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Ebook PDF of Les Pirates J Apprends À Lire 1St Edition Thérèse Bonté Full Chapter
Ebook PDF of Les Pirates J Apprends À Lire 1St Edition Thérèse Bonté Full Chapter
Thérèse Bonté
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retractor muscles; s, stomach; t, tentacles of new polypide; t.s,
tentacle-sheath: 3, the same zooecium, 191 hours later; letters as
in 2. 1 and 2 are seen from the front, 3 from the back.[506]
These results did not hold good for all the zooecia in a single colony.
In some, the "brown body" was not completely got rid of at the end of
sixty-eight days, the conclusion of the experiment.
So striking are the facts relating to the "brown bodies" that it has
been believed[510] that what we have above described as the
individual really consists of two kinds of individuals: firstly, the
"polypide" or complex of tentacles and digestive organs; and
secondly, the "zooecium," or house of the zooid or polypide,
corresponding with what has been described above as the body-
wall. The one individual, the zooecium, is on this view provided with
successive generations of the second kind of individual, the
polypide; and these latter function as the digestive organs of the two-
fold organism. This view, though fascinating at first sight, is not borne
out by an examination of all the facts of the case, especially when
the Entoprocta are taken into account.
The base from which the whole set of tentacles springs is known as
the "lophophore."[520] In the Entoprocta (Fig. 236, 1) the lophophore
is circular; the mouth is situated near the margin of the area
surrounded by the tentacles; and the anus is found within the circlet,
near the end opposite to the mouth.
In (2) and (3), representing the Ectoprocta, the anus is outside the
series of tentacles. In the majority of cases, including all the marine
Ectoprocta and one or two of the fresh-water forms, the lophophore
is circular (2), the mouth occurring at the centre of the circle, and not
being provided with a lip. These forms of Ectoprocta constitute the
Order Gymnolaemata,[521] the dominant group of the Polyzoa in
respect of number of genera and species. The remaining Ectoprocta
belong to the exclusively fresh-water Order Phylactolaemata,[522]
in which the mouth is protected by an overhanging lip or "epistome";
the ground-plan of the tentacles is, except in Fredericella, horse-
shoe shaped (Fig. 236, 3), and the tentacles themselves are usually
much more numerous than in the other cases.
Having arrived at this point, the avicularia seem to lose all sense of
the propriety of remaining in the positions once occupied by zooecia.
They have become degraded to the rank of appendages of the
zooecia, and as such they may occur in an astonishing variety of
positions. Sometimes one occurs on each zooecium in the middle
line, or asymmetrically, or even on the top of the ovicell; in other
cases the orifice is flanked by an avicularium on each side (Fig. 239,
B). Sometimes (Cellepora) the avicularia are of more than one kind,
some being large and some small, some having a pointed mandible
and others a mandible with a rounded spoon-like end.
Within the jaws, in the region which we may term the palate, is a
rounded knob, which bears a tuft of delicate sensory hairs, which
doubtless enable the avicularium to recognise the presence of any
foreign body. The closure of the mouth may, indeed, be
instantaneously induced by touching it with the point of a needle. It
has been suggested that a small mass of cells which bears these
hairs may represent the rudiment of the polypide.
It is not, indeed, certain what are the enemies against which the
Polyzoa have specially to guard. Sea-urchins and certain Molluscs
are known to browse on Polyzoa. Fresh-water Polyzoa, in which
avicularia and vibracula are absent, are attacked by the larvae of
Insects, and by Triclad Planarians. I have found the latter with their
long pharynx everted and completely buried in a Cristatella colony. It
is possible that some marine Cheilostomes may be saved from
attacks of this kind owing to the existence of their armoury of
avicularia and vibracula. It is also possible that these structures are
of service by removing foreign particles which might otherwise settle
on the colony, and tend to block up its orifices. It has further been
suggested that animals seized by the avicularia may be held until
they die, and that their disintegrating particles may then be carried to
the mouths of the polypides by the ciliary currents of the tentacles;
but proofs of this suggestion are wanting, and it must be admitted
that the subject needs further elucidation.
The vibracula ordinarily remain stationary for some little time, every
now and then giving a sweep through the water. In the majority of
cases these structures, like the avicularia, act perfectly
independently of one another, so far as can be made out; but in
Caberea (Fig. 242) the vibracula move in unison, the simultaneous
action of the whole series, after a period of quiet, being described as
"positively startling."[536]