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STUDIES IN CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
Thinking about
Belonging in
Youth Studies
Anita Harris
Hernan Cuervo
Johanna Wyn
Studies in Childhood and Youth
Series Editors
Afua Twum-Danso Imoh
University of Bristol
Bristol, UK
Spyros Spyrou
European University Cyprus
Nicosia, Cyprus
Penny Curtis
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, UK
This well-established series embraces global and multi-disciplinary schol-
arship on childhood and youth as social, historical, cultural and material
phenomena. With the rapid expansion of childhood and youth studies in
recent decades, the series encourages diverse and emerging theoretical and
methodological approaches. We welcome proposals which explore the
diversities and complexities of children’s and young people’s lives and
which address gaps in the current literature relating to childhoods and
youth in space, place and time. We are particularly keen to encourage writ-
ing that advances theory or that engages with contemporary global chal-
lenges. Studies in Childhood and Youth will be of interest to students and
scholars in a range of areas, including Childhood Studies, Youth Studies,
Sociology, Anthropology, Geography, Politics, Psychology, Education,
Health, Social Work and Social Policy.
Thinking about
Belonging in Youth
Studies
Anita Harris Hernan Cuervo
Deakin University University of Melbourne
Burwood, VIC, Australia Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Johanna Wyn
University of Melbourne
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
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electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
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institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Acknowledgements
v
About the Book
This book interrogates the ‘turn’ to belonging in youth studies. The con-
cept of belonging has emerged as a recurring theme in the youth studies
literature, offering new alignments across previously divergent approaches.
But its pervasiveness in the field has led to the criticism that ‘belonging’ is
simultaneously ‘everything and nothing’, and requires deeper analysis to
be of enduring value. This book does this work.
The book is organised around the question ‘what does the concept of
belonging do?’. Taking a global perspective, it provides the reader with an
accessible, scholarly account of how youth studies uses this concept.
Chapters address its historical and theoretical underpinnings, and its prev-
alence in youth policy and research, with a focus on transitions, participa-
tion, citizenship, and mobility.
Readers will gain a much-needed perspective on why belonging has
emerged as a key concept to understand young lives today, and its benefits
and shortcomings.
Praise For Thinking About Belonging
In Youth Studies
“This book is a game changer for youth studies. Offering a new and long
overdue take on the turn to belonging in youth policy and research, it
interrogates ideas about young people and relationality and how these are
deployed particularly in settler-colonial nations. It opens up exciting new
spaces for understanding how young people consider and enact connect-
edness in difficult times. This is an important must-read analysis from a
team of leading youth studies scholars.”
—Joanna Kidman, Professor of Māori Education,
Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
2 Historical Underpinnings 17
3 Conceptual Threads 45
4 Policy Frames 71
6 Citizenship131
7 Mobilities169
Index233
xi
About the Authors
xiii
CHAPTER 1
social space. These forces are often keenly felt by young people, not just
because they are interwoven with transitions in the life course but also
because young people are intimately connected to both the challenges and
opportunities of social, economic, technological and environmental change.
belonging perspective. Work by Wyn and Woodman has centred the idea of
youth as belonging to a social generation (Woodman & Wyn, 2015). More
recently, the question of how young people are positioned in society in
generational belonging terms has been taken up from the perspective of
political economy. For example, Bessant et al. (2017) provide a provocative
analysis of the situation for the current generation of young people, argu-
ing that it is time for a new ‘intergenerational contract’ to be built – one
that recognises that under post-neoliberalism, the relationship between
work and resources is being transformed. This approach directly confronts
the question of where and how young people belong in new times. Similarly,
Furlong et al. (2018) in Young people in the Labour Market: Past and Present
argue that long-term structural change to the labour market requires new,
more flexible policy responses, as the ‘new normal’ for young people
becomes liminal employment. These books engage with the question of
youth belonging from the perspective of economic security.
In some ways, our book is a response to this growing literature that
uses the concept of belonging to explore the situation and lives of young
people today. The framework of belonging appears to address many of the
current issues confronting both youth and youth studies in an intercon-
nected fashion, sometimes promising to cut across limiting empirical and
conceptual foci, and providing a core organising concept for engaging
with complex and interrelated aspects of young people’s lives today.
Indeed, in our own individual and collaborative work (Cuervo & Wyn,
2012, 2017; Cuervo et al., 2015; Harris, 2016; Raffaetà et al., 2016;
Wyn, 2013, 2015) we have found ourselves drawn to this idea, utilising it
as a way into empirical investigation as well as unpacking it as a metaphor.
The question ‘where and how do young people belong?’ certainly feels
like an intellectually expansive and politically compelling starting point for
youth studies today. ‘Belonging’ has helped to overcome some of the
more rigid and categorical approaches to youth (such as ‘transitions’ or
‘self-concept’) and opened onto productive ways of thinking about the
relational dimensions of youth experience in complex times, and young
people’s connections to place, people, material spaces and objects.
And yet we have been aware of some of its limitations. We have found
ourselves wondering about the easy take up of this term, and especially a
tendency for it to be used uncritically or rather normatively; for it to be
treated as a self-evident idea (and a good state to be in) rather than deeply
theorised. The more belonging pops up, the less it seems to be scrutinised.
Indeed, one of our avenues of inquiry is the possibly universalising
1 THE QUESTION OF BELONGING IN YOUTH STUDIES 7
what the concept of belonging does in and for youth studies. We suggest
that such an analysis of belonging must precede any work to mobilise a
critical framework of relationality, which may be its greatest potentiality.
References
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Anthias, F. (2006). Belongings in a globalising and unequal world: Rethinking
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16 A. HARRIS ET AL.
Historical Underpinnings
Introduction
Although the term belonging has only recently come into regular usage in
youth studies, the question of young people’s relationships to and place in
cultural, political, economic, social and physical space is a central theme in
youth studies. Yet, despite being so central to the analysis of young peo-
ple’s lives, the concept of belonging has tended to be poorly defined.
Exploring the work that concepts of belonging do in youth studies invites
us to question how societies and institutions choose to manage their
changing relationships with youth. Its use in contemporary youth studies
compels us to provide greater conceptual clarity about how the concept of
belonging is deployed, how it shapes wider social recognition of young
people, and to understand in more depth what these conceptual approaches
mean and do for analysis. Tracing the genealogy of belonging in youth
studies sets the backdrop for this book.
Our interest in exploring the genealogy of youth studies through the
lens of belonging reflects a broader contemporary movement in the field
to seek ways to go beyond the divisions and binaries that have tended to
dominate youth research over the last 20 years or so (France, 2016), in
order to realise the potential for youth research to be a ‘powerful vehicle
from which we can explore big issues with implications for social science
as a whole’ (Furlong 2015, p. 18). The metaphor of belonging is of
of these dynamics, creating new anxieties about and risks for young people
in ways that are yet to unfold. This chapter draws on these and many other
works to add to the endeavour of understanding of young people’s rela-
tionship with social change and social processes, through the lens of
belonging across time.
Many of the ‘threads’ identified in this chapter are developed further in
the chapters that follow, shifting from the more historical focus of this
chapter to an analysis of contemporary approaches and uses of the concept
of belonging. This includes an analysis of how belonging is explored and
debated through the frameworks of transitions and participation, policy,
citizenship, place-making and mobilities.
She speaks to these and other emerging anxieties about social change
and generational conflict, to parents who have survived the war and strug-
gle to come to terms with a situation where ‘old beliefs, conventional
manners and morals, are being weighed in the balance and viewed from
new angles’ and to a new generation who ‘are unable perhaps to accept
the beliefs and ideals of the generations before them, but they are building
2 HISTORICAL UNDERPINNINGS 21
the complex social and community surround of the young boys he studied.
He maintained that these young men were enmeshed in what he called the
“situation complex,” a web of influences that could not be understood in
isolation from, but only in relation to, each other. One could not under-
stand schools, for example, without understanding how they competed with
the media, families, church, and gangs for boys’ affections and imaginative
energies. Thrasher’s study was highly contextual and relational, foreground-
ing the agency of young people in constructing their selves and social rela-
tions. (Dimitriadis, 2006, p. 338)
new forms of older social divisions based on class, gender and race. For
example, in 1941–1942 Hollingshead (1949) undertook a community
study of the relationship between the social organisation of a small town
(Elmtown) in the Middle Western Corn Belt of the USA, and the lives of
735 school-aged young people. Framed as a sociological study of adoles-
cence, the book is an account of how ‘the social system’ of a town ‘orga-
nizes and controls the social behaviour of high-school-aged adolescents’
(Hollingshead, 1949, p. 10). This approach was explicitly in juxtaposition
to the domination of youth research by other disciplines, comment-
ing that:
In the UK, these changes were also fuelled by concern about the emer-
gence of unwelcome social changes in post-war Britain. For example, Reed
(1950) studied the attitudes and leisure habits of 80,000 Birmingham
youth aged 14–20. This study explicitly references the wartime dislocation
of family life and the emergence of universal state education, both of
which were seen to be a threat to traditional ideas about how young peo-
ple relate to society. Reed, who was a Methodist minister, was especially
concerned about the potential for state-based education to erode religious
beliefs and responsibilities amongst the new generation, foreshadowing
the sense of moral panic that was later identified (Cohen, 1955). Reed
argued that whilst it was:
quite erroneous to suppose that there are large numbers of unattached ado-
lescents roaming the streets or going to the cinema every evening or spend-
ing their leisure in vicious or antisocial ways … what one does feel about the
lives of many of these young people, … is that they are very barren and
restricted. (Reed, 1950, p. 131)
In a tone that foreshadows the interest in insecurity and risk that has
dominated youth studies since the early 1980s the authors refer to the
1950s as ‘a quicksilver age’ in which ‘it is not possible to point, with secu-
rity, the direction in which the changes are trending except to say that they
are productive of further change’ (Connell et al., 1957, p. 207). Focusing
on implications for education, Connell et al. argued that one of the most
‘urgent’ developmental tasks of young people was ‘learning to deal with
insecurity’ (1957, p. 207). This book makes a significant shift from earlier
studies of young people that saw school as a threat to stability, concluding
instead that schools have the answer. Connell et al. saw schools as provid-
ing youth with the skills of ‘cultural evaluation’ and judgement, which
would ‘enable him (sic) to add his mite to the clarification of an urban
culture’ that is ‘far from clear’ (Connell et al., 1957, p. 210). Growing up
in an Australian City (Connell et al., 1957) carves out a distinctive
approach to the question of how young people belong. This study sees
youth as the bearers of a post-colonial future, and young people as making
active choices that will shape that future. Young people, in this study,
belong in the very centre of the colony’s development, guided by a critical
educational program that addresses their developmental needs and those
of the emerging nation.
Yet, there is also a profound statement of ‘unbelonging’ in this
approach, which invites further attention. Young Indigenous Australians
are, quite simply, an absence. Their absence is consistent with the prevail-
ing ideas of the time, which did not recognise Indigenous people as first
nations or citizens, nor account for the relationship between Indigenous
Australians and ‘country’ – the land, the waters and all living creatures that
centrally constitute the spirituality and sovereignty of Indigenous
Australians. Writing about Indigenous Australians from the 1920s onwards
was informed by the idea that Indigenous Australians were inherently
more primitive than White Australians (Elkin, 1929). The aim of academic
writing, drawing on the emerging disciplines of social anthropology and
the eugenics movement, was almost unanimous in positioning the future
for Australia’s Indigenous people as one of assimilation or annihilation. It
is hard to find any writing specifically about young Indigenous people in
the period from the 1920s to the 1960s – there is no recognition of their
past, and rather than being positioned as the hope for the future, they are
positioned as problematic to the future (a position that continues to frame
the way that Indigenous youth are seen, as we discuss in Chap. 4 (Policy
Frames). Australian cultural anthropologist Elkin (1937) argued that ‘if
Aborigines were to attain a fuller participation in the Australian nation’,
26 A. HARRIS ET AL.
they had to be assisted over ‘the difficult times of transition from the old
stone-age to that higher stage of culture to which we desire to lead them’
(Elkin, 1937, as cited in McGregor, 1993, p. 96). Thus, in stark contrast
to the writings of authors like Reed and Chesters, who saw the increasing
institutionalisation of young people in education as constituting a possible
threat to young people’s family and spiritual connections, the removal of
Australia’s Indigenous young people from families and their compulsory
participation in educational institutions from 1910 onwards, became
enshrined in policies that explicitly sought to break young Indigenous
people’s connection to their families, to country and to their spiritual
beliefs (Brown, 2018). As Moreton-Robinson (2003, p. 30) explains, the
situation of young Indigenous peoples:
working-class young men to absorb the ideals and practices of the new
American middle class. Cohen argued that these deviant young men were
a product of the disruption of traditional socialisation processes caused by
a range of changes, including the reduction of unskilled jobs and the rise
of mass secondary education (Cohen & Short, 1958). Like Connell et al.
(1957), Cohen’s work also focused on urban areas as the fulcrum of social
change, arguing that delinquent subcultures occurred in the cities where
an increasingly dispossessed working-class struggled to belong. These
ideas were developed further by Coleman (1961) who focused specifically
on the ways in which the new mass education sector of secondary school
in the US in the 1950s brought with it an era of age-based affiliations,
reflected in ‘teen’ fashion and new leisure styles, threatening traditional
ways. Coleman’s study highlighted the potential threat of this new situa-
tion where, he argued, young people were cut off from adult society
through their mass participation in education. Coleman’s focus on the
risks of education was developed further by Musgrove (1964) who
explored the situation for Australian youth, arguing that mass secondary
education was creating a ‘new class’ based on age.
The sense of unease about youth in this period was to some extent fos-
tered by the field of developmental psychology. This approach assumed
that age meant everything. Drawing on the ideas of G. Stanley Hall
(1904), the concept of stages of youthful development was popularised by
Piaget (1954) and then Erikson (1965). These authors proposed that the
biological processes of development dominated the period of youth
(termed ‘adolescence’ to give prominence to the biological process of
maturation) focussing on the risks of failure to complete all the develop-
mental tasks of successful maturation into adults. This developmental
focus reinforced the idea that youth was an inherently risky stage of life. It
proposed the existence of distinct and universal developmental stages that,
if not achieved, would compromise healthy, mature adulthood, and it saw
youth as being more pre-disposed than any other age group to taking
risks. Risk-taking, from this perspective, is essential because of an inherent
need to ‘try on’ different identities before ‘settling down’ but at the same
time, this period of experimentation has the potential to go wrong and
jeopardise healthy development. The focus on universal normative pro-
cesses of development and the non-normative (or deviant) behaviour that
fails to follow normative patterns, supported a view of youth as inherently
risky and in need of professional intervention. The traces of these ideas are
clear in much youth research of the 1950s and 1960s. For example,
28 A. HARRIS ET AL.
Post-Industrial Youth
The 1960s and 1970s are often regarded as the period which defined the
parallel tracks of youth studies: one focusing on youthful cultural identifi-
cations and social change (youth sub-cultures) and the other focusing on
transformations from education to work (transitions) (Woodman &
Bennett, 2015). However, a closer look at the work being undertaken in
the 1960s and 1970s shows that many youth researchers attempted to
hold the strands of transition and culture together in order to understand
how young people belonged in a context of societal transformations that
impacted most directly on young people.
The signs of a collapse in the youth labour market were emerging by
the early 1970s, resulting from the shift from industry-based economies to
post-industrial economies (often touted as ‘knowledge’ or ‘service’ econo-
mies). These changes had a significant impact on the life choices of young
men from working class families in particular, who would traditionally
have sought full-time work after completing a minimum of secondary
education, but whose options were becoming foreclosed. The 1960s and
1970s were also a period of change for women, whose participation in the
labour market increased significantly during this time. In the US for exam-
ple, the labour market participation for married women increased from
25% to 46% between 1950 and 1970, and this figure is repeated in most
30 A. HARRIS ET AL.
Compulsory school attendance, in effect, has become less an issue in the face
of the substantial incentive, ‘the promise’, for those continuing their educa-
tion. School ‘stayers’ who are ready to tolerate the demands of continued and
often competitive schooling, who can accept economic dependency, social
subordination and sexual sublimation are persuaded it will more than ‘pay
off’ in the future to do so. Postponed satisfactions and suspended rights and
status are temporary losses more than compensated for by personal success,
social standing, income, power and, some would venture, happiness prized in
the dominant success-oriented type of culture. (Connell et al., 1975, pp. 3–4)
how youth was being shaped by the changing relationship between educa-
tion and work, contributing to a renewed focus on this dynamic to the
exclusion of others.
Betty Wales always insisted that the O’Tooles’ visit had nothing
whatever to do with her decision to go back to Harding.
“I see through you, Mademoiselle,” Will teased her. “You think you’ll
be getting ready to be married about next year, and you’re taking
your last chance to say a long farewell to your beloved Harding,—
also to save your three-decker, secretary-tutor-tea-shop salary for a
grand and elegant trousseau.”
“Will Wales——” began Betty fiercely, and then relapsed into
haughty silence (accompanied by the faintest blush) as the only
proper treatment of such unfounded accusations.
Nan was amused, and Dorothy relieved, of course, that her favorite
sister was to be within call again. At first Mr. Wales agreed, rather
soberly, that it would be foolish to neglect such good opportunities;
but before she left home Betty had made him laugh so heartily at a
few of her pet business theories, mostly adapted from Mary Brooks
Hinsdale’s Rules for the Perfect Tea-Shop, that he accepted her
decision as a huge joke—just another of Betty’s whims, having no
painful connection with the ebb of the family fortunes.
But Mother, with the illogical perversity that is proverbially feminine,
took the amazing position, for her, of Marie O’Toole’s ardent
defender and champion.
“If you’re not going back chiefly on that poor child’s account,” she
told her daughter Betty, “why, I’m ashamed of your unsympathetic
nature. I never was so sorry for any one”—she had been present on
the occasion of the O’Tooles’ second call. “She’s so sweet and
pretty,—and so ignorant of all the things that other sweet, pretty girls
learn from their mothers. She must know how strangely Mrs. O’Toole
strikes nice people, but she doesn’t act annoyed or embarrassed, or
try to keep her mother from making those dreadful remarks. Mrs.
O’Toole says that they have never been separated, and that she
doesn’t know how she can live next winter without Marie.”
“Betty thinks they can safely prepare for a grand family reunion after
mid-years,” laughed Will.
“And then,” explained Betty practically, “I can have time enough to do
justice to Morton Hall and”—very mysteriously—“to a lovely new plan
that I have for the Tally-ho. Of course, as long as I’m going back
anyhow, I won’t be mean enough not to ‘undertake’ Marie. But I hate
having a lot of entirely different things to be responsible for, and I
specially hate tutoring. I only hope this girl won’t cry all the time the
way Eugenia Ford used to. It was fearfully embarrassing.”
“Tom Benson advises you to make her join an anti-flirt society first
off,” Will put in solemnly. “He says it’s lucky Harding isn’t a co-
educational college, because in that case it would take about two
able-bodied chaperons to look after the gay Miss O’Toole.”
“Tell Tom Benson from me that I’m glad he’s at Yale instead of
Winstead,” Betty retorted loftily. “A girl who wants to go to Harding
badly enough to study all summer, take two sets of exams, and enter
with three conditions hanging over her, isn’t as silly as Tom Benson
seems to think.”
“Certainly not,” Mother defended her oddly-chosen favorite.
“President Wallace must have seen her possibilities, or he wouldn’t
have asked Betty to help her out. He evidently feels just as I do
about her. I am sure that she has a naturally fine mind, and that she
will respond very quickly to the cultivated atmosphere of the college.
I doubt if Betty will need to do more than give her the most casual
sort of instruction.”
Betty smiled to herself in the sheltering darkness of the piazza,
where the family was spending the evening. Her private opinion
coincided closely with Tom Benson’s, to the effect that even without
the complications of co-education, Marie would be “a handful.” But
President Wallace had hinted that he had a good reason which he
was “not yet at liberty to communicate” for asking Betty to try to get
Marie creditably through her freshman year; and, as Betty put it
briefly to herself, it would be mean, just because it meant hard work,
to refuse to do what the tragi-comical O’Tooles had set their hearts
on.
So that matter was settled. The Students’ Aid work had developed so
rapidly that Betty had petitioned for a senior assistant, and also, to
the vast amusement of the Association’s managers, for a smaller
salary for herself. Betty was bent on securing enough leisure to carry
out her “lovely new plan” for the Tally-ho. Jim Watson may have had
something to do with her feeling, or he may not; but, for one reason
or another, Betty had what Madeline Ayres called a “leading” that this
would be her last chance at Harding; and she wanted to “finish out”
the Tally-ho, partly because she wished Mr. Morton to feel fully
justified in his purchase and improvement of the property, but chiefly
just to satisfy her own queer little sense of the fitness of things. The
Tally-ho was capable of more than had ever yet been developed;
and Betty liked people and institutions to do their very most and best.
But the details of all this planning were kept a grand secret, even
from the Smallest Sister, who had been the “Co.” in the Betty Wales
business firm. Betty wanted to look over the situation at Harding first;
then she would be ready to confide her conclusions to Co., Babbie
and Madeline.
Betty Wales went back to Harding three days before the college
opened, in order to get a good start with her work. But almost before
she had stepped off the train she found herself up to her neck in a
deluge of Students’ Aid affairs, all marked “immediate,” at least in the
minds of the persons most concerned. It was a large factor in Betty’s
success that she could always get the other person’s point of view;
but there are occasions when this trait makes its possessor very
uncomfortable. Betty wanted every girl who had applied for the
Association’s help to get it, if she was worthy; she wanted every
lonely freshman to be met at her train, every boarding-house keeper
in search of waitresses, and every well-to-do student who hated to
do her own mending, to feel that nobody could supply their varied
wants so well as the Students’ Aid. The result was that one small
secretary was shamefully overworked, almost forgot that she was
supposed to be helping to run the most successful tea-room in
Harding, and had no time to spend in worry over the probable
bothers connected with tutoring Miss Marie O’Toole.
President Wallace was of course infinitely busier than Betty; all he
had found time to do about Marie was to tell Betty, with a twinkle,
that he had perfect confidence in her ability to manage “even the
extraordinary product of a mining camp, a convent in Utah, a Select
School for Wealthy American Girls in Paris, and the companionship
of Mrs. James O’Toole; and to transform said product into a
freshman that should be a real credit to Harding College.”
Whereupon Betty had gasped at the complicated things that were
expected of her, laughed because President Wallace was laughing
and seemed to expect that of her too, and then hurried off to find
Miss Ferris and ask her if Mary Jones, the senior who lived in an
attic at the other end of High Street, couldn’t somehow be persuaded
to pocket her pride and come to fill an unexpected vacancy in Morton
Hall.
She painstakingly met the train that Marie had written she would
take; though either Marie had missed that train or Betty missed
Marie. But with the capable assistance of Mary Brooks Hinsdale and
Helen Adams she found Rachel and Christy, and Georgia Ames and
Eugenia Ford found her. And the six of them, declaring that she
looked tired to death and almost, if not quite, starved, bore her off to
the Tally-ho for refreshment.
“Which is the biggest, most comfy chair you’ve got, Nora?”
demanded Mary. “Bring us tea and the best little cakes you have for
seven.”
“Better make it for fourteen, Nora,” amended Georgia. “I’m fairly
hungry.”
And while the seven ate for fourteen, they all talked at once of
“wonderful” vacations, “dandy” trips, “thrilling” summer adventures,
each story ending with a rapturous, “And now aren’t we having a
grand time here?”
“I must go and find that freshman,” Betty declared at last. She had
said the same thing before, but this time she meant it.
“No, you mustn’t,” Georgia told her firmly, tumbling little Eugenia into
her lap as a precaution against sudden flight. “You must tell me
where she boards, and I’ll go and dry her tears, help her to unpack,
explain about morning chapel and freshman class assembly, and tell
her to meet you in—let me see—oh, the note-room in the basement
of College Hall, at eleven o’clock sharp. She’s sure to be through by
that time, and if you’re busy then, why, she can just wait for you.”
Betty listened to Georgia’s program in obvious relief. “Oh, Georgia,
would you really do all that? You’re an angel! With so many other
things on my mind, having to hunt her up seems like the very last
straw. But Georgia—she’s—rather queer—not like other girls, I
mean. She’s lived abroad a lot and her mother is—peculiar.” Betty
tried to forewarn Georgia without prejudicing the company against
the absent Marie.
“Don’t you worry, dear,” Mary Brooks Hinsdale reassured her.
“Georgia will manage your freshman. Miss Ames, I hereby rechristen
you Georgia-to-the-Rescue, and elect you to take extra-special care
of our precious Betty Wales.”
Georgia blushed very red at being praised and “elected” to a mission
by the charming Mrs. Hinsdale. “I don’t care how queer Miss O’Toole
is,” she declared stoutly. “I guess I can make her understand a few
simple messages. I’ve wanted to see the inside of that elegant new
freshman hotel-affair where she’s staying. Go to bed early, and get
rested, Betty dear.”
When the college clock began to strike eleven the next morning
Betty reached for her rain-coat—the freshman downpour had duly
arrived—to run over to College Hall and keep her appointment with
Marie. But she had pulled on one sleeve, when Miss Ferris appeared
to say that she had interviewed Mary Jones, who lived at the other
end of High Street, and had persuaded her—it took fifteen minutes to
tell what. Just outside Betty’s door Miss Ferris encountered Georgia
Ames, red and panting. Georgia skilfully avoided a collision, slipped
inside Betty’s office before the door had fairly closed upon the
departing Miss Ferris, and dropped, breathless, into a chair.
“I thought maybe you’d forgotten your freshman,” she panted. “So I
came to remind you. Don’t know why I hurried so. Only—she is
entertaining the whole note-room, and it’s full of girls, and she is just
screamingly funny, Betty, though I shouldn’t say so to any one else.
But some of the other girls will pass on her choice remarks—the
grind book will be full of her. And I couldn’t help liking her last night,
so I thought I’d better come and remind you.” Georgia paused
awkwardly.
“You know she just happens to be my freshman,” Betty explained
smilingly. “I was asked to tutor her and look out for her a little. I liked
her too, the little I’ve seen of her.” Betty had slipped on her rain-coat
while they talked. “Come and help me find her, Georgia-dear-to-the-
Rescue.”
The note-room is a notable Harding institution, time-honored and
hedged about with inviolable customs. It gets its name from the four
letter-racks, one for each class, that cover the long wall opposite the
windows. The other walls are patched with Lost and Found and Want
signs, and with notices of class and society meetings. A long table
runs almost the length of the narrow room. On Mondays the janitor
piles upon it the week’s accumulation of dropped handkerchiefs, for
their owners to claim and carry off. On other days college celebrities
may sit on it, swinging their feet comfortably while they beam on their
admirers or wait to keep a “date” with one of their “little pals.” It is
unwritten law that no freshmen save only the president, vice-
president, and Students’ Council member may sit, or even lean, on
the note-room table.
The note-room is always crowded between classes, and on this first
disorganized, rainy morning it was a favorite rendezvous. As Betty
and Georgia wormed a slow passage through the crowd near the
door, they could see Miss Marie O’Toole, dressed, quite without
regard for the weather, in a furbelowed silk gown, a huge be-
flowered hat, and—of all things at Harding!—gloves, perched
comfortably on the sacred table, between Fluffy Dutton and a clever
little sophomore named Susanna Hart. Fluffy was all smiles and
attention; Susanna’s black eyes twinkled with suppressed glee.
Around the table surged a mob of girls, all amused but the freshmen,
who were deeply and seriously interested in what was going on.
“Yes, I think I shall like it here,” Marie was saying in her sweet,
piercing voice. “It’s so friendly and informal—not a bit like Miss
Mallon’s Select School ‘pour les Americaines’ in dear old Paree. I’ve
talked to lots of nice girls this morning. I can’t remember half their
names, but they nearly all promised to call on me. You will too, won’t
you?” She beamed impartially on Fluffy and Susanna.
“Maybe, if we have time. Got a crush yet?” inquired Fluffy sweetly.
“A what?” Marie’s face was blank.
Fluffy explained.
Marie giggled consciously. “You embarrass me, Miss Dutton. You go
off and stand in a corner of the hall for a minute, and I’ll tell the rest
of these girls whether I’ve got a crush or not,—and what her name
is.”
Fluffy slipped obediently off the table, and then pulled the amazed
Marie roughly after her. “Freshmen aren’t allowed on this table,” she
announced sternly. “You’d better go home and read the rules of this
college. There’s a rule about crushes, too. And about asking upper-
class girls to call.” Then tender-hearted Fluffy relented and held out
her hand. “I must go now,” she said. “But it won’t be against the rules
for me to call on you, and I will. Where do you live?”
Marie explained, her gaiety somewhat subdued. Just then she
caught sight of Betty and Georgia, who had at last succeeded in
getting somewhere near the sacred table.
“Oh, Miss Wales,” she cried eagerly. “Here I am, and I need your
help right away. Where can I find a set of the college rules—about
calls, and crushes, and sitting on tables like this one, and so on?”
“And passing exams in freshman math.,” murmured Fluffy wickedly,
hazarding a guess that Marie’s brain was not of the exact, scientific
variety. “How do you do, Betty? I’m coming to the Tally-ho for tea and
a talk to-night—Straight too. You’ll be there?”
Betty said yes, trying to look properly reproachful and not
succeeding at all. Meanwhile the crowd had drawn back, old girls
having whispered to the gaping freshmen that Miss Wales was a
“near-faculty.”
“Shall we come over to my office?” Betty suggested, nodding right
and left to girls she recognized. Marie covered her silken elegance
with a natty white polo coat, and thoughtfully insisted on carrying the
umbrella over Betty on the way back to her office.
“Just look at that, Miss Wales,” she began, as soon as they were
seated, handing Betty a printed list of the accepted freshman
candidates. “I’m in. I wouldn’t believe it till I saw it down in black and
white. And I’m the only O in a class of two hundred. Isn’t that funny,
Miss Wales?”
Betty looked sympathetically at the name of the only O in the
freshman class. There it was, down in black and white: Montana
Marie O’Toole.
“Oh, how f——” began Betty, who was fast being overwhelmed by
the accumulating absurdities of her protégée. “Why, I—I thought
Marie was your first name.”
Marie giggled. “I’m always called Marie—now. Ma would be awfully
mad if she saw that ridiculous old Montana cropping out again. But
they told us, when I took my first exams, to put down our full names.
I asked if ‘M. Marie’ wouldn’t do, and the teacher in charge of the
room just glared at me; so of course I wrote it all out in full about as
quick as I could. You see, Miss Wales, I was born in a mining camp,
and Pa named me after the claim where he’d struck it rich the very
day I came into the world. The Montana Mary it was called. When I
went to Salt Lake to school I dropped the Montana, and when I went
to Paris I changed Mary to Marie. Marie suits me better, don’t you
think so, Miss Wales?”
Marie got up to shed her heavy polo coat, and stood, a dazzlingly
pretty vision, smiling down at Betty with the half-pleading, half-
commanding curve of her lips that made her so winning in spite of
her crudities.
Betty smiled back at her. “You’ll be Montana Marie as long as you
stay here,” she told her freshman. “So you’d better make up your
mind to it. The girls always seize upon a queer name and use it. If
you’d written just Marie, you might have been nicknamed something
funny; so it would come to the same thing in the end. Now may I tell
you a few things, please?”
Betty repeated sister Nan’s suggestions to her when she was a
freshman about not making friends too hastily. Then she arranged
hours for special lessons, helped Marie with her schedule of classes,
answered her frank queries about the desirability of being friends
with Georgia Ames and Fluffy Dutton. Then she rushed off to settle
the complicated case of Mary Jones, who lived at the other end of
High Street, ate a hasty luncheon, held a lengthy conference with the
Morton Hall matron, who had not the least idea how to hurry through
her business, made a friendly call on “the Thorn,” a student who had
given some trouble the last year, and whose mother had died during
the summer. And finally Betty turned up, fresh and smiling, at the
Tally-ho in time to take Emily’s place at the desk, while that young
lady combined a marketing expedition with a drive behind Mary’s
new thoroughbred.
At five Fluffy and Straight appeared and ordered tea at a table drawn
sociably near to Betty’s desk.
“Please notice our senior dignity,” observed Straight. “We’re not
going to be so harum-scarum any longer.”
“I noticed Fluffy’s senior dignity this morning,” Betty told them with a
twinkle.
The two exchanged significant glances and then made a
simultaneous rush for Betty’s desk, which they leaned over sociably,
in the unmistakable attitude of those having confidential information
to discuss.
“Please tell us if her name is really Montana Marie,” began Straight
abruptly.
“And how you happen to have her under your wing,” added Fluffy.
“And then we promise to be very nice to her,” concluded Straight.
“Besides, Fluffy says that she likes her.”
“We’ll be very nice to her anyway, if you want us to, Betty,” Fluffy
explained sweetly. “But we’re just bursting to know about her and her
beautiful name.”
“Just can’t put our minds on anything else,” murmured Straight sadly.
“And I can’t afford to risk a mess of warnings this year after all the
trouble I had with logic when I was a junior.”
“In short,” concluded Fluffy impressively, “Montana Marie O’Toole is
the sensation of the hour at Harding College. Do you ask me to
prove it? Watch the Dutton twins forget their cakes and tea while
they talk about her.”
CHAPTER III
THE INITIATION OF MONTANA MARIE
Montana Marie O’Toole was, even as Fluffy Dutton had said, the
sensation of the hour at Harding College. Indeed, she bid fair to be
the chief sensation of the entire year of 19—. Her cheerful interest in
the curious rites and customs of college life continued undiminished,
in spite of elaborate snubs from upper-class girls and the crushing
scorn of her fellow freshmen, who attempted, all in vain, to keep
Marie (and so Marie’s class) out of the public eye. Nothing escaped
Montana Marie’s smiling scrutiny. Her questions were frank and to
the point. Her pithy comments were quoted from end to end of the
Harding campus, and beyond. But her giggle was contagious, her
sweetness really appealing, her appreciation of any small favors
touching in its breezy Western sincerity. Montana Marie had “done”
New York and the European capitals; she had been “finished” in
“dear old Paree”; but she had also been born and brought up in a
Montana mining camp, and she was not ashamed of that fact, nor of
her very plain, as well as very peculiar, parentage. So Harding
College agreed with Fluffy Dutton in liking Montana Marie. Its laugh
at her was always friendly, if merciless, and in time it came to be
even rather admiring. But that was not until long after the initiation of
Montana Marie.
Susanna Hart planned that joyous festivity. Since Madeline Ayres
had planned a similar one for Georgia and the Dutton twins and
some of their Belden House classmates, and Betty Wales had
explained and defended the Harding variety of initiation to an
amused faculty investigating committee, there had been no official
opposition to the hazing of freshmen at Harding. Hazing (Harding
brand) was recognized as just an ingenious, “stunty” way of
entertaining the newcomers, of finding out their best points, of
helping them to show the stuff they were made of, and to take their
proper places in the little college world,—in short, of getting
acquainted without loss of time, or any foolish fuss and feathers.
So being initiated had speedily come to be considered an honor
instead of a torment. All the most popular freshmen were initiated—
in very small and select parties calculated to give each individual her
due importance. And because of the extreme popularity—or
prominence—of Montana Marie O’Toole, Susanna Hart decided that
she should have an initiation all to herself. So she asked Marie to
dinner at the Belden on a rainy Saturday night when there was
nothing else going on. The initiation feature of the evening’s
entertainment was not mentioned to Montana Marie; it was to be
sprung upon her as a pleasant little after-dinner surprise. Susanna
and her sophomore and senior friends in the Belden spent the whole
afternoon arranging the “mise en scène” for the mystic ceremonies;
and they made so much noise tacking up curtains and building a
spring-board in Susanna’s big closet that Straight Dutton, who had a
bad headache and was trying to sleep it off, came up-stairs, with
rage in her heart, to find out what was happening.
Fluffy, who was acting as Susanna’s chief assistant, explained. “We
thought you were asleep, so we didn’t come to tell you,” she ended.
Straight sniffed indignantly. “I was likely to be asleep—underneath
this carpenter shop.”
“Stay and help us, and drown your sorrows in fudge and——”
“Noise,” finished Straight crisply. “No, thanks. I’m going to ask
Eugenia Ford to massage my forehead. She’s wonderful at it. Tell me
what everything is for, and then I’ll go back.”
Fluffy gleefully exhibited a glove full of wet sand which Montana
Marie was to be induced to shake in the dark, as she entered the
dusky Chamber of Horrors, otherwise Susanna’s single. There was a
part of a real skeleton to run into; there were clammy things and hot
things and wriggly things to touch; and finally there was the spring-
board to fall from, down upon a heap of pillows, surrounded by a
bewildering, fluttering hedge composed of Susanna’s generous
wardrobe, carefully spread out on all Susanna’s dress-hangers, and
those of some friends.
“She’ll never get out of that closet until we haul her out,” concluded
Fluffy joyously. “Isn’t it going to be an extra-special initiation,
Straight?”
Straight nodded in silence, reëxamined all the arrangements with
polite attention to details, and departed, wearing the pained
expression appropriate to one with a bad headache.
Five minutes later she was sitting cross-legged on Eugenia Ford’s
couch, her cheeks still pale, but her eyes dancing with mirth and
excitement.
“Of course I’m a loyal senior, and I ought by rights to be up-stairs
with Fluffy helping the sophs,” she outlined her position rapidly. “But
they’ve got enough help without me, and the racket did bother me
fearfully, and made me mad, and besides, the juniors’ Rescue party
that I’m going to organize will be a grand feature, so they really
ought to thank me for seeming to bother them. How many juniors are
there in the house, Eugenia? Well, Timmy Wentworth counts against
two of the sophs, because she’s so big, and that big corner double
room she and Sallie Wright have is the very best place in the house
for our extra-special show. Now where can we borrow masks and
black dominos? I have an idea that raw oysters dipped in hot
chocolate sauce would taste rather weird. They never have had
uncanny eats at the initiations I’ve been to, so that will be an original
stroke. You go tell the others and buy the oysters and borrow
chocolate and find the clothes and get the night watchman to lend
you a lot of rope. I’ll take a nice little nap here on your couch, away
from that sophomore racket, and at five we all round up in Timmy’s
room to arrange.”
Having thus relieved herself of all minor details, after a fashion
taught her by her good friend Madeline Ayres, Straight curled up
among Eugenia’s downy pillows, and slept sweetly and very soundly
until Eugenia and Timmy Wentworth shook her awake with the
information that there were not enough black dominos and it was
quarter past five.
The Belden House juniors appeared at dinner that night late and
rather disheveled. Straight, because she had a headache, did not
appear at all, and thereby missed seeing Montana Marie sweep
through the Belden House parlors between the triumphant Susanna
and Fluffy Dutton, the latter not too much worried about her twin’s
unprecedented indisposition to miss any of the humors of the
situation. For Susanna and her friends, being rather tired and
hurried, and wishing also to be suitably clothed for darkling
adventures in Susanna’s closet, had not dressed very formally for
dinner. Against their background of shirt-waists and walking skirts or
plain little muslins, Montana Marie sparkled radiantly in a clinging,
trailing yellow satin, cut low enough to show the lovely curves of her
throat and long enough to give just a glimpse of her high-heeled gold
slippers and to lend her a quite sumptuous dignity among her short-
skirted companions. A jeweled fillet held her piled-up hair in the
exaggerated mode of the moment—it was becoming to Montana
Marie. Diamonds sparkled at her throat and on her fingers. In short,
Montana Marie was perfectly dressed for twenty-two and a formal
dinner,—but not for a school-girl nor for any little after-dinner surprise
in the way of an extra-special initiation party.
“It would be tragic to have to jump off a spring-board in those
clothes,” Fluffy whispered sadly to a sophomore neighbor. “We’ll
have to manage somehow to dress her over for the part.”
“She’s about my size; she can take my white linen with the braided
trimming,” the sophomore agreed magnanimously. “It’s rather dirty,
I’m sorry to say, but that’s really an advantage for to-night.”
“I’ll tell Susanna,” promised Fluffy, “and she’ll have to arrange. Why
in the world didn’t she tell Miss Montana Marie O’Toole not to dress
up like a princess?”
But Susanna, though she employed all her far-famed diplomacy,
could not “arrange” any changes in her guest’s wonderful toilette.
When she proposed a little walk in the rain, and said it would be a
shame to risk spoiling that lovely dress, Montana Marie only smiled,
and picked up her train.
“I shan’t spoil it,” she said. “I never spoil my clothes. But I’d love a
walk in the rain—with you and Fluffy. Yes, or a fudge party up-stairs.
Just whatever you say.”
And no amount of hints and polite protests could make Montana
Marie change her mind.
So it was that, still smiling and still arrayed in clinging bejeweled
yellow satin, Montana Marie shook hands with a gloveful of wet
sand, at the door of Susanna’s Chamber of Horrors, stuck her arms
through a hole in the Curtain of Variety, and shrieked as she grasped
first a hot potato, then a large and lively lobster, and finally a paper
snake freshly dipped in thick white paint by Fluffy, so that it would be
sure to feel extra-crawly. Next, after she had assured her captors
that she was enjoying it all,—they inquired at intervals according to
the etiquette of hazing (Harding brand),—she was led up to the
skeleton, which promptly tumbled over upon her with a gruesome
rattle of dry bones. And finally came the spring-board and the
cushions, hemmed in by Susanna’s hanging dresses, from behind
which three little sophomores delivered horrible noises,
accompanying soft, uncanny pats and pushes, while Montana Marie,
still cheerful, though badly scared, minus one gold slipper, and quite
helplessly entangled in her long train, struggled manfully to regain
her feet and maintain her composure.
When they were tired of watching her try to get out, they turned on a
sudden blaze of lights, pulled down the dresses that had been hung
across the door, helped Montana Marie to arise, returned her slipper,
and arranged her train.
Montana Marie blinked at the lights, and smiled blandly at the
assembled company. “Nothing like this in dear old Paree,” she
announced, gasping but happy. “Now at Miss Mallon’s Select School
for American Girls——”
“Hush,” commanded Fluffy. “We aren’t interested in any silly little
boarding-school stories. This is a grown-up college. But as you seem
to want to talk, go ahead—make a speech.”
“GO AHEAD—MAKE A SPEECH”
“On the subject of the Fourth Dimension,” put in Susanna hastily.
“We are all very tired of dear old Paree.”
“But I never heard of——” began Montana Marie.
“Sh!” commanded Susanna sternly. “If you say you’ve never heard of
a thing like the Fourth Dimension, why, here at Harding that means
social ostracism. To use simpler language suitable for very verdant
little girls like you, not to have heard of the Fourth Dimension is a
mark of complete and utter greenness, perfect and unbearable
freshness, and even worse. If you haven’t heard of it, all right, but
don’t say so, unless you want to be finally and forever dropped like—
like a hot potato,”—Susanna glanced smilingly at the Curtain of
Variety,—“by the best Harding circles. If you haven’t heard of it, why,
bluff. Now don’t tell me you never heard of bluffing.”
“Well,” began Montana Marie, still smiling composedly, “you see I
never heard of a lot of things that you do here, because I was mostly
educated in a convent, I suppose. President Wallace understands
that. That’s why he let me in when——”
Marie was too much absorbed in her speech, and her audience were
too busy laughing at her confidential disclosures, to notice a slight
commotion near the door. A second later the room was full of
masked figures in black dominos. Two especially stalwart ones
guarded the door. The rest drew a cordon around the amazed
initiators and producing pieces of stout rope—procured, according to
Straight’s directions, from the night watchman, who was under the
impression that it was wanted by the Belden House matron for
strange purposes of her own—they silently bound their prisoners,
who were too astonished even to struggle, and started them in
procession out the door and up the hall.
Suddenly a black domino cried, “Stop—I mean—halt, prisoners!
We’ve forgotten something.”
For Montana Marie O’Toole still stood as she had been commanded
to do to make her speech, on the quivering middle of the spring-
board in the closet, viewing the performances of the black dominos
with mingled surprise and amusement, manifested, as usual with
her, by a smile, rather faint now, but still somehow infectious.
“We’ve forgotten the principal feature,” the voice went on. “Montana
Marie O’Toole, get down. You’re no longer a persecuted little
freshman. You’ve been nobly rescued by your junior protectors. Now