Shiraz University of Technology

From the SelectedWorks of Habibolla Latifizadeh

2012

Variational iteration algorithm-II for solving the

system of third order non-linear integro-
differential equations
Habibolla Latifizadeh, Shiraz University of Technology

Available at: https://works.bepress.com/habib_latifizadeh/113/

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research Vol. 4(8), pp. 254-259, December, 2012
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/jmer
DOI: 10.5897/JMER10.049
ISSN 2141 - 2383 ©2012 Academic Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Variational iteration algorithm-II for solving the system

of third order non-linear integro-differential equations
Yasir Khan1*, Yasir Nawaz2 and Naeem Faraz2
1
Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
2
Modern Textile Institute, Donghua University, 1882 Yan’an Xilu Road, Shanghai 200051, China.
Accepted 19 January, 2011

Variational iteration method is widely used for solving nonlinear, integro-differential equations. Through
careful investigation of the iteration formulas of the earlier variational iteration algorithm (VIM), we find
unnecessary repeated calculations in each iteration. To overcome this shortcoming, the variational
iteration algorithm-II (He et al., 2010) will be used in this paper to solve the system of non linear integro-
differential equations. Beside this, the comparison of the exact solution with approximated solution by
VIM-II is illustrated by the graphs. Several examples are given to verify the reliability and efficiency of
the method.

Key words: Variational iteration algorithm-II (VIM), system of nonlinear integro-differential equations.

INTRODUCTION

The higher-order integro differential equations arise in
mathematical, applied and engineering sciences,
astrophysics, solid state physics, astronomy, fluid
dynamics, beam theory, fiber optics, glass-forming
process and chemical reaction-diffusion models
(Agarwal, 1983; Hashim and Comput, 2006; Morchalo,
1975; Kythe and Puri, 2002; Wang et al., 2007). Several
techniques including Adomian decomposition, variational
iteration and homotopy perturbation method have been
used to investigate integro-differential (Hashim and
Comput, 2006; El-Sayed et al., 2004; Saberi-Nadjafi and
Tamamgar, 2008; Abbasbandy and Shivanian, 2009;
Abbasbandy et al., 2008, 2009; Sweilam, 2007; Xu et al.,
2009; Mohyud-Din and Naturforsch, 2010; Yildirim and
Naturforsch, 2010; Wang and He, 2007; Hesameddini
and Latifizadeh, 2009; Ghasemi et al., 2007; Yusufoglu,
2007; Yildirim, 2008; El-Shahed, 2005).
In a recent review article, He et al. (2010) summarized
three variational iteration algorithms. Here, we will use
the variational iteration algorithm-II for the study. It is an
alternative approach to system of third order non-linear
*Corresponding author. E-mail: yasirmath@yahoo.com.
integro-differential equations using the variational
iteration method. The approach used is based on the
variational iteration method (VIM) proposed by the
Chinese researcher J. H. He. This method has wider
application because; it reduces the size of computation
and is a very powerful mathematical tool for various kinds
of linear and nonlinear problems as well as system of
ordinary differential equations, partial differential
equations and integro-differential equations. In a recent
publication, He et al. (2010) stated that “The Variational
Iteration Method Which Should be Followed”, the problem
was completely eliminated, and a new iteration algorithm
was suggested, and the algorithm was termed as the
variational iteration algorithm-II. To the best of our
knowledge, this paper represents the first application of
variational iteration algorithm-II to solve the system of
nonlinear integro-differential equations of third order.
Compared with the classical iteration algorithm, given by
Saberi-Nadjafi and Tamamgar (2008), Abbasbandy and
Shivanian (2009) and Abbasbandy et al. (2008, 2009),
the present one is much more concise and effective and
no unnecessary repeated calculation is needed as shown
in the given examples. The elegance of variational
iteration algorithm-II can be attributed to its simplistic
approach in seeking the analytical solution of the system
 Khan et al. 255

of nonlinear integro-differential equations, given as: correction functional (3) stationary, and noticing
~
that f n  0 ,

f1m x  G1 x, f 2 x,..., f 2m x, f 3 x,..., f 3m x,..., f n x,..., f nm x 
x

 t ,..., f n t ,..., f n t dt

x
f i ,k 1 x   f i ,k x     i s [ f i ,km  s   Gn (s, f1,k x ,..., f1,km  s ,..., f
~ ~ ~
  H 1 x, t , f1 t ,..., f1 m  m 

0 0
x
f i ,k 1 x  m f i ,k x     mi s [ f i ,km  s   G
m n ( s, f1,k x ,..., f1,k s ,..., f i 1,k s ,..., f i 1,k s , f i 1,k s ,..., f i 1,k s 
~ ~ m  ~ ~ m  ~ ~ m 

f 2 x  G2 x, f1 x,..., f1 x, f 3 x,..., f03 x,..., f n x,..., f n x
m 

 
x
  H 2 x, t , f1 t ,..., f1m  t ,..., f n t ,..., f nm  t  dt

s
,..., f n,k s ,..., f n,mk  s )   H n s, t , f1 t ,..., f1m  t ,..., f n t ,..., f nm  
(1) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0
0


f nm x  Gn x, f1 x,..., f1m x,...,
, f 2 ~fx,...,sf2,...,
  
xf,..., fns1)x,..., fHnm1 xs, t , ~f t ,..., ~f m  t ,..., ~f t ,..., ~f m  t  dt ]ds  0
s
m  ~  m 
n,k n,k n 1 1 n n

 
x
  H n x, t , f1 t ,..., f1m  t ,..., f n t ,..., f nm  t  dt
0
or
0
x
f i ,k 1 x   f i ,k x     i s  f i ,km  s ds  0
with initial conditions f i
k 
bi   cki , k  0,1,2,..., m  1,
0
i  1,2,..., n. (2)
or
In system (1), f i x  is the solution to be determined, m
f i ,k 1 x   f i ,k x   i s f i ,km1 s  s  x   11 i1 s 
is the order of derivatives and Gi , H i i  1,2,..., n are
f i ,k 1 x functions.
known linear ornonlinear  f i ,k x   i s f i ,km1 s    1 i1 s f i ,km2  s      
1
sx sx
x
 1 i
m 1 m 1
s fi,k s  s  x   1  i m  s fi,k s ds  0
m

VARIATIONAL ITERATION ALGORITHM-II 0

According to VIM, Equations [7 to 10], we can construct a for i  1,2,3,..., n , yields the following stationary
correction functional of system (1) as: conditions:

~ f i,k s  ~ m  : i ~ s   0, ~ m 
x m 
f i ,k 1 x   f i ,k x    i s [ f i ,k s   Gn (s, f1,k x,..., f1,k s ,..., f i1,k s ,..., f i1,k s , f i1,k s ,..., f i1,k s 
m  ~ ~ m 

f i,k s  : 1   1 i m1 s 

0
 0,
m
sx

n ( s, f1, k  x ,..., f 1, k s ,..., f i 1, k s ,..., f i 1, k s , f i 1, k s ,..., f i 1, k s 

~ ~ m  ~ ~ m  ~ ~ m 
f i ,km j 1 s  : i j  s   0, j  1,2,3,..., m  2,
 
s
,..., f n,k s ,..., f n,k s )   H n s, t , f1 t ,..., f1 t ,..., f n t ,...,  
~ ~ m  ~ ~ m  ~ ~ m  s x
f t
i  1,2,3,..., n
n dt ]ds
f i ,km1 s  i s  s x  0.
0
:
s, t , f1 t ,..., f1m  t ,..., f n t ,..., f nm  t  dt ]ds
~ ~ ~ ~
 (3) The Lagrange multiplier can be identified as:

for i  1,2,3,..., n and i x  are Lagrange multiplier and

i s  
 1
m
s  x m1 ,
f i ,0 x  , i  1,2,3,..., n are initial approximations which m  1!
~
satisfy the initial conditions (2), f n are considered to be However, using the new concept of VIM, (He et al., 2010;
~ He and Wu, 2007), we suggest an alternative iteration
restricted variations, that is, f n  0 . Making the
formula:
 256 J. Mech. Eng. Res.

 1
m x
~ m  Where ~ 1 s  ~and ~2 s  are ~Lagrange multiplier,
f i ,k 1 x   f i ,0 x                
~ m  m 
m  1! 0
m 1
s  x [G ( s , f x ,..., f s ,..., f s ,..., f s , f s ,..., f
~s  are restricted variations. Imposing s
and f s  and g
n 1, k 1, k ~i 1, k i 1, k i 1, k i 1, k

the stationary condition (  f  x  0 and

( s, f1,k x ,..., f1,km  s ,..., f i 1,k s ,..., f i m1,k s , f i 1,k s ,..., f i m1,k s 
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n1

 ~g n1  x   0 ) on the correctional functional, the

 
s
,..., f n,k s ,..., f n,mk  s )   H n s, t , f1 t ,..., f1m  t ,..., f n t ,...,Langrange
f nm  t  dt ]multiplier
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
ds, can be readily identified in the
0 following form

s, t, ~f t ,..., ~f   t ,..., ~f t ,..., ~f   t dt ]ds,

m m

1 s   2 s    s  x 2
n 1 1 n n (4) 1
(9)
for i  1,2,3,..., n 2
In order to elucidate the solution procedure of the As a result, we obtain the following iteration formula:
variational iteration algorithm-II, we consider the system
of third order non-linear integro-differential equations.
 1 2 
x
f n 1 x   f n  x      s  x   f n s   e s   s  g (
1 1
0 
Example 1. Consider the following 3rd order non-linear 2 2 2
integro-differential system.
x s 1 2 
x

s f  n11  x  1f  n  2x   1  1 s2  x  2 2 f n s  e s   s  1 g (

1 1 s
2 
 1    
x
f1n 1 x 1 f n  x  1    s  x   f n  s   e   
  
g n 1 sx  ggn(n) xs  2f (ns) t x g(n )gt(n) dt s ds
 1  f2n s   2 
f   x   e x   x  g 2  x   0  f 22 t   g 2  t dt
x
2 2 00
02 2   40
2 2 2 0x
1 s 1 2  2  2

x s
 (5) 
s g 1  x  11
 
 1e  fnn1s s g gn (fn(x)n2)st  g(n2)f(tsn)dt 
t xdsg(ng) ( nt )dt
s  ds1  f n  s   
 11 1
22  

gf xx gf1 xx  ss  xx  gf ss      
x s

g   x   e x 1nn11 f   x   nn  f 2 0t  g222  t   dt  (nn) 

x 2
 2     40
40 0 
2 2
40 0 2 0  
2  
 1
 
x s
g n 1 x   g n  x      s  x   g (n ) s   1  f n s    f (n2) t   g (n2) t  dt ds
1
with initial conditions,
0  
2 40
(10)
f 0  1, f 0  2
, f 0  1and g 0  1, g 0  0 , g 0  1 (6) we choose the initial solutions in the forms

g 0 x   1  x 2
1
f 0 x   1  2 x  x 2
The exact solution of the problem is: 1
and (11)
f x   x  e x , g x   x  e x (7) 2 2

According to the classical variational iteration method, This satisfies the initial conditions in Equation 6.
(Saberi-Nadjafi and Tamamgar 2008; Abbasbandy and By the iteration formula (Equation 10) and the initial
Shivanian, 2009; Abbasbandy et al., 2008; Sweilam, solution (Equation 11), we have the following first order
2007), the correction functional can be written in the approximation solutions
following form

 
x 2  f  s  e s   s
x
x
 1 1
s
   
2 f 1 x1  f0 2 x   
f  n1  x   f n   x    1  s   f (n )  s   e   s  g n   s    f n   t   g n   t  dt  ds  0 
s 2 s 
1
   1
0 
2 2
  2 2 2s 0  
 
x
0 1 1 1
f  n11  x   1f n   x    x11 ss x f (n )  s   e s   s  g n  2  s s   fn  2  t   g n  2  t s dt  ds
       
n )  s   e   s  g n  2  s 0 s  fn  2 1t   g n  2s22t  dtds 1  ds 2 
2 1 1 2 02 1 22
        
s

 

1 g   s 0 x0  
g1 n21  xf 12gx n  xf  1x22 s  g ( n ) ss xe  1
  f f n s s 
   t   g   t  dt 0ds 
 e s
  f 
n  t   g 
  s  g   s 
 n  t  dt f  t  g  2
t dt ds

g2 n1  x  2 g n   x1s 220  s 0 g (n2)  s   e s 1 fn   s    2fn  2  t  2g n  2  t  dt2 ds
 s
   2 0 2 2 4s 0 ( 0)
  ( 0) ( 0)
 
s e s f
) n  n n 1

 
0
( n )  s   e  1  f  n   s   s  0f  n   t  g  n   t  dt  ds
 s     2
  2 4 0 
 x4 x5 x6
s 
40

14 0  2
n )  s   e  1  f n   s    f n   t   g n   t  dt  ds 2


e x
x

24 60 360
 (12)
(8)
 Khan et al. 257

2  1 f x  1  2x  1 x2 
g 1 x   g 0  x      s  x   g (0 ) s   1  f 0 s    0 f (02) t   g2 (02) t  dt ds
 
 1
x s

0  
2 40 1 2
g0  x   1  x

 
s 2
g (0 ) s   1  f 0 s    f (02) t   g (02) t  dt ds
1
x 4 x5 x6
40  f1  x  = e x  x   
4 5 24 60 360
x x
 e x  x   (13) g1  x   e x  x  
x 4 x5
24 120 24 120
7x 2 x3 17e x x3 7e x x 4 e x x5
Continuing in this manner, we obtain the other f 2  x   81  80e x  29x  53e x x   16e x x 2    
components of f  n1  x  and g  n1  x 
2 6 6 24 60
x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 41x12 x13 x14
       
5040 5760 45360 181440 380160 68428800 12355200 172972800
7x 2 x3 17ex x3 7e x x 4 e x x5
f 2  x   81  80e x  29x  53e x x   16e x x 2     47 49e x 19x 5x 2 9e x x 2 x3 5e x x3 5e x x 4 x5 e x x5
2 6 6 24 60 g 2  x      15e x x       
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2 2 2 4 2 12 6 48 120 120
x x x x x 41x x x14
        x6 x7 x8 x9 x11 31x12 x13 x14
5040 5760 45360 181440 380160 68428800 12355200 172972800        
360 2520 80640 362880 2280960 136857600 24710400 345945600
47 49e x 19x 5x 2 9ex x 2 x3 5e x x3 5e x x 4 x5 ex x5
g 2  x      15ex x        233531999983989 28507321371ex 23329141 e2x 16657555191939x
2 2 2 4 2 12 6 48 120 120 f  3  x      
16384 2 16384 8192
x6 x7 x8 x9 x11 31x12 x13 x14
        2x 2
6629497e x 831700590567x 10389928139e x x 2

360 2520 80640 362880 2280960 136857600 24710400 345945600 12220268945e x x     ...
4096 8192 2
233531999983989 28507321371ex 23329141 e2x 16657555191939x
f  3  x       157150177236793 19183368817e x 19855161e2x 11312112683627x
16384 2 16384 8192 g  3  x      
2x 2 x 2 32768 4 32768 16384
6629497 e x 831700590567 x 10389928139 e x
12220268945e x x     ... x 2x
16421624645e x 5650023 e x 570608576875x 2
4096 8192 2     1742312038e x x 2  ...
4 8192 16384
157150177236793 19183368817e x 19855161e2x 11312112683627x
g  3  x       (16)
32768 4 32768 16384
16421624645e x x 5650023 e2x x 570608576875x 2 and so on. In a similar manner, the rest of the
    1742312038e x x 2  ...
4 8192 16384 components can be obtained by using Equation 15.
(14)
Example 2. Consider the following 3rd order non-linear
According to VIM-II (He et al., 2010; He and Wu, 2007), integro-differential system.
the iteration formula for Equation (5) is
x
f 1  x   12  f 2 x  g  x      x  t  g  t   f 2  t   dt
x 1
  
1 2
 
x s
1 1
f n1  x   f 0  x      s  x    e   s  gn   s    f n   t2  2gn   t  dt  ds0
s 2

0x   x
2 2 2 20
 
 2
 
s
 ds
 x  t  f t   g 2 t   dt
1 1 1 1 x 1
f 1n1 x 2  f 0 1 x   x 2 1 s  x 22 e s    s  gn 1 ss  g 2x  fn   t2 f g xn gt x  dt
 
s s 2 2 2
1
e   s g g nx  s g   x f  n  2 t  sgx n  t e dt12ds
 
s
2
n1  0 2 0 0    f n  2s    f n2 0 t   2gn  2 t  dt  ds 0
2
 2     40  (17)
  2 2  s 
s 0x
2 1
 
s
1 1 1
  s  g g  x1 s g x f  t  s g x  t  edt  1ds f n  s   1
e s 21  f n 2 ns1 n   f 02n 20  t  ng2n  2  t  n dt ds
 f n   t   gn   t  dt  ds
  
s 2 s 2 2
 
  4 with initial conditions

40 
0 0

 f 0  0 , f 0  1 , f 0  0 and g 0  1 , g 0  0 ,

 
s
1
e s  1  f n   s    f n  2  t   gn  2  t  dt  ds
40  g 0  1 (18)
(15)

with the starting of the initial approximation The exact solution of the problem is

f 0 x   1  2 x  x and g 0 x   1  x 2 ，we have

1 2 1
2 2 f x   Sinhx  , g x   Coshx  (19)
258 J. Mech. Eng. Res.

Using Equation 4 and by selecting f 0 x   x and u0  1 , u0  0 , u0  1 and v0  0 , v0  1 ,
v0  0
g 0 x   1 
1 2
x , we obtain
2
The exact solution is
2  
1
 
x s
s 1
f 1  x   x     s  x   1   f0  s  g0  s     x  t  g0 t   f02 t  dt  ds ux   Cosx  , vx   Sinx  (23)
0  2 2 
2 0
3 5 6 7
x x x x Its iteration formulation is suggested according to He et al.
= x   
6 120 480 5040 (2010), and He and Wu (2007).
2  s 1 
x2  1
 
x s
g 1  x   1      s  x     f0  s  g0  s     x  t  f0 t   g02 t  dt  ds 2  
1
 
x s
2 02  2 2 0  un1  x   u0  x      s  x    s  vn  s    un2 t   vn2 t  dt  ds
0  
2 4 6
2 0
x x x
= 1  
2  
1
 
x s
2 24 1440 vn1  x   v0  x      s  x    s 2  un  s   s  vn2 t   u n t  vn t  dt  ds
0 
(20) 2 0 
(24)
Similarly, one can obtain the second-order, third-order
and fourth-order approximate solutions given below
Beginning with
3 5 7 9 10 11 12
x x x x x 83x x
f 2  x   x        x2
6 120 5040 290304 2073600 79833600 19958400 u 0 x   1  and v0 x   x (25)
7x 13
157x14 x15 x16 2
   
197683200 19372953600 1257984000 42268262400
We have
x2 x4 x6 x8 x9 x10 x11 47x12
g 2  x   1        
2 24 720 40320 483840 691200 1774080 479001600
2  
1
 
x s

x13 29x14 x15 x16 u 1  x   u 0  x      s  x    s  v0  s    u0 2  t   v0 2  t  dt  ds

    0
2  0 
39536640 11623772160 3773952000 48771072000 2 4 6
x x x
x3 x5 x 7 x9 x11 x12 59x13 = 1  
f  3  x   x        2 8 18
6 120 5040 362880 39916800 141926400 49816166400
2  
1
 
x s
v1  x   v 0  x      s  x    s 2  u0  s   s  v0 2  t   u0  t  v0 t  dt  ds
14
457x 787x15 1609x16
    ...
0  
174356582400 2615348736000 5072191488000 2 0
3 5 7
x2 x4 x6 x8 x10 x12 17x13 x x x
g  3  x   1         x  
2 24 720 40320 3628800 3832012800 9963233280 6 40 144
14
1193x15 37451x16 x 2 x 4 x 6 91x8 23x10 229x12 19x14 49x16

73x
   ... u 2  x   1        
43589145600 2615348736000 167382319104000 2 6 240 5760 1512 31104 12672 1617408
(21) x3 x5 x 7 x9 103x11 161x13 x15 7x17
v 2  x   x        
6 20 126 240 24192 124416 3072 808704
Example 3. Consider the following 3rd order non-linear
x 2 x 4 x6 103x8 1343x10 10663x12 2187331x14
integro-differential system. u3  x   1       
2 6 120 5040 151200 4354560 479001600
x

 
164055193x16 226161763x18 42090421x 20
u  x    x  v  x    u2  t   v2 t  dt  
27172454400 140107968000 79394515200
  ...
0
x3 7x5 x 7 667x9 443x11 101213x13 322403x15
x (22) v3  x   x       
2

v  x    x  u  x    x v  t   u  t  v t  dt
2
 6 120 1680 51840 1330560 16174080 63866880
584431x17 7415129x19
0    ...
164975616 21555072000
with initial conditions (26)

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have applied an effective variational
iteration algorithm-II for solving third order nonlinear
integro-differential equations. The aim of this paper is two
folds. Firstly, we reveal that the new iteration formulations
are much more effective; secondly, the new algorithm is
of mathematical significance and of application features.
The solutions presented by variational iteration algorithm-
II in this paper show excellent agreement with the exact
solutions. The graphical analysis reported here further
shows confidence on VIM-II.
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