Chapter 5-8 TOP

10/11/23, 9:55 AM Chapter 5 melanie klein theories of personality reviewer
melanie reizes klein

object relations theory
• born on march 30, 1882 in Vienna Austria
• Klein believed that her birth was unplanned, a belief that
led to feeling of being rejected by her parents
• she viewed her father as cold and distant
• she loved and idolized her mother but felt suffocated by her
• her older sister sidonie, older brother emmanuel, and her
father died, her mother died, then karl abraham died, and
later on her older san, selye died
• not happy with her marriage with her husband which was
close friend of his brother, emmanuel because she thinks that
her marriage hindered her to become a physician
• she has 3 children, and psychoanalyze the youngest, erich; her other children psychoanalyze by horney
• develop a theory that emphasized the nurturing and loving relationship with parents and child but
neither had nurturant or loving relationship with her daughter, Melitta
• Melitta born with parents who don’t love each other but has 3 children; at age 15, her parents
separated and blamed her mother by this
• Melitta is professionally equal with her mother, she is member with a British Psycho-Analytical Society
• Edward Glover is her analyst which was the bitter rival of Klein; married Walter Schmideberg, another
analyst who strongly opposed Klein and that who openly supported Anna Freud, Klein’s most bitter rival
• They both had rival with anna freud because both of them are Freudian however, anna cannot
recognized the possibility of analyzing young children similar with klein’s theory
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series of three major developmental stages

and four substages
1. MARGHARET MAHLER
 She believed that children’s sense of 3 MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES:
identity rest on 3-step relationship with  NORMAL AUTISM
their mother – normal autism, normal  spans the period from birth until about age
symbiosis, and separation individuation 3 or 4 weeks
 mahler primarily concerned with  referred to it as an objectless stage
psychological birth of individual that take  a time when an infant naturally searches for
place during 3 years/36 months of life – the mother’s breast

 this stage is a period of absolute primary
when infants surrender their security for
autonomy narcissism in which an infant is unaware of
any other person
KLEIN MAHLER
 To mahler, individual’s psychological birth newborn infant as relatively long
begins first weeks of postnatal life and
being terrified periods of sleep and
continues for next 3 weeks general lack of
tension in a neonate
infants incorporate She disagreed with
PSYCHOLOGICAL BIRTH good breast and Klein’s notion that
 the child becomes an individual separate other objects into infants incorporate
from his primary care giver leading to sense their ego the good breast and
of identity other objects into
 also known as individuation their ego
As infants gradually realize that they cannot

 To achieve psychological birth and
satisfy their own needs, they begin to recognize
individuation, a child proceeds through a
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their primary caregiver and to seek a symbiotic  children become psychologically separated
relationship with her that leads to 2nd condition from their mothers, achieve a sense of
– normal symbiosis individuation, and begin to develop feelings
of personal identity
 children no longer experience a dual unity
 NORMAL SYMBIOSIS with their mother, they must surrender
 second developmental stage in Mahler’s their delusion of omnipotence and face
theory their vulnerability to external threats. Thus,
 begins around the 4th or 5th week of age young children in the separation-
but reaches its zenith during the 4th or 5th individuation stage experience the external
month world as being more dangerous than it was
 infants sends cues to the mother of hunger, during the first two stages
pain, pleasure, and so forth, and the
mother responds with her own cues, such
as feeding, holding, or smiling. By this age SPERATION-INDIVIDUATION STAGE
the infant can recognize the mother’s face INTO FOUR OVERLAPPING SUBSTAGES
and can perceive her pleasure or distress
1.) DIFFERENTIATION (5-10 months) #BreakAway
 the infant behaves and functions as though
- marked by a bodily breaking away from the
he and his mother were an omnipotent
mother-infant symbiotic orbit
system—a dual unity within one common - from kambal tuko to giving independence to
boundary
child
HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY DURING

 Mahler recognized that this relationship is
DIFFERENTIATION
not a true symbiosis (omnipotent system)
PSYCHOLOGICALLY PSYCHOLOGICALLY
because, although the infant’s life is
HEALTHY UNHEALTHY
dependent on the mother, the mother does who expand their unhealthy infants will
not absolutely need the infant world beyond the fear strangers and
mother will be recoil from them
curious about
 Older children and even adults sometimes strangers and will
regress to this stage, seeking the strength inspect them
and safety of their mother’s care
2. PRACTICING (7th – 16th months) #MoveAway
 SEPARATION-INDIVIDUATION  as infants physically begin to move away
 4th or 5th month of age until about the from their mothers by crawling and walking,
30th to 36th month they enter the practicing
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 children easily distinguish their body from • IF LIBIDINAL OBJECT CONSTANCY IS NOT
their mother’s, establish a specific bond DEVELOPED CHILDREN WILL CONTINUE TO
with their mother DEPEND ON THEIR MOTHER’S PHYSICAL
 begin to develop an autonomous ego PRESENCE FOR THEIR OWN SECURITY
 they begin to walk and to take in the
outside world, which they experience as
fascinating and exciting • ANY ERRORS MADE DURING THE FIRST 3
YEARS THE TIME OF PSYCHOLOGICAL BIRTH MAY
3.) RAPPROCHEMENT (16th – 25th months) RESULT IN LATER REGRESSIONS TO A STAGE
#RegainDualUnity  when a person had not yet achieved
 they desire to bring their mother and separation from the mother and a sense of
themselves back together, both physically personal identity
and psychologically
 children of this age want to share with their
mother every new acquisition of skill and
every new experience
 increased cognitive skills make them more
aware of their separateness, causing them
to try various ploys to regain the dual unity
they once had with their mother
RAPPROCHEMENT CRISIS #FightWithMother 2.) HEINZ KOHUT’S VIEW

- attempts to regain the dual unity they once #HumanRelatedness #SenseOfSelf
had with their mother or omnipotence will  similar with Mahler, he was not neo-
never completely successful, children of this age freudian but focuses on object relation
often fight dramatically with their mother  emphasized the process by which the self
evolves from a vague and undifferentiated
4.) LIBIDINAL OBJECT CONSTANCY (3 years) image to a clear and precise sense of
#InnerRepresentationOfMother individual identity
- children must develop a constant inner  focused on the early mother-child
representation of their mother so that they can relationship as the key to understanding
tolerate being physically separate from her later development
- they must learn to function without their
mother and to develop other object
relationships • KOHUT BELIEVED THAT HUMAN RELATEDNESS,
NOT INNATE INSTINCTUAL DRIVES, ARE AT THE
CORE OF HUMAN PERSONALITY
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(1) THE NEED TO EXHIBIT THE GRANDIOSE

• ACCORDING TO KOHUT, INFANTS REQUIRE SELF/GRANDIOSE EXHIBITIONISTIC SELF
ADULT CAREGIVERS NOT ONLY TO GRATIFY #SeekApprovalToValidateImageOfThemselv
PHYSICAL NEEDS BUT ALSO TO SATISFY BASIC
es
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS, ONE WAY TO ACHIEVE
 established when the infant relates to a
SENSE OF SELF
“mirroring” selfobject who reflects
- in order also to achieve sense of self, adults
approval of its behavior
particularly parents should treat the child as if
they had a sense of self  infant thus forms a rudimentary
selfimage from messages such as “If
others see me as perfect, then I am
SELF perfect.”
 the center of the individual’s psychological
universe
 gives unity and consistency to one’s
LOW SELF ESTEEM
experiences, remains relatively stable over
- by not giving approval and attention to
time
child exhibiting behavior
 center of initiative and a recipient of
impressions (you know what you are doing,
and you know what other is doing about
you)
 also, the child’s focus of interpersonal HIGH SELF ESTEEM
relations, shaping how he or she will relate - by giving unrealistic attntion and approval
to parents and other self-objects to behavior
• KOHUT BELIEVED THAT INFANTS ARE (2) THE NEED TO ACQUIRE AN

NATURALLY NARCISSISTIC IDEALIZED IMAGE OF ONE OR BOTH
 are self-centered, looking out PARENTS/IDEALIZED PARENT IMAGE

 opposed to the grandiose self because it
exclusively for their own welfare and
implies that someone else is perfect
wishing to be admired for who they are
 to satisfies a narcissistic need because the
and what they do
infant adopts the attitude “You are perfect,
but I am part of you”
2 NARCISSISTIC/PSYCHOLOGICAL
NEEDS: • BOTH NARCISSISTIC SELF-IMAGES ARE

NECESSARY FOR HEALTHY PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT (self-esteem)
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- however, must change as the child grows older. 3 STAGES OF SEPARATION ANXIETY
If they remain unaltered, they result in a #SequenceOf ReactionsWhenSeparated
pathologically narcissistic adult personality  both human and primate infants go through
- grandiosity must change into a realistic view of a clear sequence of reactions when
self separated from their primary caregivers
- the idealized parent image must grow into a
realistic picture of the parents
- the two self-images should not entirely > PROTEST STAGE #Protesta
disappear; the healthy adult continues to have  when their caregiver is first out of sight,
positive attitudes toward self and continues to infants will cry, resist soothing by other
see good qualities in parents or parent people, and search for their caregiver
substitutes  cycle: leave them, they cry, resist soothing,
and then search or seek for caregiver
> DESPAIR STAGE #Nagmukmok

 separation continues, infants become quiet,
sad, passive, listless, and apathetic or
showing no interest
JOHN BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT > DETACHMENT

THEORY  only one unique to humans
• BOWLBY FIRMLY BELIEVED THAT THE  infants become emotionally detached from
ATTACHMENTS FORMED DURING CHILDHOOD other people, including their caregiver
HAVE AN IMPORTANT IMPACT ON ADULTHOOD.  if their caregiver (mother) returns, infants
 childhood attachments are crucial to later will disregard and avoid her
development  children who become detached are no
 investigators should study childhood longer upset when their mother leaves
directly and not rely on distorted them
retrospective accounts from adults  their interpersonal relations when they got
older are superficial and lack warmth
ATTACHMENT STYLE 2 FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS OF

 is a relationship between two people and ATTACHMENT THEORY:
not a trait given to the infant by the 1.) a responsive and accessible caregiver (usually
caregiver the mother) must create a SECURE BASE FOR
THE CHILD
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 Detalyadong Banghay Aralin

infant needs to know that the caregiver is sa the
first period, Filipino
infant is leftI alone with the
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accessible and dependable stranger; during the second period, the
8 infant is left completely alone
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 if dependability is present
 the child is better able to develop • CRITICAL BEHAVIOR OF HOW THE INFANT
Komunidad AP
confidence and security in exploring the REACTS WHEN THE MOTHER RETURNS ARE THE
world BASIS OF THE ATTACHMENT STYLE RATING

2.) a bonding relationship (or lack thereof)
becomes internalized and serves as a MENTAL 3 ATTACHMENT STYLE RATINGS
WORKING MODEL on which future friendships 1.) SECURE ATTACHMENT STYLE
and love relationships are built  when their mother returns, infants are
happy and enthusiastic and initiate contact
• FIRST BONDING ATTACHMENT IS THEREFORE  all securely attached infants are confident in
THE MOST CRITICAL OF ALL RELATIONSHIPS the accessibility and responsiveness of their
caregiver, and this security and
dependability provides the foundation for
play and exploration
 cycle: mother leaves, when return, they
accept the mother, feeling happy, then want
MARY AINSWORTH AND THE to be held
STRANGE SITUATION 2.) ANXIOUS-RESISTANT ATTACHMENT STYLE
 heavenly inspired by bowlby’s attachment  infants are ambivalent
theory  when the mother leaves the room, they

become unusually upset, and when their
STRANGE SITUATION mother returns, they seek contact with her
 she developed a technique for measuring but reject attempts at being soothed
the type of attachment style that exists  cycle: upset, cry, and seek contact, when
between caregiver and infant mother leaves, when return, they resist or
 procedure consists of a 20-minute reject being sooth/ PABEBE
laboratory session in which a mother and  infants give very conflicted messages
infant are initially alone in a playroom

 after a few minutes the stranger begins a
brief interaction with the infant, then the 3.) ANXIOUS-AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT STYLE
mother goes away for two separate 2-  infants stay calm when their mother leaves;
minute periods they accept the stranger, and when their

mother returns, they ignore and avoid her
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- anxious attachment will create unhealthy

relationship including jealousy and not having
• IN BOTH KINDS OF INSECURE ATTACHMENT trust
(ANXIOUS-RESISTANT AND ANXIOUS-
AVOIDANT), INFANTS LACK THE ABILITY TO
ENGAGE IN EFFECTIVE PLAY AND EXPLORATION
• THE ATTACHMENT STYLE WILL CARRY OVER IN

LATER’S RELATIONSHIP
- secure attachment will create healthy
relationship
Key Terms and Concepts

o Object relations theories assume that the mother-child relationship during the first 4 or 5 months is
the most critical time for personality development.
o Klein believed that an important part of any relationship is the internal psychic representations of
early significant objects, such as the mother’s breast or the father’s penis.
o Infants introject these psychic representations into their own psychic structure and then project
them onto an external object, that is, another person. These internal pictures are not accurate
representations of the other person but are remnants of earlier interpersonal experiences.
o The ego, which exists at birth, can sense both destructive and loving forces, that is, both a nurturing
and a frustrating breast.
o To deal with the nurturing breast and the frustrating breast, infants split these objects into good and
bad while also splitting their own ego, giving them a dual image of self.
o Klein believed that the superego comes into existence much earlier than Freud had speculated and
that it grows along with the Oedipal process rather than being a product of it.
o During the early female Oedipus complex, the little girl adopts a feminine position toward both
parents. She has a positive feeling both for her mother’s breasts and for her father’s penis, which she
believes will feed her with babies.
o Sometimes the little girl develops hostility toward her mother, who she fears will retaliate against her
and rob her of her babies.
o With most girls, however, the female Oedipus complex is resolved without any antagonism or
jealousy toward their mother.
o The little boy also adopts a feminine position during the early Oedipal years. At that time, he has no
fear of being castrated as punishment for his sexual feelings for his mother.
o Later, the boy projects his destructive drive onto his father, who he fears will bite or castrate him.
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o The male Oedipus complex is resolved when the boy establishes good relations with both parents and
feels comfortable about his parents having sexual intercourse with one another.
KLEIN MAHLER KOHUT BOWLBY AINSWORTH
object relations view view attachment view and strange

theory theory situation
mother-child psychological human relatedness attachment attachment style

relationship will birth is important is the core of theory is about will carry over in
be the prototype to achieve sense human personality the relationship later’s relationship,
or reflection in of identity not trait given by secure = healthy
later adult the caregiver to anxious
relationship child attachment =
unhealthy
infants must have 3 years self is the center of caregiver must heavenly inspired
good relationship developmental universe and shape create secure by bowlby’s
and good feelings stages of life and interpersonal based for child attachment theory
with both parents 4 separation relationship and presence of
to have a great individuation sub dependability to
adult relationship developmental create confidence
in the future stages and security
ego can sense if libidinal object 2 psychological and first relationship 3 attachment style
both destructive constancy is not basic needs should is the prototype ratings
and loving forces, developed not disappear but it of reflection of
evaluate good children will needed to be later relationship
and bad, and can continue to realistic as a person
split depend on their grow older
mother’s physical
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presence for their

own security
both oedipal bonding
complex will relationship =
resolve when working mental
children have an model =
ability to make friendship and
their parents love relationship
having sexual
intercourse with
one another, and
they are
comfortable with
it
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10/11/23, 9:57 AM Chapter 6 karen horney theories of personality whole reviewer
karen den
denielsen
ielsen horney
psychoanalytic social theory
• born on September 15, 1885, youngest child of a 50-year-
old father and his 2nd wife (18 years younger than her
husband)
• she viewed her father as religious hypocrite because of his
favoritism to the oldest brothers and for wanting horney to
stay at home, objecting her dream to become physician
• she idolized her mother who both supported and protected
against her father
• she had a morbid dependency that result to having a
relationship with series of men because of quest of right man
• had 3 children in 5 years, she had love affairs while still
married
• she became more productive when they separated with her husband, she sees patients, taking care of
her 3 children, she became more involved with writing, teaching, traveling, and lecturing
• Erich Fromm and her were close friends from 10 years, and later on became lovers
• Became part of the Zodiac group that included Fromm and Fromm-Reichmann (his wife)
• she was a member of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute, she seldom agreed with
• member of Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis/AAP that turned to Karen Horney
Psychoanalytic Institute
• She established the Karen Horney Clinic
• She died because of short illness at the age of 65
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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HORNEY AND

PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY FREUD’S IDEAS
− social and cultural conditions, especially FREUD HORNEY
childhood experiences, are largely
early childhood traumas are important
responsible for shaping personality
− people who do not have their needs for
love and affection satisfied during
childhood develop basic hostility toward
their parents and, as a consequence, suffer SHE BELIEVED THAT CULTURE, NOT ANATOMY,
from basic anxiety (cycle: unsatisfied love WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR PSYCHIC DIFFERENCES
and affection = basic hostility to parents = BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
suffer from basic anxiety − she claimed that neuroses are not the
result of instincts but rather of the person’s
“attempt to find paths through a wilderness
COMPARISON BETWEEN HORNEY AND full of unknown dangers
FREUD’S IDEAS
FREUD HORNEY THE IMPACT OF CULTURE
− cultural influences as the primary bases for
biological and anatomy social rather than
are the biological forces biological forces are both neurotic and normal personality
of personality paramount in development

development personality
development
gave importance to man is ruled not by the MODERN CULTURE
paternal psychology pleasure principle alone
- is based on competition among individuals
but by two guiding
- “Everyone is a real or potential competitor
principles: safety and
of everyone else”
satisfaction
neuroses are not the
result of instincts but
finding paths through a • COMPETITIVENESS AND THE BASIC HOSTILITY
wilderness full of danger (repressed feelings of rage in childhood when
(wilderness is created by they fear about parents not satisfying their
society and not by safety and satisfaction) IT SPAWNS RESULT IN
instincts or anatomy) FEELINGS OF ISOLATION
pessimistic concept of her view of humanity is
- feelings of being alone in a potentially
humanity based on an optimistic one and is
hostile world lead to intensified needs for
innate instincts and the centered on cultural
affection – causing people to overvalue love
stagnation of personality forces that are
- many people see love and affection as the
amenable to change
solution for all their problems
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GENUINE LOVE 2.) society’s demands for success and

- can be a healthy, growth-producing experience achievement are nearly endless
- even when people achieve their material

ambitions, additional goals are continually being
DESPERATE NEED FOR LOVE placed before them
- such as that shown by Horney herself
- provides a fertile ground for the development
of neuroses 3.) western society tells people that they are
free, that they can accomplish anything
SELF-DEFEATING ATTEMPTS TO BENEFIT through hard work and perseverance (being
FROM LOVE RESULT IN: (vicious circle) idealized)
o low self-esteem - in reality, the freedom of most people is
o increased hostility greatly restricted by genetics, social position,
- repressed feelings of rage in childhood and the competitiveness of others
when they fear about parents not satisfying
their safety and satisfaction
o basic anxiety
- feeling of isolation and helplessness in the
THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDHOOD
hostile world
EXPERIENCES
o more competitiveness
o continuous excessive need for love and
• HORNEY BELIEVED THAT NEUROTIC CONFLICT
affection
CAN STEM FROM ALMOST ANY
CULTURAL INFLUENCES AND WESTERN DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, BUT CHILDHOOD IS
SOCIETY CONTRIBUTES TO THIS VICIOUS THE AGE FROM WHICH THE VAST MAJORITY OF
CIRCLE IN 3 WAYS: PROBLEMS ARISE
- These contradictions are all stemming from - traumatic events, such as sexual abuse,
cultural influences rather than biological ones, beatings, open rejection, or pervasive neglect,
thus, provide intrapsychic conflicts that may leave their impressions on a child’s future
threaten the psychological health of normal development
people and provide nearly insurmountable - these debilitating experiences can almost
obstacles for neurotics invariably be traced to lack of genuine warmth

and affection
1.) society are inspire with the cultural

teachings of kinship and humility
- kinship and humility run contrary to another
prevailing attitude namely aggressiveness and
the drive to win or be superior
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• HORNEY HYPOTHESIZED THAT A DIFFICULT GENUINE LOVE AND HEALTHY DISCIPLINE

CHILDHOOD IS PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR - children need to experience both of these
NEUROTIC NEEDS (10 defenses against basic - these conditions provide them with feelings of
anxiety) safety and satisfaction and permit them to grow
- these needs become powerful because they in accordance with their real self
are the child’s only means of gaining feelings of
safety while defending themselves from basic
anxiety PARENTS’ INABILITY OR UNWILLINGNESS TO
LOVE THEIR CHILD
- it will interfere favorable conditions for
TO HORNEY, NO SINGLE EARLY EXPERIENCE IS healthy development – safety and satisfaction
RESPONSIBLE FOR LATER PERSONALITY . THE - instead of giving satisfaction and safety to
TOTALITY OF EARLY RELATIONSHIPS MOLDS their children, their own neurotic needs will
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT intensify, thus, parents often dominate, neglect,
- the sum total of childhood experiences brings overprotect, reject, or overindulge
about a certain character structure. thus, Later
attitudes to others, then, are not repetitions of
infantile ones but emanate from the character BASIC HOSTILITY
structure - towards parents
- total of childhood experiences = character - the child will develop feelings like this, if
structure = later attitude/personality parents do not satisfy the child’s needs for
safety and satisfaction
BASIC HOSTILITY AND BASIC - however, children seldom overtly express this
hostility as rage; they repress their hostility
ANXIETY
toward their parents
• HORNEY BELIEVED THAT EACH PERSON

BEGINS LIFE WITH THE POTENTIAL FOR
REPRESSED HOSTILITY
HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT, BUT LIKE OTHER
- children repress their hostility toward their
LIVING ORGANISMS, PEOPLE NEED FAVORABLE
parents and have no awareness of it
CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH
- leads to basic anxiety
- conditions must include a warm and loving
environment yet one that is not overly
permissive or excessive freedom of behavior
BASIC ANXIETY
- profound feelings of insecurity and a vague
sense of apprehension that made by repressed
hostility
- a feeling of being isolated and helpless in a
world conceived as potentially hostile
about:blank 4/17
- a feeling of being small, insignificant, helpless, 1.) AFFECTION

deserted, endangered, in a world that is out to - a strategy that does not always lead to
abuse, cheat, attack, humiliate, betray, envy authentic love
- basic anxiety itself is not a neurosis, but it is - In their search for affection, some people may
the nutritive soil out of which a definite neurosis try to purchase love with self-effacing
may develop at any time compliance, material goods, or sexual favors
- constant and unrelenting, needing no
particular stimulus such as taking a test in 2.) SUBMISSIVENESS
school or giving a speech. - neurotics may submit themselves either to
people or to institutions
• NEUORIS IS THE SEED, BASIC ANIXETY IS THE - neurotics who submit to another person often
SOIL do so in order to gain affection
REMINDER………… 3.) STRIVING FOR POWER, PRESTIGE, OR

- not satisfying children needs such as safety POSESSION
and security will lead to basic hostility towards - third protective devices
parents that they actually repressed (repressed - neurotics may also try to protect themselves
hostility), then this will result to basic anxiety or with these
feeling of being isolated and helpless
POWER
• HORNEY BELIEVED THAT BASIC HOSTILITY AND - is a defense against the real or imagined
BASIC ANXIETY ARE INEXTRICABLY hostility of others and takes the form of a
INTERWOVEN OR IMPOSSIBLE TO DISENTANGLE tendency to dominate others
- hostile impulses are the principal source of
basic anxiety, but basic anxiety can also
contribute to feelings of hostility PRESTIGE
- their reciprocal influence may intensify a - is a protection against humiliation and is
neurosis without a person’s experiencing any expressed as a tendency to humiliate others
additional outside conflict
POSSESSION
4 PROTECTIVE DEVICES: - acts as a buffer against destitution and poverty
- a general ways that people protect themselves and manifests itself as a tendency to deprive
against this feeling of being alone in a others
potentially hostile world
about:blank 5/17
4.) WITHDRAWAL
- fourth protective mechanism/device
- neurotics protect themselves by either
independence from other or becoming
emotionally detached
- by psychologically withdrawing, neurotics feel
that they cannot be hurt by other people
manner and they cannot change their behavior
COMPULSIVE DRIVES by free will because of COMPULSIVE

DRIVES/NEEDS along with the protective devices
- little background: normal and neurotic people
- defensive strategy traps them in a vicious
experience the same problem however neurotic
experience it to some great degree since they circle in which their compulsive needs to reduce
basic anxiety lead to behaviors that perpetuate
do not enjoy misery and suffering
low self-esteem, generalized hostility,
- little background: normal and neurotic people
uses protective devices against basic anxiety, inappropriate striving for power, inflated
feelings of superiority, and persistent
rejection, hostility, and competitiveness from
apprehension that will result in more basic
others however, the normal uses those in a
normal way while neurotics compulsively repeat anxiety
the same strategy in an essentially unproductive
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Detalyadong Banghay 3.Aralin sa Filipino

THE NEUROTIC I
NEED TO RESTRICT ONE’S
uyegdshd
NEUROTIC NEEDS LIFE WITHIN NARROW BORDERS
8 #ContentedWithLittle
- attempts to combat basic anxiety
- strive to remain inconspicuous or not
- they have the same basic defensive strategies
of the 4 protective devices however, neurotic attracting attention, tend to be content with
very little, downgrade their abilities, fear
needs are more specific
Komunidad AP making demands on other, and want to only be
2 GREATEST NEUROTIC NEEDS: the 2nd
5
> AFFECTION Bachelor of Science in Psychology 100% (3)
> POWER
4. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR POWER
#ControlOthers #AvoidStupidity
10 NEUROTIC NEEDS:
- usually combined with the needs for
- 10 categories of neurotic needs overlapped
prestige/high status and possession
one another, and a single person might employ
more than one - need to control others
- to avoid feelings of weakness or stupidity
1. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR AFFECTION AND

5. THE NEUROTIC NEED TO EXPLOIT OTHERS
APPROVAL #PleaseOthers
#EvaluateUsefulness
- neurotics attempt indiscriminately to please
others by living up to the expectations of others, - neurotics frequently evaluate others on the
tend to dread self-assertion/ fear of being basis of how they can be used or exploited/
benefitted
confident and looking out for your own interest,
and are quite uncomfortable with the hostility - but they fear being exploited by others
of others and within their selves
6. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR SOCIAL
2. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR A POWERFUL RECOGNITION OR PRESTIGE

#NeedToBeFirst #OppositeOf3
PARTNER #LackSelfConfidence
- neurotics have lacking self confidence that - trying to be first
leads to finding a powerful partner - to be important

- to attract attention to themselves
- they fear being alone or deserted, and they
overvalue love
about:blank 8/17
7. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR PERSONAL

ADMIRATION #FedByAdmiration&Approval
- need to be admired for what they are rather
than for what they possess 9. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR SELF-SUFFICIENCY
- inflated self-esteem must be continually fed by AND INDEPENDENCE #MoveAwayFromPpl
the admiration and approval of others - a strong need to move away from people
- proving that they can get along without others
8. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR AMBITION AND

PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT #Best #DefeatOthers 10. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR PERFECTION
- strong drive to be the best AND UNASSAILABILITY #RelentlessPerfection
- must defeat other people in order to confirm - striving relentlessly for perfection
their superiority - dread making mistakes and having personal
flaws
- attempt to hide their weaknesses from others
NEUROTIC TRENDS
- also known as basic attitude
- the list of 10 neurotic needs could be grouped
into three general categories
- each relating to a person’s basic attitude
toward self and others
about:blank 9/17
NORMAL NEUROTIC 3 NEUROTIC TRENDS:
mostly or completely unaware of their basic 1.) MOVING TOWARD PEOPLE #Compliant
conscious of their attitude #Codependency
strategies toward other - to protect themselves against feelings of
people
helplessness, they need to be compliant with
free to choose their forced to act
other people
actions
- compliant people assume that everyone is nice
experience mild conflict experience severe and
- 2 protective devices: affection and approval
insoluble conflict
- 2 neurotic needs: strive for affection and seek
can choose from a variety are limited to a single
a powerful partner to take responsibility for
of strategies trend
their lives – referred this as morbid dependency
or codependency
- 1 neurotic + 1 neurotic = codependency
• PEOPLE CAN USE EACH OF THE NEUROTIC
TRENDS TO SOLVE BASIC CONFLICT, BUT
UNFORTUNATELY, THESE SOLUTIONS ARE
2.) MOVING AGAINST PEOPLE
ESSENTIALLY NONPRODUCTIVE OR NEUROTIC
- to protect themselves against feelings of
THAT MAY RESULT TO BASIC CONFLICT
hostility of others
- needed to be aggressive to other people by
appearing tough or ruthless
BASIC CONFLICT
- aggressive people take for granted that
- using neurotic trends to very young children
everyone is hostile
are driven in all three directions —toward,
- motivated by a strong need to exploit others
against, and away from people
and to use them for their own benefit
- they seldom admit their mistakes and are
compulsively driven to appear perfect,
powerful, and superior
- 10 neurotic needs: need to be powerful, to
MOVING TOWARD MOVING AGAINST
exploit others, to receive recognition and
to receive affection sees everyone as a
prestige, to be admired, need for personal
from everyone potential enemy
achievement
- basic motivation/protective devices: power,
assume that everyone take for granted that
prestige, and personal ambition
is nice everyone is hostile
about:blank 10/17
3.) MOVING AWAY FROM PEOPLE #Withdrawal
INTRPSYCHIC CONFLICTS
- intrapsychic processes originate from
interpersonal experiences but as they become
part of a person’s belief system, they develop a
life of their own (focusing more on outside and
disconnected with self) thus leading to
intrapsychic conflicts
- intrapsychic conflict gave life to intrapsychic
processes/factors in the development of
personality because a person will make an
- to protect themselves against feelings of idealized version of interpersonal that is
isolation different from real or actual self
- expression of needs for privacy, independence,
and self-sufficiency SELF-REALIZATION
- these needs become neurotic when people try - will develop feelings of security and self-
to satisfy them by compulsively putting confidence in given environment of discipline
emotional distance between themselves and and warmth
other people
- to attain autonomy and separateness
- frequently build a world of their own and
refuse to allow anyone to get close to them
- they value freedom and self-sufficiency and
often appear to be aloof and unapproachable
- but their greatest fear is to need other people
• RATHER THAN GROWING TOWARD SELF-

REALIZATION, THEY MOVE TOWARD IDEALIZED
SELF
about:blank 11/17
2 INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS: 3 OTHER ELEMENTS OF NEUROTIC

1.) IDEALIZED SELF-IMAGE SEARCH FOR GLORY:
- an attempt to solve conflicts by painting a >> NEED FOR PERFECTION
godlike picture of oneself #IdealSelf #TyrannyOfShoulds
- neurotic making exaggerated or idealized self- - drive to mold the whole personality into the
image idealized self
- an extravagantly positive view of themselves - Horney referred to this drive as the tyranny of
that exists only in their personal belief system the should , “how you should be”
- these people endow themselves with infinite - erecting a complex set of “shoulds” and
powers and unlimited capabilities; they see “should nots”
themselves as a hero, a genius, a supreme lover,
a saint, a god (combination of 3 neurotic trends)
>> NEUROTIC AMBITION #Superiority
#EnergyToSuccess
• AS THE IDEALIZED SELF-IMAGE BECOMES - compulsive drive toward superiority
SOLIDIFIED, NEUROTICS BEGIN TO BELIEVE IN - channel their energies into those activities that
THE REALITY OF THAT IMAGE are most likely to bring success. (e.g. student
- they lose touch with their real self and use the want to be the best in school)
idealized self as the standard for self-evaluation - may also take a less materialistic form, such as
being the saintliest or most charitable in
community
IDEALIZED SELF IDEALIZED SELF IDEALIZED SELF
IMAGE + IMAGE + IMAGE +
COMPLIANT AGRESSIVE DETACHED
>> DRIVE TOWARD A VINDICTIVE TRIUMPH
PEOPLE PEOPLE PEOPLE
#Disguised #Humiliation #Destructive
see see see
- most destructive element of all
themselves as themselves as themselves as
- may be disguised as a drive for achievement or
good and savior, strong, wise and
success
saintly heroic independent
- its chief aim is to put others to shame or
defeat them through one’s very success; or to
attain the power by inflicting suffering on them
3 ASPECTS OF THE IDEALIZED IMAGE:
mostly of a humiliating kind
> NEUROTIC SEARCH FOR GLORY
- drive for a vindictive triumph grows out of the
- comprehensive drive toward actualizing the
childhood desire to take revenge for real or
ideal self or self-idealization that incorporate it
imagined humiliations
into all aspects of their lives—their goals, their
- neurotics never lose their drive for a vindictive
self-concept, and their relations with others
triumph even how successful they are because
every success raises their fear of defeat thus
about:blank 12/17
solidifying their need for further vindictive > NEUROTIC PRIDE

triumphs #LoudlyProclaimed
- false pride based on a spurious image of
> NEUROTIC CLAIMS the idealized self
#SelfClaims #SelfDemandsOrWish #SelfView - is qualitatively different from healthy pride or
- neurotics build a fantasy world believing realistic self-esteem (see in the table below)
something is wrong with the outside world, they - neurotics imagine themselves to be glorious,
proclaim that they are special and therefore wonderful, and perfect, so when
entitled to be treated in accordance with their others fail to treat them with special
idealized view of themselves consideration, their neurotic pride is hurt
- these demands are very much in accord with - thus, they avoid people who refuse to yield to
their idealized self-image, they fail to see that their neurotic claims
their claims of special privilege are
unreasonable GENUINE SELF- NEUROTIC
ESTEEM PRIDE
based on realistic based on an idealized
• NEUROTIC CLAIMS GROW OUT OF NORMAL attributes and image of self-support
NEEDS AND WISHES, BUT THEY ARE QUITE accomplishments a glorified view of
DIFFERENT one’s self
NORMAL NEUROTIC generally expressed usually loudly
WISHES CLAIMS with proclaimed in order
NOT MET people become neurotics become quiet dignity to protect and
understandably indignant/angry,
support a glorified
frustrated bewildered/
confused, and
view of one’s self
unable to
comprehend why 2.) SELF-HATRED
others have not
- an interrelated yet equally irrational and
granted their claims
E.G. in a cinema line, truly -believe that
powerful tendency to despise one’s real self
wish to be up front they are entitled to - neurotic search for glory can never be happy
but they know, they be near the front of with themselves because when they realize that
don’t really deserve the line, and they
their real self does not match the insatiable
to cut ahead of feel no guilt or
others remorse in moving
demands of their idealized self, they will begin
ahead of others to hate and despise themselves
about:blank 13/17
6 MAJOR WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE unconscious, physical self-

acute or chronic, destruction;
EXPRESS SELF-HATRED:
carried out in quitting a job just
WAYS MEANING E.G.
action or enacted or breaking off a
RELENTLESS continue to push make demands
only in the healthy
DEMANDS themselves on themselves
imagination relationship are
ON THE SELF toward perfection that don’t stop
psychological
because they even when they
self-destruction
believe they achieve a
should be perfect measure of
success
MERCILESS from obviously I’m pretending to
SELF- grandiose be
FREUD ADLER
ACCUSATION expressions, such knowledgeable,
rejected: accepted:
as taking competent, and
responsibility for sincere. I’m really there is no more many women
natural disasters, a fraud, but no anatomical reason possess a masculine
to scrupulously one knows it but
why girls should be protest which they
questioning the me
envious of the penis have a pathological
virtue of their
own motivations than boys should belief that men are
desire a breast or a superior to women;
SELF- expressed as a woman may
womb because boys perception easily
CONTEMPT belittling, attribute her
wanted a womb and leads to the neurotic
disparaging, successful career
doubting, to luck baby but they don’t desire to be a man
discrediting, and experience womb because of their
ridiculing oneself;
envy qualities and
prevents people
privileges in society
from striving for
improvement or and culture
achievement
SELF- neurotics are “I must not strive
FRUSTRATION frequently for a better job
shackled by because I’m not
taboos against good enough for
enjoyment it.”
SELF- people’s main cutting
TORMENT intention is to themselves with
OR inflict harm or a knife, starting a
SELF- suffering on fight that they
TORTURE themselves; are sure to lose,
masochistic or inviting
satisfaction physical abuse
SELF- may be either overeating,
DESTRUCTIVE physical or abusing alcohol
ACTIONS AND psychological, working too hard,
IMPULSES conscious or and suicide are
about:blank 14/17
FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY
• FOR HORNEY, PSYCHIC DIFFERENCES PSYCHOTHERAPY
BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN ARE NOT THE - general goal of Horneyian therapy is to help
RESULT OF ANATOMY BUT RATHER OF patients gradually grow in the direction of self-
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS realization
- the aim is to have patients give up their
BASIC ANXIETY idealized self-image, relinquish their neurotic
MEN WOMEN search for glory (actualizing ideal self), and
core of men’s needs core of women to change self-hatred to an acceptance of the real
to subjugate or humiliate men self
conquer women
• HORNEY BELIEVED THAT NEUROSES GROW
OUT OF BASIC CONFLICT THAT USUALLY BEGINS
OEDIPUS COMPLEX IN CHILDHOOD (parents not being able to satisfy
- due to certain environmental conditions and their need for security and satisfaction)
not to biology and anatomy - people attempt to solve this conflict, they are
- it is not universal experience but found only in likely to adopt one of the three neurotic trends:
some people and is an expression of the namely, moving toward, against, or away from
neurotic need for love others
- neurotic need for affection and the neurotic - each of these tactics can produce temporary
need for aggression usually begin in childhood relief, but eventually they drive the person
and are two of the three basic neurotic trends farther away from actualizing the real self and
- child may passionately cling to one parent and deeper into a neurotic spiral
express jealousy toward the other, but these

behaviors are means of alleviating basic anxiety CONVINCE AND PROCESS
and not manifestations of an anatomically - the aim is to have patients give up their
based idealized self-image, relinquish their neurotic
- the child’s main goal is security, not sexual search for glory (actualizing ideal self), and
intercourse. change self-hatred to an acceptance of the real
self
do self-analysis to understand the difference
between their idealized self-image and their real
self
therapist’s task is to convince patients that their
present solutions are perpetuating rather than
alleviating the core neurosis
about:blank 15/17
2 TECHNIQUES:
1.) FREE ASSOCIATION
- patients are asked to say everything that
comes to mind regardless of how trivial or
embarrassing it may seem
- encouraged to express whatever feelings may
arise from the associations
- free association eventually reveals patients’
idealized self-image and persistent but
unsuccessful attempts at accomplishing it
2.) DREAM ANALYSIS

- attempts to solve conflicts
- When therapists provide a correct
interpretation, patients are helped toward a
better understanding of their real self
THERAPY AND TECHNIQUES ARE SUCCESSFUL

IF
patients gradually develop confidence in their
ability to assume responsibility for their
psychological development
move toward self-realization and all those
processes that accompany it;
they have a deeper and clearer understanding
of their feelings, beliefs, and wishes
Key Terms and Concepts
about:blank 16/17
o Horney insisted that social and cultural influences were more important than biological ones.
o Children who lack warmth and affection fail to meet their needs for safety and satisfaction.
o These feelings of isolation and helplessness trigger basic anxiety, or feelings of isolation and
helplessness in a potentially hostile world.
o The inability of people to use different tactics in their relationships with others generates basic
conflict: that is, the incompatible tendencies to move toward, against, and away from people.
o Horney called the tendencies to move toward, against, or away from people the three neurotic
trends.
o Healthy people solve their basic conflict by using all three neurotic trends, whereas neurotics
compulsively adopt only one of these trends.
o The three neurotic trends (moving toward, against, or away from people) are a combination of
10 neurotic needs that Horney had earlier identified.
o Both healthy and neurotic people experience intrapsychic conflicts that have become part of
their belief system. The two major intrapsychic conflicts are the idealized self-image and self-
hatred.
o The idealized self- image results in neurotics’ attempts to build a godlike picture of themselves.
o Self-hatred is the tendency for neurotics to hate and despise their real self. ∙ Any psychological
differences between men and women are due to cultural and social expectations and not to
biology.
o The goal of Horneyian psychotherapy is to bring about growth toward actualization of the real
self
about:blank 17/17
10/11/23, 9:38 AM Chapter 7 erik erikson theories of personality whole reviewer
erik salomonsen erikson

post-freudian theory
• he was known as Erik H. Erikson had previously been
called Erik Salomonsen, Erik Homburger, and Erik
Homburger Erikson
• born June 15, 1902, in southern Germany, Erikson was
brought up by his mother and stepfather, but he remained
uncertain of the true identity of his biological father
• he ventured away from home during late adolescence,
adopting the life of a wandering artist and poet – after 7
years, he returned home confused, exhausted, depressed,
and unable to sketch or paint
• he was born into a single-parent family, thus he held 3
separate beliefs regarding his origin – first, he believed that
his mother’s husband, a physician named Theodor
Homburger, was his biological father; second, a man
named Valdemar Salomonsen—her first husband—was his biological father and that he - abandoned her
after she became pregnant with Erik; third, Erik chose to believe that he was the outcome of a sexual
liaison between his mother and an artistically gifted -aristocratic Dane
• Erikson had no college degree of any kind, lacking any academic credentials, he had no specific
professional identity and was variously known as an artist, a psychologist, a psychoanalyst, a clinician, a
professor, a cultural anthropologist, an existentialist, a psychobiographer, and a public intellectual
• life changing moment: when he received a letter from his friend Peter Blos inviting him to teach
children in a new school in Vienna. One of the founders of the school was Anna Freud – who also became
her psychoanalyst
• he married Joan Serson, a Canadian-born dancer, artist, and teacher who had also undergone
psychoanalysis, had four children: sons Kai, Jon (never felt emotionally close to his parents), daughter
Sue, and Neil (has down syndrome who he bought at the institution at age of 3 and told her family that
Neil was dead but died originally at the age of 20)
• Violated 2 of his own principles: “Don’t lie to people you should care for,” and “Don’t pit one family
member against another.”
• After retirement, Erikson continued an active career—writing, lecturing, and seeing a few patients
• when his mother died, Erik, then 58 years old, feared he would never know the identity of his biological
father; but he persevered in his search. Finally, more than 30 years later and as his mind and body began
to deteriorate; he died at age of 91
•best-known works: include Childhood and Society, Young Man Luther, Identity: Youth and Crisis
• main goal:
about:blank 1/24
OVERVIEW OF POST-FREUDIAN THE EGO IN POST-FREUDIAN THEORY
THEORY #SenseOfI
− It was Erik Erikson, the person who coined − a positive force that creates a self-identity, a
the term identity crisis sense of I
− post-Freudian theory extended Freud’s − as the center of our personality, our ego
infantile developmental stages into helps us adapt to the various conflicts and
adolescence, adulthood, and old age crises of life and keeps us from losing our
individuality to the leveling forces of society;
also, it unifies personality, experiences, and
• Erikson suggested that at each stage a action, and guards against indivisibility
specific psychosocial struggle contributes to − during childhood, the ego is weak, pliable,
the formation of personality and fragile; but by adolescence it should
− from adolescence on, that struggle takes the begin to take form and gain strength
form of an identity crisis
• Erikson saw the ego as a partially
IDENTITY CRISIS unconscious organizing agency that
− a turning point in one’s life that may either synthesizes our present experiences with
strengthen or weaken personality past self-identities and also with anticipated

images of self
• Erikson regarded his post-Freudian theory as

an extension of psychoanalysis, something ERIKSON FREUD
Freud might have done in time our ego is a positive ego has no strength
− but he differed from Freud in several force that creates a of its own but must
respects because he placed more emphasis self-identity, a sense borrow its energy
on both social and historical influences of I from the id
PSYCHODYNAMIC ERIKSON
THOERIESTS
earlier psychodynamic Erikson intended his
theorists who severed theory of personality to
nearly all ties to extend rather than
freudian psychoanalysis repudiate Freud’s
assumptions and to
offer a new “way of
looking at things”
about:blank 2/24
3 INTERRELATED ASPECTS OF EGO:

➢ BODY EGO #PhysicalSelf SOCIETY’S INFLUENCE
− refers to experiences with our body; a way • Although inborn capacities are important in
of seeing our physical self as different from personality development, the ego emerges
other people from and is largely shaped by society
− may be satisfied or dissatisfied with the way
our body looks and functions, but we
recognize that it is the only body we will ever PERSPECTIVES/VIEWPOINTS
have ERIKSON FREUD
Erikson’s emphasis Freud’s mostly
on social and biological viewpoint
➢ EGO IDEAL #Physical&PersonalIdentity historical factors
#ImageWeHaveForOurselves
− represents the image we have of ourselves

in comparison with an established ideal
• To Erikson, the ego exists as potential at
− it is responsible for our being satisfied or
birth, but it must emerge from within a
dissatisfied not only with our physical self
cultural environment
but with our entire personal identity
− different societies, with their variations in
child-rearing practices, tend to shape
personalities that fit the needs and values of
➢ EGO IDENTITY #SocialRoles
their culture
− the image we have of ourselves in the
variety of social roles we play
PSEUDOSPECIES #Illusion
− an illusion perpetrated and perpetuated by
• Although adolescence is ordinarily the time
a particular society that it is somehow
when these 3 components are changing chosen to be the human species
most rapidly
− illusion held by a particular society that it is
− alterations in body ego, ego ideal, and ego somehow chosen to be more important than
identity can and do take place at any stage
other societies
of life
• Erikson believed that the ego develops

throughout the various stages of life
according to an epigenetic principle
about:blank 3/24
EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
SEVERAL BASIC POINTS THAT NEEDED TO

UNDERSTAND IN 8 STAGES OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:
➢ GROWTH TAKES PLACE ACCORDING TO THE

EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE
− one component part arises out of another
and has its own time of ascendancy, but it
− a term borrowed from embryology (embryo does not entirely replace earlier
does not begin as a completely formed little components
person, it develops)
− epigenetic development implies a step-by-
step growth thus, the ego follows the path ➢ EVERY STAGE OF LIFE THERE IS AN
of epigenetic development, with each stage INTERACTION OF OPPOSITES
developing at its proper time − a conflict between a syntonic (harmonious)
− one stage emerges from and is built upon a element and a dystonic (disruptive and can’t
previous stage, but it does not replace that be avoided) element
earlier stage (e.g. crawl – walk – run – jump) − only trust and mistrust are necessary for
proper adaptation because trust only
• Erikson described the epigenetic principle by becomes gull
saying that “anything that grows has a − guible and is ill prepared for the realities
ground plan, and that out of this ground plan encountered in later development, whereas
the parts arise, each part having its time of an infant who learns only to mistrust
special ascendancy, until all parts have becomes overly suspicious and cynical
arisen to form a functioning whole

− “Epigenesis means that one characteristic
develops on top of another in space and ➢ CONFLICY BETWEEN SYNTONIC AND
time” DYSTONIC PRODUCES BASIC STRENGTH

− at each stage, the conflict between the
dystonic and syntonic elements produces an
ego quality or ego strength, which Erikson
referred to as a basic strength
− e.g. from the antithesis between trust and
mistrust emerges hope, an ego quality that
allows an infant to move into the next stage
about:blank 4/24
➢ TOO LITTLE BASIC STRENGTH AT ANY ONE 8 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL

STAGE RESULTS IN A CORE PATHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
− each stage has a potential core pathology
1) INFANCY #Incorporation
− e.g. a child who does not acquire sufficient
INFANCY
hope during infancy will develop the FUNCTION incorporation or taking in
antithesis or opposite of hope, namely,
not just through mouth but
withdrawal
all of the organs
PSYCHOSEXUAL oral-sensory: receiving and
MODE accepting or give
➢ NEVER LOST SIGHT OF THE BIOLOGICAL
PSYCHOSOCIAL trust vs. mistrust
ASPECT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
CRISIS
− although Erikson referred to his eight stages
BASIC hope
as psychosocial stages, he never lost sight of
STRENGTH
the biological aspect of human development
PATHOLOGICAL withdrawal
CORE
➢ EVENTS IN EARLIER STAGES DO NOT CAUSE

− a period encompassing approximately the
LATER PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
first year of life and paralleling Freud’s oral
− ego identity is shaped by a multiplicity of
phase of development – however, Erikson’s
conflicts and events — past, present, and
model adopts a broader focus than Freud’s
anticipated
oral stage, which was concerned almost
exclusively with the mouth – incorporation
➢ PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IS
CHARACTERIZED BY AN IDENTITY CRISIS
• To Erikson, infancy is a time of
− during each stage, but especially from
incorporation, with infants taking in not only
adolescence forward, personality
through their mouth but through their
development is characterized by an identity
various sense organs as well
crisis
− e.g. through their eyes, infants take in visual
stimuli
IDENTITY CRISIS
− a turning point, a crucial period of increased
ORAL-SENSORY MODE
vulnerability and heightened potential
− Infancy is marked by oral sensory, a phrase
− an identity crisis is not a catastrophic event
that includes infants’ principal psychosexual
but rather an opportunity for either adaptive
mode of adapting
or maladaptive adjustment (positive or
negative)
about:blank 5/24
ORAL-SENSORY 2 MODES OF BASIC TRUST (syntonic)
INCORPORATION: − they realize that their mother will provide

food regularly, then they begin to learn basic
− oral-sensory stage is characterized by two
trust; if they consistently hear the pleasant,
modes of incorporation
➢ RECEIVING AND ACCEPTING rhythmic voice of their mother, then they
develop more basic trust; if they can rely on
− Infants can receive even in the absence of
an exciting visual environment, then they
other people; that is, they can take in air
solidify basic trust even more
through the lungs and can receive sensory
− if their pattern of accepting things
data without having to manipulate others
corresponds with culture’s way of giving
➢ GIVE things, then infants learn basic trust
− this implies a social context

− infants not only must get, but they also must
BASIC MISTRUST (dystonic)
get someone else to give
− if infants find no correspondence between
− this early training in interpersonal relations
their oral-sensory needs and their
helps them learn to eventually become
environment
givers
− getting other people to give, they learn to
trust or mistrust other people, thus setting
• Both trust and mistrust are inevitable
up the basic psychosocial crisis of infancy
experiences of infants
− all babies who have survived have been fed
and otherwise cared for and therefore have
CRISIS: BASIC TRUST VERSUS MISTRUST
some reason to trust
− Infants’ most significant interpersonal
− all have been frustrated by pain, hunger, or
relations are with their primary caregiver,
discomfort, and thus have a reason to
ordinarily their mother
mistrust
− infants must develop both attitudes – too
much trust makes them gullible and
vulnerable to the vagaries of the world,
• The inevitable clash between basic trust and
whereas too little trust leads to frustration,
basic mistrust results in people’s first
anger, hostility, cynicism, or depression
psychosocial crisis
− if people successfully solve this crisis, they
acquire their first basic strength—hope
• Erikson believed that some ratio of trust and
mistrust is critical to people’s ability to adapt
about:blank 6/24
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about:blank 7/24
Detalyadong Banghay −Aralin

a periodsa Filipino
paralleling Freud’sI anal stage and
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HOPE: THE BASIC STRENGTH OF INFANCY encompassing approximately the 2nd and
− hope 8
emerges from the conflict between 3rd years of life
basic trust Bachelor of Science
and basic mistrust – without in Psychology
− mastering 100%
other body functions such(4)
as
antithetical of the 2, hope can’t be urinating, walking, throwing, holding, and so
developed on. In addition, children develop a sense of
− Komunidad AP
by having both painful and pleasurable control over their interpersonal
(hunger, pain, discomfort) experiences, environment, as well as a measure of self-
infants learnBachelor
to expect thatof Science
future distresses in Psychology
control 100% (3)
5
will meet with satisfactory outcomes − however, early childhood is also a time of
experiencing doubt and shame as children
learn that many of their attempts at
WITHDRAWAL #RetreatFromOutsideWorld autonomy are unsuccessful
− a core pathology of infancy
− if infants do not develop sufficient hope
during infancy, they will demonstrate the ERIKSON FREUD
antithesis or the opposite of hope young children anus as the primary
− with little to hope for, they will retreat from receive pleasure not erogenous zone
the outside world and begin the journey only from mastering during this period
toward serious psychological disturbance the sphincter muscle and that during the
but also from early sadistic-anal
mastering other body phase, children
2) EARLY CHILDHOOD functions such as receive pleasure in
EARLY CHILDHOOD urinating, walking, destroying or losing
FUNCTION mastering body functions: throwing, holding, objects
walking, throwing, holding and so on
PSYCHOSEXUAL anal-urethral-muscular children develop a later they take

MODE mode: loving cooperation sense of control over satisfaction in
or hateful resistance their interpersonal defecating
PSYCHOSOCIAL autonomy vs. shame and environment, as well
CRISIS doubt as a measure of self-
BASIC will control
STRENGTH
PATHOLOGICAL compulsion
CORE
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ANAL-URETHRAL-MUSCULAR MODE SELF-EXPRESSION/AUTONOMY

− the primary psychosexual adjustment of − the syntonic quality of early childhood
children in the 2nd year of life − children who develop too little autonomy
− at this time, children learn to control their will have difficulties in subsequent stages,
body, especially in relation to cleanliness lacking the basic strengths of later stages
and mobility
− through a lot of activities (hugging,
throwing, walking), young children are likely SHAME AND DOUBT
to display some stubborn tendencies. They − shame is a feeling of self-consciousness, of
may retain their feces or eliminate them at being looked at and exposed
will, snuggle up to their mother or suddenly − doubt, on the other hand, is the feeling of
push her away, delight in hoarding objects or not being certain, the feeling that something
ruthlessly discard them remains hidden and cannot be seen
− parents may shame their children for soiling
their pants or for making a mess with their
• Early childhood is a time of contradiction food; they may also instill doubt by
− a time of stubborn rebellion and meek questioning their children’s ability to meet
compliance, a time of impulsive self- their standards
expression and compulsive deviance, a time − shame and doubt are dystonic qualities, and
of loving cooperation and hateful resistance both grow out of the basic mistrust that was
established in infancy
• Obstinate insistence on conflicting impulses

triggers the major psychosocial crisis of • According to Erikson’s epigenetic diagrams,
childhood—autonomy versus shame and autonomy grows out of basic trust; and if
doubt basic trust has been established in infancy,
then children learn to have faith in
themselves, and their world remains intact
CRISIS: AUTONOMY VERSUS SHAME AND while they experience a mild psychosocial
DOUBT crisis
− as children stubbornly express their anal- − if children do not develop basic trust during
urethral-muscular mode, they are likely to infancy, then their attempts to gain control
find a culture that attempts to inhibit some of their anal, urethral, and muscular organs
of their self-expression during early childhood will be met with a
− children should develop a proper ratio strong sense of shame and doubt, setting up
between autonomy and shame and doubt, a serious psychosocial crisis

and the ratio should be in favor of autonomy
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3) PLAY AGE
WILL: THE BASIC STRENGTH OF EARLY EARLY CHILDHOOD
CHILDHOOD FUNCTION developing locomotion,
− basic strength of will or willfulness evolves language skills, curiosity,
from the resolution of the crisis of autonomy imagination, ability to set
versus shame and doubt goals
− this step is the beginning of free will and PSYCHOSEXUAL genital-locomotor mode
willpower—but only a beginning MODE
− toilet training often epitomizes the conflict PSYCHOSOCIAL initiative vs. guilt
of wills between adult and child, but willful CRISIS
expression is not limited to this area. BASIC purpose
STRENGTH
PATHOLOGICAL inhibition
• Children develop will only when their CORE
environment allows them some self-
expression in their control of sphincters and − in addition to identifying with their parents,
other muscles preschool-age children are developing
locomotion, language skills, curiosity,
imagination, and the ability to set goals
COMPULSION − also, the stage in which children are
− inadequate will is expressed as compulsion, developing a conscience and beginning to
the core pathology of early childhood attach labels such as right and wrong to their
behavior – the corner stone of morality
− a period covering the same time as Freud’s
• Too little will and too much compulsivity phallic phase—roughly ages 3 to 5 years
carries forward into the play age as lack of

purpose and into the school age as lack of
ERIKSON FREUD
confidence
Erikson believed that Freud placed the
the Oedipus complex Oedipus complex at
is but one of several the core of the phallic
important stage
developments during
the play age
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OEDIPUS COMPLEX INFANTILE SEXUALITY

− saw the Oedipal situation as a prototype of − is a mere promise of things to come
the lifelong power of human playfulness
− thus, the Oedipus complex is a drama played
out in the child’s imagination and includes CRISIS: INITIATIVE VERSUS GUILT
the budding understanding of such basic − as children begin to move around more
concepts as reproduction, growth, future, easily and vigorously and as their genital
and death interest awakens, they adopt an intrusive
head-on mode of approaching the world
− conflict between initiative and guilt
GENITAL-LOCOMOTOR MODE becomes the dominant psychosocial crisis of
− interest that play-age children have in the play age
genital activity is accompanied by their
increasing facility at locomotion – they can
now move with ease, running, jumping, and INITIATIVE
climbing with no conscious effort; and their − selection and pursuit of goals, many goals,
play shows both initiative and imagination such as marrying their mother or father or
− (similar with Oedipus) child may play at leaving home, must be either repressed or
being a mother, a father, a wife, or a delayed
husband; but such play is an expression not − it may lead to chaos and a lack of moral
only of the genital mode but also of the principles
child’s rapidly developing locomotor abilities
− e.g. little girl may envy boys, not because
boys possess a penis, but rather because GUILT
society grants more prerogatives to children − consequence of these taboo and inhibited
with a penis goals is guilt
− if guilt is the dominant element, children
may become compulsively moralistic or
• Developed during the preceding stage, is overly inhibited
now evolving into activity with a purpose
− children’s cognitive abilities enable them to
manufacture elaborate fantasies that INHIBITION
include Oedipal fantasies but also include − antipathy of purpose
imagining what it is like to be grown up, to
be omnipotent, or to be a ferocious animal
− fantasies, however, also produce guilt and
thus contribute to the psychosocial crisis of
the play age, namely, initiative versus guilt
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PURPOSE: THE BASIC STRENGTH OF THE − school age does not necessarily mean
PLAY AGE formalized schools
− conflict of initiative versus guilt produces the
basic strength of purpose
− children now play with a purpose, LATENCY
competing at games in order to win or to be − Erikson agreed with Freud that school age is
on top a period of psychosexual latency
− genital interests have a direction, with − sexual latency is important because it allows
mother or father being the object of their children to divert their energies to learning
sexual desires the technology of their culture and the
strategies of their social interactions
4) SCHOOL AGE
SCHOOL AGE • As children work and play to acquire these
FUNCTION industriously to read and essentials, they begin to form a picture of
write, to hunt and fish, or themselves as competent or incompetent
to learn the skills required − these self-images are the origin of ego
by their culture by friends, identity—that feeling of “I” or “me-ness”
teachers; social growth that evolves more fully during adolescence

PSYCHOSEXUAL latency
MODE
PSYCHOSOCIAL industry vs. inferiority CRISIS: INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY
CRISIS − school age is a period of little sexual

BASIC competence development, it is a time of tremendous
STRENGTH social growth

PATHOLOGICAL inertia
CORE
INDUSTRY
− covers development from about age 6 to − a syntonic quality, means industriousness, a
approximately age 12 or 13 and matches the willingness to remain busy with something
latency years of Freud’s theory and to finish a job
− the social world of children is expanding − school-age children learn to work and play at
beyond family to include peers, teachers, activities directed toward acquiring job skills
and other adult models and toward learning the rules of cooperation
− in normal development, children strive

industriously to read and write, to hunt and
fish, or to learn the skills required by their
culture
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• As children learn to do things well, they • If the struggle between industry and
develop a sense of industry, but if their work inferiority favors either inferiority or an
is insufficient to accomplish their goals, they overabundance of industry
acquire a sense of inferiority − children are likely to give up and regress to
an earlier stage of development
− they may become preoccupied with infantile
INFERIORITY genital and Oedipal fantasies and spend
− the dystonic quality of the school age most of their time in nonproductive play
− this regression is called inertia, the antithesis
of competence and the core pathology of
• Earlier inadequacies can also contribute to the school age
children’s feelings of inferiority
− e.g. if children acquire too much guilt and
too little purpose during the play age, they 5) ADOLESCENCE
will likely feel inferior and incompetent ADOLESCENCE
during the school age FUNCTION trial and error of new roles
PSYCHOSEXUAL puberty
MODE
• inferiority can serve as an impetus to do PSYCHOSOCIAL identity vs. identity
one’s best CRISIS confusion
− conversely, an oversupply of inferiority can BASIC fidelity
block productive activity and stunt one’s STRENGTH
feelings of competence PATHOLOGICAL role-repudiation
CORE
COMPETENCE: THE BASIC STRENGTH − period from puberty to young adulthood, is

OF THE SCHOOL AGE one of the most crucial developmental
− the confidence to use one’s physical and stages because, by the end of this period, a
cog-nitive abilities to solve the problems person must gain a firm sense of ego identity
that accompany school age − is an adaptive phase of personality
− lays the foundation for co-operative development, a period of trial and error
participation in productive adult life

• Erikson saw adolescence as a period of social
latency, just as he saw school age as a time
of sexual latency
− try out new roles and beliefs while seeking
to establish a sense of ego identity
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PUBERTY #NoMajorSexualCrisis #GenitalMaturation • A crisis should not suggest a threat or

− defined as genital maturation, plays a catastrophe but rather a turning point, a
relatively minor role in Erikson’s concept of crucial period of increased vulnerability and
adolescence heightened potential
− most young people genital maturation
presents no major sexual crisis
− it is important psychologically because it IDENTITY EMERGES FROM 2 SOURCES:
triggers expectations of adult roles yet ➢ ADOLESCENTS’ AFFIRMATION OR

ahead—roles that are essentially social and REPUDIATION OF CHILDHOOD
can be filled only through a struggle to attain IDENTIFICATIONS
ego identity
➢ HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS, WHICH

CRISIS: IDENTITY VERSUS IDENTITY ENCOURAGE CONFORMITY TO CERTAIN
CONFUSION STANDARDS
− search for ego identity reaches a climax − society in which they live plays a substantial
during adolescence as young people strive role in shaping their identity
to find out who they are and who they are

not
− identity crisis may last for many years and IDENTITY
can result in either greater or lesser ego − defined both positively and negatively, as
strength adolescents are deciding what they want to
− adolescents look for new roles to help them become and what they believe while also
discover their sexual ideological, and discovering what they do not wish to be and
occupational identities what they do not believe

− much of the sexual activity during
adolescence is an expression of one’s search
• The seeds of identity begin to sprout during for identity and is basically self-serving
infancy and continue to grow through − they must either repudiate the values of
childhood, the play age, and the school age parents or reject those of the peer group – a
− during adolescence, identity strengthens dilemma that may intensify their identity
into a crisis as young people learn to cope confusion
with the psychosocial conflict of identity

versus identity confusion
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IDENTITY CONFUSION #SyndromeOfProblems • The trust learned in infancy is basic for

− a syndrome of problems that includes a fidelity in adolescence
divided self-image, an inability to establish − young people must learn to trust others
intimacy, a sense of time urgency, a lack of before they can have faith in their own view
concentration on required tasks, and a of the future
rejection of family or community standards
− some amount of identity confusion is both • They must have developed hope during
normal and necessary (e.g. young people infancy, and they must follow hope with the
must experience some doubt and confusion other basic strengths—will, purpose, and
about who they are before they can evolve a competence
stable identity) − each is a prerequisite for fidelity, just as
fidelity is essential for acquiring subsequent
• Although identity confusion is a necessary ego strengths
part of our search for identity, too much
confusion can lead to pathological
adjustment in the form of regression to ROLE REPUDIATION
earlier stages of development − pathological counterpart of fidelity
− the core pathology of adolescence that
IF WE DEVELOP THE PROPER RATIO OF blocks one’s ability to synthesize various
IDENTITY TO IDENTITY CONFUSION, WE self-images and values into a workable
WILL HAVE identity
✓ faith in some sort of ideological principle − can take the form of either diffidence or
✓ the ability to freely decide how we should defiance
behave
✓ trust in our peers and adults who give us 2 FORMS OF ROLE REPUDIATION:
advice regarding goals and aspirations ➢ DIFFIDENCE
✓ confidence in our choice of an eventual − an extreme lack of self-trust or self-
occupation confidence and is expressed as shyness or
hesitancy to express oneself
FIDELITY: THE BASIC STRENGTH OF
ADOLESCENCE ➢ DEFIANCE
− faith in one’s ideology − the act of rebelling against authority
− after establishing their internal standards of − defiant adolescents stubbornly hold to
conduct, adolescents are no longer in need socially unacceptable beliefs and practices
of parental guidance but have confidence in simply because these beliefs and practices
their own religious, political, and social are unacceptable
ideologies
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GENITALITY
• Some amount of role repudiation, Erikson − some people should develop mature
believed, is necessary, not only because it genitality
allows adolescents to evolve their personal − true genitality can develop only during
identity young adulthood when it is distinguished by
− because it injects some new ideas and new mutual trust and a stable sharing of sexual
vitality into the social structure satisfactions with a loved person
6) YOUNG ADULTHOOD CRISIS: INTIMACY VERSUS ISOLATION

YOUNG ADULTHOOD
FUNCTION fuse one’s identity with INTIMACY
that of another person − the ability to fuse one’s identity with that of
without fear of losing it; another person without fear of losing it
share mutual trust; able to − intimacy can be achieved only after people
form mature love have formed; a stable ego; the infatuations
PSYCHOSEXUAL genitality often found in young adolescents are not
MODE true intimacy
PSYCHOSOCIAL intimacy vs. isolation
CRISIS
BASIC love • People who are unsure of their identity may
STRENGTH either shy away from psychosocial intimacy
PATHOLOGICAL exclusivity or desperately seek intimacy through
CORE meaningless sexual encounters
− people must acquire the ability to fuse that

identity with the identity of another person • Mature intimacy means an ability and
while maintaining their sense of individuality willingness to share a mutual trust
− a time from about age 19 to 30— is − it involves sacrifice, compromise, and
circumscribed not so much by time as by the commitment within a relationship of two
acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of equals
the stage and the development of − it should be a requirement for marriage, but
generativity at the end many marriages lack intimacy because some

young people marry as part of their search
• Some people, this stage is a relatively short for the identity that they failed to establish
time, lasting perhaps only a few years during adolescence
− for others, young adulthood may continue

for several decades
about:blank 16/24
ISOLATION productively with the final two stages of

− psychosocial counterpart to intimacy development
− defined as the incapacity to take chances
with one’s identity by sharing true intimacy
EXCLUSIVITY
− the antipathy of love and the core pathology
• Some people become financially or socially of young adulthood

successful, yet retain a sense of isolation − exclusivity is necessary for intimacy; that is,
− because they are unable to accept the adult a person must be able to exclude certain
responsibilities of productive work, people, activities, and ideas in order to
procreation, and mature love develop a strong sense of identity

− exclusivity becomes pathological when it
blocks one’s ability to cooperate, compete,
• Some degree of isolation is essential before or compromise—all prerequisite ingredients
one can acquire mature love for intimacy and love
− too much togetherness can diminish a

person’s sense of ego identity, which leads
that person to a psychosocial regression and 7) ADULTHOOD
an inability to face the next developmental ADULTHOOD

stage FUNCTION caring for one’s children as
well as other people’s
children, begin to take
LOVE: THE BASIC STRENGTH OF YOUNG their place in society
ADULTHOOD PSYCHOSEXUAL procreativity
− Love, the basic strength of young adulthood, MODE

emerges from the crisis of intimacy versus PSYCHOSOCIAL generativity vs. stagnation
isolation CRISIS
− Erikson defined love as mature devotion BASIC care
that overcomes basic differences between STRENGTH
men and women – although love includes PATHOLOGICAL rejectivity
intimacy, it also contains some degree of CORE
isolation, because each partner is -permitted
to retain a separate identity − time when people begin to take their place
− mature love means commitment, sexual in society and assume responsibility for
passion, cooperation, competition, and whatever society produces
friendship – it is the basic strength of young − this is the longest stage of development,
adulthood, enabling a person to cope spanning the years from about age 31 to 60
about:blank 17/24
• During adulthood, one-to-one intimacy is no

• Erikson’s psychosexual theory assumes an longer enough
instinctual drive to perpetuate the species − other people, especially children, become
− this drive is the counterpart of an adult part of one’s concern; instructing others in
animal’s instinct toward procreation and is the ways of culture is a practice found in all
an extension of the genitality that marks societies
young adulthood − for the mature adult, this motivation is not
merely an obligation or a selfish need but an
evolutionary drive to make a contribution to
PROCREATIVITY succeeding generations and to ensure the
− refers to more than genital contact with an continuity of human society as well
intimate partner – it includes assuming
responsibility for the care of offspring that
result from that sexual contact SELF-ABSORPTION AND STAGNATION
− procreation should follow from the mature − antithesis of generativity
intimacy and love established during the − generational cycle of productivity and
preceding stage creativity is crippled when people become
• Mature adulthood demands more than too absorbed in themselves, too self-
procreating offspring indulgent – these pervading sense of
− it includes caring for one’s children as well as stagnation
other people’s children • Some elements of stagnation and self-
absorption, however, are necessary
− creative people must, at times, remain in a
CRISIS: GENERATIVITY VERSUS dormant stage and be absorbed with
STAGNATION themselves in order to eventually generate
GENERATIVITY new growth
− the generation of new beings as well as new
products and new ideas
− concerned with establishing and guiding the
next generation, includes the procreation of
children, the production of work, and the
creation of new things and ideas that
contribute to the building of a better world
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CARE: THE BASIC STRENGTH OF 8) OLD AGE

ADULTHOOD OLD AGE
CARE FUNCTION time of joy, playfulness,
− as a widening commitment to take care of depression, issue: non-
the persons, the products, and the ideas one existence
has learned to care for PSYCHOSEXUAL generalized sensitivity
− care arises from each earlier basic ego MODE
strength PSYCHOSOCIAL integrity vs. despair
− one must have hope, will, purpose, CRISIS
competence, fidelity, and love in order to BASIC wisdom
take care of that which one cares for STRENGTH
− not a duty or obligation but a natural desire PATHOLOGICAL disdain
emerging from the conflict between CORE
generativity and stagnation or self-
absorption − period from about age 60 to the end of life
− old age need not mean that people are no
longer generative; because procreation may
REJECTIVITY be absent but can remain productive and
− antipathy of care, core pathology of creative
adulthood − old age can be a time of joy, playfulness,
− the unwillingness to take care of certain and wonder; but it is also a time of senility,
persons or groups depression, and despair
− responsible for much of human hatred, − in old age, people are concerned with
destruction, atrocities, and wars; has far- ultimate issues, including nonexistence
reaching implications for the survival of the
species as well as for every individual’s
psychosocial development GENERALIZED SENSUALITY
− manifested as self-centeredness, #TakePleasureInAlmostAllllAspects
provincialism, or − Erikson had little to say about this mode of

psychosexual life, but one may infer that it
means to take pleasure in a variety of
PSEUDOSPECIATION different physical sensations—sights,
− the belief that other groups of people are sounds, tastes, odors, embraces, and
inferior to one’s own perhaps genital stimulation

− also include a greater appreciation for the
traditional lifestyle of the opposite sex. (1)
men become more nurturant and more
acceptant of the pleasures of nonsexual
about:blank 19/24
relationships – including those with their DESPAIR

grandchildren and great-grandchildren; (2) − antipathy of integrity
women become more interested and − literally means to be without hope; the last
involved in politics, finance, and world dystonic quality of the life cycle, is in the
affairs opposite corner from hope, a person’s first
− generalized sensual attitude, however, is basic strength
dependent on one’s ability to hold things
together, that is, to maintain integrity in the
face of despair • From infancy to old age, hope can exist
− once hope is lost, despair follows and life
ceases to have -meaning
CRISIS: INTEGRITY VERSUS DESPAIR
− person’s final identity crisis is integrity

versus despair • Some amount of despair is natural and
necessary for psychological maturity
− inevitable struggle between integrity and
• At the end of life, the dystonic quality of despair produces wisdom
despair may prevail, but for people with a
strong ego identity who have learned
intimacy and who have taken care of both WISDOM: THE BASIC STRENGTH OF OLD
people and things, the syntonic quality of AGE
integrity will predominate − the basic strength of old age
− it is an informed and detached concern with
life itself in the face of death itself
INTEGRITY
− means a feeling of wholeness and coherence
− an ability to hold together one’s sense of I- PEOPLE WITH DETACHED CONCERN
ness despite diminishing physical and − do not lack concern; rather, they exhibit an
intellectual powers active but dispassionate interest
EGO INTEGRITY MATURE WISDOM

− sometimes difficult to maintain when − they maintain their integrity in spite of
people see that they are losing familiar declining physical and mental abilities
aspects of their existence
− e.g. spouse, friends, physical health, body
strength, mental alertness, independence,
and social usefulness
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DISDAIN #Confused #Helpless • Erikson believed that the eight

− an antithesis of wisdom and the core developmental stages transcend chronology
pathology of old age and geography and are appropriate to nearly
− a reaction to feeling (and seeing others) in all cultures, past and present
an increasing state of being finished,
confused, helpless
− is a continuation of rejectivity, the core ERIKSON’S METHODS OF
pathology of adulthood INVESTIGATION
• Erikson insisted that personality is a product

9) VERY OLD AGE
of history, culture, and biology; and his
− additional stage; Erikson and his wife began diverse methods of investigation reflect this
to describe a ninth stage—a period of very belief
old age when physical and mental infirmities
rob people of their generative abilities and
• Erikson wrote biographical portraits of Adolf
reduce them to waiting for death
Hitler, Maxim Gorky, Martin Luther, and
− Joan herself died before she could complete Mohandas K. Gandhi, among others
this ninth stage
➢ ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES
SUMMARY OF THE LIFE CYCLE

− 8 stages are characterized by a psychosocial
crisis – the psychosocial crisis is stimulated
by a conflict between the predominating ➢ PSYCHOHISTORY
syntonic element and its antithetical − it is a controversial field that combines
dystonic element psychoanalytic concepts with historical
− from this conflict emerges a basic strength, methods
or ego quality – each basic strength has an
underlying antipathy that becomes the core
pathology of that stage
− humans have an ever-increasing radius of
significant relations, beginning with the
maternal person in infancy and ending with
an identification with all humanity during old
age
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CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
In contrast to Freud, who believed that anatomy was destiny, Erikson suggested that other factors might
be responsible for differences between women and men. Citing some of his own research, Erikson (1977)
suggested that, although girls and boys have different methods of play, these differences are at least partly
a result of different socialization practices. Does this conclusion mean that Erikson agreed with Freud that
anatomy is destiny? Erikson’s answer was yes, anatomy is destiny, but he quickly qualified that dictum to
read: “Anatomy, history, and personality are our combined destiny” In other words, anatomy alone does
not determine destiny, but it combines with past events, including social and various personality
dimensions such as temperament and intelligence, to determine who a person will become.
How does Erikson’s theory conceptualize humanity in terms of the six dimensions we introduced in Chapter
1? First, is the life cycle determined by external forces or do people have some choice in molding their
personalities and shaping their lives? Erikson was not as deterministic as Freud, but neither did he believe
strongly in free choice. His position was somewhere in the middle. Although personality is molded in part
by culture and history, people retain some limited control over their destiny. People can search for their
own identities and are not completely constrained by culture and history. Individuals, in fact, can change
history and alter their environment. The two subjects of Erikson’s most extensive psychohistories, Martin
Luther and Mahatma Gandhi, each had a profound effect on world history and on his own immediate
surroundings. Similarly, each of us has the power to determine his or her own life cycles, even though our
global impact may be on a lesser scale.
On the dimension of pessimism versus optimism, Erikson tended to be somewhat optimistic. Even though
core pathologies may predominate early stages of development, humans are not inevitably doomed to
continue a pathological existence in later stages. Although weaknesses in early life make it more difficult
to acquire basic strengths later on, people remain capable of changing at any stage of life. Each psychosocial
conflict consists of a syntonic and a dystonic quality. Each crisis can be resolved in favor of the syntonic, or
harmonious element, regardless of past resolutions.
Erikson did not specifically address the issue of causality versus teleology, but his view of humanity suggests
that people are influenced more by biological and social forces than by their view of the future. People are
a product of a particular historical moment and a specific social setting. Although we can set goals and
actively strive to achieve these goals, we cannot completely escape the powerful causal forces of anatomy,
history, and culture. For this reason, we rate Erikson high on causality.
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On the fourth dimension, conscious versus unconscious determinants, Erikson’s position is mixed. Prior to
adolescence, personality is largely shaped by unconscious motivation. Psychosexual and psychosocial
conflicts during the first four developmental stages occur before children have firmly established their
identity. We seldom are clearly aware of these crises and the ways in which they mold our personalities.
From adolescence forward, however, people ordinarily are aware of their actions and most of the reasons
underlying those actions.
Erikson’s theory, of course, is more social than biological, although it does not overlook anatomy and other
physiological factors in personality development. Each psychosexual mode has a clear biological
component. However, as people advance through the eight stages, social influences become increasingly
more powerful. Also, the radius of social relations expands from the single maternal person to a global
identification with all humanity.
The sixth dimension for a concept of humanity is uniqueness versus similarities. Erikson tended to place
more emphasis on individual differences than on universal characteristics. Although people in different
cultures advance through the eight developmental stages in the same order, myriad differences are found
in the pace of that journey. Each person resolves psychosocial crises in a unique manner, and each uses the
basic strengths in a way that is peculiarly theirs
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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

o Erikson’s stages of development rest on an epigenetic principle, meaning that each component
proceeds in a step-by-step fashion with later growth building on earlier development.
o During every stage, people experience an interaction of opposing syntonic and dystonic attitudes,
which leads to a conflict, or psychosocial crisis.
o Resolution of this crisis produces a basic strength and enables a person to move to the next stage.
o Biological components lay a ground plan for each individual, but a multiplicity of historical and
cultural events also shapes ego identity.
o Each basic strength has an underlying antipathy that becomes the core pathology of that stage.
o The first stage of development is infancy, characterized by the oral sensory mode, the psychosocial
crisis of basic trust versus mistrust, the basic strength of hope, and the core pathology of
withdrawal.
o During early childhood, children experience the anal, urethral, and muscular psychosexual mode;
the psychosocial conflict of autonomy versus shame and doubt; the basic strength of will; and the
core pathology of compulsion.
o During the play age, children experience genital-locomotor psychosexual development and
undergo a psychosocial crisis of initiative versus guilt, with either the basic strength of purpose or
the core pathology of inhibition.
o School-age children are in a period of sexual latency but face the psychosocial crisis of industry
versus inferiority, which produces either the basic strength of competence or the core pathology
of inertia.
o Adolescence, or puberty, is a crucial stage because a person’s sense of identity should emerge
from this period. However, identity confusion may dominate the psychosocial crisis, thereby
postponing identity. Fidelity is the basic strength of adolescence; role repudiation is its core
pathology.
o Young adulthood, the time from about age 18 to 30, is characterized by the psychosexual mode of
genitality, the psychosocial crisis of intimacy versus isolation, the basic strength of love, and the
core pathology of exclusivity.
o Adulthood is a time when people experience the psychosexual mode of procreativity, the
psychosocial crisis of generativity versus stagnation, the basic strength of care, and the core
pathology of rejectivity.
o Old age is marked by the psychosexual mode of generalized sensuality, the crisis of integrity versus
despair, and the basic strength of wisdom or the core pathology of disdain.
o Erikson used psychohistory (a combination of psychoanalysis and history) to study the identity
crises of Martin Luther, Mahatma Gandhi, and others.
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erich fro
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humanistic psychoanalysis
• fromm was born on March 23, 1900, in Frankfurt, Germany,
the only child of middle-class Orthodox Jewish parents
• childhood was less than ideal because he had very neurotic
parents
• saw his father as being moody and his mother as prone to
depression
• fromm studied the Old Testament with several prominent
scholars and his theory can be traced to the reading of these
prophets “with their vision of universal peace and harmony”
• early experiences with the talmudic scholars, combined
with his distaste for war and his puzzlement over the suicide
of the young artist, contributed substantially to the
humanistic views of Erich Fromm
• his main interest “I wanted to understand the laws that govern the life of the individual man, and the
laws of society”
• fromm was such a private person that his biographers do not agree on many facts of his life
• has interest in mother figure kind of wife including Frieda Reichmann (more than 10-year senior that
resembled his mother), Karen Horney (not a wife but became lovers, who was 15 years older that became
a strong mother figure and mentor to him)
• other wives are Henny Gurland (a woman two years younger than Fromm and whose interest in religion
and mystical thought), and Annis Freeman (last wife of Fromm)
• he joined the newly founded International Institute of Social Research , Association for the
Advancement of Psychoanalysis (which the organization split over his qualifications because he does not
hold MD degree, William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Psychology (Fromm
chairing both the faculty and the training committee)
• people saw Fromm in quite different ways such as authoritarian, gentle, pretentious, arrogant, pious,
autocratic, shy, sincere, phony, and brilliant
• he was more than a personality theorist; he was a social critic, psychotherapist, philosopher, biblical
scholar, cultural anthropologist, and psychobiographer
• some of fromm’s famous books are The Art of Loving, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, and
Escape from Freedom
• main goal: to achieve positive freedom by maintaining sense of individuality, independence, and
integrity but also reuniting with the natural world, and reducing the aloneness, helplessness, powerless,
and isolati on
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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
- human personality can only be understood in TWO ALTERNATIVES ISOLATION
the light of history WROUGHT BY CAPITALISM:

(1) to escape from freedom into interpersonal
dependencies
FROMM BELIEVED THAT HUMANS, UNLIKE (2) to move to self-realization through
OTHER ANIMALS, HAVE BEEN “TORN AWAY” productive love and work
FROM THEIR PREHISTORIC UNION WITH

NATURE
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS
- assumes that humanity’s separation from the
ELABORATED EXPLANATION: natural world has produced feelings of
- human before needed other people for loneliness and isolation, a condition called BASIC
survival such as hunting ANXIETY
- later on, humans have been torn away from
their prehistoric union with nature (tribal) which
is caused by SELF-AWARENESS that contributes HUMAN DILEMMA
to experiencing homelessness, isolation, and - the present condition of humans that have
aloneness acquired the ability to reason but lack powerful
- thus, after being torn away, the brain develops instincts to adapt to changing world
and improve increasing its self-awareness and - people experience this basic dilemma because
ability to reason leading to an idea that humans they have become separate from nature and yet
does not need to depend on nature (other have the capacity to be aware of themselves as
people, animals) and instead of depending and isolated beings
adjusting to nature, the humans should control
it and modified (using fire, existence of
agricultural revolution) • HUMAN ABILITY TO REASON, THEREFORE, IS
- humanity’s separation from the natural world BOTH A BLESSING AND A CURSE
has produced feelings of loneliness and isolation - permits people to survive, but on the other, it
or BASIC ANXIETY forces them to attempt to solve basic insoluble
- this development of brain rise CAPITALISM dichotomies or what from called existential
(working that requires large population) which dichotomies
contributed to the GROWTH OF LEISURE TIME
AND PERSONAL FREEDOM; and resulted in
feelings of anxiety, isolation, and powerlessness
- personal freedom exceeded its benefits
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EXISTENTIAL DICHOTOMIES o ALONE & CANNOT TOLERATE ISOLATION

- because we have self-awareness and - human nature: we want to be with other
reasoning (whys) people
- humans cannot do away with these existential - because of self-realization we realize that we
dichotomies; they can only react to these are alone, other people have different
dichotomies relative to their culture and their perspectives, people do not understand you the
individual personalities way you understand yourself – this is your
- these dichotomies produce human dilemma logical reasoning, a very cold one
and existential needs - people are ultimately alone, yet we
cannot tolerate isolation
- are aware of themselves as separate
3 EXISTENTIAL DICHOTOMIES individuals, and at the same time, they believe
o BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH that their happiness depends on uniting with
- self-awareness and reason tell us that we will their fellow human beings
die, but we try to negate this dichotomy by
postulating life after death, an attempt that
does not alter the fact that our lives end with • HUMANS ARE MOTIVATED BY SUCH
death PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS AS HUNGER, SEX, AND
- e.g. reincarnated SAFETY
- but they can never resolve their human
dilemma by satisfying these animal needs
• FROMM BELIEVED THAT WE WILL ALL DIE, - only the distinctive human needs can move
AND THAT IS LONELY TO ACCEPT people toward a reunion with the natural world
o GOAL OF COMPLETE SELF-REALIZATION & • EXISTENTIAL DICHOTOMIES PRODUCES

SHORTNESS OF LIFE TO REACH THE GOAL EXISTENTIAL NEEDS/HUMAN NEEDS
- humans are capable of conceptualizing the
goal of complete self-realization, but we also
are aware that life is too short to reach that goal EXISTENTIAL NEEDS
which is to complete the mission and know #ReasonForExistence #AvoidBecomingInsane
ourselves more - emerged during the evolution of human
- but some people try to solve this dichotomy by culture
assuming that their own historical period is the - related to existential dichotomies
crowning achievement or their generation is the - growing out of their attempts to find an
best generation answer to their existence and to avoid
becoming insane
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- peculiarly human needs aimed at moving 3 BASIC WAYS IN WHICH A PERSON MAY
people toward a reunification with the natural RELATE TO THE WORLD
world o SUBMISSION
#BecomingPartOfSomethingBigger
(A) a person can submit to another, to a group,
FROMM BELIEVED THAT HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL or to an institution in order to become one with
KNOW THE REASON OF ITS EXISTENCE OR FIND the world
ANSWERS TO THEIR EXISTENCE (answers that - the person will submit himself/herself to aim
more completely correspond to their total the relatedness
human needs) WHILE NEUROTIC PEOPLE DOES - he transcends the separateness of his
NOT KNOW THE MEANING OR REASON OF individual existence by becoming part of
THEIR EXISTENCE somebody or something bigger than himself and
experiences his identity in connection with the
power to which he has submitted
5 EXISTENTIAL NEEDS:
- healthy individuals are better able to find ways (B) dominate other people/domination
of reuniting to the world by productively solving - seek submissive partners

the human needs of relatedness,
transcendence, rootedness, a sense of identity,
and a frame of orientation SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP/SYMBIOSIS
- can be sought in either productive or - this will frequently establish when a
nonproductive strategies submissive person and a domineering person
find each other
- one that is satisfying to both partners because
FROMM BELIEVED THAT LACK OF SATISFACTION they fulfill each other’s needs
OF THE 5 EXISTENTIAL NEEDS IS UNBEARABLE - although such symbiosis may be gratifying, it
AND RESULTS IN INSANITY blocks or hampers growth toward integrity and

psychological health because you will become
dependent to each other (dependency is not
1) RELATEDNESS healthy since it limits the person) also known as

- drive or desire for union with another person co-dependence
or other persons - “live on each other and from each other,
- since humans are torn away from nature and satisfying their craving for closeness, yet
others, they want to reunite with them suffering from the lack of inner strength and
- wanted to relate to other people self-reliance which would require freedom and
independence”
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o POWER • RESPONSIBILITY
- a willingness and ability to respond
o LOVE - person who loves others responds to their
- defined love as a union with somebody, or physical and psychological needs
something outside oneself under the condition
of retaining the separateness and integrity of
one’s own self • RESPECT
- retaining separateness or urge to reuniting - respects them for who they are, and avoids the
with other people + integrity/wholeness of temptation of trying to change them
one’s own self = love
- involves sharing and communion with another,
yet it allows a person the freedom to be unique • KNOWLEDGE
and separate without surrendering - people can respect others only if they have
independence knowledge of them
- to know others means to see them from their
own point of view
• FROMM BELIEVED THAT LOVE IS THE ONLY
ROUTE BY WHICH A PERSON CAN BECOME
UNITED WITH THE WORLD AND, AT THE SAME 2) TRANSCENDENCE
TIME, ACHIEVE INDIVIDUALITY AND INTEGRITY - urge to rise above a passive and accidental
existence because people fear death and they
don’t want to die since they want to achieve
• IN LOVE, TWO PEOPLE BECOME ONE YET and complete their self-realization
REMAIN TWO - this refers to preserving our memory; go
beyond being human
4 BASIC ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL - people can transcend their passive nature by
FORMS OF GENUINE LOVE either creating life or by destroying it
- care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge
are all entwined in a love relationship
• CARE 2 WAYS TO TRANSCEND:
- someone who loves another person must care ➢ DESTRUCTIVENESS

for that person and be willing to take care of - negative way to fulfill transcend
him or her - we can also transcend life by destroying it
and thus rising above our slain victims
- we destroy other people for us to be
remembered and go beyond human being
about:blank 5/17
• FROMM ARGUED THAT HUMANS ARE THE

ONLY SPECIES TO USE MALIGNANT o WHOLENESS
AGGRESSION WHICH IS TO KILL FOR - productive strategy
REASONS OTHER THAN SURVIVAL - grow beyond security of our mother
- malignant aggression is a dominant and - people are weaned from the orbit of their
powerful passion in some individuals and mother and become fully born; that is, they
cultures, it is not common to all humans but actively and creatively relate to the world and
it is more common to humans become whole or integrated
- humans are the only living creature that - we grow beyond the security of our mother
has the capability of killing just for the sake and establish ties with the outside world
of killing - new tie to the natural world confers security
and reestablishes a sense of belongingness and
rootedness
➢ CREATIVENESS
- creating something bigger than you to be o FIXATION
leveled with that creation which will make #Fixation+WithdrawnToSecurity=Insecurity
you transcend - nonproductive strategy
- humans can create art, religions, ideas, - fixation is a tenacious reluctance to move
laws, material production, and love beyond the protective security provided by
- to create means to be active and to care one’s mother
about that which we create - who strive for rootedness through fixation are
- this is another way of malignant afraid to take the next step of birth, to be
aggression but in a positive way because weaned from the mother’s breast (klein: they
humans create something that is not did not pass the normal symbiosis, did not
necessary for survival but continuously experience separation individuation)
creating something for the sake of creating - have a deep craving to be mothered, nursed,
protected by a motherly figure; they are the
externally dependent ones, who are frightened
and insecure when motherly protection is
withdrawn
3) ROOTEDNESS • FROMM AGREED WITH FREUD THAT
- the need to establish roots or to feel at home INCESTUOUS DESIRES ARE UNIVERSAL, BUT HE
again in the world or to be in touch again with DISAGREED WITH FREUD’S BELIEF THAT THEY
the nature/natural world ARE ESSENTIALLY SEXUAL
- at the same time, their capacity for thought or

reason enabled them to realize that they were INCESTUOUS SYMBIOSIS
without a home, without roots
about:blank 6/17
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Detalyadong Banghay -Aralin

- extreme dependence on the mother or mother sa Filipino
neurotics conform to powerfulI people; healthy
substitute uyegdshd individuals do not have to surrender their
8 freedom and individuality in order to fit
• ACCORDING TOBachelor of Science
FROMM, INCESTUOUS in Psychology
into society because they possess an100% (4)
authentic
FEELINGS ARE BASED IN THE DEEP-SEATED sense of identity
CRAVING TO REMAIN IN, OR TO RETURN TO,
Komunidad AP
THE ALL-ENVELOPING WOMB, OR TO THE ALL- FROMM BELIEVED THAT PRIMITIVE PEOPLE
NOURISHING BREASTS IDENTIFIED MORE CLOSELY WITH THEIR CLAN

AND DID NOT SEE THEMSELVES AS INDIVIDUALS
FROMM WAS INFLUENCED BY JOHANN JAKOB EXISTING APART FROM THEIR GROUP
BACHOFEN’S (than Freud’s patriarchal) IDEAS
ON EARLY MATRIARCHAL SOCIETIES FROMM BELIEVED THAT THE RISE OF
- It was she who provided roots for her children
and motivated them either to develop their
individuality and reason or to become fixated
and incapable of psychological growth
CAPITALISM HAS GIVEN PEOPLE MORE
- Fromm’s strong preference for Bachofen’s
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FREEDOM
mother-centered theory of the oedipal situation
- this freedom has given only a minority of
over Freud’s father-centered conception is
people a true sense of “I.”
consistent with his preference for older women
- identity of most people still resides in their
- Fromm’s conception of the oedipus complex as
attachment to others or to institutions such as
a desire to return to the mother’s womb or
nation, religion, occupation, or social group
breast or to a person with a mothering function
should be viewed in light of his attraction to
5) FRAME OF ORIENTATION/ROAD MAP
older women
- humans need a road map, a frame of
orientation, deal with rational goals and to
4) SENSE OF IDENTITY
make their way through the world
- the capacity to be aware of ourselves as a
- enables people to organize the various stimuli
separate entity
that impinge on them
- we need to form a concept of our self, to be
able to say, “I am I,” or “I am the subject of my
IRRATIONAL GOALS
actions.”
#WithoutRoadMap #Worthless
- without such a map, humans would be
- without a sense of identity, people could not
confused and unable to act purposefully and
retain their sanity, and this threat provides a
consistently including consistent way of looking
powerful motivation to do almost anything to
at things; they will just deal with irrational goals
acquire a sense of identity
- road map without a goal or destination is
worthless
about:blank 8/17
RATIONAL GOALS attempt to flee from freedom through a variety

#GrowthOfTotalPersonality of escape mechanisms
- only a rational philosophy can serve as a basis - these mechanisms of escape are the driving
for the growth of total personality forces in normal people, both individually and
collectively
OBJECT OF DEVOTION
- people need a final goal because they have the 3 PRIMARY MECHANISMS OF ESCAPE:
mental capacity to imagine many alternative o AUTHORITARIANISM #GiveUpIndependence
paths to follow #SymbioticRelationship
- lack of strength
ACCORDING TO FROMM, THIS GOAL OR OBJECT - tendency to give up the independence of one’s
OF DEVOTION FOCUSES PEOPLE’S ENERGIES IN own individual self and to fuse one’s self with
A SINGLE DIRECTION, ENABLES US TO somebody or something outside oneself, in
TRANSCEND OUR ISOLATED EXISTENCE, AND order to acquire the strength
CONFERS MEANING TO OUR LIVES - similar with submission, finding dominance or

authoritative
- need to unite with a powerful partner can take
• AS THE ONLY ANIMAL POSSESSING SELF- one of two forms —masochism or sadism
AWARENESS, IMAGINATION, AND REASON, - similar with klein’s neurotic need for a
HUMANS ARE THE FREAK[S] OF THE UNIVERSE powerful partner and protective device,
submissiveness
THE BURDEN OF FREEDOM

2 FORMS OF AUTHORITARIANISM:
- free from the security of being one with the
▪ MASOCHISM
mother
- results from basic feelings of powerlessness,
- burden of freedom results in basic anxiety, the
weakness, and inferiority
feeling of being alone in the world
- aimed at joining the self to a more powerful
person or institution
• REASON IS BOTH A CURSE AND A BLESSING
- masochistic strivings often are disguised as
- it is responsible for feelings of isolation and
love or loyalty but it can never contribute
loneliness, but it is also the process that enables
positively to independence and authenticity
humans to become reunited with the world
- similar with klein’s submissiveness
- as people gained more and more economic
and political freedom (which lessen the sense of
identity or the “I”, people came to feel
increasingly more isolated
MECHANISMS OF ESCAPE
▪ SADISM
- because basic anxiety produces a frightening
- is more neurotic and more socially harmful
sense of isolation and aloneness, people
about:blank 9/17
- sadism is aimed at reducing basic anxiety o CONFORMITY #GiveUpIndividuality #Slave

through achieving unity with another person or #Robot
persons
- similar with domination, the non-productive
strategy for relatedness
3 CLUSTERS OF SADISTIC TENDENCIES:
✓ GAIN POWER
- the need to make others dependent on oneself
and to gain power over those who are weak
✓ EXPLOIT OTHERS
- the compulsion to exploit others, to take
- people who conform try to escape from a
advantage of them, and to use them for one’s
sense of aloneness and isolation by giving up
benefit or pleasure
their individuality and becoming whatever other
✓ DESIRE FOR OTHER’S SUFFERING
people desire them to be
- desire to see others suffer, either physically or
- they become like robots, reacting predictably
psychologically
and mechanically to the whims of others
- seldom express their own opinion, cling to
o DESTRUCTIVENESS #ToDoAwayFromPeople
expected standards of behavior, and often
#Destroy #PervertedIsolation
appear stiff and automated
- rooted in the feelings of aloneness, isolation,
- similar with dependent personality disorder
and powerlessness (similar with masochism)
symptoms
- it has similarity with the feelings and cause of
- they conform like automatons to an
authoritarianism – masochism and sadism
anonymous authority and adopt a self that is
however, destructive individual does not
not authentic
depend on a continuous relationship with
- people can break the cycle (in the image
another person; rather, it seeks to do away with
above) of conformity and powerlessness only by
other people
ACHIEVING SELF-REALIZATION OR POSITIVE
- by destroying people and objects, a person or
FREEDOM
a nation attempts to restore lost feelings of
power
- by destroying other persons or nations,
destructive people eliminate much of the
outside world and thus acquire a type of
perverted isolation
about:blank 10/17
POSITIVE FREEDOM CHARACTER

#SolutionOfHumanDilemma - most important of the acquired qualities of
#NotAccToConventionalRules personality
- a person can be free and not alone, critical and - the relatively permanent system of all
yet not filled with doubts, independent and yet noninstinctual strivings through which man
an integral part of mankind relates himself to the human and natural world
- people can attain positive freedom
- by a spontaneous and full expression of both FROMM BELIEVED THAT CHARACTER IS A
their rational and their emotional potentialities; SUBSTITUTE FOR INSTINCTS
acting according to their basic natures and not - instead of acting according to their instincts,
according to conventional rules people act according to their character
- positive freedom represents a successful - by acting according to their character traits,
solution to the human dilemma of being part of humans can behave both efficiently and
the natural world and yet separate from it consistently because they would not stop and
think about the consequences of their behavior
TWIN COMPONENTS OF POSITIVE
FREEDOM: PEOPLE RELATE TO THE WORLD IN TWO
- through active love and work, humans unite WAYS:
with one another and with the world without ➢ ASSIMILATION
sacrificing their integrity - by acquiring and using things
- they affirm their uniqueness as individuals and ➢ SOCIALIZATION
achieve full realization of their potentialities - by relating to self and others
1.) LOVE
2.) WORK • PEOPLE CAN RELATE TO THINGS AND TO
PEOPLE EITHER NONPRODUCTIVELY OR
PRODUCTIVELY
CHARACTER ORIENTATIONS
- personality is reflected in one’s character 4 NONPRODUCTIVE ORIENTATIONS
orientation - people can acquire things through any one of
- a person’s relatively permanent way of relating four nonproductive orientations
to people and things - fromm used the term “nonproductive” to

suggest strategies that fail to move people
FROMM DEFINED PERSONALITY AS THE closer to positive freedom and self-realization
TOTALITY OF INHERITED AND ACQUIRED

PSYCHIC QUALITIES WHICH ARE
CHARACTERISTIC OF ONE INDIVIDUAL AND
WHICH MAKE THE INDIVIDUAL UNIQUE
about:blank 11/17
a) RECEPTIVE CHARACTERS NEGATIVE POSITIVE QUALITIES

#GoodLiesOutsideSelf #Receiver QUALITIES OF OF EXPLOITATIVE
- receiving things passively EXPLOITATIVE PPL PPL
- feel that the source of all good lies outside egocentric, conceited, impulsive, proud,
themselves and that the only way they can arrogant, and seducing charming, and self-
relate to the world is to receive things, including confident
love, knowledge, and material possessions

- are more concerned with receiving than with c) HOARDING CHARACTERS
giving, and they want others to shower them
#KeepSomething #DoNotLetGo
with love, ideas (knowledge), and gifts
- hoarding objects
(materials possessions)
- seek to save that which they have already
obtained
NEGATIVE POSITIVE QUALITIES - hold everything inside and do not let go of
QUALITIES OF OF RECEPTIVE PPL anything including keeping money, feelings, and
RECEPTIVE PPL thoughts to themselves
passivity, loyalty, acceptance,
- in a love relationship, they try to possess the
submissiveness, and and trust
loved one and to preserve the relationship
lack of self-confidence
rather than allowing it to change and grow
- similar to Freud’s anal characters in that they
are excessively orderly, stubborn, and miserly
b) EXPLOITATIVE CHARACTERS
#AgressivelyTakeSomething FROMM BELIEVED THAT HOARDING
- exploiting or taking things through force CHARACTERS’ ANAL TRAITS (similar concept
- exploitative characters believe that the source with Freud) ARE NOT THE RESULT OF SEXUAL
of all good is outside themselves DRIVES BUT RATHER ARE PART OF THEIR
- they aggressively take what they desire rather GENERAL INTEREST IN ALL THAT IS NOT ALIVE,
than passively receive it INCLUDING THE FECES
- an exploitative man may fall in love with a
married woman, not so much because he is NEGATIVE POSITIVE QUALITIES
truly fond of her, but because he wishes to QUALITIES OF OF HOARDING
exploit her husband HOARDING PERSONALITY
- exploitative people prefer to steal or plagiarize PERSONALITY
rather than create (similar concept with rigidity, sterility, orderliness,
transcendence, one of the existential needs) obstinacy, cleanliness, and
compulsivity, and lack punctuality
of creativity
about:blank 12/17
d) MARKETING CHARACTER 3 DIMENSIONS OF THE PRODUCTIVE

#IAmAsYouDesireMe #ExhangeThings ORIENTATION:
- marketing or exchanging things A. WORKING # CreativeSelf-Expression
- marketing characters see themselves as #ProduceLifeNecessities
commodities, with their personal value - healthy people value work not as an end in
dependent on their exchange value, that is, itself, but as a means of creative self-expression
their ability to sell themselves by producing life’s necessities
- must see themselves as being in constant - do not work to exploit others, to market
demand; they must make others believe that themselves, to withdraw from others, or to
they are skillful and salable accumulate needless material possessions
- their personal security rests on shaky ground
because they must adjust their personality to B. LOVING
that which is currently in fashion - characterized by the four qualities including
- marketing people are without a past or a care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge
future and have no permanent principles or - healthy people possess biophilia
values
- they are basically empty vessels waiting to be BIOPHILIA #DevelopmentOfThemselvesAndOthers
filled with whatever characteristic is most - a passionate love of life and all that is alive
marketable - biophilic people desire to further all life such
as the life of people, animals, plants, ideas, and
NEGATIVE POSITIVE QUALITIES cultures
QUALITIES OF OF MARKETING - are concerned with the growth and
MARKETING CHARACTERS development of themselves as well as others
CHARACTERS - biophilic individuals want to influence people

aimlessness, changeability, open- through love, reason, and example, not by force
opportunism, mindedness,
inconsistency, and adaptability, and FROMM BELIEVED THAT LOVE OF OTHERS AND
wastefulness generosity
SELF-LOVE ARE INSEPARABLE BUT THAT SELF-
LOVE MUST COME FIRST
PRODUCTIVE ORIENTATION
- all people have the capacity for productive
#WorkTowardPositiveFreedom #HealthiestCharacter
love, but most do not achieve it because they
- productive people work toward positive
cannot first love themselves
freedom and a continuing realization of their
potential, they are the healthiest of all character
types
- through productive activity can people solve
the basic human dilemma: unite with the world
and with others while retaining uniqueness and
individuality
about:blank 13/17
C. REASONING 3 SEVERE PERSONALITY DISORDERS:

#KnowThemselves #SeeOthersAsTheyAre o NECROPHILIA #HateHumanity #4Ds
- productive thinking, which cannot be - means love of death and usually refers to a
separated from productive work and love, is sexual perversion in which a person desires
motivated by a concerned interest in another sexual contact with a corpse
person or object - however, fromm defined it as an alternative
- healthy people see others as they are and not character orientation to biophilia
as they would wish them to be (not conformity) - naturally love life, but when social conditions
- they know themselves for who they are and stunt biophilia, they may adopt a necrophilic
have no need for self-delusion orientation
FROMM BELIEVED THAT HEALTHY PEOPLE RELY NECROPHILIC PERSONALITIES

ON SOME COMBINATION OF ALL FIVE - hate humanity
CHARACTER ORIENTATIONS - they are racists, warmongers, and bullies
- their survival as healthy individuals depend on - they love bloodshed, destruction, terror, and
their ability to receive things from other people, torture; and they delight in destroying life
to take things when appropriate, to preserve - are strong advocates of law and order
things, to exchange things, and to work, love, - love to talk about sickness, death, and burials;
and think productively - they are fascinated by dirt, decay, corpses, and
feces
- prefer night to day and love to operate in
PERSONALITY DISORDERS darkness and shadow
- unhealthy personalities are marked by

problems in the 3 dimensions of productive • NECROPHILOUS PEOPLE DO NOT SIMPLY
BEHAVE IN A DESTRUCTIVE MANNER; RATHER,
orientations such as love, work, and think or
reason, especially failure to love productively THEIR DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR IS A REFLECTION
OF THEIR BASIC CHARACTER
FROMM HELD THAT PSYCHOLOGICALLY - the entire lifestyle of the necrophilous person
DISTURBED PEOPLE ARE INCAPABLE OF LOVE revolves around death, destruction, disease,
AND HAVE FAILED TO ESTABLISH UNION WITH and decay
OTHERS
about:blank 14/17
o MALIGNANT NARCISSISM EFFORTS CRITICIZE BY OTHERS

#OverValue #Devalue #AdmireThemselves NOT OVERWHELMING
#Hypochondrias OVERWHELMING CRITIZATION
- in its malignant form, narcissism impedes the CRITIZATION
perception of reality so that everything react with anger and they may be unable
belonging to a narcissistic person is highly rage, frequently to destroy it, and so
valued and everything belonging to another is striking out against they turn their rage
devalued their critics, trying to inward resulting to
- narcissistic individuals are preoccupied with destroy them depression, feeling of
themselves – admiring themselves or often worthlessness
leads to hypochondriasis, an obsessive attention
to one’s health o INCESTUOUS SYMBIOSIS
- Narcissistic people often suffer from moral - third pathological orientation
hypochondrias, or preoccupation with excessive - an extreme dependence on the mother or
guilt mother surrogate
• PEOPLE WHO ARE FIXATED ON

THEMSELVES ARE LIKELY TO INTERNALIZE
EXPERIENCES AND TO DWELL ON BOTH
PHYSICAL HEALTH AND MORAL VIRTUES
• NARCISSISTIC PEOPLE POSSESS WHAT

HORNEY CALLED NEUROTIC CLAIMS - an exaggerated form of the more common and
- achieve security by holding on to the distorted more benign mother fixation
belief that their extraordinary personal qualities - men with a mother fixation need a woman to
give them superiority over everyone else or care for them, dote on them, and admire them;
idealized self-image they feel somewhat anxious and depressed
- they believe that they need not do anything to when their needs are not fulfilled
prove their value - believe that they cannot live without their
- sense of worth depends on their narcissistic mother substitute. (the host need not be
self-image and not on their achievements another human —it can be a family, a business, a
church, or a nation.)
FROMM BELIEVED THAT EACH OF DEPRESSION, - the incestuous orientation distorts reasoning
INTENSE GUILT, AND HYPOCHONDRIASIS COULD powers, destroys the capacity for authentic
BE SYMPTOMATIC OF DEEP UNDERLYING love, and prevents people from achieving
NARCISSISM independence and integrity
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FROMM BELIEVED THAT SEXUAL STRIVINGS ARE ✓ BUILD RELATIONSHIP

NOT THE CAUSE OF THE FIXATION TO MOTHER, - fromm believed that patients come to therapy
BUT THE RESULT seeking satisfaction of their basic human needs
or existential needs. Therefore, therapy should
be built on a personal relationship between
therapist and patient
SYNDROME OF DECAY - accurate communication is essential to
- people formed this when they possess all three therapeutic growth, the therapist must relate as
personality disorders one human being to another with utter
concentration and utter sincerity. thus, the
SYNDROME OF GROWTH patient will once again feel at one with another
- made up of the opposite qualities of syndrome person
of decay and has biophilia, love, and positive
freedom ✓ REVEAL DREAMS
- fromm asked patients to reveal their dreams
- he believed that dreams, as well as fairy tales
• BOTH THE SYNDROME OF DECAY AND THE and myths, are expressed in symbolic language
SYNDROME OF GROWTH ARE EXTREME FORMS are the only universal language humans have
OF DEVELOPMENT; MOST PEOPLE HAVE developed
AVERAGE PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH - fromm would ask for the patient’s associations
to the dream material because although not all
dreams have symbols, but dreams are universal
PSYCHOTHERAPY
FROMM BELIEVED THAT THERAPISTS SHOULD
- fromm was much more concerned with the
NOT TRY TO BE TOO SCIENTIFIC IN
interpersonal aspects of a therapeutic
encounter than freud UNDERSTANDING A PATIENT. ONLY WITH THE
- AIM: he believed that the aim of therapy is for ATTITUDE OF RELATEDNESS CAN ANOTHER
PERSON BE TRULY UNDERSTOOD
patients to come to know themselves because
without knowledge of ourselves, we cannot - the therapist should not view the patient as an
know any other person or thing illness or a thing but as a person with the same
human needs that all people possess
OTHER AIMS AND PROCESSES:
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about:blank 17/17

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10/11/23, 9:55 AM Chapter 5 melanie klein theories of personality reviewer

melanie reizes klein

series of three major developmental stages

identity rest on 3-step relationship with  NORMAL AUTISM

symbiosis, and separation individuation 3 or 4 weeks

 mahler primarily concerned with  referred to it as an objectless stage

place during 3 years/36 months of life – the mother’s breast

As infants gradually realize that they cannot

HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY DURING

2. PRACTICING (7th – 16th months) #MoveAway

 SEPARATION-INDIVIDUATION  as infants physically begin to move away

30th to 36th month they enter the practicing

RAPPROCHEMENT CRISIS #FightWithMother 2.) HEINZ KOHUT’S VIEW

(1) THE NEED TO EXHIBIT THE GRANDIOSE

• KOHUT BELIEVED THAT INFANTS ARE (2) THE NEED TO ACQUIRE AN

 are self-centered, looking out PARENTS/IDEALIZED PARENT IMAGE

NEEDS: • BOTH NARCISSISTIC SELF-IMAGES ARE

> DESPAIR STAGE #Nagmukmok

JOHN BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT > DETACHMENT

ATTACHMENT STYLE 2 FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS OF

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4 Bachelor of Science in Psychology 100% (8)

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Chapter 7 erik erikson theories of personality

MGA Dulog AT Teorya SA Pananaliksik

4 Bachelor of Science in Psychology 92% (12)

 Detalyadong Banghay Aralin

5 Bachelor of Science in Psychology 100% (3)

STRANGE SITUATION 2.) ANXIOUS-RESISTANT ATTACHMENT STYLE

 heavenly inspired by bowlby’s attachment  infants are ambivalent

theory  when the mother leaves the room, they

 procedure consists of a 20-minute reject being sooth/ PABEBE

infant are initially alone in a playroom

minute periods they accept the stranger, and when their

- anxious attachment will create unhealthy

• THE ATTACHMENT STYLE WILL CARRY OVER IN

Key Terms and Concepts

KLEIN MAHLER KOHUT BOWLBY AINSWORTH

object relations view view attachment view and strange

mother-child psychological human relatedness attachment attachment style

presence for their

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HORNEY AND

COMPARISON BETWEEN HORNEY AND full of unknown dangers

of personality paramount in development

GENUINE LOVE 2.) society’s demands for success and

- even when people achieve their material

CULTURAL INFLUENCES AND WESTERN DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, BUT CHILDHOOD IS

CIRCLE IN 3 WAYS: PROBLEMS ARISE

threaten the psychological health of normal development

obstacles for neurotics invariably be traced to lack of genuine warmth

1.) society are inspire with the cultural

• HORNEY HYPOTHESIZED THAT A DIFFICULT GENUINE LOVE AND HEALTHY DISCIPLINE

• HORNEY BELIEVED THAT EACH PERSON

- a feeling of being small, insignificant, helpless, 1.) AFFECTION

REMINDER………… 3.) STRIVING FOR POWER, PRESTIGE, OR

manner and they cannot change their behavior

COMPULSIVE DRIVES by free will because of COMPULSIVE

the same strategy in an essentially unproductive

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