Materi 8A

Kinds of Phrase

Linguistic Elements Focus

A. Konsep Phrase
Phrase atau frasa adalah kelompok kata yang tidak terdiri dari subjek dan predikat.
Contoh: at school, in the morning, a wise teacher, dll.

B. Jenis-Jenis Phrase
Secara umum, terdapat lima jenis phrase yaitu noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase,
adverbial phrase, dan prepositional phrase.

1. Noun Phrase
Noun phrase (frasa kata benda) merupakan sekelompok kata yang kata utamanya berupa
noun. Fungsi noun phrase sama seperti fungsi noun.
Contoh:
a book
noun utama
a good book in the cupboard = (Noun Phrase)
modifier noun head modifier

Cara mengembangkan noun phrase:

a. Menambahkan determiner: a, an, the, some, your, his, many, more, five, etc.
e.g.: an envelope, five coconuts
b. Menambahkan adjectives: good, bad, long, short, beautiful, etc.
e.g.: a good university, beautiful palaces, long bamboos, etc.
c. Menambahkan present participle: opening, walking, running, sleeping, etc.
e.g.: an opening ceremony, a running brook, the tree standing in the garden, etc.
d. Menambahkan past participle: written, spoken, made, crooked, etc.
e.g.: a written text, a spoken test, the door opened by the maid, etc.
e. Menambahkan noun: bus, TV, arm, potato, etc.
e.g.: a bus station, a TV screen, an arm chair, etc.
f. Menambahkan preposition: in, on, at, of, in front of, etc.
e.g.: the house at the foot of the hill, the color of the ocean,
a. the bank opposite of the cinema, etc.
g. Menambahkan infinitive: to read, to cover, to send, etc.
e.g.: a few books to read, a stamp to send a letter, a blanket to cover your body, etc.
h. Menambahkan WH clause: who, which, whose, etc.
e.g.: the man whose daughter got sick, the lady who had a big house on the hill, etc.

2. Verb Phrase
 Sebelum mempelajari verb phrase, mari kita ingat bentuk-bentuk verb terlebih dahulu.
Berikut contohnya.
Base form -ing form Past tense Past participle
work working worked worked
play playing played played
listen listening listened listened
write writing wrote written

Verb phrase merupakan sekelompok kata yang kata utamanya berupa kata kerja (verb).
Berikut bentuk-bentuk verb phrase.
Bentuk Verb Phrase Contoh
To be + Verb Ing Everybody is watching the movie.
(Present/ Past Continuous) We were studying English.

Have + Verb 3 I have sent the letter.

(Present/ Past Perfect Tense) She had found her important document.

Auxiliary + Verb 1 The boy can swim.

(Aux: will, would, can, could, may, might, You should see a doctor.
shall, should)

Passive Voice in Various Tenses

Am/is/are/was/were + verb 3 The letter is written by her mother.
Have/has/had been + verb 3 A new store has been opened a month ago.
Is/are/was/were + being + verb 3 The classroom is being cleaned.
Auxiliary + be + verb 3 The test result can be known tomorrow.

3. Adjective Phrase
Adjective phrase merupakan sekelompok kata yang kata utamanya berupa kata sifat
(adjective). Sama seperti adjective, adjective phrase berfungsi untuk menjelaskan noun (kata
benda. Berikut contoh adjective phrase.
 You are really beautiful girl in this world.
 The woman with very dark skin standing in front of me is my English teacher.
 She looked totally afraid with horror movie.
 They feel so bad finishing this exam because they do not study last night.

4. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrase atau frasa preposisi adalah frasa yang terdiri dari preposisi dan objek
preposisi (object of the preposition). Phrase ini lebih banyak berfungsi sebagai kata
keterangan atau adverbs. Sebuah prepositional phrase dapat diakhiri oleh noun, pronoun,
gerund, atau clause yang berfungsi atau berperan sebagai objek dari preposisi tersebut,
contoh:
 by the ocean
near the garden
over the cabinet
with me
in my arm
under your table

Frasa adverbial adalah frasa preposisi yang berperan sebagai adverbia yang berfungsi
menerangkan verb, adjective, atau adverb. Pertanyaan yang cocok adalah when, where, dan
how. Untuk mengetahui suatu frasa preposisi berfungsi sebagai frasa adverbial yang diajukan
pertanyaan seperti untuk mengenalinya dalam suatu kalimat. Berikut contoh lain dari
prepositional phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adverbial phrase.

Jessica broke the glass in the kitchen.

Jack’s house is beside the large garden and the big house.
She must clean up upper room and kitchen right now.
Students do their assignment as quickly as possible.

Read the following text.

Then, identify the phrases. Put phrases in the table provided.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. Most life on Earth depends on photosynthesis.
The process is carried out by plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, which capture energy
from sunlight to produce oxygen (O2) and chemical energy stored in glucose (a sugar).
Herbivores then obtain this energy by eating plants, and carnivores obtain it by eating herbivores.
During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and
soil. Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon
dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. This transforms the water into oxygen and the
carbon dioxide into glucose. The plant then releases the oxygen back into the air, and stores
energy within the glucose molecules.
Inside the plant cell are small organelles called chloroplasts, which store the energy of
sunlight. Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast is a light-absorbing pigment called
chlorophyll which is responsible for giving the plant its green color. During photosynthesis,
chlorophyll absorbs energy from blue- and red-light waves, and reflects green-light waves,
making the plant appear green.
While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into
two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent
reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight,
hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves,
which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The
light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space
between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light,
hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH
molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.
Not all forms of photosynthesis are created equal, however. There are different types of
photosynthesis, including C3 photosynthesis and C4 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis is used
by the majority of plants. It involves producing a three-carbon compound called 3-
phosphoglyceric acid during the Calvin Cycle, which goes on to become glucose. C4
photosynthesis, on the other hand, produces a four-carbon intermediate compound, which splits
into carbon dioxide and a three-carbon compound during the Calvin Cycle. A benefit of C4
photosynthesis is that by producing higher levels of carbon, it allows plants to thrive in
environments without much light or water.

Terms in Photosynthesis Process

Terms The Meaning

 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) chemical found in most living cells and used
for energy.
 C3 photosynthesis Used by the majority of plants, it involves producing a three-carbon
compound called 3-phosphoglyceric acid during the Calvin Cycle,
which goes on to become a sugar called glucose.
 C4 photosynthesis Involves producing a four-carbon intermediate compound, which splits
into carbon dioxide and a three-carbon compound during the Calvin
Cycle in plants that do not get a lot of light or water.
 Calvin cycle series of reactions that take place during photosynthesis, where carbon
dioxide and water from the atmosphere are converted into sugar.
 carbon chemical element with the symbol C, which forms the basis of all
known life.
 carnivore organism that eats meat.
 chlorophyll plants' green pigment that is essential to photosynthesis.
 chloroplast part of the cell in plants and other autotrophs that carries out the
process of photosynthesis.
 glucose "simple sugar" chemical produced by many plants during
photosynthesis.
 herbivore organism that eats mainly plants and other producers
 NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) chemical found in most
living cells and used for energy.
 organelle specialized part of a cell that performs a specific function
 stroma In a plant cell, the protein-containing matrix between the thylakoid
membranes and the chloroplast membrane.
 thylakoid Part of the chloroplast where light-dependent reactions take place.
membrane

Phrases Found from Photosynthesis text.

Para- Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Prepositional

graph Phrase Phrase
1  ….  ….  ….  ….
 ….  ….  ….  ….
 Etc etc etc etc

2  ….  ….  ….  ….
 ….  ….  ….  ….
 Etc etc etc etc

3  ….  ….  ….  ….
 ….  ….  ….  ….
 Etc etc etc etc

4  ….  ….  ….  ….
 ….  ….  ….  ….
 Etc etc etc etc

5  ….  ….  ….  ….
 ….  ….  ….  ….
 Etc etc etc etc