INTRODUCTION TO

GLOBALIZATION
LECTURE:
MINAMI O. IWAYAMA, MA
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
 OUTLINE
[1] GLOBALIZATION
[2] HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
[3] GLOBALIZATION -VS- GLOBALISM
[1] WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
GLOBALIZATION (Steger, 2018)
-The process of expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness across
world-time and world-space.
- It applies to a set of social processes that
appear to transform our present condition of
weakening nationality into one of globality.
- It is a multi-dimensional phenomenon
involving the ECONOMY, CULTURE, POLICY,
and ENVIRONMENT.
[2] HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
On-going Debates in Globalization
Globalization as a Globalization as a
phenomenon with a modern phenomenon
long history
PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT OF
GLOBALIZATION
[1] ARCHAIC GLOBALIZATION

[2]PROTO-GLOBALIZATION

[3] MODERN GLOBALIZATION

 [1] ARCHAIC GLOBALIZATION THEORISTS:

Andre Gunder Frank

He argued that a form of globalization has been in
existence since the rise of trade links between Sumer and
the Indus Valley Civilization in the third millennium.

Thomas L. Friedman
He divides the history of globalization into three periods:
Globalization 1.0 (1492–1800), Globalization of countries
Globalization 2.0 (1800–2000) Globalization of companies
Globalization 3.0 (2000–present) Globalization of individuals
[1] ARCHAIC GLOBALIZATION

• Refers to globalizing events and developments

from the time of the earliest civilizations until
around 1800s.

• Describes the relationships between

communities and states and how they were
created by the geographical spread of ideas
and social norms at both local and regional levels
[1] ARCHAIC GLOBALIZATION
• States began to interact and trade with others
within close proximity as a way to acquire goods
that were considered a luxury.
• This trade led to the spread of ideas such as
religion, economic structures and political ideals.
• Merchants became connected and aware of others
in ways that had not been apparent.
• It not only allowed the spread
of goods and commodities to other regions, but it
also allowed people to experience other cultures.
 [1] ARCHAIC GLOBALIZATION

Archaic globalization consists of 3 principles:

1.1 Universalizing Kingship

1.2 Expansion of Religious Movements
1.3 Medicinal Understanding
1.1 Universalizing Kingship
• The universalizing of kingship led soldiers and
monarchs far distances to find honor and prestige.
Example: Discovering lands and offering it to the
Monarchy.
• However, the crossing over foreign lands also gave
the traveling men opportunity to exchange prized
goods. This expanded trade between distant lands,
which consequently increased the amount of
social and economic relations.
Example: Expansion of travel to Americas and Asia
1.2 Expansion of Religious Movements
• Religious movements remain one of the greatest
global movements of people.
Examples:
• The crusades were a series of religious wars
sanctioned by the Latin Church. The term crusade is
now also applied to other church-sanctioned and
even non-religious campaigns. These were fought for
a variety of reasons including the suppression of
paganism and heresy, the resolution of conflict
among rival Roman Catholic groups, or for political
and territorial advantage.
1.2 Expansion of Religious Movements
• Pilipinas sa panahon ng “KRUS at ESPADA”
– Ang estratehiyang ginamit ng mga Espanyol sa
pananakop.
– Ang KRUS ay sumisimbolo sa ebanghelisasyon, ang
mapayapang paraan ng pagsakop, at ang ESPADA
naman ay sumisimbolo sa paggamit ng pwersa at
lakas-militar.
1.3 Medicinal Understanding
• While the trading of spices, precious stones, animals,
and weapons remained of major importance, people
began to seek medicine from faraway lands.
Examples:
• Europe implemented more trade routes, especially to
China for their tea.
• In the hope that repentance for sins might help, people
practiced penance and went on pilgrimages to touch the
relics of a saint, as a way of finding a cure.
• During the Crusades, many people traveled to the Middle
East and learnt about scientific medicine from Arabic
texts.
[2]PROTO-GLOBALIZATION
- A period following archaic globalization wherein
increase in trade links and cultural exchanges
occurred. Such paved the way for
"modern globalization."
-Proto-globalization distinguished itself
from modern globalization on the basis of:
[1] Expansionism is the method of managing
global trade, and
[2] Higher level of information exchange.
[2]PROTO-GLOBALIZATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTO-GLOBALIZATION:

[1] Trade arrangements

(Example: East India Company)

[2] The rise of larger-scale

conflicts between powerful
nations

[3] The rise of new commodities

—most particularly slave trade.
[2]PROTO-GLOBALIZATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTO-GLOBALIZATION:

[4] The Triangular

Trade made it possible for
Europe to take advantage of
resources within the
Western Hemisphere.

[5] The transfer of plant and animal

crops, as well as diseases.
Example: Columbian Exchange
European diseases caused a dramatic
decline in the Native American population
because they were not immune to the
diseases like the Europeans were.
[3] MODERN GLOBALIZATION

• The 19th century witnessed the advent of

globalization approaching its modern form.
– Industrialization allowed cheap production of
household items using economies of scale,
while rapid population growth created
sustained demand for commodities.
[3] MODERN GLOBALIZATION

• Globalization in this period was decisively

shaped by nineteenth-century imperialism:
[1] Vast populations of regions in China and India
are already consumers of European exports
• First and Second Opium Wars
– Qing Dynasty losing territorial sovereignty and economic
power to Britain
• Completion of British conquest of India
[3] MODERN GLOBALIZATION
[2] Meanwhile, the conquest of new parts of the
globe, notably sub-Saharan Africa, by Europeans
yielded valuable natural resources such
as rubber, diamonds and coal.
Such helped fuel trade and investment between the
European imperial powers, their colonies, and the
United States.
PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT OF
GLOBALIZATION
[1] ARCHAIC GLOBALIZATION
Early Agrarian Societies

[2]PROTO-GLOBALIZATION
Later Agrarian Societies

[3] MODERN GLOBALIZATION

Industrial Societies
Territories over the Years
[3] GLOBALIZATION VS GLOBALISM
GLOBALIZATION
Economic Process
—Corporations move money, factories and goods
around the planet at ever more rapid rates of speed,
searching for cheaper labor, cheaper raw materials,
and weak consumer, labor and environmental
protection.

Political Ideology
—Humans and the planet will be better off if the
global market is left unbound by ethical, moral,
social, or environmental considerations.
GLOBALISM
• The belief that we share one fragile planet
whose survival requires mutual respect and
careful treatment of all its people and its
environment.
 GLOBALIZATION –VS- GLOBALISM
• Globalization is both creating massive problems
(ozone depletion, climate instability, mass migration,
etc.) and destroying our ability to cooperate across
boundaries and borders to address these very
problems. THEREFORE, LET’S EXPLOIT THE
ENVIRONMENT.

• Globalism — the belief that the well-being of each

and every neighbor, no matter how far away, affects
us all—is the only way to combat the assault of
globalization. THEREFORE, LET’S PROTECT THE
ENVIRONMENT.
 DEBATE
DEVELOPED: DEVELOPING:
GLOBALISM GLOBALIZATION
We should protect the Protecting the environment
environment because its will limit our economic
degradation affects all of us! growth!

Developed countries are now

calling for environmental
protection… now that they
have exploited majority of the
world’s resources!
”The difference between globalism and
globalization is like the difference
between making love and rape.”
-RITCHIE (1996)
END.