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Fire Protection Systems 2Nd Edition PDF Full Chapter PDF
Fire Protection Systems 2Nd Edition PDF Full Chapter PDF
Fire Protection Systems 2Nd Edition PDF Full Chapter PDF
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Methods Of Extinguishing Fires
Cooling
Oxygen Reduction
Removing or Interrupting the Fuel Supply
Interrupting the Chain Reaction
Classes of Fire
Class A Fires and Extinguishing Agents
Class B Fires and Extinguishing Agents
Class C Fires and Extinguishing Agents
Class D Fires and Extinguishing Agents
Class K Fires and Extinguishing Agents
Chapter 2
Fire Protection Systems and the Model Code Process
Introduction
A Model Code
Model Code Organizations
International Code Council (ICC)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Referenced Standards
Code and Standards Development for Government
Amendments
Code-Required Fire Protection Systems
Inducements to Install Fire Protection Systems
Mission Essential
Section II
Fire Alarm and Detection Systems
Chapter 3
Fire Alarm System Components and Functions
Introduction
Fire Alarm Control Panel/Unit
Types of Fire Alarm Signals
Initiating Devices
Manual Initiating Devices
Automatic Initiating Devices
Notification Appliances
Public Mode/Private Mode Notification
Coded, Non-Coded, and Textural Signals
Audible Appliances
Visible Appliances
Combination Appliances
Addressable Notification Appliances
Annunciation Panels
Power Expander Panels
Other Components and Systems Associated With Fire Alarm Systems
Electronic Valve Supervisory Devices
Pressure Switches
Air and Water Temperature Sensors/Water Level Sensors
Chapter 4
Types of Fire Alarm and Detection Systems
Introduction
Classification of Fire Alarm Systems
Alarm Systems
Emergency Communication Systems
Interface with Other Systems
Required Installations
Use-Group and Occupancy
Number of Occupants
Building Height
Level of Exit Discharge
Manufacturing and Use of Products
Special Use and Occupancy Conditions
Installation of Other Fire Protection Systems
Design and Installation Standards
Fire Alarm System Inspection and Testing
Acceptance Test
Periodic Inspection, Testing, Service, and Maintenance
Section III
Water-Based Fire Suppression Systems
Chapter 5
Water Supplies for Fire Protection Systems
Introduction
Water Supply Systems
Source/Supply Network
Distribution Network
Fire Lines and Fire Mains
Water Distribution System Valves
Fire Hydrants
Types of Hydrants
Hydrant Markings
Hydrant Inspection, Testing, Maintenance, and Service
Water Supply Design Considerations for Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Water Flow Test
Water Pressurization
Chapter 6
Standpipe and Hose Systems
Introduction
Types of Standpipe Systems
Automatic Wet Standpipe
Automatic Dry Standpipe
Semiautomatic Standpipe
Manual Wet Standpipe
Manual Dry Standpipe
Combined Standpipe and Sprinkler Systems
Classification of Standpipe Systems
Class I Standpipe System
Class II Standpipe System
Class III Standpipe System
Standpipe System Components
Fire Department Connections
Pipe and Fittings
Gauges
Valves
Hose Cabinets, Hose, Hose Racks, and Nozzles
Required Installations
Requirements Based on Building Height and Levels
Occupancy Requirements
Buildings under Construction, Rehabilitation, or Demolition
Design and Installation Standards
Water Pressure and Flow Requirements
Minimum and Maximum Pressure Requirements
Minimum and Maximum Flow Requirements
Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance Requirements
Hydrostatic and Air Test
Visual Inspection
Flushing
Flow Tests
Main Drain Test
Operation of Components
Periodic Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
Chapter 7
Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems
Introduction
Effectiveness in Property Protection
Effectiveness in Life Safety
Fire Sprinkler System Components
Pipe and Fittings
Gauges
Valves
Pipe Support and Stabilization Assemblies
Automatic Sprinkler Heads
Types of Systems
Wet Pipe Systems
Dry Pipe Systems
Preaction Systems
Deluge Systems
Residential Sprinkler Systems
Required Installations
Design and Installation Standards
NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One-
and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes
NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-
Rise Residential Occupancies
Other Fire Sprinkler Standards
Design Concepts for Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems
Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance Requirements
Acceptance Inspections and Tests
Periodic Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
Chapter 8
Specialized Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Introduction
Types of Specialized Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Fixed Foam Systems
Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems
Water Spray Fixed Systems
Water Mist Systems
Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance Requirements
Periodic Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
Section IV
Special Hazard Fire Suppression Systems
Chapter 9
Fixed Wet and Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
Introduction
Fixed Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems
Fixed Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
Fixed Wet and Dry Chemical Extinguishing System Operation
Standards for Wet and Dry Chemical Systems
System Component Requirements
Agent Storage Containers and Gas Cartridges
Piping and Fittings
Nozzles
Activation Devices
System Alarms and Indicators
Types of Fixed Wet and Dry Extinguishing Systems
Local Application Systems
Total Flooding Systems
Other Wet and Dry Chemical Application Methods
Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
Visual Inspections
Discharge Test
Acceptance Test
Periodic Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
Chapter 10
Gaseous Agent Extinguishing Systems
Introduction
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
Low- and High-Pressure Storage
Carbon Dioxide Delivery Systems
Halogenated Agents
Halon Extinguishing Systems
Halon Delivery Systems
Clean Agents
Categories of Clean Agents
Clean Agent Extinguishing Systems
Aerosol
Aerosol Extinguishing Systems
Approval and Periodic Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
Carbon Dioxide
Halon
Clean Agents
Aerosol
Chapter 11
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Introduction
Code Requirements for Fire Extinguishers
Fire Extinguisher Classification
Common Fire Extinguisher Agents
Water
Foam
Carbon Dioxide
Dry Chemicals
Wet Chemicals
Dry Powders
Halon and Other Clean Agents
Fire Extinguisher Ratings
Types of Fire Extinguishers
Pump Extinguishers
Stored Pressure Extinguishers
Cartridge Pressure Extinguishers
Obsolete Types of Fire Extinguishers
Fire Extinguisher Operation
Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
Visual Inspection
Maintenance
Testing
Section V
Control and Management Systems, Property Security, and
Fire Protection Systems
Chapter 12
Smoke Control and Management Systems
Introduction
Code-Required Smoke Control and Smoke Management
Smoke Containment, Removal, and Opposed Airflow
Containment by Pressure Differentials
Smoke Removal
Containment by Airflow Direction
Design Requirements and Operational Characteristics
Fire Protection Systems and Smoke Control
Interface with Fire Protection Systems and Other Life Safety Systems
Testing and Performance Verification
Annual Testing
Chapter 13
Property Security, Emergency Response, and Fire Protection
Systems
Introduction
Means of Egress
Exit Access
Exit
Exit Discharge
Maintaining the Means of Egress
Exit Stairway Doors
Stairway Doors in High-Rise Buildings
Delayed Egress Locks
Access-Controlled Egress Doors
Electrically Controlled and Electromagnetically Locked Egress Doors
Fire Department Access Systems
Security Gates
Siren Sensors
Proprietary Fire Department Access Key
Access Cards and Access Codes
Radio Frequency Sensor
Fire Protection System Interface
Appendix A FESHE Correlation Guide
Appendix B Imperial and Metric Conversions
Glossary
Index
INSTRUCTOR AND TECHNOLOGY
RESOURCES
Instructor Resources
Instructor’s ToolKit
Preparing for class is easy with the resources on this CD, including:
• PowerPoint Presentations Provide you with a powerful way to make
presentations that are educational and engaging to your students. These slides
can be modified and edited to meet your needs.
• Lesson Plans Provide you with complete, ready-to-use lesson plans that
include all of the topics covered in the text. Offered in Word documents, the
lesson plans can be modified and customized to fit your course.
• Test Bank Contains multiple-choice questions, and allows you to create
tailor-made classroom tests and quizzes quickly and easily by selecting,
editing, organizing, and printing a test along with an answer key, including
page references to the text.
• Image and Table Bank Provides you with a selection of the most important
images and tables found in the textbook. You can use them to incorporate
more images into the PowerPoint presentations, make handouts, or enlarge a
specific image for further discussion.
Technology Resources
Navigate Course Manager
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to build a solid, knowledgeable foundation with world-class content. With
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the classroom. Now you can learn anytime and anywhere, when it is ideal for
you.
World-class content joins instructionally sound design in a user-friendly
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experience with:
• eFolio, an engaging eBook that offers study advantages far beyond the print
textbook. With anytime access to complete textbook content, interactive
eBooks allow students the flexibility to navigate between the text and
enhanced activities for greater understanding of core concepts.
• Course Management Tools that simplify the management and delivery of
curriculum and assessments to students enabling anytime, anywhere access to
learning. Instructors can track real-time progress, manage assignments, and
view results in the grade book.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
A. Maurice Jones, Jr. is the Supervisor, Fire Protection Systems, in the Fire
Prevention and Life Safety Section of the Alexandria (Virginia) Fire
Department. He is a 15-year member of the fire department and an adjunct
instructor for the Virginia Department of Fire Programs. In addition, he is a
guest instructor at the Alexandria (Virginia) Fire Department’s Fire Training
Facility, the Arlington County (Virginia) Fire Department’s Fire Training
Facility, and the Fairfax County (Virginia) Fire Inspector Continuing Education
training program. He is a former adjunct instructor for the Fire Science
Program and the Fire Science Curriculum Advisory Committee at Northern
Virginia Community College (NVCC), Annandale, Virginia.
Prior to joining the fire department, Maurice worked in the construction
and fire protection industries for 15 years as a field superintendent, project
manager, and department manager and as a loss prevention consultant at FM
Global. Over the past 20 years, he has been a guest lecturer and taught
seminars on fire protection systems, fire prevention, and the building codes for
various jurisdictions in Virginia and Pennsylvania, the American Institute of
Architects, Virginia Department of Fire Programs, Virginia Fire Prevention
Association, Northern Virginia Power Engineers School, America Society of
Plumbing Engineers–Mid-Atlantic, and numerous property development and
management companies throughout the Northern Virginia Region.
Maurice holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Fire Science from the
University of Maryland, University College, College Park, Maryland, and
Associates in Applied Science degrees in Fire Protection Technology, Fire
Investigation, Electronic Engineering Technology, and Broadcast Engineering
Technology from Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale, Virginia.
He is a certified fire official, fire inspector, and fire protection systems plans
examiner in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Reviewers
Brian Bagwell, Psy.D.
Metropolitan State University of Denver
Denver, Colorado
Tim Baker
Lansing Community College
Lansing, Michigan
George E. Brenton
Fire Science Coordinator
San Juan College
Farmington, New Mexico
Melvin Byrne
Virginia Department of Fire Programs
Fairfax, Virginia
Brian R. Carlson
Anderson Township Fire & Rescue
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio
Derrick S. Clouston
Kaplan University
Asheboro, North Carolina
Carl M. DeCarlo
Instructional Coordinator, Fire Science
Elgin Community College
Elgin, Illinois
Robert DiPietro
Pima County Joint Technical Education District (JTED)
Tucson, Arizona
Suzanne Freeman
Santa Ana College
Santa Ana, California
Ronnie Holton
Coastal Carolina Community College
Jacksonville, North Carolina
William Justiz
Triton College
River Grove, Illinois
Merritt S. Kearns
Statesboro (Georgia) Fire Department
American Military University
Charles Town, West Virginia
Kurt Keiser
Fire Chief (Retired), Bethlehem Steel Fire Department Adjunct
Faculty, FESA Program, Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
Gary Kistner
Southern Illinois University
Carbondale, Illinois
Ted Mendenhall
Los Angeles County Fire Department
Los Angeles, California
Dana Midles, MA
Olympia, Washington
Gary Noll
Utah Valley University
Provo, Utah
Keith Padgett
Columbia Southern University
Orange Beach, Alabama
Kelly J. Phelps
Victoria College Fire Program
Victoria, Texas
David A. Pollard
Winston Salem Fire Department
Forsyth Technical Community College
Winston Salem, North Carolina
OBJECTIVES
At the conclusion of this chapter, you will be able to:
• Describe the difference between fire and combustion.
• Identify and describe the elements of the fire triangle and fire tetrahedron.
• List and describe the different types of fire.
• List and describe the different stages of fire.
• List and describe forms of heat transfer.
• List and describe methods used to extinguish fires.
• List and describe the classes of fire and their relationship to extinguishing
agents.
Flames: © Drx/Dreamstime.com; Steel texture: © Sharpshot/Dreamstime.com; Chapter opener photo: ©
Courtesy of Robert R. Rodriguez, Chief Fire Marshal, Alexandria Fire Department
Case Study
© A. Maurice Jones, Jr./Jones & Bartlett Learning
On October 20, 1991, in an example of heat transfer by convection, a fire broke out in the
Oakland/Berkley, California, area. A number of factors affected the growth of this conflagration:
prolonged drought in the region; low humidity; homes with untreated wood shingling, siding, and deck
materials; topography; lack of separation between structures and natural fuels; and high winds. Once
the fire started, high wind currents pushed the flames in many directions and the fire fed on the
abundant fuel. With unlimited air and fuel, and no geographical barriers, bodies of water, or other
physical limitations, the fire growth was unchecked. The conflagration produced its own wind currents
by pulling air toward the fire. Combined with the existing wind currents, rising hot wind forces carried
hot embers to locations beyond the fire area, causing new fires to start. The fire took 4 days to
control, resulting in 25 deaths, 150 injured people, 3354 destroyed structures, 1600 burned acres, and
$1.5 billion in damage. This incident demonstrated how heat transfer by convection destroyed a vast
exterior area in a short amount of time.
1. How does heat transfer by convection affect fire growth in a structure fire?
2. How do the layout and the airflow within a building or structure influence heat transfer by
convection currents?
3. How do the speed and airflow entering a building or structure affect heat transfer by convection
currents?
Source:
United States Fire Administration, Technical Report Series, The East Bay Hills Fire, Oakland-
Berkley, California, USFA-TR-060, October 1991 (US Department of Homeland Security, 1992).
Introduction
Engineering and designing any fire protection system requires an
understanding of fire behavior as it relates to the specific type and size of the
fire hazard present. The fire hazard fuel load is affected by occupancy and use
conditions; the materials, products, and finishes involved in building
construction; the quantity, arrangement, and type of item present within the
building; and the method of handling or storing any item present. Consideration
of all of these factors is critical in the hazard evaluation process and in the
design process of a fire protection system.
From the moment a building is built, but especially when buildings change
owners or tenants, it is important for the owners, their agents, and, in many
instances, the local code authority to ensure all fire protection systems are
adequate for the conditions of occupancy and use. Fire fighters performing
familiarization drills in buildings must remain cognizant of the types of
hazards, the types of processes, and the quantities of products in a property. If
any of these factors change, not only will the building’s preplan and response
protocol need updating, but the adequacy of the fire protection systems will
need to be reevaluated. Although complacency about fire protection systems is
typically not intentional, the condition and adequacy of these systems is
commonly overlooked. Unfortunately, any failure to reevaluate a fire protection
system based on the fire hazards present could result in property damage,
property loss, injury, and possible loss of life.
In order to assess any fire hazard, a basic understanding of fire chemistry
and fire dynamics is necessary. This information provides the firefighting
community with the insight and understanding of fire behavior that forms the
basis for every manual fire attack undertaken by firefighting crews. It is not
necessary to be a researcher or scientist to be a competent fire fighter, fire
officer, or investigator, but understanding how and why fire occurs is essential.
In order to extinguish a fire, it is critical to understand what sustains a fire.
There have been numerous research projects conducted and textbooks
written that provide in-depth analysis and study documenting fire behavior, the
combustion process, and the chemistry and physics of fire. In this chapter, the
discussion focuses on some of these fundamental concepts in relation to the
design of fire protection systems.
Figure 1-1 The fire triangle consists of fuel, oxygen, and heat.
Tip
Segregating the three components of fire represented by the fire triangle is also the basic method
referenced by fire prevention codes to prevent hostile fires from occurring.