MLS 051- Community and Public Health-

Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

Lesson title: CONCEPTS of ECOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHY, Materials:

EPIDEMIOLOGY & BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
Pen, paper, lecture book
Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

References:
1. Discuss the basic concepts of ecology,
demography, epidemiology, behavioral change Bien Eli P. Nillos Introduction to
and their significance to community health Public Health., Educational
promotion. Publishing House, First Edition
2015

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

DESTABILIZING FACTORS that can affect the health status of the community by WHO:

1. War
2. Economic recession
3. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods or drought

Direct Effect: mortality, disease patterns and lifestyle change

Indirect Effect: reducing the resource available for health service, increasing poverty and lowering the social and
economic wellbeing of the population.
“Radically lower population numbers and increase fear and mental ill health.”

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

Among the major focus of Public Health or Community health is the prevention of spread of diseases within of the
population. There are generally two categories of diseases: COMMUNICABLE and NON-COMMUNICABLE.

Communicable disease
- are diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi.
- these diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.

Communicable disease control

- preventing communicable diseases by maintaining a healthy physical environment;
- establishing a disease surveillance/early warning system to ensure early reporting of cases and monitoring of
disease trends;
- controlling outbreaks through adequate preparedness and rapid response;
- managing disease with prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Natural History of Disease Process

is the course of a disease that takes in an individual/people from its pathological onset ("inception") until its
eventual resolution through complete recovery or death
it involves the interaction of the following:

- causative agent
- host (human)
- environment

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

Communicable Disease Control

the ultimate aim of prevention is to halt or reverse the process of pathological change as early as possible,
thus preventing further damage.

Infection
is the entry and development or multiplication of infectious agent in the body of persons or animals.

Disinfection
describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate
objects.

Contamination
is the presence of an unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity in a material, physical body, natural
environment, workplace, etc.
Contaminants are biological, chemical, physical or radiological substance.

Decontamination
is the process of cleansing an object or substance to remove contaminants such as micro-organisms or hazardous
materials, including chemicals, radioactive substances, and infectious diseases.

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

Top 10 infectious Diseases in the Philippines (WHO)

Eight of the 10 leading causes of morbidity were infectious in origin, namely:

- acute lower respiratory tract infection
- pneumonia
- acute watery diarrhea
- bronchitis/bronchiolitis
- influenza, tuberculosis, malaria
- TB Respiratory

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

The following continue to account for a large number of deaths from infectious diseases.
- Tuberculosis
- Malaria
- HIV

The Chain of Infection

is a term used to describe the pattern by which an infectious disease is transmitted from person to person.

Pathogen/causative agent

- a virus, bacteria, parasite that causes the disease in humans.

Reservoir
- is a place where the pathogen lives and multiplies
- some pathogens spread directly from one human to another and have no other reservoir
- others may infect non-human species spreading from them to humans only occasionally

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

Method of Transmission
- the pathogen must have a way to travel from one host to another or from a reservoir to a new host
*through a vector *eating/drinking contaminated food
* aerosol * sexual contact

Susceptible host
- the individual human in whom an agent produces disease.

Mode of Transmission

Direct transmission
- direct contact
- direct projection
Indirect transmission
- vehicle borne
- vector borne

Airborne

Portal of entry
- in which the pathogen enters into the new host
* GIT *URT *GUT * skin
* Transplacental
Portal of exit
- in which the infectious agent leaves the host
* GIT *URT *GUT * skin
* Transplacental

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

Several links of the chain of infection

• Host Defense/Resistance
- is the sum total of body mechanism that interpose barriers to invasion or multiplication of, or damage by
infectious agents
Primary Role of the immune system
- surveillance and destruction of substances that are foreign to the body

The Human Body is equipped to defend itself from these pathogens. This defense is referred to as the Immune System.
There are two types of immune systems: Innate Immune System and an Adaptive Immune System.

Types of Immunity

Natural or Innate
- present at the time of birth or that develops during maturation
- do not possess immunologic memory
- non specific
• operates as the first line of defense against pathogens
Cells - NK cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, phagocytic cells include macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, by
identifying and eliminating pathogens
skin, mucous membrane

Acquired or Adaptive
- which is acquired as a result of prior experience with a foreign substance
- is highly specific, inducible, discriminating & unforgetting
- T lymphocyte dependent response
- with memory

Types of Adaptive immunity

Acquired active immunity

- by actual infection or inoculation that causes the production of specific protective antibodies
vacines - hepatitis, tetanus
Acquired passive immunity
- afford temporary protection against invading antigen
RhIg given during birth

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

HOST DEFENSES IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Cells B cells, plasma cells

T cytotoxic cells
T helper cells

Humoral Factors Antibodies

cytokines

HOST DEFENSES IN INNATE IMMUNITY

Cells APCs
basophils, eosinophils
mast cells, NK cells,
phagocytes

Humoral Factors Complement proteins,

lactoferrin, lysozyme
Pepsin, stomach acidity

Anatomical Barriers Cilia, mucus, skin

Resident Flora Non pathogenic bacteria

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

The cells involved in the Innate Immune System are also known as White Blood Cells or Leukocytes:

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

The following are the various types of T lymphocytes:

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

1. Give 5 examples of diseases acquired through DIRECT and INDIRECT TRANSMISSION.

DIRECT TRANSMISSION INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

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 MLS 051- Community and Public Health-
Lecture
Module #5

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity: Thinking about Learning
Mark by circling the work tracker which is simply a visual to help students track how much work they have
accomplished and how much work there is left to do. This tracker will be part of the student activity sheet.

My Work Tracker: You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress:

P1 P2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Exit Ticket: Write down below a part of the discussion that is unclear to your understanding.

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