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1.8. ENTIRE FUNCTION

A function flz) which is analytic at every point of the finite complex plane is called an
entirefunction. Since the derivative of a polynomial exists at every point, a polynomial of any
degree is an entire function.Rational functions are also entire functions.

1.9.NECESSARY AND sUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR fz)TO BE ANALYTIC

[U.P.T.U. (C.0.) 2005,2008 ;U.P.T.U.(AG)2004)
The necessary and sufficient conditionsfor the function
w =fz) = +iv(x, y)
u(x, y) o o

to be analytic ina region R, areo bise etneeeieo

du du du du
(i) continuous functions of x and y in the region R.
dx dy dx dy
du du du
(iü)
dx dy dy dx
The conditions in (ii)are known as Cauchy-Riemann equations or briefly C-R
equations.
Proof. (a)Necessary Condition.Let w =flz) =u(,y) +iv(x, y) be analytic in a region
dw
R, then =f'(2)
exists uniquely at every point of that region.
dz
Let âx and y
be the increments in x andy respectively. Let Su,
Su and &z be the corre
spondingincrements in u, V and z respectively. Then,

f'lz)= SzLt0 flz +ôz)- f(z).

=Lt (u+8u) + +Su) -(u+ iv) i(v
Sz 0
&z
Su
= Lt
0 z+i ...(1)
Sz

Sincethefunction w =fz)is analytic in theregion R,the

limit(1)must exist independ
ent of themanner inwhich ðz 0, L.e., along whichever path Sx and &y
-0.itsit bo
First, let &z 0 along a line parallel to x-axis so that &y 0 and &z 8x. = =
[sincez=x+ iy,z + ôz = (+
ôx) + ily öy) and ôz = +
+ i8v] &
From (1),
Su
fz)=Lt
du du
+i + bioab.2)
Now, let &z 0 along a line parallel toy-axis so that èr =0 and Sz =i 8y,hice ei talt
 Su Su du
. From (1), f'(z) = Lt iSy
1

i dy y

dy
du
du
dy
du
3)-i
sFrom (2) and (3),we have
dr dy dy

Equating the real

oooh du du Ou
|8\
and imaginary parts, and
dx dy dy dx

Hence the necessary condition for flz) to be analytic is that the C-R equations must be
satisfied.

+
(6)Sufficient Condition. Let fz) =u iv be a single-valued function
possessing partial
du du du du
derivatives at each point of a region R and satisfying C-R equations.
dx dy' dx'dy
du du
ie., and
dx dy dy
We shall show that f(2)is analytic,i.e., f'(z) exists at every point of the region R.
By Taylor's theorem for functions of two variables, we have, on omitting second and
higher degree terms of &r and &y.
flz + ôz) = u(x +&x, y +ðy) + iv(x +åu,y + dy)

dx
-Sx + du
dy dy

-0 = [u(x,y) +iv(x,y)) + (Ju

+i dx + du
+i
du

dy dy
du du
=f2)+ +i: + &y
dy
(du du du du
Or
fz +ôz) -fz) = +i +i Sy
dy dy

C2TAMI (ou +i
du
dx
du
+i
du
Sy | Using C-R equations
du du du
-+i. + |"-l=
dx dx dx ioy 2

Ju du
+i
dx dx |: &r + ily =&z
-
f(z+ 8z) fe) du +l du

dx

fz)= &zLt0 f(z +8z)- f(z)_ du

+
du
 du du
Thus f'z) exists,because exist.

Hence f(z)is analytic.

Note 1.The real and imaginary parts of an analyticfunction are called conjugate functions.
=
Thus, iffz) u(x, y) + iv (x, y) is an analytic function,then ulz,y)and vx, y) are conjugate functions.The
relation between two conjugate functionsis given by C-R equations.

Note 2.When a functionf(z) is known to be analytic, it can be differentiated in the ordinary way
as if z is a real variable.
Thus, flz) =z? f(2) = 22
fz) =sinz f2)=cos z etc.
1.10. CAUCHY-RIEMANN EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES (U.P.T.U.2008)

Let (r, 0) be the polar coordinates of the point whose cartesian coordinates are (x, y),
then
200
X =r cos 0,y =rsin 0,
z =X+iy= r (cos +isin 0) =rei0
u+ iv =flz) =f(rei8) ...(1)
Differentiating (1) partiallyw.r.t. r, we have
du
+i =f'(reioy).ei9
dr Jr ...(2)

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. 0,we have

du
+i
Ju
=f'(rei).

=-r
du
+ ir
irei®

du
= ir
du
dr
+i
du
|Using (2)

dr dr
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
du
=-r du and du du
dr

du 1 du du 1 du
or and
dr which is the polar form ofC-R equations.
dr r d0

1.11. DERIVATIVE OF o, i.e., f2)IN POLAR COORDINATEs

0=fz)
do du du
=f'(2) = (u +iv) =
dz dx dx dx dx

= do àr
+ do d0
dr dx

du du sin drldx = cos as x =r cos

+i:
dr and = tan

COS0
-- sin 0
=rsin 0
=
ar dx as y
 Ju du
-+i sin 0
dr dr

= cOs
dr
-isin 0
dr

do
dz
=(cos -isin 0) dr ...(1)

which is the result in terms of 6

do do ar Ju +i -Jo sin
Again, + |cos
dz dr dx àr dr

1ldu 0 do 0 do
= i du
cos - sin i(du +i du
cos
sin
-.

i do sin 0 do
COs -

do
(cos 0 -isin 0)
dz r

which is the result in terms of