SUBDIVISION

DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS
DELIVERED BY:
ENGR. HADJI PEEJAY ARANDA
CE/MP/EnP
ABOUT THE
SPEAKER
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
●
Licensed Civil Engineer (May 2003)
●
Licensed Master Plumber (Feb 2012)
●
Licensed Environmental Planner (Jun 2018)
●
BS Civil Engineering – Water Resources
DLSU – Manila (Dec 2002)
●
MS Civil Engineering – Water Resources
DLSU – Manila (Academic Units Completed 2014)

3
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
●
MS Environmental Science
UE – Manila (2018 - Present)
●
MM Environmental Planning
PCU – Manila (2023 – Present)
●
Principal
HP Aranda Engineering Services (2003 - Present)

4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
●
Draining stormwater is one of the basic need of a
community.
●
Drainage systems are in place to drain both
stormwater and sewage water.
●
In both cases, the drainage design should be
designed and planned very well
●
This seminar will focus on draining storm water from in
the built environment and also introduce the
consideration of the integrity of the outfall.

6
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
●
Floods occur due to an excess of water on land that is
normally dry. This excess water overwhelms the
natural or artificial drainage systems, leading to
inundation of areas that are not typically submerged.
●
Floods occur due to a complex interplay of natural and
human-induced factors, such as weather patterns,
geological features, land use practices, and climate-
related changes.
●
Understanding these factors is crucial for effective
flood mitigation, preparedness, and response
strategies.
7
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
Heavy Rainfall and Precipitation:
●
Intense Storms:
Heavy and prolonged rainfall, often associated with
intense storms, can lead to rapid runoff.
If the ground is already saturated or if the rainfall rate
exceeds the capacity of the soil to absorb it, water
accumulates on the surface and can lead to flooding.

8
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
Heavy Rainfall and Precipitation:
●
Monsoons and Seasonal Rainfall:
Certain regions experience seasonal monsoons or
prolonged periods of heavy rainfall.
When combined with factors like topography, soil type,
and land use, these weather patterns can result in
widespread flooding.

9
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
Heavy Rainfall and Precipitation:

10
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
River Overflow:
●
Snowmelt and Heavy Rainfall:
River systems can experience flooding when the
volume of water exceeds the capacity of the river
channel.
This often occurs when there's a combination of rapid
snowmelt and heavy rainfall, causing rivers to overflow
their banks.

11
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
River Overflow:
●
Snowmelt and Heavy Rainfall:

12
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
River Overflow:
Downstream Flooding:
Floods can occur downstream from a dam or reservoir
if there is a sudden release of stored water.
This can happen during extreme weather events or if
there's a need to manage water levels.

13
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
River Overflow:
Downstream Flooding:

14
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
Tropical Storms and Hurricanes:
Coastal flooding can occur due to storm surges
caused by tropical storms and hurricanes.
Strong winds and low atmospheric pressure can push
ocean water inland, leading to coastal inundation.

15
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
Tropical Storms and Hurricanes:

16
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
Climate Change and Sea Level Rise:
●
Climate change can lead to altered precipitation
patterns, more intense storms, and rising sea levels.
●
These factors can increase the frequency and severity
of floods, especially in coastal areas.

17
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
Climate Change and Sea Level Rise:

18
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?
Deforestation and Urbanization:
●
Removing natural vegetation and replacing it with
impermeable surfaces (as in urban areas) reduces the
land's ability to absorb rainfall.
●
This can lead to increased runoff and a higher risk of
flooding.

19
WHY FLOODING OCCURS?

20
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS AND
SITE ASSESSMENT
CASE FOR PROPER
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Poor drainage system design can have far-reaching
and detrimental consequences which affects property,
infrastructure, the environment, public health, and the
economy.
●
Specifically, the consequence of poor drainage design
are as follows:

22
CONSEQUENCE FOR POOR
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
FLOODING:
One of the most immediate and severe challenges of
poor drainage system design is the risk of flooding.
Inadequate drainage systems can lead to the
accumulation of excess stormwater, which can
inundate streets, homes, and businesses during heavy
rain events.

23
CONSEQUENCE FOR POOR
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
EROSION:
Poorly designed drainage systems may fail to manage
stormwater runoff effectively.
This can lead to erosion of soil and sediments, which
can not only harm the environment but also
compromise the stability of infrastructure such as
roads and bridges.
Erosion can result in costly repairs and
maintenance.

24
CONSEQUENCE FOR POOR
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
WATER POLLUTION:
Ineffective drainage systems can contribute to water
pollution.
Stormwater runoff often carries pollutants like oil,
sediment, fertilizers, and chemicals from roads and
urban areas into water bodies.
●
Without proper management, these pollutants can
contaminate rivers, lakes, and groundwater, harming
aquatic ecosystems and compromising water quality
for human use.
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CONSEQUENCE FOR POOR
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
PROPERTY DAMAGE:
Poor drainage can lead to property damage, including
flooding basements, waterlogged yards, and damage
to building foundations.
These issues can decrease property values and
necessitate expensive repairs, causing financial
hardship for homeowners and property owners.
The government will also be forced to spend for
repairs in property damage indirectly since social
services will have to provide calamity loan
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CONSEQUENCE FOR POOR
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
PUBLIC HEALTH RISK:
Inadequate drainage systems can create stagnant
water pools, which can become breeding grounds for
disease-carrying insects like mosquitoes.
Stagnant water can also result in waterborne
diseases, posing public health risks to communities.

27
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Hydrology plays a crucial role in drainage design, as it
provides the scientific foundation for understanding
how water moves through the landscape and how it
can be effectively managed within a drainage system.
●
Hydrology is the foundation of effective drainage
design, providing the data and analysis necessary to
make informed decisions about the sizing, layout, and
management of drainage infrastructure.

28
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
It helps ensure that drainage systems can safely and
efficiently:
– Manage stormwater
– Reducing the risk of flooding
– Protecting both property and the environment.

29
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Estimating Stormwater Runoff:
Hydrology is essential for calculating the volume and
timing of stormwater runoff from rainfall events.
This information is critical for sizing drainage
infrastructure and designing conveyance systems to
handle the anticipated flow.

30
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Understanding Rainfall Patterns:
Hydrologists studies historical rainfall data and
develop the rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF)
curves to understand local precipitation patterns.
This knowledge helps in determining design storm
events and rainfall depths that the drainage system
should be capable of handling.
It also considers the likelihood of extreme rainfall
events, which are crucial for flood risk assessment.

31
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Characterizing Watershed Behavior:
Hydrologists assess the characteristics of the
watershed that drains into a specific area.
This includes factors such as topography, land use,
soil types, and vegetation cover.
Understanding these elements helps in predicting how
rainfall will interact with the landscape and influence
runoff.

32
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Determining Peak Flow Rates:
Hydrology is used to calculate the peak flow rates or
discharge of water that can be expected during storm
events.
These peak flow rates are used to size channels,
culverts, and other drainage infrastructure to safely
convey the stormwater without causing flooding or
erosion.

33
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Sizing Detention and Retention Basins:
Hydrological analysis helps in determining the
appropriate size and design of detention and retention
basins.
These basins are used to store and slowly release
excess stormwater to prevent downstream flooding
and control the flow rate into receiving water bodies.

34
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Evaluating Flood Risk:
Hydrological modeling can assess the flood risk for a
specific area by simulating different rainfall scenarios
and predicting potential flood extents.
This information is crucial for land-use planning,
floodplain management, and emergency
preparedness.

35
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Incorporating Climate Change Considerations:
Hydrology plays a role in incorporating climate change
projections into drainage design.
As climate patterns shift, hydrologists use data to
estimate how changes in precipitation, temperature,
and sea levels may impact stormwater management
and flood risk in the future.

36
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
DRAINAGE DESIGN
●
Optimizing Stormwater Management:
Hydrology allows designers to optimize stormwater
management practices, such as the use of green
infrastructure, to reduce runoff, improve water quality,
and enhance the sustainability of drainage systems.

37
 CALCULATING
SURFACE RUNOFF
SURFACE RUNOFF
CALCULATIONS
●
Hydrologists use various methods, such as the
Rational Method and SCS-CN (Soil Conservation
Service Curve Number) method to estimate the
amount of runoff that will occur for different storm
intensities and durations.
●
These methods are incorporated in various modeling
tools such as SWMM and HEC-RAS
●
The SCS-CN (Soil Conservation Service Curve
Number) method and the Rational Method are two
common techniques used to estimate peak surface
runoff in hydrology and drainage engineering.
39
SCS-CN METHOD
●
The SCS-CN method, also known as the NRCS-CN
method (Natural Resources Conservation Service
Curve Number method), is a widely used approach for
estimating peak surface runoff from rainfall events.
●
It is particularly suitable for smaller watersheds and
ungauged catchments.
●
The SCS-CN method is based on key parameters as
discussed in the subsequent slides

40
SCS-CN METHOD
PARAMETERS
●
Curve Number (CN):
The CN is a dimensionless parameter that represents
the runoff potential of a particular land cover, soil type,
and antecedent moisture condition.
It ranges from 30 (least impervious) to 100 (most
impervious). CN values are assigned based on these
land characteristics.

41
SCS-CN METHOD
PARAMETERS
●
Precipitation (P):
The total precipitation depth for a given rainfall event is
a critical input.
This includes the actual rainfall depth and any initial
abstraction (losses) from the surface, such as
interception by vegetation and depression storage.

42
SCS-CN METHOD
PARAMETERS
●
Initial Abstraction (Ia):
This is the portion of precipitation that is retained on
the surface before runoff begins.
It depends on factors like land cover and antecedent
moisture conditions.

43
SCS-CN METHOD
PARAMETERS
●
The equation for SCS-CN method is given to be:
(P −I a )
Q=
(P−I A−S)

WHERE:
Q – Flow
P – Rainfall Intensity
Ia – Initial Abstraction
S – Potential Maximum Retention S=254
CN(
100
−1 )
44
SCS-CN METHOD
PARAMETERS
●
A CN value of 100 represents a condition of zero
potential retention (i.e. impervious catchment) and CN
= 0 represents an infinitely abstracting catchment with
S = ∞.
●
This curve number CN depends upon:
– Soil type
– Land use/cover
– Antecedent moisture condition

45
SCS-CN METHOD
PARAMETERS
●
For simplification purposes, a CN of 100 will be
assigned since a built up environment will definitely
have a reduced infiltration.
●
Even though the area is properly designed with
respect to the amount of pervious area, it will still be
wise to consider the space to be developed.

46
RATIONAL METHOD
●
The Rational Method is a simpler approach used for
estimating peak runoff from rainfall events, primarily in
urban and small-scale applications.
●
The working equation for Rational Method is:
Q=0.278 CiA
WHERE:
Q – Flow (m3/s)
i – Peak Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
C – Coefficient of Runoff (unitless)
A – Drainage Area (km2) – 1ha = 0.01km2

47
RATIONAL METHOD
●
The Rational method is based on the following
parameters:
– Rainfall Intensity (i):
The average rainfall intensity during the design
storm event, typically expressed in inches per hour
or millimeters per hour (mm/hr).
– Catchment Area (A):
The area of land that contributes runoff to a specific
point, often in acres or square meters.

48
RATIONAL METHOD
●
The Rational method is based on the following
parameters:
– Runoff Coefficient (C):
A dimensionless coefficient that represents the
fraction of rainfall that becomes runoff.
It depends on land use, soil conditions, and the
degree of urbanization.

49
RATIONAL METHOD
●
The Rational Method is straightforward and suitable
for smaller catchments with relatively simple
characteristics.
●
It is often used for urban drainage design and for
estimating runoff from parking lots, streets, and small
watersheds.

50
RATIONAL METHOD

51
WHICH METHOD?
●
The choice between the rational method and the SCS-
CN method for calculating surface runoff depends on
several factors, including:
– Drainage area size
– Data availability
– Desired level of accuracy

52
WHICH METHOD?
●
Drainage area size:
– Rational Method:
This method is generally suitable for smaller
drainage areas, typically less than 20 square
kilometers (8 square miles).
– SCS-CN Method:
This method can be applied to a wider range of
drainage areas, from small catchments to larger
ones up to 250 square kilometers (97 square
miles).
53
WHICH METHOD?
●
Data availability:
– Rational Method:
This method requires minimal data: rainfall intensity,
runoff coefficient, and drainage area.
These can be readily available from design charts
or local regulations.

54
WHICH METHOD?
●
Data availability:
– SCS-CN Method:
This method requires more data: rainfall amount,
curve number (based on land use, soil type, and
other factors), and time of concentration.
Curve numbers might not be readily available and
require field investigation or estimation techniques.

55
WHICH METHOD?
●
Desired level of accuracy:
– Rational Method:
This method is a simpler approach and offers a
rough estimate of peak discharge.
It can be sufficient for preliminary designs or when
detailed data is unavailable.
– SCS-CN Method:
– This method is generally considered more accurate
than the rational method, particularly for larger
catchments and complex land use scenarios.
56
WHICH METHOD?
●
In conclusion, the rational method is a good choice for
preliminary design and quick estimations for smaller
catchments with readily available data.
●
The SCS-CN method is preferred for more complex
scenarios, larger catchments, and when higher
accuracy is crucial.

57
DRAINAGE
LAYOUT
AND
CONDUITS
LAYOUT CONSIDERATION
●
Normally, storm drains are aligned with road layout.
●
Storm drainage flow under the influence of gravity.
●
In order to ensure that the runoff will flow accordingly,
the layout of the drainage must consider the terrain.

59
LAYOUT CONSIDERATION

60
MOST EFFICIENT CROSS
SECTION
●
Drainage conduits can have many possible cross
section configuration.
●
The most common are
– Rectangular
– Circular (Concrete Pipe)
●
Even when limiting the choice to the two configuration
shown below, the corresponding dimension must still
be computed.

61
MOST EFFICIENT CROSS
SECTION
●
The most efficient cross section for rectangular
channel are given to be

B
B=2H

62
MOST EFFICIENT CROSS
SECTION
●
The most efficient cross section for semi-circular
channel are given to be

r D
R= or
2 4

63
MOST EFFICIENT CROSS
SECTION
●
The maximum flow for circular channel is obtained at
the depth of h = 0.938D

h=0.938 D

64
MOST EFFICIENT CROSS
SECTION
●
The maximum velocity at circular channel are given to
be

h=0.81D

65
DETERMINATION OF
VELOCITY

66
DETERMINATION OF
VELOCITY
●
The velocity of flow in open channel is determined by
the equation:
2 1
1 3 2
V= R S
n
WHERE:
V – Velocity (m/s) AFLOW
R – Hydraulic Radius R=
P Wetted
n – Manning’s n
S – Slope (usually 1% or 10mm/m)

67
DETERMINATION OF
VELOCITY

68
DETERMINATION OF
VELOCITY

69
DETERMINATION OF AREA
●
The area of flow with respect to the channel can be
determined by the equation
Q= AV
WHERE:
V – Velocity (m/s)
A – Area of flow sq.m or m2
Q – Flow rate (obtained from Rational or SCS-CN)
cu.m/s or m3/s

70
SWMM
WHAT IS SWMM?
●
Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used
throughout the world for planning, analysis, and design
related to stormwater runoff, combined and sanitary
sewers, and other drainage systems.
●
It can be used to evaluate gray infrastructure
stormwater control strategies, such as pipes and storm
drains, and is a useful tool for creating cost-effective
green/gray hybrid stormwater control solutions.

72
WHAT IS SWMM?
●
SWMM was developed to help support local, state,
and national stormwater management objectives to
reduce runoff through infiltration and retention, and
help to reduce discharges that cause impairment of
waterbodies.
●
SWMM is a Windows-based desktop program. It is
open source public software and is free for use
worldwide.
●
SWMM 5 was produced in a joint development effort
with CDM Smith Inc., a global consulting, engineering,
construction, and operations firm.
73
CAPABILITIES OF SWMM?
●
SWMM is used for single event or long-term
simulations of water runoff quantity and quality in
primarily urban areas — although there are also many
applications that can be used for drainage systems in
non-urban areas.
●
SWMM provides an integrated environment for editing
study area input data, running hydrologic, hydraulic
and water quality simulations, and viewing the results
in a variety of formats.

74
CAPABILITIES OF SWMM?
●
SWMM can perform the following:
– Hydraulic Modeling
– Pollutant Load Estimation
– Climate Projection
– Design Storm Wizard
– Green Infrastructure assessment

75
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
Determine the layout and size of the conduit for the
subdivision as shown below.
The 100 year rainfall is taken to be at 127mm/hr.

77
EXAMPLE

78
SOLUTIONS:
●
Unlike many structural analysis software, EPA SWMM
does not have the ability to compute for the drainage
dimensions.
●
Practically speaking, this feature is not present since
many of the parameters that concerns with the design
of conduits are obtained separately and it would be
easier to input them

79
SOLUTIONS:
●
The first step in drainage analysis is to layout the
possible drainage line and the drainage area with
respect to the elevation of the intended outfall.
●
Identify the possible location of the outfall/s where the
water would drain out.
●
Just make sure that the outfall is located at a drainage
line or if it is on an interior location, a point with a
corresponding right of way.

80
SOLUTIONS:
Trial Drainage Size:
Q=0.278 CiA

C = 0.4 (Suburban Residential)

i = 127mm/hr
A = 0.13ha and 0.23ha
Q1 = 1.84m3/s (A1)
Q2 = 3.25m3/s (A2)

81
SOLUTIONS:
2 1
Trial Drainage Size: V = 1 R S
3 2
n
1

( ) 0.005
2
1 A 2
V= 3
0.012 π ∗D

( ) 0.005
2 2 1
1 0.25∗π ∗D 3 2
V=
0.012 π ∗D
2 1
1 3
V= ( 0.25 D ) 0.005 2
0.012

82
SOLUTIONS:
Trial Drainage Size:
For Q1 = 1.85m3/s
Q = AV 2 1
1
(
Q=1.84= π D 2
4
1
)
0.012
( 0.25 D ) 3 0.005 2

D = 1m – Trial Diameter for conduit

83
SOLUTIONS:
Trial Drainage Size:
For Q1 = 3.25m3/s
Q = AV 2 1
1
(
Q=3.25= π D 2
4
1
)
0.012
( 0.25 D ) 3 0.005 2

D = 1.35m – Trial Diameter for conduit

84