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Introduction To Zoology
Introduction To Zoology
Grouping & Identifying Living Things These are animals without a backbone
There are eight groups of invertebrates:
WHAT IS ZOOLOGY? • Molluscs
It is the study of animals • Flatworms
Zoology- zoon, animal + logos, to study • Annelids
WHY STUDY ZOOLOGY? • Roundworms
Learn about animals • Sponges
Learn about animal interactions with each other, with other species, • Echinoderms
and with their environment. • Cnidarians
HOW DO WE STUDY ANIMALS?
• Arthropods
Use Scientific Methods
1. MOLLUSCS
Problem
Research Crawl on a single fleshy pad.
Hypothesis Can have a shell
Experiment 2. FLATWORMS
Result Have flat worm like bodies
Conclusion 3. ANNELIDS
WHY CLASSIFY? Have round worm like bodies
• Think of three examples where we group things. Have bodies divided into segments
• Why do we group these things? 4. ROUNDWORMS
CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS Have long thin round worm like bodies
We put livings things into two large groups: Have bodies with no segments
Animals 5. SPONGES
Plants Have bodies made of loosely joined cells
ANIMALS 6. ECHINODERMS
Animals are spilt into two major groups: Have bodies divided into five parts
Vertebrates Have spiny outer covering
Invertebrates 7. CNIDARIANS
VERTEBRATES Have thin sack like bodies
These are animals with a backbone. Have tentacles
There are five groups of vertebrates: 8. ARTHROPODS
• Amphibians Have lots of legs and segmented bodies.
• Birds There are four group of arthropods:
• Fish • Arachnids
• Mammals • Centipedes & Millipedes
• Reptiles • Crustaceans
1. AMPHIBIANS • Insects
Have moist skin
Lay jelly coated eggs in water ARTHROPODS - ARACHNID
Lives on land and water Have four pairs of legs.
2. BIRDS/AVES Have bodies divided into two sections
Have feathers and hollow bones ARTHROPODS – CENTIPEDES & MILLIPEDES
Lay hard shelled eggs Have long thin bodies and pairs of legs on each of their many body
Warm blooded sections
3. FISH ARTHROPODS - CRUSTACEAN
Have wet scales Have five-seven pairs of legs
Lays eggs in water First pair often used as pincers
Lives in water Bodies covered in shell
4. MAMMALS ARTHROPODS - INSECTS
Have hair and produce milk Have three pairs of legs
Give birth to live offspring (no eggs) Bodies divided into three sections
Warm blooded Often have wings
5. REPTILES
Have dry scales
Lay leathery shelled eggs
Cold blooded
SUMMARY OF VERTEBRATES
AMPHIBIANS MOLLUSCS SPONGES
ECHINODERMS
BIRDS/AVES FLATWORMS
CNIDARIANS
MAMMALS ROUNDWORMS
REPTILES
CLASSIFICATION Modern biologists group organisms into categories representing
lines of evolutionary descent.
The Challenge Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than
Biologists have identified and named approximately 1.5 million to species in another genus.
species so far. E.g. Genus: Felis; Genus: Canis
They estimate that between 2 and 100 million species have yet to
be identified. Similarities in DNA and RNA
Scientists use and differences in DNA to determine classification
Finding Order in Diversity similarities and evolutionary relationships.
1. Why Classify? They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to
To study the diversity of life compare organisms.
To organize and name organisms Kingdoms and Domains
2. Why give scientific names? In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms:
Common names are misleading Animalia and Plantae.
E.g. jellyfish, silverfish, starfish; these animals are NOT fish By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include
five kingdoms.
Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms?
Some organisms have several common names The Six Kingdom System
This cat is commonly known as: In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are
composed of two distinct groups.
As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two
kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a six-
kingdom system of classification.
The Three-Domain System
•Florida panther Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal
•Mountain lion RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently.
•Puma This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic
•Cougar category—the domain.
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color” The Three Domains
The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the
Origin of Scientific Names following:
By the 18th century, scientists realized that naming organisms with o Eukarya– protists, fungi, plants and animals
common names was confusing. o Bacteria– which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria.
Scientists during this time agreed to use a single name for each o Archaea– which corresponds to the kingdom
species. Archaebacteria.
They used Latin and Greek languages for scientific names.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy - The three-domain system
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification - binomial
nomenclature - The six-kingdom system
a. Two name naming system Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
b. Gave organisms 2 names
Genus (noun) and species (adjective) KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Cell Type Prokaryote
Rules for naming organisms Number of Cells Unicellular
1. Written is Latin (unchanging) Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase Extreme Environments
3. Both names are italicized or underlined Location Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents,
Yellowstone Hot Springs
EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man
Examples Methanogens Thermophiles
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph
Examples Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Heterotroph
Examples Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals