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Ebook PDF of Einsterns Schwester 2Nd Edition Katrin Pfeifer Alexandra Schwaighofer Roland Bauer Editor Full Chapter
Ebook PDF of Einsterns Schwester 2Nd Edition Katrin Pfeifer Alexandra Schwaighofer Roland Bauer Editor Full Chapter
Ebook PDF of Einsterns Schwester 2Nd Edition Katrin Pfeifer Alexandra Schwaighofer Roland Bauer Editor Full Chapter
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Sub-Order 2. Stichodactylina.
Fam. 1. Corallimorphidae.—In this family the marginal cycle of
tentacles and accessory tentacles are all of the same kind. The
accessory tentacles are arranged in radial rows. All the tentacles are
knobbed at the extremity. The musculature is weak. Capnea
sanguinea, Corynactis viridis, and Aureliania heterocera belong to
the British fauna. They are all small Anemones of exquisite colours,
but are not very common. The genus Corallimorphus is principally
found in the southern hemisphere.
There is no more difficult task than the attempt to explain upon any
one simple plan the various peculiarities of the Madreporarian
skeleton.[406] The authorities upon the group are not agreed upon
the use of the terms employed, nor are the current theories of the
evolution of the skeleton consistent. It is necessary, however, to
explain the sense in which certain terms are employed in the
systematic part that follows, and in doing so to indicate a possible
line of evolution of the more complicated compound skeletons from
the simple ones.
Fig. 169.—A young Caryophyllia, viewed from above, showing the tentacles (t)
and the stomodaeum (St). The letter m points to a space between a pair of
mesenteries, and the darker shading in this place shows a septum
projecting radially from the wall of the theca. (After G. von Koch.)
We may imagine that in the primitive forms that gave rise to colonies,
the episarc of the primary zooid overflowed on to the substance to
which it was attached, and gave rise to successive layers of
epithecal skeleton, which may be called the "coenosteum." The
ectoderm at the base of the original prototheca is in some corals
periodically dragged away from the skeleton, and forms another cup
or platform of lime at a little distance from it—the "tabula." New
zooids are developed at some distance from the primary one by a
process of gemmation in the episarc, and independent thecae,
septa, etc., are formed in it; the skeleton of the new zooid thus
originated being connected with that of the primary zooid by the
coenosteum.
Fig. 171.—A fixed stage in the development of Fungia. The trophozooid has
become differentiated into a discoid crown, the anthocyathus (Cy) and a
pedicle, the anthocaulus (Ca). (After G. C. Bourne.)
It was observed by the early surveyors that in many cases the sea-
bottom slopes downwards steeply or almost precipitously from the
outer edge of the barrier reefs and atolls to very great depths—to
depths, in fact, at which reef-forming corals do not live.
If this stratum is a coral rock, it is clear that it must have been formed
at a time when it was nearer to the surface of the sea than it is now,
and that it must have subsided subsequently to greater depths. If, on
the other hand, it is a primitive rock, we must assume that in such
regions as the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific, where the
archipelagoes of atolls extend for hundreds of miles, there are
chains of mountain ranges with peaks reaching to a uniform level
beneath the surface of the sea. "But we cannot believe that a broad
mountain summit lies buried at the depth of a few fathoms beneath
every atoll, and nevertheless that throughout the immense areas
above named not one point of rock projects above the level of the
sea. For we may judge of mountains beneath the sea by those on
land, and where can we find a single chain, much less several such
chains many hundred miles in length, and of considerable breadth,
with broad summits attaining the same height from within 120 to 180
feet?"[409]
These three families, together with the Zaphrentidae (p. 406), were
formerly grouped together as the Tetracoralla or Rugosa.
Sub-Order 1. Entocnemaria.
Madreporaria forming perforate coralla, with calices that do not
project above, or project only slightly above the surface of the
coenosarc. The zooids of each colony are usually small and
crowded. The mesenteries arise in bilateral pairs, and the increase in
their number takes place in the chamber between the ventral or the
dorsal pairs of directives. The corals included in this order are
among the most important of the reef-builders. On many of the
recent coral reefs they occur in enormous numbers and of great
individual size. But although so prevalent upon recent reefs, they
appear to have played a far less important part in the formation of
the reefs of the early Tertiary times, and in the reefs of times
antecedent to the Tertiary they were rare or absent.
The genus is found in shallow water of all seas of the tropical belt
except on the western side of the continent of America.
Sub-Order 2. Cyclocnemaria.
Madreporaria forming perforate or imperforate coralla. Solitary or
colonial. The zooids have usually a large number of mesenteries
arranged in two or more cycles. The mesenteries beyond the
protocnemic pairs arise in unilateral pairs in chambers other than
those between the directives.