . The operation of tressing is
a very tedious one, usually occupying an hour or two per head:
therefore, of course, it is repeated as seldom as possible: by
some great dandies once a fortnight: by others once a month, or
even less frequently. In the interim large supplies of fresh butter
are employed, when obtainable, in order to prevent the chance of
a settlement of vermin; and a piece of stick, like a skewer, is used
for scratching. The hair is gathered in plaits close over the whole
surface of the head, the lines running fore and aft, and the ends
hanging down in ringlets over the neck. . . . Some ladies have
their butter daubed on nicely, and then some scent: but the great
‘go’ among the dandies is to appear in the morning with a huge
pat of butter (about two ounces) placed on the top of the head,
which, as it gradually melts in the sun, runs over the hair and
down the neck, over the forehead, and often into the eyes,
thereby causing much smarting. This last ingression, however,
the gentleman usually prevents by wiping his forehead frequently
with his hand or the corner of his ‘quarry.’ As may be imagined,
the dresses neither of the women nor men are long free from
grease; but this, especially among the latter sex, is of no
importance; indeed, many young men among the soldiery
consider a clean cloth as ‘slow,’ and appropriate only for a
townsman or a woman. These never have their quarries washed
from one St. John’s Day to another” (ib. pp. 243-245).
[23]“Modern Abyssinia,” p. 248.
[24]“Life in Abyssinia,” p. 282.
[25]“Abyssinia,” by Herbert Vivian, 1901, pp. 314-327.
[26]“Life in Abyssinia,” p. 418.
[27]Guard-house.
[28]“On one occasion we had a small adventure. We were
resting one night near the summit of a mountain, when about two
hours before daybreak we were awaked by a loud hubbub and
the discharge of a gun. Starting to our feet, we inquired what was
up, and our anxiety was increased by M. Lejean’s Arab seizing
the second gun and discharging it. All I saw, for it was pitch dark,
was one of the mules kicking about amongst the ashes of a half-
extinguished fire, and endeavouring to extricate himself from the
leather thong which bound his head to a tree. This he soon
succeeded in doing, and went off at a furious rate towards the
woods which clothe the sides of the mountain. I thought he had
burnt himself at the fire, and that this was the cause of his