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Full Download Norse America The Story of A Founding Myth 1St Edition Gordon Campbell Ebook Online Full Chapter PDF
Full Download Norse America The Story of A Founding Myth 1St Edition Gordon Campbell Ebook Online Full Chapter PDF
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OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 17/02/21, SPi
NOR SE A M E R IC A
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 17/02/21, SPi
As author
The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance
Renaissance Art and Architecture
John Milton: Life, Work and Thought (co-author)
Milton and the Manuscript of ‘De Doctrina Christiana’ (co-author)
Very Interesting People: John Milton
Bible: The Story of the King James Version
The Hermit in the Garden: From Imperial Rome to Ornamental Gnome
A Short History of Gardens
As editor
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Renaissance
The Holy Bible: Quatercentenary Edition
The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts (2 vols)
The Grove Encyclopedia of Classical Art and Architecture (2 vols)
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art (3 vols)
Renaissance Studies (10 vols)
The Review of English Studies (13 vols)
The Complete Works of John Milton (13 vols, in progress)
W. R. Parker, Milton: a Biography (2 vols)
Ben Jonson, The Alchemist and Other Plays
As contributor
Grove Art Online
The Oxford Chronology of English Literature
The Oxford Companion to English Literature
The Oxford Companion to the Garden
The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
The Oxford English Dictionary
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 17/02/21, SPi
gordon campbell
NORSE
AMERICA
the story of a founding myth
1
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1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Gordon Campbell 2021
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2021
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020950723
ISBN 978–0–19–886155–3
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
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contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 17/02/21, SPi
P REFACE AND
ACKNOW LEDGEM EN T S
the seed that eventually grew into a central narrative of this book.
Research continues apace. Sites on Baffin Island and in Labrador
are full of promise, but they have not yet been fully investigated.
Other sites (Ungava Bay, southwest Newfoundland) hove into
view only to be discredited, but fresh discoveries may in due
course add new pieces to the jigsaw.
Debate on the subject of the Norse in North America is often
fraught, because gaps in the evidence are quickly filled with
ingenious narratives, some of which are redolent of the imaginary
worlds created by Dan Brown, the Indiana Jones films, and an
array of conspiracy theorists. Autodidacts square off against
academics, and accusations of insufficient competence and
intellectual inflexibility abound. Professionals in the fields of
academic enquiry that impinge on the subject rightly grumble
about self-appointed experts who have no professional expertise
in archaeology, Scandinavian languages and history, manuscripts,
cartography, epigraphy, navigation, and science. The public
standing of these disciplines, especially those with a scientific
dimension, means that amateurs often appropriate the language
and deploy the equipment of science without feeling bound by the
standards of evidence required by these disciplines—hence the
3D imaging of American runestones and the grid markers on
archaeological sites being dug by amateurs. The miming of
scientific procedure is not designed to facilitate understanding, as
is the case with real science, but to confer scientific credibility on
a belief, rather like creation science. Such purposeful endeavours
also necessitate a determined amnesia with respect to the
accumulated knowledge of a discipline.
In this context it is important that researchers in the field be
honest about their expertise and limitations, and I should like to
viii
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ix
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x
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 17/02/21, SPi
believed with good reason that Bristol fishermen were fishing off
the north-east coast of America by 1481). Historians attempt to
examine and evaluate literary and archaeological evidence with
fresh eyes, but inevitably the understanding of evidence is
refracted through the prism of published research in the field. In
this sense I have incurred intellectual and scholarly debts to
many specialists, including Geraldine Barnes, Joel Berglund,
Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough, Lisbeth Imer, Christian Keller,
Niels Lynnerup, Robert McGhee, Thomas McGovern, Arnved
Nedkvitne, Else Østergård, Kirsten Seaver, Patricia Sutherland,
Birgitta Wallace, and Henrik Williams. The Norse settlements
in Greenland are important for this book, and I should like to
acknowledge the huge amount of serious research in the hundreds
of volumes of Meddelelser om Grønland (Monographs on Greenland),
which was established in 1879, and in 1979 was split into three sub-
series, one of which is Meddelelser om Grønland, Man & Society.
Historiography is another central concern, and I should like to
acknowledge my debt to the work of Reginald Horsman (on racial
Anglo-Saxonism), Douglas Hunter (on the Beardmore Relics and
Dighton Rock), Annette Kolodny (on myths of first contact),
David Krueger (on the Kensington Runestone), and Daniel Woolf
(on Stuart historiography). On fake history and archaeological
hoaxes, I have profited from the robust polemics of Kenneth Feder
and Ronald Fritze.
This book is based on scholarship, but I have written for the
wider audience beyond the scholarly community. I have therefore
dispensed with footnotes, but have indicated my principal English-
language sources in the section on Further Reading. The hegemony
of English means that research is increasingly published in that
language, but the cutting edge of research is often debated in other
xi
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xii
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xiii
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OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 17/02/21, SPi
CON TEN T S
1. Discovering America 1
2. Sagas and Chronicles 29
3. Maps 45
4. Iceland and the Discovery of Greenland 65
5. Norse Greenland 79
6. L’Anse aux Meadows 115
7. The Limits of the Norse Presence in North America 124
8. American Runestones 155
9. The Kensington Runestone 173
10. Understanding Norse America 194
Glossary 213
Further Reading 223
Picture Credits 231
Index 233
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 17/02/21, SPi
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xviii
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OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 17/02/21, SPi
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/02/21, SPi
CH A P T ER 1
DISCOVERING AMERICA
Discov e r ing A me r ic a
2
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/02/21, SPi
Discov e r ing A me r ic a
3
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/02/21, SPi
Discov e r ing A me r ic a
4
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Discov e r ing A me r ic a
5
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Discov e r ing A me r ic a
6
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Discov e r ing A me r ic a
7
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/02/21, SPi
Discov e r ing A me r ic a
8
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