N A’ VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 13.

01
Compiled by Mark Miller
www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: October 5th , 2013

This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
James Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr.
Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-
tical categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on
are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to
show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Tran-
sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most,
if not all transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known
modal verbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depen-
ding upon transitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound
changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress
in the IPA; if an enclitic is added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also
that allomorphs, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or
morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary num. = number

+ = leniting morpheme boundary ofp. = only for people
« » = infix morpheme part. = particle
adj. = adjective ph. = phrase
adp. = adposition pn. = pronoun
adv. = adverb prop. n. = proper noun
conj. = conjunction v. = verb
c.w. = compound word svin. = stative intransitive verb
dem. = demonstrative vtr. = transitive verb
intj. = interjection vin. = intransitive verb
inter. = interrogative vtrm. = transitive modal verb
n. = noun vim. = intransitive modal verb
nfp. = not for people sbd. = subordinated

1
 An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provi-
ded, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estoni-
an, German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations
in other languages available.

Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after
the IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictiona-
ry was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the can-
non lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive
affixes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified
semantic meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer

• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = the Avatar Games
• ASG = The Survival Guide
• PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-
merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many
words, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer legalized some pronunciation errors
made during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved seve-
ral constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.
These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer and Skx-
awng. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
> >
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions  have
 been split in
accordance with the Maximum Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can
be difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’."k’E].
Please note the subtle difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and "for stress.

This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,
let me know here or by email to mark@learnnavi.org, and I will correct them. As for version
number, I’ll change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not large
change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.

2
 I would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumental in
the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, is Dr. Paul Frommer and his
monumental effort in creating this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for
originally creating and maintaining this document. Thanks to Tirea Aean (Corey Scheideman)
for being invaluable in keeping track of new vocabulary as it is introduced by Dr. Frommer.
Thanks also to Tuiq, who applied significant time and skills to automate the maintenance of
this dictionary and its variants. Tuiq’s scripts also make the process of updating much easi-
er for the authors of the various translations. Finally, thanks to everyone in the Learn Na’vi
Community who are helping Na’vi to bloom!

- Mark Miller, et alia

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4
P
’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. a few, several (Used
with countable nouns in the singular form)
’akra: ["Pak.Ra] P F n. soil (fertile)
’aku: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr. remove, take away, take off
’ali’ä: [Pa."liP.æ] P F n. collar / choker
’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] P F vtr. touch
’ana: ["Pa.na] P F n. hanging vine
’ango: ["Pa.No] P F adj. soft (of a sound)
’anla: ["P·an.l·a] P F vtr. yearn for
’are: ["Pa.RE] P F n. poncho, cape, shawl
’aw: [Paw] P F num. one
’awkx: [Pawk'] P F n. cliff
’awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past)
’awlo: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. once
’awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp
’awnìm: ["P·aw.nIm] P F vtr. avoid (c.w. from
’ì’awn remain and alìm distance)
’awpo: ["Paw.po] P F pn. one individual
’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w.
from ’aw one and teng same, equal)
’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] P F vtr. bind /
bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w.
from ’awsiteng together and yem put)
’awve: ["Paw.vE] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived
from ’aw one)
’ä’: [PæP] P F intj. oops!
’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. complete
’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. move
’e’al: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. worst
’efu: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive
’eko: ["P·E.k·o] P F vtr. attack
’ekong: ["PE.koN] P F n. beat (rhythmic)
’ekxin: [PE."k'in] P F adj. tight
’ekxinum: [PE."k'i.num] P F n. degree of tight-
ness, looseness (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and
um loose)
’ekxinumpe: [PE."k'i.num.pE] P F inter. how
tight, loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tight-
ness, looseness)
’em: [P·Em] P F vtr. cook
’emyu: ["PEm.ju] P F n. cook, cooker (derived
from ’em cook)
’en: [PEn] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-
tuition
’engeng: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. level
’en si: ["PEn "s·i] P F vin. make an informed guess
(derived from ’en guess)
5
’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious
’etnaw: ["PEt.naw] P F n. shoulder
’evan: ["PE.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived
from ’evengan boy)
’eve: ["PE.vE] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived
from ’evenge girl)
’eveng: ["PE.vEN] P F n. child
’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. boy (derived from
’eveng child)
’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. girl (derived from
’eveng child)
’evi: ["PE.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
’eveng child)
’ewan: ["PE.wan] P F adj. young
’ewll: ["PE.wl] P F n. plant
"
’eylan: ["PEj.lan] P F n. friend
’eylanay: [PEj.la."naj] P F n. acquaintance (with
the potential for becoming a friend) (derived
from ’eylan friend)
’eyng: [P·EjN] P F v. answer, respond
’eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value
eight)
’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. end, conclude
’ia: ["P·i.·a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
’ipu: ["Pi.pu] P F adj. humorous, funny, amusing
’it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount
’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. son
’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. daughter
>
’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. little daughter (term
of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)
’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. remain, stay
’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. spiral
’ìn: [P·In] P F svin. be busy, be occupied
’ìp: [P·Ip] P F vin. disappear, vanish, recede from
view
’llngo: ["Pl.No] P F n. hip
"
’o’: [PoP] P F adj. bringing fun, exciting
’ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance
’okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (deri-
ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)
’okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient)
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story)
’om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta
’ompin: ["Pom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta
(derived from ’om purple)
’on: [Pon] P F n. shape, form
’ong: [P·oN] P F v. unfold, blossom
’ongokx: ["P·o.N·ok'] P F vin. be born (c.w. from
’ong unfold and nokx give birth to)
’opin: ["Po.pin] P F n. color
’ora: ["Po.Ra] P F n. lake
>
’oratsyip: ["Po.ra.tsjIp^] P F n. pond, pool (deri-
ved from ’ora lake)
’otxang: [Po."t'aN] P F n. musical instrument (ge-
neric term)
a: [a] P F,LN part. clause-level attributive marker
akrrmaw: [a."kr.maw] P F conj. after (temporal)
allomorph of " mawkrra (c.w. from krr time
and maw after)
akrrta: [a."kr.ta] P F conj. since (temporal) allo-
morph of" takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta
from)
akum: [a."kum] P F conj. that (as a result) (de-
rived from kum result) this form follows
the result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum,
nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that I
fell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’
alaksi: [a."lak.si] P F adj. ready
alìm: [a."lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (de-
rived from lìm far, be far)
alo: ["a.lo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a
number of repeated or recurring actions
alu: ["a.lu] P F conj. that is, in other words (deri-
ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for
appositions)
alunta: [a."lun.ta] P F conj. because, from the rea-
son
am’a: [am."Pa] P F n. doubt
am’ake: [am."Pa.kE] P F adj. sure, confident (c.w.
from am’a doubt and ke not)
am’aluke: [am."Pa.lu.kE] P F adv. without a
doubt (derived from am’ake sure, confident)
apxa: [a."p'a] P F adj. large nfp.
asim: [a."sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (de-
rived from sim near, be near)
äie: [æ."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual)
äo–: ["æ.o] P F adp. under, below
ätxäle: [æ."t'æ.lE] P F n. request
6
’rrpxom: ["Pr.p'om] P F n. thunder
’u: [Pu] P F n." thing (object, fact, abstraction)
’ul: [P·ul] P F vin. increase
’uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something
’upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
’u thing and pe inter. marker)
’upxare: [Pu."p'a.RE] P F n. message
’ur: [PuR] P F n. sight, look, appearance
atan: [a."tan] JC n. light
atanvi: [a."tan.vi] P F n. ray (derived from atan
light)
atanzaw: [a."tan.zaw] P F n. forked lightning
(derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)
atxar: [a."t'aR] P F adj. smell of living animals, as
found around a watering hole
atxkxe: [at'."k'E] P F n. land
atxkxerel: [at'."k'E.REl] P F n. map (c.w. from
atxkxe land and rel picture)
au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)
au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation
aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen
awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayo-
eng we)
ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived
from po he, she)
aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contrac-
tion of ay+lahe–ru)
aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
from nga you)
ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
from oe I)
ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
es)
ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from ’u thing)
(never plural u)
ätxäle si: [æ."t'æ.lE "s·i] P F vin. request (with
tsnì clause for object) (derived from ätxäle
request)
E
eampin: ["E.am.pin] P F n. blue, green (derived
from ean blue, green)
ean: ["E.an] P F adj. blue, green
ekxan: [E."k'an] P F n. barricade, obstruction
ekxtxu: [Ek'."t'u] P F adj. rough
eltu: ["El.tu] P F n. brain
eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)
eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t'En s·i] P F vin. be
interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-r
brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)
eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] P F vin. pay attention, quit goo-
fing off (derived from eltu brain)
emrey: [Em."R·Ej] P F vin. survive
emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr. pass (a test), over-
come (c.w. from za’u come)
eo–: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
ep’ang: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. complex
fa–: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of
fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell
faoi: ["fa.o.i] P F adj. smooth
fayluta: [faj."lu.ta] P F n. these words (contrac-
tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case)
fäkä: [fæ."k·æ] P F vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from
fäpa top and kä go)
fäpa: ["fæ.pa] P F n. top
fäza’u: [fæ."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come up, ascend
(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)
fe’: [fEP] P F adj. bad nfp.
fe’ran: ["fEP.Ran] P F n. flawed nature, something
ill-conceived or inherently defective (c.w. from
fe’ bad and ran intrinsic character or nature)
fe’ranvi: ["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. blemish, deformi-
ty, stain, flawed feature (derived from fe’ran
flawed nature, inherently defective)
fe’ul: ["fE.P·ul] P F vin. worsen, get worse (c.w.
from fe’ bad and ’ul increase)
fekem: ["fE.kEm] P F n. accident (c.w. from fe’
bad and kem action)
few–: [fEw] P F adp. across, aiming for the oppo-
site side of
fewi: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. chase
fewtusok: ["fEw.tu.sok^] P F adj. opposite, on the
opposite side (derived from few– across)(In
7
epxang: [E."p'aN] P F n. stone jar used to hold
small toxic arachnid
etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favourable, favorable,
auspicious
>
ewktswo: ["Ewk.tswo] P F n. (sense of) taste (de-
rived from ewku taste)
ewku: ["·Ew.k·u] P F vtr. taste (not intentionally)
eyawr: [E."jawR] P F adj. correct, right
eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. lead
eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from
eyk lead)
eyktanay: [Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. deputy, general,
one step down from leader (derived from eyk-
tan leader)
eykyu: ["Ejk.ju] P F n. leader (typically tempora-
ry, of a small group like a hunting party) (deri-
ved from eyk lead)
casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok)
fì’u: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u
thing)
fìfya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived
from fya’o path)
fìkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived
from kem action, deed)
fìpo: ["fI.po] P F pn. this one person or thing (de-
rived from po he, she)
fìtrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day)
">
fìtsap: [fI."tsap^] P F adv. each other (c.w. from
fipo this one and tsapo that one)
>
fìtseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. here, this pla-
ce (derived from tseng place)
fìtxan: [fI."t'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (de-
rived from txan great, much)
fìtxon: [fI."t'on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived
from txon night)
fkan: [fk·an] P F vin. resemble in a sensory moda-
lity, come to the senses as
fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F v. peel
fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
fkeytok: ["fkEj.t·ok^] P F vin. exist (derived
from kifkeyti tok be in the world)
fkip–: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
specified agent)
fkxake: ["fk'·a.k·E] P F v. itch
fkxen: [fk'En] P F n. vegetable (food)
fkxile: ["fk'i.lE] P F n. bib necklace
flawkx: [flawk'] P F n. leather
flawm: [flawm] P F n. cheek
flä: [fl·æ] P F vin. succeed
flew: [flEw] P F n. throat
flì: [flI] P F adj. thin; nfp.
flìnutx: [flI."nut'] P F n. thickness (c.w. from flì
thin and nutx thick)
flrr: [flr] P F adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or
"
things)
fmal: [fm·al] P F vtr. sustain
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report
fmawnta: [fmawnta] P F n. that news (contrac-
tion of fmawn–it a)
fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F v. test
fmi: [fm·i] P F vtrm. try, attempt (with the
subjunctive)
fmokx: [fmok'] P F n. jealousy, envy
fnan: [fn·an] P F vtr. be good at
fnawe’: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly
fnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived
from fnawe’ cowardly)
fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type
fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind allomorph
of pefnel
fnetxum: [fnE."t'um] n. allergen (derived from
txum poison)
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal
fngä’: [fN·æP] P F vin. relieve oneself; (on Earth:)
use the restroom, go to the bathroom
fngo’: [fN·oP^] P F vtr. require, demand
fnu: [fn·u] P F vin. quiet, be quiet
fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)
fpak: [fp·ak^] P F v. hold off, suspend action
fpe’: [fp·EP] P F vtr. send
fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial)
fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit
of
fpìl: [fp·Il] P F vtr. think
fpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of
thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)
fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness
fpomtokx: [fpom."tok'] P F n. health (physical)
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)
8
fpxäkìm: ["fp'·æ.k·Im] P F vin. enter
fra’u: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. everything (derived from
’u thing)
frafya: ["fra.fja] P F adv. in every way (c.w. from
fra’u everything and fya’o way)
frakrr: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. always, all the time (de-
rived from" krr time)
fralo: ["fRa.lo] P F adv. every time, every instance,
each time (derived from alo time)
frapo: ["fRa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from
po he/she)
frato: ["fRa.to] P F part. superlative marker than
all
fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived
"
from trr day)
>
fratseng: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. everywhere (deri-
ved from tseng place)
fratxon: [fRa."t'on] P F adv. every night (derived
from txon night)
frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything
is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everything
and zo be well)
frìp: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. bite
frrfen: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. visit
"
frrtu: ["fr.tu] P F n. guest, visitor
"
fta: [fta] P F n. knot
ftang: [ft·aN] P F vim. stop
fta si: [fta s·i] P F vin. knot, make or tie a knot
(derived from fta knot)
ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. past (c.w.
from ft«awn»em pass by " (passive participle
form) and krr time)
ftär: [ftæR] P F adj. left (not right)
ftärpa: ["ftæR.pa] P F n. left side (c.w. from ftär
left and pa’o side)
fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
fteke: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w.
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
ctive verb in dependant clause)
ftem: [ft·Em] P F vtr. pass by (something)
ftia: [ft·i.·"a] P F vtr. study
ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction)
ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple
ftumfa: ["ftum.fa] P F adp- out of, from inside
(derived from mìfa inside)
ftxavang: ["ft'a.vaN] P F adj. passionate
ftxey: [ft'·Ej] P F vtr. choose
ftxey: [ft'Ej] P F conj. whether, or
ftxì: [ft'I] P F n. tongue
ftxìlor: [ft'I."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting
(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)
ftxìvä’: [ft'I."væP] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from
ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)
ftxozä: [ft'o."zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occa-
sion
ftxozä si: [ft'o."zæ s·i] P F vin. celebrate (derived
from ftxozä celebration)
ftxulì’u: [ft'·u."lI.Pu] P F vin. orate, give speech
(c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)
ftxulì’uyu: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] P F n. orator, (public)
speaker (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give
speech)
fu: [fu] P F conj. or
fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or
and ke not)
fula: ["fu.la] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul
this (agentive) and a subordinator)
furia: ["fu.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
fì’uri this (topical) and a subordinator)
futa: ["fu.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-t
this (patientive) and a subordinator)
fwa: [fwa] P F pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause
marker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and a
subordinator)
ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case
ha’: [h·aP] P F vin. fit, suit, complement, inherent-
ly enhance
ha’ngir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon
hahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. sleep
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous
hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from
ham previous and alo time)
hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. laugh
hangvur: ["haN.vuR] P F n. joke, funny story (c.w.
from hangham laugh and vur story)
hapxì: [ha."p'I] P F n. part
hapxìtu: [ha."p'I.tu] P F n. member (derived
from hapxì part)
hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished
hasey si: [ha."sEj "s·i] P F vin. accomplish, bring
to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi-
nished)
hawl: [h·awl] P F vtr. prepare
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance
9
fwang: [fwaN] P F adj. savory, umami, rich
fwefwi: ["fw·E.fw·i] P F vin. whistle
fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken
fwem: [fwEm] P F adj. dull, blunt (as a point)
fwew: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. look for, seek, search
fwi: [fw·i] P F vin. slip, slide
fya’o: ["fja.Po] P F n. path, way, manner
fyape: ["fja.pE] P F inter. how allomorph of pe-
fya
fyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t'·u] P F vin. guide (with
dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path
and wìntxu show)
fyel: [fyEl] P F vtr. seal, make impervious
fyep: [fjEp^] P F vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, grip
fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult
fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived
from fyeyn ripe, mature)
fyin: [fjin] P F adj. simple
fyinep’ang: [fjin.Ep."PaN] P F n. degree of com-
plexity (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’ang
complex)
fyinep’angpe: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] P F inter. how
complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
complexity) allomorph of pefyinep’ang
fyole: ["fjo.lE] P F adj. sublime, beyond perfection
hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from
"
hawng overabundance and krr time)
>
hawntsyokx: [hawn."tsjok'] P F n. glove (c.w.
from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)
hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. protect, shelter
hawnven: [hawn."vEn] P F n. shoe (c.w. from
hawnu protect and venu foot)
hawre’: [haw."REP] P F n. hat (c.w. from hawnu
protect and re’o head)
>
hawtsyìp: ["haw.tsjIp^] P F n. nap (derived from
hahaw sleep)
hay: [haj] P F adj. next
hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from
hay next and alo time)
hefi: ["h·E.f·i] P F vtr. smell (not intentially)
>
hefitswo: ["hE.fi.tswo] P F n. (sense of) smell (de-
rived from hefi smell)
hek: [h·Ek^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-
expected
hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. snow flurry (deri-
ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)
hertxayo: ["hER.t'a.jo] P F n. snow field (derived
from herwì snow and txayo field)
herwì: ["hER.wI] P F n. snow
herwìva: ["hER.wI.va] P F n. snowflake (derived
from herwì snow and ìlva flake)
hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object)
heyn: [h·Ejn] P F vin. sit
hifwo: ["h·i.fw·o] P F vin. flee, escape
hiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange
hì’ang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i
small and ioang animal)
hì’i: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
hìkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w.
from hì’i" little, small and krr time)
hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hìmpxì: [hIm."p'I] P F n. minority, least, small
part
hìmtxampe: [hIm."t'am.pE] P F inter. how much
allomorph of pìmtxan
hìmtxan: [hIm."t'an] P F n. amount (c.w. from
hìm small and txan much)
i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument
il: [i·l] P F vin. bend
inan: [·i."n·an] P F vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain
knowledge from sensory input (stress moves
to first syllable with infixation)
inanfya: [i."nan.fja] P F n. sense (means of per-
ception) (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge
from sensory input and fya’o ‘path, way)
ingyen: ["iN.jEn] P F n. feeling of mystery or in-
comprehension
ingyenga’: ["iN.jE.NaP] P F adj. mysterious, puzz-
ling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feeling
of mystery)
>
ingyentsim: ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. mystery, riddle,
enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feeling
ìì: [I:] P F filler um, er
ìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] P F adp. by, via, following, ìlva: ["Il.va] P F n. flake, drop, chip
according to
10
hìmtxew: [hIm."t'Ew] P F n. minimum (c.w.
from hìm small and txew limit)
hìmtxewvay: [hIm."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. minimally
(derived from hìmtxew minimum)
hìno: [hI."no] P F adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-
cate (of things)
hìtxoa: [hI."t'o.a] P F intj. excuse me (derived
from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)
hoet: [ho."Et^] P F adj. vast, broad, expansive
hol: [hol] P F adj. few
holpxay: [hol."p'aj] P F n. number (c.w. from
hol few and pxay many)
holpxaype: [hol."p'aj.pE] P F inter. how many
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
hona: ["ho.na] P F adj. endearing, adorable, cute
hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger
hu–: [hu] "P F adp. with (accompaniment)
hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although
hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind
>
hufwetsyìp: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n. breeze, light
wind (derived from hufwe wind)
>
hultstxem: [h·ul."tst'·Em] P F vtr. hinder
hum: [h·um] P F vin. leave, depart
of mystery and tsim source)
>
ingyentsyìp: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. trick, sleight
of hand, clever/special methodology (derived
from ingyen feeling of mystery)
io–: ["i.o] P F adp. over, above
ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast
ioi: [i."o.i] P F n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel
(item of)
ioi si: [i."o.i s·i] P F vin. adorn (derived from ioi
adornment)
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
irayo si: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] P F vin. thank, give thanks
(derived from irayo thanks)
ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry
ìpxa: [I."p'a] RL,P F n. fern
K
ka–: [ka] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly
kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from
rel image, picture)
kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet to the taste
kaltxì: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello
kaltxì si: [kal."t'I "s·i] P F vin. say hello, greet (de-
rived from kaltxì hello)
kam–: [kam] P F adp. ago
kame: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. see, see into, understand,
know (spiritual sense)
kan: [k·an] P F vtrm. aim
kan’ìn: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. focus on, specialize in,
be particularly interested in (derived from ’ìn
be busy)
kanfpìl: ["k·an.fp·Il] P F vin. concentrate, focus
one’s attention (c.w. from kan aim and fpìl
think)
kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with
ngay true)
kangay si: [ka."Naj s·i] P F vin. validate, confirm
(derived from kangay valid)
kanom: ["k·a.n·om] P F vtr. acquire, get
kanu: ["ka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent ofp.
kar: [k·aR] P F vtr. teach
karyu: ["kaR.ju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar
teach)
karyunay: [kaR.ju."naj] P F n. apprentice teacher
(derived from karyu teacher)
kato: ["ka.to] P F n. rhythm
kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery
kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] P F vin. betray (derived
from kavuk treachery)
kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. at all, not at all (see
ke...kaw’it not...at all) (c.w. from ke ’aw not
one and ’it bit)
kawkrr: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and " krr time)
kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil
kawnglan: ["kawN.lan] P F adj. malicious, bad he-
arted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and txe’lan
heart)
kawngsar: ["kawN.s·aR] P F vtr. exploit
>
kawtseng: ["kaw.tsEN] P F adv. nowhere (c.w.
from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)
kawtu: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and tute person)
kay–: [kaj] P F adp. from now (in the future)
11
kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late
afternoon
kä: [k·æ] P F vin. go
kä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from
kä go and ’ärìp move)
kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F v. ride out (c.w.
from kä go and makto ride)
käpxì: [kæ."p'I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w.
from kä go and hapxì part)
>
käsatseng: [kæ."sa.tsEN] P F adv. out there (c.w.
from kä go and tseng place)
käsrìn: [kæ."sR·In] P F vtr. lend (derived from
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)
käteng: ["k·æ.tEN] P F vin. spend time with, hang
out with
ke: [kE] P F adv. not
ke’aw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart,
strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)
ke’u: ["kE.Pu] P F pn. nothing (c.w. from ke not
and ’u thing)
kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun)
keftxo: [kE."ft'o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset,
’How sad!’
kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isn’t it?, right?
(c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-
tion marker)
kehe: ["kE.hE] P F part., intj. no
kekem: ["kE.kEm] P F pn., adv. no action or acti-
vity (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)
kelemweypey: [kE.lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. impa-
tient (derived from ke not and lemweypey
patient)
kelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok'] P F adj. unhealt-
hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health)
kelkin: [kEl."kin] P F adj. unnecessary
kelku: ["kEl.ku] P F n. home, house
kelku si: ["kEl.ku "s·i] P F vin. live, dwell (deri-
ved from kelku home)
kelsar: [kEl."saR] P F adj. useless, in vain (c.w.
from ke not and lesar useful)
>
keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w.
from ke not and tsun be able)
kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed
kemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem
action and lì’u word)
kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. infix (derived
from kemlì’u verb)
kempe: ["kEm.pE] P F inter. what (action) allo-
morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action,
deed)
kem si: ["kEm "s·i] P F vin. do (derived from
kem action, deed)
keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as
kenong: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN] P F v. model, re-
present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and
nong follow)
kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke
not and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))
kesran: [kE."sRan] P F adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w.
from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of
this word is not entirely clear. It may have
originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ‘not
yes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-
tain action was performed well or not, and
over time it became shortened to just kes-
ran, its use expanding to include anything
only mediocre in quality.)
keteng: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke
not and teng same, equal)
> "
ketsran: [kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. no matter, no
matter what, whatever (c.w. from ke not and
tsranten Matter, be of importance)
> >
ketsuktswa’: [kE.tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. unforget-
table (derived from tswa’ forget)
ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. alien
kew: [kEw] P F num. zero
kewong: ["kE.woN] P F adj. alien
key: [kEj] P F n. face
keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, wrong, not
right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. insanity
keyrel: ["kEy.REl] n. facial expression (c.w. from
key face and rel image)
kezemplltxe: [kE.zEm.pl."t'E] P F adv. of
"
course, needless to say (contraction of
ke+zene+pivlltxe)
ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead
kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid)
kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river
kin: [k·in] P F vtr. need
kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg
kinamtil: [ki."nam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from ki-
nam leg and til joint)
kinä: ["ki.næ] P F num. seven
kintrr: ["kin.tr] P F n. week (derived from kinä
" day)
seven and trr
12
kintrram: ["kin.tram] P F n. last week (derived
from kintrr week) "
kintrray: ["kin.traj] P F n. next week (derived
from kintrr week) "
kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among
kive: ["ki.vE] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
from kinä seven)
kì’ong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow
kìm: [k·Im] P F vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol
rumit kolìm He spun the ball
kìmar: [kI."maR] P F adj. in season (of foods, vege-
table or animal)
kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread
kìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. service
kìte’e si: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] P F vin. serve (derived
from kìte’e service)
kllfro’: [kl."fR·oP] P F svin. be responsible
"
kllkä: [kl."k·æ] P F vin. go down, descend (c.w.
"
from kllpa bottom and kä go)
kllkulat: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. dig up
"
kllkxem: [kl."k'·Em] P F vin. stand
"
kllpa: ["kl.pa] P F n. bottom
kllpä: [kl."p·æ] P F vin. land, reach the ground
"
(c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive)
kllpxìltu: [kl."p'Il.tu] P F n. territory
"
kllte: ["kl.tE] P F n. ground
" >
klltseng: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. position (derived from
tseng place) "
klltxay: [kl."t'·aj] P F vin. lie on the ground (c.w.
from kllte " ground and txay lie flat)
klltxeykay: [kl.t'Ej."k·aj] P F vtr. lay (something)
on the ground " (c.w. from kllte ground and tx-
ay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay
kllvawm: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from
kllte ground " and vawm dark)
kllwo: [kl."w·o] P F vin. alight, land (process of)
(c.w. from" kllte ground and wo reach for)
kllyem: [kl."j·Em] P F vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte
ground and " yem put)
kllza’u: [kl."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come down, descend
(c.w. from " kllte ground and za’u come)
ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
ko’on: ["ko.Pon] P F n. ring, oval, closed shape
roughly circular (derived from koum roun-
ded, curved and ’on shape)
koak: ["ko.ak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living
things)
koaktan: ["ko.ak.tan] P F n. old man (derived
from koak old, aged)
koakte: ["ko.ak.tE] P F n. old woman (derived
from koak old, aged)
koaktu: ["ko.ak.tu] P F n. old person (derived
from koak old, aged)
kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also, additionally
koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline
kosman: [ko."sman] P F adj. wonderful, terrific,
fantastic
koum: ["ko.um] P F adj. rounded, curved
krr: [kr] P F n. time
" .a]
krra: ["kr
P F conj. when, at the time that (de-
"
rived from krr time)
krrnekx: [kr."n·Ek'] P F vin. take/consume time
"
(ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)
Kx
kxa: [k'a] P F n. mouth
kxakx: [k'·ak'] P F vin. break, snap in two
kxam: [k'am] P F n. middle, midpoint
kxamlä–: ["k'am.læ] P F adp. through (via the
middle of) (derived from kxam middle)
kxamtrr: ["k'am.tr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w.
from kxam middle " and trr day)
kxamtrrmaw: ["k'am.tr.maw] P F n. the time
immediately after noon, " early afternoon (c.w.
from kxamtrr noon and maw after)
> kxetse: ["k'E.tsE] P F n. tail
kxamtseng: ["k'am.tsEN] P F n. center, place in
the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng
place)
kxamtxomaw: ["k'am.t'o.maw] P F n. after mid-
night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
maw after)
kxamtxon: ["k'am.t'on] P F n. midnight (c.w.
from kxam middle and txon night)
kxamyì: ["k'am.jI] P F n. intermediate level (c.w.
from kxam middle and yì level)
kxangangang: ["k'aN.aN.aN] P F intj. boom (ono-
matopoeic)
kxanì: ["k'a.nI] P F adj. forbidden
kxawm: [k'awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe
kxayl: [k'ajl] P F adj. high
13
krrpe: ["kr.pE] P F inter. when allomorph of pe-
hrr (c.w." from krr time)
ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight)
kulat: ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. reveal, bring forth, un-
cover (literally and metaphorically)
kum: [kum] P F n. result
kuma: ["kum.a] P F conj. that (as a result) (de-
rived from kum result) this form precedes
the result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kuma
yawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that I
fell in love with her.); see also ’akum’
kur: [k·uR] P F vin. hang
kurakx: [k·u."R·ak'] P F vtr. drive out
kxaylyì: ["k'ajl.jI] P F n. high level (c.w. from kx-
ayl high and yì level)
kxänäng: ["k'æ.næN] P F adj. smell of decaying
animal/flesh, rotting, putrid
kxeltek: ["k'·El.t·Ek] P F vtr. pick up, lift
kxem: [k'Em] P F vin. be vertical
kxemyo: ["k'Em.jo] P F n. wall, vertical surface
(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)
kxener: ["k'E.nER] P F n. smoke
>
kxeyey: ["k'E.jEj] P F n. error, mistake
kxitx: [k'it'] P F n. death
kxll: [k'l] P F n. charge, running attack
"
kxll si: ["k'l "s·i] P F vin. charge (derived from
"
kxll charge)
kxor: [k'oR] P F n. a wall or bank of powerful wa-
terfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadly
force (countable, but only rarely)
kxu: [k'u] P F n. harm
kxuke: ["k'u.kE] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu
harm and ke not)
kxukx: [k'·uk'] P F vtr. swallow
kxutu: ["k'u.tu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu
harm)
L
lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else
lam: [l·am] P F vin. seem, appear
lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one person or thing
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)
laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean
latem: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. change (l«eyk»atem
vtr. change)
>
latsi: [l·a."ts·i] LA v. keep up with someone
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain
lawk: [l·awk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about,
say something concerning
lawr: [lawR] P F n. melody
law si: ["law "s·i] P F vin. make clear (derived
from law clear)
layompin: [la."jom.pin] P F n. black (derived
from layon black)
layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black
lätxayn: [l·æ."t'·ajn] P F vtr. defeat in battle, con-
quer
le’aw: [lE."Paw] P F adj. only
le’en: [lE."PEn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (de-
rived from ’en guess) nfp.
lefkrr: [lE."fkr] P F adj. current (derived from
" lerìk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rìk
fìkrr this time)
lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived
from fngap metal)
lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joy-
ous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness,
peace) nfp.
lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok'] P F adj. healthy (de-
rived from fpomtokx health)
lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived
from hawng overabundance)
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived
from hawngkrr late) "
lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived
from hrrap" danger)
leioae: [lE.i.o."a.E] P F n. respect
leioae si: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] P F vin. to respect (deri-
ved from leioae respect)
lek: [l·Ek^] P F vtr. heed, obey
lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from
kin need)
lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived
from koren rule)
lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. insane, crazy
(derived from keye’ung insanity)
14
lelì’fya: [lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. concerning language,
regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan-
guage)
lemrey: [lEm."REj] P F adj. surviving (e.g. of enti-
ties from a group some of whom have died) (de-
rived from emrey survive)
lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. patient (de-
rived from maweypey be patient)
len: [l·En] P F vin. happen, occur
leNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. having to do with the
Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-
ople)
leno: [lE."no] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated
(of a person)
lenomum: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. curious (deri-
ved from newomum be curious)
lenrra: [lE."nr.a] P F adj. proud (derived from
nrra pride)"
lepay: [lE."paj] P F adj. watery (derived from
pay water)
lepwopx: [lEp."wop'] P F adj. cloudy (derived
from pìwopx cloud)
leaf )
leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] P F adj. imaginary (deri-
ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
lertu: ["lER.tu] P F n. colleague
lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar
use)
leskxir: [lE."sk'iR] P F adj. wounded (derived
from skxir wound)
lesngä’i: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. original, existing at
or from the start, first in a series (derived from
sngä’i begin)
lesnonrra: [lE.sno."nr.a] P F adj. full of self-pride
"
(derived from snonrra self-pride)
leso’ha: [lE."soP.ha] P F adj. enthusiastic, keen
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)
ofp.
letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from
tam suffice)
letokx: [lE."tok'] P F adj. bodily, physical (deri-
ved from tokx body)
letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)
"
letrrtrr: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. ordinary (derived
from trr day) " "
 >
letsim: [lE."tsim] P F adj. original, unique, not de-
rived from another source (derived from tsim
source)
>
letsranten: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. important
(derived from tsranten matter)
>
letsunslu: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. possible (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
letwan: [lEt."wan] P F adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a
person) (derived from tute person and wan
hide)
letxi: [lE."t'i] P F adj. hurried, frenzied (derived
from txi hurry)
letxiluke: [lE."t'i.lu.kE] P F adj. unhurried (c.w.
from txi hurry and luke without)
lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid
lewäte: [lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. disagreeable, argu-
mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäte
argue)
lew si: ["lEw "s·i] P F vin. cover (derived from
lew cover)
leyapay: [lE."ja.paj] P F adj. foggy, misty (deri-
ved from yapay fog)
leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. early (derived from
ye’krr early) "
leyewla: [lE."jEw.la] P F adj. disappointing (deri-
ved from yewla disappointment)
leyn: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. repeat, do again
lezeswa: [lE."zE.swa] P F adj. grassy (derived
from zeswa grass)
li: [li] P F adv. already
lie: ["li.E] P F n. experience
lini: ["li.ni] P F n. young of an animal, bird, fish,
insect
lisre+: ["li.sRE] P F adp. by, before, up to but not
after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
litx: [lit'] P F adj. sharp (as a blade)
lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u
word and fya’o way)
lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] P F n. language group,
language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and
ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker)
makto: ["m·ak.t·o] P F vtr. ride
mal: [mal] P F adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring
masat: ["ma.sat] P F n. breastplate (armor)
maw–: [maw] P F adp. after (time)
mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm
15
olo’ clan)
lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of lan-
guage (derived from lì’fya language)
lì’u: ["lI.Pu] P F n. word
lì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. accent, pronuncia-
tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)
lì’upe: ["lI.Pu.pE] P F inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of pelì’u
lì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (c.w. from
li’u word and puk book (English loan word))
lì’uvan: ["lI.Pu.van] P F n. pun, word-play (c.w.
from li’u word and uvan game)
lìm: [l·Im] P F svin. be far
lìng: [l·IN] P F vin. float in the air, hover
loi: ["lo.i] P F n. egg
lok: [l·ok^] P F vtr. approach
lok–: [l·ok^] P F adp. close to
lom: [lom] P F adj. missing, missed (as an absent
person who is longed for)
lomtu: ["lom.tu] P F n. missed person (derived
from lom missing, missed)
lonu: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. release, let go
lopx: [l·op'] P F vin. panic
lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
loran: ["lo.Ran] P F n. elegance, grace (c.w. from
lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-
ture)
lrrtok: ["lr.tok^] P F n. smile
lrrtok si:" ["lr.tok^ "s·i] P F vin. smile (derived
from lrrtok " smile)
lu: [l·u] P F vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-
tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
session with dative of possessor)
luke–: ["lu.kE] P F adp. without
lukpen: [luk."pEn] P F adj. without clothing, na-
ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing
(plural))
lumpe: ["lum.pE] P F inter. why allomorph of
pelun
lun: [lun] P F n. reason
maweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F svin. be patient
(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)
maweypeyyu: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] P F n. One who
is patient (derived from maweypey be pati-
ent)
mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards
(c.w. from maw" after and krr time)
mawkrra: [maw."kr.a] P F conj. after (temporal)
"
allomorph of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr time
and maw after)
mawl: [mawl] P F n. half
may’: [majP] P F vtrm. try, sample, evaluate,
check out, test-drive
mäkxu: [m·æ."k'u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out of
harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm)
me’em: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious
mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
mek: [mEk^] P F adj. empty, or metaphorically:
having no value
mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies
>
mektseng: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. gap, breach (c.w.
from mek empty and tseng place)
melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+
dual marker and alo time)
menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived
from me+ dual and nari eye)
meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmo-
ny, living at one with nature
mesrram: [mE.sr."am] P F n., adv. the day befo-
" days ago (derived from trr
re yesterday, two
day)
mesrray: [mE.sr."aj] P F n., adv. the day after to-
morrow, two "days from now (derived from trr
day)
meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor
meuianga’: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] P F adj. honorable,
honorably (derived from meuia honor and
nga’ contain)
meyam: [m·E."y·am] P F vtr. hug, embrace, hold
in one’s arms
meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak
mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before
>
miktsang: ["mik.tsaN] P F n. earring (c.w. from
mikyun ear and tsang piercing)
mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. ear
mip: [mip^] P F adj. new
mì+: [mI] P F adp. in, on
mìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F n., adv. inside
mìftxele: [mI."ft'E.lE] P F adv. in this regard, re-
lated to this matter
mìkam–: [mI."kam] P F adp. between
mìn: [m·In] P F vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mìn
ne ftärpa Turn to the left
16
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner (derived from
mìn turn)
mìso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived
from mì in)
mll’an: [m·l."P·an] P F vtr. accept
"
mllte: [m·l."t·E] P F vin. agree
"
mo: [mo] P F n. space, hollow, enclosed open area
moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
mok: [m·ok^] P F vtr. suggest
mokri: ["mok.Ri] P F n. voice
momek: ["mo.mEk^] P F adj. hollow, not solid
mong: [m·oN] P F vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for
protection
mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable
(physically, sexually)
mrr: [mr] P F num. five
"
mrrtrr: ["mr.tr] P F n. five day work week (deri-
" mrr
" five and trr day)
ved from
mrrve: ["mr.vE] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived
" five)
from mrr
muiä: [mu."i.æ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-
ed
mun’i: [m·un."P·i] P F v. cut
mune: ["mu.nE] P F num. two
munge: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take, bring
mungwrr–: [muN."wr] P F adp. except
"
munsna: ["mun.sna] P F n. pair (derived from
mune two and sna’o set, group)
muntrr: ["mun.tr] P F n. weekend (derived from
mune two and " trr day)
muntrram: ["mun.tr.am] P F n. last weekend (de-
rived from muntrr " weekend)
muntrray: ["mun.tr.aj] P F n. next weekend (de-
rived from muntrr " weekend)
muntxa: [mun."t'a] P F adj. mated, married
muntxa si: [mun."t'a "s·i] P F vin. mate (with so-
meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated)
muntxatan: [mun."t'a.tan] P F n. husband, male
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxate: [mun."t'a.tE] P F n. wife, female
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxatu: [mun."t'a.tu] P F n. spouse (derived
from muntxa mated)
muve: ["mu.vE] P F adj. second (ordinal) (deri-
ved from mune two)
muwìntxu: [mu.w·In."t'·u] P F vtr. introduce,
present (derived from wìntxu show)
N
na–: [na] P F adp. like, as
na’rìng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest
naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be
drunk
nafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as
and fì’u this)
nam’ake: [nam."Pa.kE] P F adv. confidently (de-
rived from am’ake confident)
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en-
couragement (mirative)
nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye
nari si: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. watch out, be careful
(derived from nari eye)
natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example,
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke-
nong example)
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble
nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person (deri-
ved from nawm great)
nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value
nine)
näk: [n·æk^] P F vtr. drink
nän: [n·æn] P F vin. decrease
ne–: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction)
nefä: [nE."fæ] P F adv. up (direction)
nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction)
"
nekx: [n·Ek'] P F vtr. burn, consume
nemfa–: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w.
from ne towards and mìfa inside)
nemrey: [nEm."REj] P F adv.,intj. in a fashion as if
one’s life were at stake (derived from emrey
survive)
neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived
from ne to)
netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. luckily, happily
new: [n·Ew] P F vtrm. want
newomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F svin. be curi-
ous, want to know (c.w. from new want and
omum know)
neympin: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived
from neyn light, shade of white)
neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white
niä: [n·i.·"æ] P F vtr. grab
nikre: ["nik.RE] P F n. hair
nikroi: [nik."Ro.i] P F n. hair adornment (c.w.
from nikre hair and ioi adornment)
17
nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy
ninan: ["ni.nan] P F adv. by reading (derived
from inan read)
ningyen: ["niN,jEn] P F adv. mysteriously, in a
puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen fee-
ling of mystery)
nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people)
nì–: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix
nì’aw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from ’aw
one)
nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one per-
son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)
nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. first (derived
from ’awve first)
nì’en: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed
guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’en
guess)
nì’eng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same le-
vel (derived from ’engeng level)
nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (de-
rived from ’eoio ceremonious)
nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, imma-
turely (derived from ’eveng child)
nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in
answer (derived from ’eyng answer)
nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (de-
rived from ’i’a end)
nì’it: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-
stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)
nì’o’: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is en-
joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting)
nì’ul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more
nì’ul’ul: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F adv. increasingly, more
and more (derived from ’ul increase)
nìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv. as
you know, as is known (casual speech
[naw."no.mum]) (derived from «awn» passi-
ve participle infix and omum know)
nìayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do
(casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo-
eng us (inclusive))
nìfe’: [nI."fEP] P F adv. badly (derived from fe’
bad)
nìfkrr: [nI."fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri-
ved from fìkrr" this time)
nìflrr: [nI."flr] P F adv. gently, tenderly (derived
from flrr "gentle)
nìfmokx: [nI."fmok'] P F adv. jealously, en-
viously (derived from fmokx jealousy)
nìfnu: [nI."fnu] P F adv. silently (derived from
fnu quiet)
nìfrakrr: [nI."fRa.kr] P F adv. as always (derived
"
from frakrr always)
nìftär: [nI."ftær] P F adv. to the left (derived
from ftär left)
nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from
ftue easy)
nìftxan: [nI."ft'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent
(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)
nìftxavang: [nI."ft'a.vaN] P F adv. passionately,
with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-
nate)
nìfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. by whistling, in
a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi
whistle)
nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. in a manner (deri-
ved from fya’o way)
nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult,
maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)
nìhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively
(derived from hawng overabundance)
nìhay: [nI."haj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay
next)
nìhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (deri-
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
manner, adverbial)
nìhoet: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. widely, pervasively
(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)
nìhol: [nI."hol] P F adv. few, not many (derived
from hol few)
nìhona: [nI."ho.na] P F adv. endearingly, sweetly
(derived from hona endearing)
nìk’ärìp: [nIk."æ.RIp^] P F adv. steadily (derived
from ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without letting
it move’
nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. slowly (derived
from kì’ong slow)
nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] P F adv. intelligently, in a
smart way (derived from kanu smart)
nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft'o] P F adv. unfortunately,
sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)
nìkelkin: [nI.kEl."kin] P F adv. unnecessarily
(derived from kelkin unnecessary)
nìkemweypey: [nI.kEm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. impa-
tiently (derived from ke not and lemwey-
pey patient)
18
nìklonu: [nIk.lo."nu] P F adv. firmly, steadfastly,
faithfully (derived from ke lonu not let go)
lit.: ’without releasing it’
nìkmar: [nIk."maR] P F adv. in the right season,
opportunely (derived from kìmar in season)
nìksman: [nIk."sman] P F adv. wonderfully (de-
rived from kosman wonderful)
nìksran: [nIk."sRan] P F adv. in a mediocre man-
ner (derived from kesran mediocre)
nìktungzup: [nIk.tuN."zup^] P F adv. carefully,
firmly (derived from ke tungzup not drop)
lit.: ’without letting it fall’
nìkxem: [nI."k'Em] P F adv. vertically (derived
from kxem be vertical)
nìlam: [nI."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
from lam seem)
nìlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from
law clear)
nìli: [nI."li] P F adv. in advance (derived from li
already)
nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. continuously,
incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
without and ftang stop)
>
nìltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from
sìltsan good)
nìlun: [nI."lun] P F adv. of course, logically,
following common sense
nìmal: [nI."mal] P F adv. trustingly, without he-
sitation (derived from mal trustworthy)
nìmeyp: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. weakly, loosely (de-
rived from meyp weak)
nìmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again
nìmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully
(derived from mawey calm)
nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently
(derived from maweypey be patient)
nìn: [n·In] P F vtr. look at
nìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Na’vi,
Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)
nìnäk: [nI."næk^] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid
way (derived from näk drink)
nìnän: [nI."næn] P F adv. less (derived from nän
decrease)
nìnänän: [nI."næn.æn] P F adv. decreasingly, less
and less (derived from nän decrease)
nìngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from
ngay true)
nìngong: [nI."NoN] P F adv. lethargically, lazily
(derived from ngong lazy)
nìno: [nI."no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, tho-
roughly
nìnrra: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. proudly, with pride (de-
rived from" nrra pride)
nìnu: [nI."nu] P F adv. failingly, falteringly, in
vain, fruitlessly, not achieving the desired or ex-
pected end (derived from nui fail, falter)
nìolo’: [nI."o.loP] P F adv. (together) as members
of a clan (derived from olo’ clan)
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. pleasurably, gladly,
with pleasure" (derived from prrte’ pleasurab-
le)
nìpxay: [nI."p'aj] P F adv. many, manily (deri-
ved from pxay many)
nìpxi: [nI."p'i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un-
ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)
nìpxim: [nI."p'im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (deri-
ved from pxim erect, upright)
nìran: [nI."Ran] P F adv. basically, fundamentally,
in essence (derived from ran intrinsic charac-
ter or nature)
nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to
fact, with perfective or imperfective subjuncti-
ve) (derived from rangal wish)
nìronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] P F adv. in imagination,
by imagination (derived from ronsrelngop
imagine)
nìsìlpey: [nI.sIl."pej] P F adv. hopefully (derived
from sìlpey hope)
nìskien: [nI."ski.En] P F adv. to the right (deri-
ved from skien right)
nìslele: [nI."slE.lE] P F adv. by swimming (deri-
ved from slele swim)
nìsngä’i: [nI."sNæ.Pi] P F adv. originally, at first
(derived from sngä’i begin)
nìsngum: [nI."sNum] P F adv. worryingly, fretful-
ly (derived from sngum worry)
nìso’ha: [nI."soP.ha] P F adv. enthusiastically
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)
nìsoaia: [nI.so."a.i.a] P F adv. (together) as mem-
bers of a family (derived from soaia family)
nìsteng: [nI."stEN] P F adv. similarly (derived
from steng similar)
nìsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti
be angry)
nìsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally,
furthermore (derived from sung add)
nìswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (deri-
ved from swey best)
19
nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coin-
cidence (derived from syayvi luck)
nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from
syen last)
nìsyep: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv. tightly, in an iron grip
(derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a trap’
nìtam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (derived from
tam suffice)
nìteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewi-
se (derived from teng same, equal)
nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] P F adv. as, same way as
(similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-
me way as (conj.))
nìtkan: [nIt."kan] P F adv. purposefully, delibera-
tely (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpose)
nìtkanluke: [nIt."kan.lu.ke] P F adv. accidental-
ly, unintentionally (c.w. from nìtkan purpo-
sefully, deliberately and luke- without)
nìtrrtrr: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv. on a daily basis, regu-
larly (derived" " from trr day)
>
nìtsim: [nI."tsim] P F adv. originally, in an origi-
nal way, with originality (derived from tsim
source)
>
nìtsìsyì: [nI."tsI.syI] P F adv. by whispering, in a
whisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)
>
nìtsyìl: [nI."tsjIl] P F adv. by climbing (derived
from tsyìl climb)
nìtut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived
from tut continuation marker)
nìtxan: [nI."t'an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
(derived from txan much)
nìtxay: [nI."t'aj] P F adv. horizontally (derived
from txay be horizontal)
nìtxi: [nI."t'i] P F adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way
(derived from txi hurry)
nìtxiluke: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] P F adv. unhurriedly, lei-
surely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without)
nìvingkap: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv. by the way,
incidentally (derived from vingkap occur to
one, pop into one’s mind)
nìwan: [nI."wan] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by
hiding (derived from wan hide)
nìwawe: [nI.wa."wE] P F adv. meaningfully, sig-
nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig-
nificance)
nìwä: [nI."wæ] P F adv. on the contrary, conver-
sely
nìwäte: [nI.wæ."tE] P F adv. disagreeably, be-
grudgingly (derived from wäte argue)
nìwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast, quickly (derived
from win fast)
nìwok: [nI."wok^] P F adv. loudly (derived from
wok loud)
nìwotx: [nI."wot'] P F adv. all (of), in toto, com-
pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)
nìyewla: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv. in a disappointing
fashion, in a way failing to meet expectations
(derived from yewla disappointment)
nìyeyfya: [nI."jEj.fja] P F adv. straight ahead, in
a straight line (derived from yeyfya straight
line)
nìyll: [nI."jl] P F adv. communally, in a communal
manner "(derived from yll communal)
nìyo’: [nI."yoP^] P F adv. perfectly, flawlessly (de-
rived from yo’ be perfect)
nìyol: [nI."yol] P F adv. briefly, shortly (of time)
(derived from yol short (of time))
nìyrr: [nI."jr] P F adv. naturally, without tam-
pering with " or changing the nature (derived
from yrr natural)
nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. safely (deri-
ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
zong save)
nokx: [n·ok'] P F vtr. give birth to
Ng
nga: [Na] P F pn. you
nga’: [NaP] P F vtr. contain
ngam: [Nam] P F n. echo
ngampam: ["Nam.pam] P F n. rhyme (c.w. from
ngam echo and pam sound)
ngampam si: ["Nam.pam s·i] P F vin. rhyme (de-
rived from ngampam rhyme)
>
ngatsyìp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little
(derived from nga you)
ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm
ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true
ngaytxoa: [Naj."t'o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologi-
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)
ngä’än: [N·æ."P·æn] P F vin. suffer mentally or
emotionally, be miserable
ngäng: [NæN] P F n. stomach
ngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard
ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific (honouri-
fic) form) (derived from nga you)
ngep: [NEp^] P F n. navel
20
nong: [n·oN] P F v. follow, proceed after
nrr: [nr] P F vin. glow, be luminous
" .a]
nrra: ["nr P F n. pride, feeling of pride
"
nuä+: ["nu.æ ] P F adp. beyond
nui: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. fail, falter, go astray, not ob-
tain expected or desired result
nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
from krr time) "
nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] P F vtrm. prefer (ii) (deri-
ved from new want)
nume: ["n·u.m·E] P F vin. learn
numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. student (derived
from nume learn)
>
numtseng: ["num.tsEN] P F n. school (c.w. from
nume learn and tseng place)
>
numtsengvi: ["num.tsEN.vi] P F n. classroom, di-
vision of a school (derived from numtseng
school)
numultxa: [nu.mul."t'a] P F n. class (for instruc-
tion) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa mee-
ting)
numultxatu: [nu.mul."t'a.tu] P F n. classmate,
member of a class (derived from numultxa
class (for instruction))
nutx: [nut'] P F adj. thick
nget: [NEt^] P F adj. smell of decaying wood and
leaves, dank (non-animal decay)
ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired
ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however
ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] P F n. length (derived
from ngim long and pup short)
ngong: [NoN] P F adj. lethargic, lacking sufficient
energy, lazy
ngop: [N·op^] P F vtr. create
ngopyu: ["Nop.ju] P F n. creator (derived from
ngop create)
ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root
"
ngrrpongu: [Nr.po.Nu] P F n. grassroots move-
ment (c.w. from" ngrr root and pongu party)
ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab
ngulpin: ["Nul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from
ngul grey, drab)
nguway: ["Nu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
rived from way song)
O
oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me
oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-
sive), you and I (derived from oe I)
>
oetsyìp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (de-
rived from oe I)
oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause
oeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] P F v. explain (why) (ii)
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)
ohakx: [o."hak'] P F adj. hungry
ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial
form)
oìsss: [o.I"s:] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’
oìsss si: [o."ISSS s·i] P F vin. hiss (derived from
oìsss angry snarl)
pa’o: ["pa.Po] P F n. side
pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement
pam: [pam] P F n. sound
pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from
pam sound and rel image)
pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (deri-
ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)
pamrel si: [pam."REl "s·i] P F vin. write (derived
from pamrel writing)
pamrelsiyu: [pam."rEl.si.ju] P F n. writer (deri-
ved from pamrel writing)
pamrelvi: [pam."REl.vi] P F n. letter (phonetic
symbol) (derived from pamrel writing)
>
pamtseo: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. music (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art)
>
pamtseo si: ["pam.tsE.o "s·i] P F vin. play music
(with fa for instrument played) (derived from
pamtseo music)
>
pamtseotu: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. musician (de-
rived from pamtseo music)
pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third
pate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. get to a place, arrive
pawm: [p·awm] P F vin. ask
pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
payfya: ["paj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
water and fya’o way)
payìva: ["paj.I.va] P F n. drop of water (derived
from pay water and ìlva drop)
paynga’: ["paj.NaP] P F adj. moist, humid, damp
(derived from pay water and nga’ contain)
21
okup: ["o.kup^] P F n. milk
olo’: [o."loP] P F n. clan
olo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader
(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
omum: [·o."m·um] P F vtr. know (stress moves
to first syllable with infixation)
onlor: [on."loR] P F adj. good-smelling (c.w. from
ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses)
>
ontsang: ["on.tsaN] P F n. nose ring (c.w. from
ontu nose and tsang piercing)
ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose
onvä’: [on."væP] P F adj. bad-smelling (c.w. from
ontu nose and vä’ unpleasant to the senses)
payoang: [paj."o.aN] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay
water and ioang animal)
pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] P F vin. arrive
pängkxo: [p·æN."k'·o] P F vin. chat, converse, ha-
ve a conversation
pängkxoyu: [pæN."k'o.ju] P F n. chatter, conver-
ser (derived from pängkxo chat)
pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k'o.ju lE.ko."REn]
P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter
and lekoren lawlike)
pänu: ["pæ.nu] P F n. promise
pänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. promise (a thing
to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise and
tìng give)
–pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker
pe’un: ["p·E.P·un] P F vtr. decide
pefnel: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. which kind allo-
morph of fnepe
pefya: [pE."fja] P F inter. how allomorph of fy-
ape
pefyinep’ang: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] P F inter. how
complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
complexity) allomorph of fyinep’angpe
pehem: [pE."hEm] P F inter. what (action) allo-
morph of kempe (c.w. from kem action,
deed)
pehrr: [pE."hr] P F inter. when allomorph of krr-
"
pe (c.w. from krr time)
pekxinum: [pE."k'in.um] P F inter. how tight,
loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tightness,
 looseness)
pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of lì’upe
pelun: [pE."lun] P F inter. why allomorph of
lumpe
peng: [p·EN] P F vtr. tell
peseng: [pE."sEN] P F inter. where allomorph of
tsengpe
peslosnep: [pE.slo."snEp^] P F inter. what width,
how wide? (derived from snep narrow) (allo-
morph of slosneppe)
pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] P F inter. what tem-
perature? (derived from somwew tempera-
ture)
pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who allomorph of tupe
peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) allomorph of
’upe
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
pey: [p·Ej] P F vin. wait, wait for
piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless
skies)
piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] P F vin. open (derived from
piak open)
pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor
pìmtxan: [pIm."t'an] P F inter. how much allo-
morph of hìmtxampe
pìwopx: [pI."wop'] P F n. cloud
>
pìwopxtsyìp: [pI."wop'.tsjIp] P F n. nebula (de-
rived from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’
pllngay: [p·l."Naj] P F vin. admit
"
Px
pxan: [p'an] P F adj. worthy
pxasìk: ["p'a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way!
(vulgar)
pxasul: ["p'a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food
pxaw–: [p'aw] P F adp. around
pxawpa: ["p'aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumfe-
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
pa’o side)
pxawpxun: ["p'aw.p'un] P F n. armband (c.w.
from pxaw around and pxun arm)
pxay: [p'aj] P F adj. many (used with singular
or plural noun forms)
pxayopin: ["p'aj.o.pin] P F adj. colorful, multico-
lored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many and
’opin color)
22
plltxe: [p·l."t'·E] P F v. speak
po: [po] P F" pn. he, she
poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
polpxay: [pol."p'aj] P F inter. how many (c.w.
from holpxay number and pe how)
pom: [p·om] P F vtr. kiss
pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. group of people, party (de-
rived from po he/she) ofp.
prrku: ["pr.ku] P F n. womb (c.w. from prrnen
baby and " kelku home)
prrkxentrrkrr: [pr.k'En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti-
"
me smoking pleasure, " "
vibrating tongue (Na’vi
idiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxener
smoke, trr day and krr time)
prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby
prrnesyul: " ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from
prrnen baby" and syulang flower)
prrte’: ["pr.tEP] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty) "
prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
baby and" ’ewll
" plant)
pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six
pum: [pum] P F pn. one (place-holder pronoun
referring to a previously mentioned noun
or pronoun)
pup: [pup^] P F adj. short (physical length)
puve: ["pu.vE] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
from pukap six)
pxel–: [p'El] P F adp. like, as
pxelo: ["p'E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (deri-
ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
pxen: [p'En] P F n. functional clothing (item of)
pxesrram: [p'E.sr."am] P F n., adv. three days ago
(derived from" trr day)
pxesrray: [p'E.sr."aj] P F n., adv. three days from
now (derived" from trr day)
pxey: [p'Ej] P F num. three
pxeyve: ["p'Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (deri-
ved from pxey three)
pxi: [p'i] P F adj. sharp (as a point)
pxim: [p'im] P F adj. erect, upright
pximaw–: [p'i."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w.
from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiset: [p'i."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from
set now and pxi sharp)
pxisre+: [p'i."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from
sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiswawam: [p'i.swaw."am] P F adv. just a mo-
ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am
past)
pxiswaway: [p'i.swaw."aj] P F adv. in just a se-
cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and
ay future marker)
pxiye’rìn: [p'i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. immediately (not
as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon
ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning
ralnga’: ["Ral.NaP] P F adj. meaningful, instructi-
ve, something from which a lesson can be lear-
ned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’ contain)
ralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.
from ral meaning and peng tell)
ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain
>
ramtsyìp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from
ram mountain)
ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well
ran: [Ran] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, es-
sence, constititution; basic nature of something
resulting from the totality of its properties; of-
ten best translated as personality
rangal: ["R·a.N·al] P F vin. wish
raspu’: [Ra."spuP] P F n. leggings (used in war)
rawke: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defen-
se
rawm: [Rawm] P F n. lightning (general term)
rawmpxom: ["Rawm.p'om] P F n. thunder and
lightning (derived from rawm lightning and
’rrpxom thunder)
rawn: [R·awn] P F vtr. replace, substitute
rä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. do not (for negative impe-
ratives, commands only)
re’o: ["RE.Po] P F n. head
rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture
rel arusikx: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. movie, film,
video (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)
> rìk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf
reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from
rel image and tseo art)
>
reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (derived
from reltseo art)
reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically) nfp.
23
and pxi sharp)
pxìm: [p'Im] P F adv. often
pxìmun’i: [p'I.m·un.P"·i] P F vtr. divide, cut into
parts (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)
pxor: [p'·oR] P F vin. explode
pxorpam: ["p'oR.pam] P F n. ejective consonant
(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)
pxun: [p'un] P F n. arm
pxuntil: ["p'un.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
arm and til joint)
rengop: ["rE.Nop^] P F vtr. design (c.w. from
renu pattern and ngop create)
renten: ["REn.tEn] P F n. goggles, (made from in-
sect wings, carved from wood, etc)
renu: ["RE.nu] P F n. pattern
renulke: ["rE.nul.kE] P F adj. irregular, random
(derived from renu pattern and luke wit-
hout)
rewon: ["RE.won] P F n. morning
rey: [R·Ej] P F vin. live
rey’eng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (de-
rived from rey live)
reyfya: ["REj.fja] P F n. way of living, culture (c.w.
from rey live and fya’o path, way)
reykol: [REj."kol] P F vtr. play music, make to sing
(poetic) (derived from rol sing and «eyk»
causitive infix)
reypay: ["REj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live
and pay water)
rikx: [R·ik'] P F vin. move, shift position
rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow
rimpin: ["Rim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from
rim yellow)
rina’: [Ri."naP] P F n. seed (derived from atoki-
rina’ seeds of the great tree)
rì’ìr: ["RIP.IR] P F n. reflection
rì’ìr si: ["RIP.IR s·i] P F vin. reflect, imitate (deri-
ved from rì’ìr reflection)
rìkean: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from
rìk leaf and ean green)
rìn: [RIn] P F n. wood
ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative)
ro’a: ["R·o.P·a] P F vin. be impressive, inspire awe
or respect
rofa–: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside
rol: [R·ol] P F v. sing
rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!
rong: [RoN] P F n. tunnel
ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. mind
ronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] P F n. something imagined
(derived from ronsrelngop imagine)
ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.N·op^] P F vtr. imagi-
ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel
picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation
["Ron.sREw.Nop^] )
sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from
sa’atenuk C )
sa’nu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectiona-
te form of sa’nok mother)
>
sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy
(used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu
mommy)
sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parent or set of parents
(derived from sa’nok mother and sempul
father)
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry
salew: [s·a."l·Ew] P F v. proceed, go
salewfya: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. direction, course
(derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)
san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote
sang: [saN] P F adj. warm
sar: [s·aR] P F vtr. use
sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat)
sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,
urgh
sayrìp: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. handsome, good looking
ofp. (male)
sä’anla: [sæ."Pan.la] P F n. yearning (derived
from ’anla yearn for)
sä’eoio: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n. ceremony, ritual, rite
(derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
sä’eoio si: [sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. take part in
a ceremony, perform a ritual (derived from
sä’eoio ceremony)
sä’ipu: [sæ."Pi.pu] P F n. something humorous
(derived from ’ipu humorous)
sä’o: ["sæ.Po] P F n. tool, utensil
24
ropx: [Rop'] P F n. hole (going clear through an
object)
rou: ["R·o.·u] P F vin. be, or get drunk (example
use: rou fa pxir)
rum: [Rum] P F n. ball
run: [R·un] P F vtr. find, discover
rurur: [Ru."RuR] P F n. water that is aeriated whi-
le flowing among the rocks of a very gradually
sloping stream (countable)
rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
ticiple infix)
rutxe: [Ru."t'E] P F intj. please
säfe’ul: [sæ."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (specific in-
stance) (derived from fe’ul worsen)
säflä: [sæ."flæ] P F n. success (an instance of suc-
ceeding) (derived from flä succeed)
säfngo’: [sæ."fNoP^] P F n. requirement, demand
(derived from fngo’ require)
säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. idea (derived from fpìl
think)
säftxulì’u: [sæ.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech, oration
(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)
säfyep: [sæ."fjEp^] P F n. handle (derived from
fyep hold in the hand)
säkanom: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. something acqui-
red, an acquisition, a possession (derived from
kanom acquire)
sälätxayn: [sæ.læ."t'ajn] P F n. defeat, an instan-
ce of defeat (derived from lätxayn defeat)
sämok: [sæ."mok^] P F n. a suggestion (derived
from mok suggest)
sämyam: [sæm."yam] P F n. hug, embrace (deri-
ved from meyam hug)
sängä’än: [sæ.Næ."Pæn] P F n. bout of suffering;
episode of depression (derived from ngä’än
suffer mentally or emotionally)
sänrr: [sæ."nr] P F n. glow, an instance of glowing
"
(derived from nrr glow)
sänui: [sæ."nu.i] P F n. failure (particular instance
of failure) (derived from nui fail, falter)
sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. teaching, instruction
(derived from nume learn)
sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] P F n. lesson (derived
from sänume teaching)
säomum: [sæ."o.mum] P F n. (piece of) informa-
tion (derived from omum know)
säplltxe: [sæ.p·l."t'·E] P F n. statement
"
säplltxevi: [sæ.p·l."t'·E.vi] P F n. comment (deri-
ved from säplltxe " statement)
säpom: [sæ."pom] P F n. kiss (derived from
pom kiss)
särawn: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. replacement, substitu-
te, something that replaces something else (de-
rived from rawn replace)
särengop: [sæ."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (a par-
ticular instance of designing) (derived from
rengop design)
säro’a: [sæ."Ro.Pa] P F n. feat, accomplishment,
great deed
säro’a si: [sæ."Ro.Pa s·i] P F vin. do great deeds
(derived from säro’a great deed)
säsìlpey: [sæ.sIl."pEj] P F n. hope (particular in-
stance) (derived from sìlpey hope)
säspxin: [sæ."sp'in] P F n. disease, sickness, ill-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
>
säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp'in.tsjIp^] P F n. minor ail-
ment (derived from säspxin illness)
säsrätx: [sæ."sRæt'] P F n. annoyance (derived
from srätx annoy)
säsrìn: [sæ."sRIn] P F n. lent or borrowed thing
(derived from srìn temporarily transfer from
one to another)
sästarsìm: [sæ."staR.sIm] P F n. collection (put
together intentionally by a person) (derived
from starsìm gather, collect)
säsulìn: [sæ."su.lIn] P F n. hobby, pleasure-
yielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy
(positive sense))
säsyep: [sæ."sjEp^] P F n. trap (derived from
syep trap)
sätare: [sæ."ta.RE] P F n. connection, relationship
(derived from tare connect, relate to)
sätaron: [sæ."ta.Ron] P F n. hunt (derived from
taron hunt)
>
sätsan’ul: [sæ."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement
(specific instance) (derived from tsan’ul im-
prove)
>
sätsìsyì: [sæ."tsI.syI] P F n. whisper (derived
from tsìsyì whisper)
>
sätswayon: [sæ."tswaj.on] P F n. flight (an in-
stance of flying) (derived from tswayon fly)
>
sätsyìl: [sæ."tsjIl] P F n. climbing event, a climb
(derived from tsyìl climb)
25
säwäsul: [sæ."wæ.sul] P F n. a competition (deri-
ved from wäsul compete)
>
säwäsultsyìp: [sæ."wæ.sul.tsjIp^] P F n. a con-
test (derived from säwäsul a competition)
säwäte: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. point of contention,
source of argument, thing disputed (derived
from wäte argue)
säwìntxu: [sæ.wIn."t'u] P F n. a showing, an ex-
hibition (derived from wìntxu show)
säzärìp: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. face lead, rein
(derived from za’ärìp pull)
se’ayl: [sE."Pajl] P F n. an individual tall, thin wa-
terfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or off
of a floating mountain (countable)
sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F n. present (c.w. from set now
"
and krr time)
sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate
form of sempul father)
sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father
set: [sEt^] P F adv. now
sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty ofp. (female)
seykxel: [sEj."k'El] P F adj. strong (emotionally,
spiritually, not physical), confident
seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip
>
seysonìltsan: [sEj.so.nIl."tsan] P F intj. well do-
ne! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accom-
plished well)
si: [s·i] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional non-
bound verb do, make deriving affix
sim: [s·im] P F svin. be near
sì: [sI] P F conj. and (connects two things, can
be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)
sìk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote
sìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. hope (with tsnì for thing
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
from sìltsan good and pey wait)
sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart
(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
mind)
>
sìltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good (of its kind), well
done
sìn–: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto
ska’a: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. destroy
skepek: ["skE.pEk^] P F adj. formal
skiempa: ["ski.Em.pa] P F n. right side (c.w.
from skien right and pa’o side)
skien: ["ski.En] P F adj. right (not left)
sko+: [sko] P F adp. as, in the capacity of, in the
role of

skxakep: ["sk'a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. probable, pro-
bably
skxawng: [sk'awN] P F n. moron, idiot
skxir: [sk'iR] P F n. wound
skxir si: ["sk'iR "s·i] P F vin. wound (derived
from skxir wound)
> snayì: [sna."jI] P F n. staircase, series of step-like
skxirtsyìp: ["sk'iR.tsjIp^] P F n. cut, bruise, minor
wound (derived from skxir wound)
skxom: [sk'om] P F n. chance, opportunity
> snaytx lose)
sla’tsu: ["sl·aP.ts·u] P F vtr. describe
slan: [slan] P F vtr. support (emotional, social or
personal support) ofp.
slantire: [slan.ti."RE] P F n. inspiration (c.w. from
slan support and tirea spirit)
slantire si: [slan.ti."RE s·i] P F vin. inspire (deri-
ved from slantire inspiration)
slä: [slæ] P F conj. but
slär: [slæR] P F n. cave
slele: ["sl·E.l·E] P F vin. swim
sleyku: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. produce (derived from
slu become and «eyk» causative infix)
sloa: ["slo.a] P F adj. wide
sloan: [sl·o."·an] P F vtr. pour
slosnep: [slo."snEp^] P F n. width (derived from
snep narrow)
slosneppe: [slo."snE.pE] P F ques. what width,
how wide? (derived from snep narrow) (allo-
morph of peslosnep)
slu: [sl·u] P F vin. become (noun predicate with
ne in ambiguous constructions)
smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing
smon: [sm·on] P F vin. be familiar, be known
(with dative)
sna’o: ["sna.Po] P F n. set, group, pile, clump,
stand nfp.
snafpìlfya: [sna."fpIl.fja] P F n. philosophy (c.w.
from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thin-
king) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’
snanumultxa: [sna.nu.mul."t'a] P F n. course (as
a collection of classes) (derived from numul-
txa class (for instruction))
snapamrelvi: [sna.pam."REl.vi] P F n. alphabet
(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym-
bol))
snatanhì: [sna.tan."hI] P F n. constellation (c.w.
from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’a
clump of stars’
26
>
snatanhìtsyìp: [sna.tan."hI.tsjIp] P F n. star
cluster (c.w. from sna’o group and tan-
hì(tsyìp) star)
snatxärem: [sna."t'æ.REm] P F n. skeleton (c.w.
from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’set
of bones’
levels (derived from yì level, step)
snaytu: ["snaj.tu] P F n. loser (derived from
snaytx: [sn·ajt'] P F vtr. lose
snep: [snEp^] P F adj. narrow
snew: [sn·Ew] P F vtr. constrict, tighten
snewsye: ["snEw.sjE] P F adj. weird, spooky (c.w.
from snew tighten, constrict and syeha bre-
ath)
sneyä: [snE."jæ] P F pn. his own, her own, its own
(derived from sno his self, her self, its self )
sngap: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sting
sngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vim. begin, start
sngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n. beginning, starting
"
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)
>
sngä’itseng: ["sNæ.PI.tsEN] P F n. beginning,
starting position, initial location (c.w. from
sngä’i start and tseng place)
sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived
from sngä’i begin)
sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish
>
sngeltseng: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F n. rubbish place, gar-
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and
tseng place)
sngum: [sNum] P F n. worry
>
sngumtsim: ["sNum.tsim] P F n. worrisome mat-
ter, source of worry (c.w. from sngum worry
and tsim source)
sngunga’: ["sNu.NaP] P F adj. worrisome,
troubling (derived from sngu worry)
sno: [sno] P F pn. his self, her self, its self (reflex-
ive, genitive form sneyä)
snomo: ["sno.mo] P F n. private space that one can
retreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self and
mo space)
snonrra: [sno."nr.a] P F n. self-pride (negative
"
connotation) (c.w. from sno his/her self and
nrra pride)
snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers
to a ’dim’ person)
so’ha: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about,
show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note:
 Being enthusiastic is always transitive in
Na’vi -PF)
soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive
form soaiä)
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent
som: [som] P F adj. hot
somwew: [som."wEw] P F n. temperature (deri-
ved from som hot and wew cold)
somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] P F inter. what tem-
perature? (more common) (derived from
somwew temperature)
sop: [s·op^] P F vin. travel
sopyu: ["sop.ju] P F n. traveller (derived from
sop travel)
sosul: [so."sul] P F adj. pleasant smell of nearby
running water, rain, moist vegetation
spaw: [sp·aw] P F vtr. believe
spä: [sp·æ] P F v. jump
späpeng: [spæ."p·EN] P F vin. restore oneself (me-
taphorically) (derived from speng restore)
spe’e: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. capture
spe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived
from spe’e capture)
speng: [sp·EN] P F vtr. restore
spono: ["spo.no] P F n. island
spule: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. propel
spulmokri: [spul."mok.Ri] P F n. telephone (deri-
ved from spule propel and mokri voice)
spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old, former nfp.
spxam: [sp'am] P F n. mushroom, fungus
spxin: [sp'in] P F adj. sick
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes
or no questions
sran: [sRan] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial)
srane: ["sRa.nE] P F part., intj. yes
sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful
srä: [sræ] P F n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a
loom
srätx: [sR·æt'] P F vtr. annoy, bother
sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time)
sre’: [sREP] P F n. tooth
srefey: [sRE."f·Ej] P F vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from
sre+ before and pey wait)
srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. the time before
noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr mid-
day)
srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t'on] P F n. before mid-
night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon
midnight)
27
srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of
"
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)
srer: [sRER] P F vin. appear, materialize, come into
view
srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. prophetize, prophe-
size, prophesy, predict (c.w. from sre+ before
and tse’a see)
sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w.
from sre before" and trr’ong dawn)
sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening
before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-
on’ong night-fall)
srew: [sR·Ew] P F vin. dance
srìn: [sR·In] P F vtr. transfer from one to another
(rarely used without prefix)
srok: [srok^] P F n. bead (decorative)
sru’: [sR·uP] P F vtr. crush, trample
srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance
srung si: ["sRuN "s·i] P F vin. help (derived from
srung help)
srungsiyu: ["sRuN.si.ju] P F n. assistant, helper
(derived from srung help)
>
srungtsyìp: ["sRuN.tsjIp^] P F n. helpful hint, tip
(derived from srung help)
starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. gather, collect
stawm: [st·awm] P F vtr. hear
>
stawmtswo: ["stawm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) hea-
ring (derived from stawm hear)
stä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. catch
steftxaw: [st·E."ft'·aw] P F vtr. examine, check
steng: [stEN] P F adj. similar
steyki: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr. anger, make someone an-
gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
causative infix)
sti: [st·i] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry
sto: [st·o] P F vtrm. refuse (to do something)
stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
stxeli: ["st'E.li] P F n. gift
stxenu: ["st'E.nu] P F n. offer (c.w. from stxeli
gift and lonu release)
stxenutìng: ["st'E,nu,t·IN] P F vtr. offer (derived
from stxenu offer, n.)
stxong: [st'oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-
nown
sulìn: ["s·u.l·In] P F svin. be busy (positive sense),
be engrossed in something one finds especially
pleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn be
busy)
sung: [s·uN] P F vtr. add
sunu: ["s·u.n·u] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable,
bring enjoyment
sur: [suR] P F n. taste, flavor
sutx: [s·ut'] P F vtr. track, follow
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment
>
swawtsyìp: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n. little moment,
second (derived from swaw moment)
swek: [swEk^] P F n. bar, rod, pole
swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
sweylu: ["swEj.lu] P F v. should (derived from
swey best and lu is)
swirä: [swi."Ræ] P F n. creature
swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow
swoa: ["swo.a] P F n. intoxicating beverage, or
“spirits”
swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place
syam: [sj·am] P F vtr. to smell (intentially)
syanan: ["sja.nan] P F n. a single drop or series of
smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially along
a stream or series of pools (countable)
syaw: [sj·aw] P F vin. call
syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal
sense with other time words)
ta’em: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above
ta’leng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin
ta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue
(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)
tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w.
from ta from and fkip– up among)
tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that
takip–: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip– among)
takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) allo-
morph of "akrrta (c.w. from krr time and ta
from)
takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. strike
talun–: [ta."lun] P F adp. because of, due to
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
tam: [t·am] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that
will do, OK
tam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content,
there there
tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree)
28
syayvi: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived
from syay fate)
syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. bitter
syeha: ["sjE.ha] P F n. breath
syeha si: ["sjE.ha s·i] P F vin. breathe (derived
from syeha breath)
syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final
syep: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. trap
syeprel: [sjEp."REl] P F n. camera (c.w. from syep
trap and rel image)
syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight),
lightweight
syon: [sjon] P F n. feature, trait, attribute, charac-
teristic, point, aspect, facet, property
syor: [sj·oR] P F vin. relax, chill out
syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. flower
syura: [sju."Ra] P F n. energy (physical or spiritu-
al)
syuratan: [sju."Ra.tan] P F,JC n. bioluminescence
(c.w. from syura energy and atan light)
syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, can-
not be pluralised)
tanhì: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle
tare: ["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a re-
lationship with
tarnioang: ["taR.ni.o.ang] P F n. predator animal
(c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal)
taron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. hunt
taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from
taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)
>
taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hun-
ter (derived from taronyu hunter)
tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. lose track, lose aware-
ness of something
tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
from lam seem)
taw: [taw] P F n. sky
taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based
on the cause
tawng: [t·awN] P F vin. duck, dive
tawsyuratan: [taw.sju."Ra.tan] P F,LN n. au-
rora (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan
(bio)luminescence)
täftxu: [t·æ."ft'·u] P F vtr. weave
täftxuyu: [tæ."ft'u.ju] P F n. weaver (derived
from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)
tätxaw: [t·æ."t'·aw] P F vin. return
te: [tE] JC part. used in full names
tel: [t·El] P F vtr. receive
telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord
tem: [t·Em] P F vin. shoot
temrey: [tEm."REj] P F n. survival (derived from
emrey survive)
teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal
tengfya: ["tEN.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (situ-
ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal
and fya’o path)
tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as
(c.w. from teng " same, equal and krr time)
teri–: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning
terkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. die
teswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] P F vtr. grant (ii) (c.w.
from tìng give)
tete: ["tE.tE] P F adj. dull (as a blade)
tewng: [tEwN] P F n. loincloth
tewti: ["tEw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri-
se and pleasure
teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full
teya si: [tE."ja "s·i] P F vin. fill (with dative of
thing filled) (derived from teya full)
teynga: ["tEjN.a] P F n. that answer (contraction
of tì’eyng a)
teyngla: ["tEjN.la] P F n. that answer (agentive)
(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a)
teyngta: ["tEjN.ta] P F n. that answer (patientive)
(contraction of tì’eyng–it a)
teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white
teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. white (derived from
teyr white)
til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge
tinan: ["ti.nan] P F n. reading (derived from in-
an read)
tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit
tireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po] P F n. spirit path (c.w.
from tirea spirit and fya’o path)
tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN] P F n. spirit animal
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.k'·o] P F v. commu-
ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)
tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived
from ’awm camp)
tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm "s·i] P F vin. camp (derived
from ’awm camp)
29
tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. individuality (nega-
tive connotation), selfishness (derived from
’awpo one individual)
tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from
’efu feel)
tì’em: [tI."PEm] P F n. the art of cooking (derived
from ’em cook)
tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived
from ’eylan friend)
tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (deri-
ved from ’eyng answer)
tì’i’a: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. ending, conclusion (deri-
ved from ’i’a end)
tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end
(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
tì’ipu: [tI."Pi.pu] P F n. humor (derived from
’ipu humorous)
tì’o’: [tI."PoP] P F n. fun, excitement (derived
from ’o’ exciting)
tì’ong: [tI."PoN] P F n. blooming, unfolding (deri-
ved from ’ong bloom)
tìeyktan: [tI."Ejk.tan] P F,JC n. leadership (deri-
ved from eyktan leader)
tìfe’ul: [tI."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (in the general
or abstract sense) (derived from fe’ul worsen)
tìfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n. state, condition,
situation (derived from fkeytok exist)
tìflä: [tI."flæ] P F n. success (in general) (derived
from flä succeed)
tìflrr: [tI."flr] P F n. gentleness, tenderness (deri-
ved from " flrr gentle)
tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. test (derived from
fmetok test)
tìfmi: [tI."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from fmi
attempt)
tìfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from
fnu quiet)
tìfnunga’: [tI."fnu.NaP] P F adj. quiet (derived
from fnu quiet) nfp.
tìftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop
(derived from ftang stop)
tìftang si: [tI."ftaN s·i] P F vin. stop (someone or
something) (derived from tìftang stopping)
tìftia: [tI.fti".a] P F n. study (derived from ftia
study)
tìftia kifkeyä: [tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. science,
the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-
tia study and kifkey world)
tìftxavang: [tI."ft'a.vaN] P F n. passion (derived
from ftxavang passionate)
tìftxey: [tI."ft'Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftx-
ey choose)
tìftxulì’u: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech-making,
public speaking (derived from fxtulì’u orate,
give speech)
tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t'u] P F n. guidance
(derived from fyawìntxu guide)
tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
tìhawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (deri-
ved from hawl prepare)
tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived
from hawnu protect, shelter)
tìhawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] P F vin. protect (de-
rived from tìhawnu protection)
tìhona: [tI."ho.na] P F n. cuteness, adorableness
(derived from hona endearing)
tìk’ìn: [tIk."PIn] P F n. free time, the absence of bu-
siness (derived from ’ìn be busy)
tìkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
(derived from kan aim)
tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived
from kem action, deed)
tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] P F vin. work
(derived from tìkangkem work)
tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, pie-
ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)
tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived
from kanu smart)
tìkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from
kawng bad)
tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived
from kenong model)
tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. difference (c.w. from
ke not and teng same)
tìkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin
need)
tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (de-
rived from kar teach)
tìkxey: [tI."k'Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness
(derived from kxeyey mistake)
tìkxey si: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] P F vin. mess up, foul, do
wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)
tìlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from
lam seem)
tìlen: [tI."lEn] P rr n. event, happening (derived
from len happen)
30
tìlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor
beautiful)
tìm: [tIm] P F adj. low
tìmal: [tI."mal] P F n. trustworthiness (derived
from mal trustworthy)
tìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] P F n. harmony (general
sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)
tìmeyp: [tI."mEjp] P F n. weakness (derived
from meyp weak)
tìmll’an: [tI.ml."Pan] P F n. acceptance (derived
from mll’an" accept)
tìmok: [tI."mok^] P F n. abstract idea of a sugges-
tion (derived from mok suggest)
tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t'a] P F n. mating, marriage
(derived from muntxa mated)
tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. patience (deri-
ved from maweypey be patient)
tìmwiä: [tIm."wi.æ] P F n. fairness, justice (deri-
ved from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
tìmyì: ["tIm.jI] P F n. low level (c.w. from tìm low
and yì level)
tìn: [tIn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-
ved from ’ìn be busy)
tìng: [t·IN] P F vtr. give
tìngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay
true)
tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem
(derived from ngäzìk difficult)
tìng lawr: [t·IN lawR] P F vin. sing wordlessly, gi-
ve out a tune or melody (derived from lawr
melody)
tìng mikyun: ["t·IN "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (de-
rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)
tìng nari: ["t·IN "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived
from tìng give and nari eye)
tìngong: [tI."NoN] P F n. lethargy, laziness (deri-
ved from ngong lazy)
tìngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from
ngop create)
>
tìng tseng: ["t·IN "tsEN] P F vin. back down, gi-
ve ground (derived from tìng give and tseng
ground)
tìno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to de-
tail
tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived
from newomum be curious)
tìnui: [tI."nu.i] P F n. failure (abstract concept)
(derived from nui fail, falter)
tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (de-
rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)
tìohakx: [tI.o."hak'] P F n. hunger (derived from
ohakx hungry)
tìomum: [tI."o.mum] P F n. knowledge (derived
from omum know)
tìpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived
from pawm ask)
tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived
from pähem arrive)
tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k'o] P F n. conversation, di-
scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)
> tìsung: [tI."suN] Lance n. addition, post script
tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k'o.tsjIp^] P F n. little
conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-
versation)
tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived
from pe’un decide)
tìprrte’: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. pleasure (derived
from prrte’"pleasurable)
tìran: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. walk
tìrawn: [tI."Rawn] P F n. replacement, the act of
replacing (derived from rawn replace)
tìrengop: [tI."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (the act or art
of designing (derived from rengop design)
tìrey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
tìrol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from
rol sing)
tìronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. imagination (deri-
ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived
from ska’a destroy)
> >
tìsla’tsu: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. description (derived
from sla’tsu describe)
tìslan: [tI."slan] P F n. support (emotional, social
or personal support) (derived from slan sup-
port) ofp.
tìsnaytx: [tI."snajt'] P F n. loss (derived from
snaytx lose)
tìso’ha: [tI."soP.ha] P F n. enthusiasm, having a
good attitude (derived from so’ha be entusi-
astic about)
tìsom: [tI."som] P F n. heat (derived from som
hot)
tìsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop
travel)
tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from
spe’e capture)
31
tìspxin: [tI."sp'in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw
painful)
tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] P F vtr. hurt (so-
meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain
and s«eyk»i make (causative))
tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw "s·i] P F vin. hurt, be painful
(derived from tìsraw pain)
tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived
from srese’a prophetize)
tìsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be
angry)
(P.S.) (derived from sung add)
tìsyor: [tI."sjor] P F n. relaxation (derived from
syor relax)
tìtaron: [tI."ta.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived from
taron hunt)
tìterkup: [tI."tER.kup^] P F n. death (in abstract
sense) (derived from terkup die)“Death is in-
evitable."
>
tìtsan’ul: [tI."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement (in
the general or abstract sense) (derived from
tsan’ul improve)
>
tìtslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelli-
gence (derived from tslam understand)
>
tìtstew: [tI."tstEw] P F n. courage, bravery
>
tìtstewnga’: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. courageous,
brave (derived from tìtstew courage, brave-
ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)
>
tìtstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived
from tstunwi kind)
tìtsunslu: [tI."tsun.slu] P F n. possibility (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
>
tìtsyär: [tI."tsjæR] P F n. rejection (derived from
tsyär reject)
tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived
from taron hunt)
tìtxanew: [tI."t'a.nEw] P F n. greed (derived
from txanew greedy)
tìtxen: [tI."t'En] P F n. awakeness, the state of wa-
king (derived from txen awake)
tìtxen si: [tI."t'En s·i] P F vin. to wake, to waken,
wake up (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
tìtxula: [tI."t'u.la] P F n. construction, construc-
ted thing (derived from txula build)
tìtxur: [tI."t'uR] P F n. strength, power (derived
from txur strong)
tìvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived
from vawm dark)
tìväng: [tI."væN] P F n. thirst (derived from
väng thirsty)
tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from
ve’kì hate)
tìwan: [tI."wan] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (de-
rived from wan hide)
tìwäsul: [tI."wæ.sul] P F n. competition (derived
from wäsul compete)
tìwäte: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. dispute, argument (de-
rived from wäte argue)
tìwew: [tI."wEw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived
from wew cold)
tìwusem: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. fighting (derived
from wem fight)
tìyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from
yawne beloved)
tìyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived
from eyawr correct)
tìyo’: [tI."yoP^] P F n. perfection (derived from
yo’ be perfect)
tìyora’: [tI.jo"RaP] P F n. victory, a win (derived
from yora’ win)
tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (de-
rived from yom eat)
to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (be-
haves like an adp.)
tok: [t·ok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space
tokx: [tok'] P F n. body
tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-
derstand! (synonym: tslolam)
toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. shoot
tompa: ["tom.pa] P F n. rain
tompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^] P F n. drizzle (de-
rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)
tomperwì: ["tom.pER.wI] P F n. sleet (derived
from tompa rain and herwì snow)
tompìva: ["tom.pI.va] P F n. raindrop (derived
from tompa rain and ìlva drop)
tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived
from toruk last shadow)
toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-
der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
ride)
trr: [tr] P F n. day
"
32
trr’awve: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from
trr day and " ’awve first)
trr’ong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
"
trr day and ’ong unfold)
trr’ongmaw: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. dawn after
"
sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-
ter)
trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from
trr day" and ham previous)
trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from
" and hay next)
trr day
trrkive: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
day and" kive seventh)
trrmrrve: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from
trr day and" mrrve
" fifth)
trrmuve: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. Monday (c.w. from
trr day and" muve second)
trrpeve: [tr."pE.vE] P F inter. which day (derived
from trr" day and –pe interrogative marker
and –ve ordinal number marker)
trrpuve: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr
day and "puve sixth)
trrpxeyve: [tr."p'Ej.vE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from
trr day and" pxeyve third)
>
trrtsìve: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from
" tsìve fourth)
trr day and
trrtxon: [tr.t'on] P F n. the day and night cycle of
Pandora" (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear
tul: [t·ul] P F vin. run
tumpin: ["tum.pin] P F n. red, orange (derived
from tun red, orange)
tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange
tung: [t·uN] P F v. allow
tungzup: [t·uN."z·up^] P F vtr. drop (c.w. from
tung allow and zup fall)
tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than
tupe: ["tu.pE] P F inter. who allomorph of pesu
tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker
tuté: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from
tute person)
tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived
from tute person)
tute: ["tu.tE] P F n. person
tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (de-
rived from tute person)
tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] P F v. lean
Ts
> >
tsa’u: ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from
tsa that and ’u thing) tsa that and tute person)
> >
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w. tsaw: [tsaw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive
from tsa- that and fya’o way) subject)
> >
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’ tsa’u that (subjective) and a subordinator)
> >
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl "s·i] P F vin. bond with, tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun
>
establish a neural connection (derived from tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall ofp.
>
tsaheylu bond) tsawlhì’: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl
> big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))
tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural con- >
nection) tsawl slu: ["tsawl "sl·u] P F vin. grow (c.w. from
> > tsawl big and slu become)
tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem. that >
(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac- tsawlultxa: [tsawl.ul."t'a] P F n. large gathering,
tion) conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa me-
> eting)
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F adv. then, at that time (deri- >
ved from tsa- " that and krr time) tsä’: [ts·æP] P F v. squirt
> >
tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter)
>
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up tse’a: [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. see (physical sense)
> >
to) tse’atswo: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n. (sense of) sight,
> vision (derived from tse’a see)
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject) > >
> tseltsul: ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. whitewater rapids
tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless,
(countable, but only rarely)
even so >
> tsenga: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. where, place where (de-
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war
> rived from tseng place)
tsamopin: ["tsa.mo.pin] P F n. warpaint (c.w. >
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place
from tsam war and ’opin color) >
> tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived
tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w.
from tseng place)
from tsam war and pongu party) >
> tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where allomorph
tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived of peseng
from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix) >
> tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art
tsan’ul: ["tsan.P·ul] P F vin. improve, get better >
tsewtx: [tsEwt'] P F adj. dirty
(c.w. from siltsan good and ’ul increase) >
> tsim: [tsim] P F n. source
tsang: [tsaN] P F n. a piercing >
> tsìk: [tsIk] P F adv. suddenly, without warning
tsap’alute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology >
> tsìlpey: [tsIl."pEj] P F n. hope (abstract idea) (de-
tsap’alute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] P F vin. apologi- rived from tìsìlpey hope)
se (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute apolo- >
tsìng: [tsIN] P F num. four
gy) >
> tsìsyì: ["ts·I.sy·I] P F vin. whisper
tsapo: ["tsa.po] P F pn. that one (for people only) >
tsìve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
(c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she) from tsìng four)
> >
tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow
>
tsa’u-ri that (topical) and a subordinator) tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon)
> >
tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object) tsko swizaw: ["tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and ar-
>
tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
> >
tsa’u-t that (patientive) and a subordinator) tskxaytsyìp: ["tsk'aj.tsjIp^] P F n. hail (derived
> > > >
tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F dem., n. from tskxepay ice)
>
there, that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng tskxe: [tsk'E] P F n. rock, stone
>
place) tskxekeng: ["tsk'E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise

33
 > >
tskxekeng si: ["tsk'E.kEN "s·i] P F vin. exercise, tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for
train (derived from tskxekeng training) cloudy skies)
> >
tskxepay: ["tsk'E.paj] P F n. ice (derived from tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful,
tskxe stone and pay water) considerate
> >
tslam: [tsl·am] P F vtr. understand tstu si: ["tstu "s·i] P F vin. close (derived from
>
tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false tstu closed)
> >
tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand tstxo: [tst'o] P F n. name
>
(derived from tslam understand and «ol» tstxolì’u: ["tst'o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from
perfective aspect infix) tstxo name and lì’u word)
> >
tsmìm: [tsmIm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or tsu’o: ["tsu.Po] P F n. ability
>
person) tsuksìm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin
> > >
tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling tsuktswa’: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. forgettable (de-
>
tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived rived from tswa’ forget)
>
from tsmuk sibling) tsukyom: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. edible (derived
>
tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from from yom eat)
>
tsmuk sibling) tsulfä: [tsul."fæ] P F n. mastery
> >
tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived tsulfä si: [tsul."fæ "s·i] P F vin. master (derived
from tsmuk sibling) from tsulfä mastery)
> >
tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup tsulfätu: [tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. master of an art,
>
tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä
>
tsngawpay: ["tsNaw.paj] P F n. tears (c.w. from mastery)
>
tsngawvìk cry and pay water) tsulfätunay: [tsul.fæ.tu."naj] P F n. near-master
>
tsngawpayvi: ["tsNaw.paj.vi] P F n. teardrop (derived from tsulfätu master)
>
(c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water, tsun: [ts·un] P F vim. can, be able
>
with partitive marker) tsunslu: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. may, be possible
>
tsngawvìk: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. cry, weep (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
> >
tsnì: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with tsurokx: [ts·u."R·ok'] P F vin. rest
>
subjunctive verb in dependant clause) tswa’: [tsw·aP] P F vtr. forget
> >
tsong: [tsoN] P F n. valley tswayon: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vin. fly
> >
tsongropx: ["tsoN.Rop'] P F n. hole, cavity, exca- tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid
> >
vation with a bottom (visible or presumed) (c.w. tswintsyìp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (de-
from tsong valley and ropx hole) rived from tswin queue)
> > >
tsongtsyìp: ["tsoN.tsjIp] P F n. dimple (derived tsyafe: ["tsja.fE] P F adj. mild, moderate, comfor-
from tsong valley) table
> >
tsopì: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing
> >
tspang: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. kill tsyär: [tsj·æR] P F vtr. reject
> >
tsranten: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin. matter, be of im- tsyeym: [tsjEjm] P F n. treasure; something rare
portance and of great value
> >
tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village tsyìl: [tsjIl] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire bo-
>
tsre’i: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. throw dy up)
> >
tsrul: [tsRul] P F n. nest; protected area serving as tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
>
the home of Pandoran fauna tsyokx: [tsjok'] P F n. hand
> >
tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
>
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave ofp. (c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)

34
Tx
txa’: [t'aP] P F adj. hard
txal: [t'al] P F n. back (of the body)
txampay: [t'am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from
txan much and pay water)
txampxì: [t'am."p'I] P F n. majority, most, large
part (derived from txan much)
txan: [t'an] P F adj. much
txanatan: ["t'a.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w.
from txan much and atan light)
txanew: ["t'a.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from tx-
an much and new want)
txanfwerwì: [t'an."fwER.wI] P F n. blizzard (de-
rived from txan much and hufwe+herwì
wind+snow)
txankrr: [t'aN."kr] P F adv. for a long time (c.w.
from txan much " and krr time)
txanro’a: [t'an."R·o.P·a] P F vin. be famous (c.w.
from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or re-
spect)
txantompa: [t'an."tom.pa] P F n. rainstorm, he-
avy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa
rain)
>
txantsan: ["t'an.tsan] P F adj. excellent
>
txantslusam: ["t'an.tslu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w.
from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)
>
txantstew: ["t'an.tstEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from
txan much and tstew brave)
txantur: ["t'an.tuR] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from
txan much and txur strong)
txantxew: [t'an."t'Ew] P F n. maximum (c.w.
from txan much and txew limit, border, end)
txantxewvay: [t'an."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. maximal-
ly (derived from txantxew maximum)
txanwawe: [t'an.wa."wE] P F adj. personally me-
aningful, significant (c.w. from txan much
and wawe significance)
txasom: ["t'a.som] P F adj. very hot (derived
from txan much and som hot)
txawew: ["t'a.wEw] P F adj. very cold (derived
from txan much and wew cold)
txay: [t'aj] P F vin. be horizontal, lie flat
txayo: ["t'a.jo] P F n. field, open terrain, plain
txärem: ["t'æ.REm] P F n. bone
txe’lan: [t'EP."lan] P F n. heart
txele: ["t'E.lE] P F n. matter (subject)
txen: [t'En] P F adj. awake
txep: [t'Ep^] P F n. fire
35
txepìva: ["t'E.pI.va] P F n. ash, cinder (derived
from txep fire and ìlva flake)
>
txeptseng: ["t'Ep.tsEN] P F n. place where a fire
is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep fire
and tseng place)
>
txeptsyìp: ["t'Ep.tsjIp^] P F n. dear or cute little
fire (derived from txep fire)
txepvi: ["t'Ep.vi] P F n. spark (derived from txep
fire)
txew: [t'Ew] P F n. edge, brink, limit, border, end
txewk: [t'Ewk^] P F n. club (weapon)
txewm: [t'Ewm] P F adj. scary, frightening
txewnga’: ["t'Ew.NaP] P F adj. having a limit, not
without bounds, finite (c.w. from txew limit
and nga’ contain)
txey: [t'·Ej] P F v. halt
txi: [t'i] P F n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzy
txin: [t'in] P F adj. main, primary
txintìn: ["t'in.tIn] P F n. occupation, primary role
in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activi-
ty that keeps one busy)
txìm: [t'Im] P F n. butt, rear end, ass
txìng: [t'·IN] P F vtr. leave, abandon
txo: [t'o] P F conj. if
txoa: ["t'o.a] P F n. forgiveness
txokefyaw: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] P F conj. if not, or else,
otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if not
one path)
txon: [t'on] P F n. night
txon’ong: [t'on."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sun-
set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
’ong unfold)
txon’ongmaw: [t'on."PoN.maw] P F n. twilight,
the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-
on’ong sunset and maw after)
txonam: [t'o."nam] P F adv. last night (derived
from txon night and ham previous)
txonay: [t'o."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (deri-
ved from txon night and hay next)
txonkrr: ["t'on.kr] P F adv. at night (c.w. from
txon night and" krr time)
txopu: ["t'o.pu] P F n. fear
txopu si: ["t'o.pu "s·i] P F vin. be afraid (derived
from txopu fear)
txukx: [t'uk'] P F adj. deep (physically)
txula: ["t'·u.l·a] P F vtr. build, construct
txum: [t'um] P F n. poison
txumnga’: ["t'um.NaP] P F adj. poisonous (deri- txur: [t'uR] P F adj. strong (physically)
ved from txum poison and nga’ contain) txurtel: ["t'uR.tel] P F n. rope (c.w. from txur
strong and telem cord)
uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last
shadow)
ukxo: [u."k'o] P F adj. dry
ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction)
ultxa: [ul."t'a] P F n. meeting
ultxarun: [ul."t'a.R·un] P F vtr. encounter, meet
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and
run find)
ultxa si: [ul."t'a "s·i] P F vin. meet with someone
intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul-
txa meeting)
ultxatu: [ul."t'a.tu] P F n. meeting participant
(derived from ultxa meeting)
um: [um] P F adj. loose
unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream
uniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'] JC,P F n. ava-
tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyu
var: [v·aR] P F vim. to persist in a state, to conti-
nue to perform an action
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (deri-
ved from vawm dark)
vawt: [vawt^] P F adj. solid, not hollow
vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to
vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay–
up to and krr" time)
vä’: [væP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso-
me
väng: [væN] P F adj. thirsty
ve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. hate
ve’o: ["vEP.o] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder
or chaos), organization
vefya: ["vE.fja] P F n. system, process, procedure,
approach (c.w. from ve’o order, organization
and fya’o way, manner)
velek: ["v·E.l·Ek^] P F vin. give up, surrender, con-
cede defeat
velke: ["vEl.ke] P F adj. chaotic, messy, disorgani-
zed, in shambles (c.w. from ve’o order, organi-
zation and luke without)
36
dreamwalker and tokx body)
uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. dreamwalker
(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)
unyor: [un."joR] P F adj. sweetly aromatic (a flo-
wery or aromatic woody sort of smell; may also
refer to some spices used in Na’vi cooking)
uo–: ["u.o] P F adp. behind
uran: ["u.Ran] P F n. boat
utral: ["ut.Ral] P F n. tree
>
utraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. bush (derived
from utral tree)
uvan: [u."van] P F n. game
uvan letokx: [u."van lE."tok'] n. physical or
athletic game, sport (c.w. from uvan game
and letokx physical)
uvan si: [u."van "s·i] P F vin. play (a game) (deri-
ved from uvan game)
venga’: ["vE.NaP] P F adj. organized, “on top of
things" (c.w. from ve’o order, organization
and nga’ contain)
venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot
venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu
foot and zekwä finger)
vewng: [v·EwN] P F vtr. look after, take care of, be
responsible for
vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin,
flesh
vezeyko: [vE.zEj."ko] P F vtr. put in order, orga-
nize (derived from vezo be in order)
vezo: [vE."z·o] P F vin. be in order, be organized
(c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it should
be)
vin: [v·in] P F vtr. request, ask for
vingkap: ["v·iN.k·ap^] P F vtr. occur to one, pop
into one’s mind
virä: [v·i."R·æ] P F v. spread, proliferate
vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul
vll: [vl] P F vin., vtr. indicate, point at
"
vol: [vol] P F num. eight
volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived vrrìn: ["v·r.·In] P F svin. be busy (negative sen-
from vol eight) "
se): be tired out and overwhelmed by an activi-
vospxì: [vo."sp'I] P F n. month (derived from ty that’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìn
vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year) be busy)
vrrtep: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. demon
vospxìam: [vo.sp'I."am] P F n. last month (deri- vul: [vul] " n. branch (of a tree)
PF
ved from vospxì month) vur: [vuR] P F n. story
vospxìay: [vo.sp'I."aj] P F n. next month (deri- vurvi: ["vuR.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (deri-
ved from vospxì month) ved from vur story)

walak: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. energetic, active wem: [w·Em] P F vin. fight

wan: [w·an] P F vtr. hide
wawe: [wa."wE] P F n. meaning, importance, sig-
nificance
way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial)
way a plltxe: [waj a pl.t'E] P F ph. spoken poem
(as a melodic recital) "(derived from way sing
(ceremonial register))
way a rol: [waj a Rol] P F ph. sung poem (deri-
ved from way sing (ceremonial register))
wayä aylì’u: [waj.æ ajlI.Pu] P F ph. words of a
poem or lyrics of a song (derived from way
sing (ceremonial register))
way si: ["waj "s·i] P F vin. sing (derived from
way song)
waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song cord (c.w.
from way song and telem cord)
wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against)
wäsul: ["wæ.s·ul] P F vin. compete
wäte: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. argue, dispute
wätu: ["wæ.tu] P F n. opponent (derived from
wä- against)
wätx: [w·æt'] P F vtr. be bad at
we’ay: ["wE.Paj] P F adj. sour
wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, milita-
ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and
pongu group)
wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold
weyn: [w·Ejn] P F vtr. draw, illustrate
win: [win] P F adj. fast
win säpi: ["win sæ."p·i] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from
win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
win si: ["win "s·i] P F vin. rush something, make
something fast (derived from win fast)
wip: [wip^] P F adj. salty
wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or
frustration, ’damn!’
wìntxu: [w·In."t'·u] P F vtr. show
wo: [w·o] P F vtr. reach for
wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud
wokau: [wok."a.u] JC,P F n. pendulum drum
(c.w. from wok loud and au drum)
wotx: [wot'] P F n. totality, whole
wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F n., adv. outside
wum: [wum " ]
P F adv. approximately, roughly
wur: [wuR] P F adj. cool, chilly
>
wutso: ["wu.tso] P F n. dinner, served meal

ya: [ja] P F n. air yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived

yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. weather (derived
from fkeytok exist)
yak: [jak^] P F n. fork, branch, point of divergence
yak si: [j·ak^ s·i] P F vin. diverge, change direc-
tion, go astray (derived from yak point of di-
vergence)
yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from
ya air and pay water)
yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved
from yawne beloved)
yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yawnyewla: [jawn."jEw.la] P F n. broken heart,
broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved
and yewla disappointment)
yawo: [ja."w·o] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w.
from ya air and wo reach for)
yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion

37
yayayrnga’: [ja."jajR.NaP] P F adj. confusing (de-
rived from yayayr confusion)
>
yayayrtsim: [ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. something con-
fusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayr
confusion and tsim source)
yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant
yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and
ioang animal)
>
yayotsrul: ["ja.jo.tsRul] P F n. bird’s nest (c.w.
from yayo bird and tsrul nest)
yän: [j·æn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down
ye: [jE] P F adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full
ye’krr: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. early (derived from
ye’rìn soon "and krr time)
ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. soon
yehakx: ["jE.hak'] P F adj. satisfied from hunger,
full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry)
yem: [j·Em] P F vtr. put, place
yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-
ter)
yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] P F vin. dip into
liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)
yemstokx: ["j·Em.stok'] P F vtr. put on (clot-
hing), don (c.w. from yem sìn put on and to-
kx body)
yeväng: ["jE.væN] P F adj. satisfied from thirst by
drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from
ye satisfied and väng thirsty)
yewla: ["jEw.la] P F n. disappointment, emotional
let-down, failed expectation
yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight
za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. pull (derived zäfi: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no
from ’ärìp move)
za’u: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. come
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four
zamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. bring (derived
from munge bring)
zapxì: [za."p'I] P F n. front (part or section) (deri-
ved from hapxì part)
zare’: [za."REP] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from zeswavi: ["zE.swa.vi]
zapxì front and re’o head)
zasrìn: [za."sR·In] P F vtr. borrow (derived from zet: [z·Et^] P F vtr. treat (emotionally), display an
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)
zawng: [z·awN] P F vin. scream
38
yeyfya: ["jEj.fja] P F n. straight line (derived
from yey straight and fya’o path)
yì: [jI] P F n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung (Can al-
so be used metaphorically to refer to the le-
vel of anything scalable - anything that can
have levels or degrees, highs and lows, wa-
ter level, temperature, talent, anger, etc.)
yìm: [j·Im] P F vtr. bind
yll: [jl] P F adj. communal
"
ylltxep: ["jl.t'Ep^] P F n. communal fire or fire pit
(c.w. from" yll communal and txep fire)
yo: [jo] P F n. surface
yo’: [j·oP^] P F svin. be perfect, flawless
yo’ko: ["jo.ko] P F n. circle (derived from yo’
perfect and ko’on ring)
yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time)
yom: [j·om] P F vtr. eat
yomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] P F vin. feed (with dative ob-
ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)
yora’: [jo·."R·aP] P F vtr. win
yora’tu: [jo."RaP.tu] P F n. winner (derived from
yora’ win)
yrr: [jr] P F adj. wild, natural (something in its
"
original, unmodified, untampered-with natural
state)
yrrap: ["jr.ap^] P F n. storm (derived from ya air
"
and hrrap danger)
yuey: ["ju.Ej] P F adj. beautiful (inner beauty)
ofp.
yune: ["j·u.n·E] P F vtr. listen to (intentionally)
yur: [j·uR] P F vtr. wash
longer in a natural state
zekwä: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. finger
zel: [zEl] P F adv. then (counterfactual use)
zene: ["z·E.n·E] P F vim. must
zenke: ["z·EN.kE] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w.
from zene must and ke not)
zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F v. remember
zeswa: ["zE.swa] P F n. grass
P F n. blade of grass (deri-
ved from zeswa grass)
attitude towards
zey: [zEj] P F adj. special, distinct
zeyko: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from
zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
zir: [ziR] P F n. touch, feel, texture
zìm: [z·Im] P F vtr. feel (not intentially)
zìma’uyu: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] P F n. newcomer, some-
one who has just arrived on the scene
> zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult
zìmtswo: ["zIm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) touch (de-
rived from zìm touch)
zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. season (derived from
zìsìt year and" krr time)
zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. year
zìsìtay: ["zI.sIt.aj] P F n. next year (derived from
zìsìt year)
39
zo: [z·o] P F svin. be well, be intact, be as it should
be, work correctly or as nature intended
zong: [z·oN] P F v. save, defend
>
zongtseng: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. safe place, refuge
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
zoslu: ["zo.sl·u] P F vin. heal, become well, get fix-
ed (ii) (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)
zun: [zun] P F conj. if (counterfactual use)
zup: [z·up^] P F vin. fall
zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. future (c.w. from
z«us»a’u coming and " krr time)
A The Number System
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a
grammatical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states that
in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “You
two are teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.”
would be “Fo lu karyu.”.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63 Ordinal Numbers

5 6 7 Number + -ve
0 mrrvol puvol kivol 0 – 8 volve
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw 1 ’awve 9 volawve
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun 2 muve 10 vomuve
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey 3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve
4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng 4 tsìve 12 vosìve
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr 5 mrrve 13 vomrrve
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu 6 puve 14 vofuve
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin 7 kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:

x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam
2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

40
 Example Number
zamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100

Non-Na’vi Numbers
8 ’eyt 9 nayn

B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxon
trr’ong dawn
trr’ongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
Days of the Terrestrial Week
kxamtrrmaw after noon
Sunday trr’awve
ha’ngir early afternoon
Monday trrmuve
kaym late afternoon
Tuesday trrpxeyve
sreton’ong before nightfall
Wednesday trrtsìve
txon’ong nightfall
Thursday trrmrrve
txon’ongmaw after nightfall
Friday trrpuve
txon night
Saturday trrkive
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrr’ong before dawn
trr’ong dawn

C Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loa- lì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (loaned
ned from Eng. English) from Navi / Loan Word li’u puk word
’Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned book)
" >
from Eng. Earth) matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned
Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] prop.n. Europe (loaned from Hebrew matsa)
PF
from Greek Europe) nìFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] P F adv. French, in
> French (loaned from Eng. French)
hametsì: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loa-
ned from Hebrew chametz) nìToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] P F adv. German,
Jakesully: [ZEjk'su:li] M n. moron, toruk mak- Deutsch (loaned from Deutsch German)
" >
toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor- nìTsyungwen: [nI."tsjuN.wEn] P F adv. Zhong-
mally allowable under Na’vi phonotactic wen (loaned from Mandarin Chinese
rules) Zhongwen)
kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from Pari: [pa.Ri] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from
Eng. gunship) French Paris)

41
paynäpll: ["paj.næ.pl] P F n. pineapple (loaned
from Eng. pineapple) "
päsketpol: [pæ.skEt.pol] P F n. basketball (lo-
aned from Eng. basketball)
> >
pätsì: ["pæ.tsI] P F n. badge (loaned from Eng.
badge)
pìlok: [pI."lok^] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng.
blog)
postì: ["po.stI] P F n. (forum/blog) post (loaned
from Eng. post)
puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng.
book)
> tsyoklìt: ["tsjok.lIt^] P F n. chocolate (loaned
puktsyìp: ["puk.tsjIp^] P F n. pamphlet, book-
let (derived from puk book)
pxir: [p'iR] P F n. beer (loaned from Deutsch
bier)
skxaypxe: ["sk'aj.p'E] P F n. Skype (loaned
from English Skype)
Sweriye: [swERijE] P F prop.n. Sweden
42
tawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned
from Eng. ship)
>
Toitslan: ["to.i.tslan] P F prop.n. Germany (lo-
aned from German Deutschland)
Toitsye: ["to.i.tsjE] P F adj. German (language)
(loaned from German Deutsch)
toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from
Eng. doctor)
>
tsyänel: [tsjæ.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
from Eng. channel)
>
tsyìräfì: [tsjI.Ræ.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
Eng. giraffe)
>
from Eng. chocolate)
wou: ["w·o.·u] P F svin. be amazing, fascina-
ting (slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
Yeysu: [jEj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from
Italian Jesu)
Yuesey: [ju.E.sEj] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned
from Eng. U.S.A.)
D Na’vi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo
(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itan
son)
Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
ayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] P F prop.n.
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram
mountain and lìng hover)
ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN]
JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul
and ramunong well)
Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Entu: ["En.tu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of
the Omatikaya
Eywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL
Eywa’eveng: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,P F prop.n.
Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN])
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)
Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi
Ìstaw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Kamun: ["ka.mun] P F prop.n. male Na’vi (affec-
tionate form Kamtsyìp)
Kelutral: ["kEl.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w.
from kelku home and utral tree)
Lì’ona: [lI.Po.na] G,P F prop.n. a clan
Loak: ["lo.ak^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Mo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-
tikaya (also pronounced Moat)
Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of
Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite
daughter)
Na’vi: ["naP.vi] P F prop.n. the People, indige-
nous Pandoran sentient race
Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
43
Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Omatikaya
Ninat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the
Omatikaya
Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue
Flute Clan
Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. name
Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female of the Oma-
tikaya
Ralu: ["Ra.lu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Rini: ["Ri.ni] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. a clan
Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee
Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister
Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river
(derived from swotu sacred place)
Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] P F prop.n. Sky-person,
human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
>
Tsahìk: ["tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high
priestess, interpreter
>
Tsenu: ["tsE.nu] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
>
Tskaha: ["tska.ha] JC prop.n. a tribe or clan
>
Tsu’tey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma-
tikaya
>
Tsumongwi: [tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original
name for the Omatikaya
Tuke: ["tu.kE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Txewì: ["t'E.wI] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Txilte: ["t'il.tE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Uniltaron: [u.nil."ta.Ron] P F prop.n. Dream
Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)
Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,P F
prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri)
Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Tree of
Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)
E Flora and Fauna
Flora
’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik'] P F n. leaf pitcher plant
(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move)
’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] P F n. pitcher plant
’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus
(derived from ’ewll " plant)
anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral
plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral)
apxangrr: [a."p'a.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from
apxa large and ngrr " root)
atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the gre-
at tree
awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise
eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous
plant (c.w. from ean blue)
eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet
fkxakewll: ["fk'a.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w.
from fkxake itch and " ’ewll plant)
flefle: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic
plant
fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut'.wl] P F n. metal-
following plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and
sutx follow)
fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w.
from fwäkì mantis" and ’ewll plant)
hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant
"
kllpxiwll: [kl."p'i.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from
" "
kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant)
kxaylte: ["k'ajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived
from kxayl high)
loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi-
ral)
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (deri-
ved from mìn turn)
mulpxar: [mul."p'aR] P F n. roosterhead plant
pa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant
(c.w. from pa’li" direhorse and ’ewll plant)
> >
pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu-
" >
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ’ewll
plant)
paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet
(c.w. from pay " water and ’ewll plant)
penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine,
fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap
danger)
44
pxayzekwä: [p'aj."zEk.wæ] P F n. spiny whips
(c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)
pxiut: ["p'i.ut^] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.
from pxi sharp and utral tree)
pxiwll: ["p'i.wl] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w.
" and ’ewll plant)
from pxi sharp
pxorna’: ["p'oR.naP] P F n. episoth, exploding seed
(c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)
pxorna’lor: ["p'oR.naP."loR] P F n. sari, beautiful
exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-
ploding seed and lor beautiful)
rawp: [Rawp^] P F n. bladder polyp
rumut: ["Rum.ut^] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum
ball and utral tree)
seze: ["sE.zE] P F,ZS n. blue flower
smaoe: [sma."o.E] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thor-
ned plant
sngukx: [sNuk'] P F n. grub plant
somtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty
(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)
syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] P F n. hyneman, person
trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)
tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw
sky and utral tree)
>
tawtsngal: ["taw.tsNal] P F n. panopyra, sky cup
(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)
tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl] P F n. spartan, pro-
tection plant (c.w. from" tìhawnu protection
and ’ewll plant)
tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl] P F n. geode, rain plant
(c.w. from tompa rain " and ’ewll plant)
torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp'am] P F n. octoshroom,
great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk
great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)
>
tsawlapxangrr: ["tsawl.a.p'a.Nr] P F n. unidelta
tree, lit. tall large root (c.w." from tsawl big
and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)
tstxa’a: ["tst'a.Pa] P F n. canalyd
tsyorina’wll: [tsjo.Ri."naP.wl] P F n. cycad, flour
seed plant (c.w. from rina’ " seed and ’ewll
plant)
txll’u: ["t'l.Pu] P F n. hookagourd
"
txumpaywll: ["t'um.paj.wl] P F n. scorpion
thistle, poison water plant " (c.w. from txum
poison and paywll water plant)
 >
txumtsä’wll: [t'um."tsæP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler, värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w.
" from tsä’ squirt
poison-squirting plant (c.w. from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)
and ’ewll plant) yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small ani-
mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell and hì’ang insect)
plant (c.w. from" vä’ unpleasant and fahew yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w.
smell) from yom eat and ioang animal)

Fauna
>
’angtsìk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron
fpxafaw: ["fp'a.faw] P F n. medusa
fwampop: ["fwam.pop^] P F n. tapirus
fwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] P F n. mantis
ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee
ikranay: [ik.Ra."naj] JC/P F n. forest banshee
kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso-
nous arachnid
kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard
nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer-
ratus costatus, striped armored wolf
pa’li: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse
palulukan: [pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-
loquial [pa."lu.kan])
riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbat
syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris
talioang: ["tal.i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived
from ioang animal)
teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larva
toruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
dow
yerik: ["jE.Rik^] P F n. hexapede
zize’: [zi."zEP] P F n. hellfire wasp

45
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-
mes are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Dr. Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order,
but rather alphabetically.

’awa swawtsyìp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit

’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak'] P F ph. be hungry
’ivong nìk’ong: [] P F ph. slow is fine
’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: [] P F ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately?
aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?: [] P F ph. How are things in your part of the world?
ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t'æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì
smarit livonu; “Ask a thanator to release it’s prey”, it’s a foregone conclusion
etrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F ph. good luck
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] P F,JC ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: [] P F ph. this is Ìstaw
fnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] P F ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking
a nap. Let her rest.
ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: [] P F ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ft'Ej fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: [] LN,P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: To aim is not
enough; one must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; it’s action that counts.
fwäkì ke fwefwi: ["fwæ.kI kE "fw·E.fw·i] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle”, it’s against
someone’s or something’s nature
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F ph. next time from me
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] P F intj. thanks, thank you
kaltxì: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello (casual)
kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: [] P F ph. say hello, Ìstaw
ka wotx: [ka wot'] P F ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality)
kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] P F ph. isn’t that so? right? no?
ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)
kem amuiä, kum afe’: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when
something that should have turned out well didn’t)
ke pxan: [kE p'an] P F ph. I’m not worthy
ke tare: [kE "t·a.R·E] P F ph. It’s irrelevant; It doesn’t matter
ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understand
ke zene win säpivi: [] P F ph. take your time, don’t rush
kìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion
kunsìpìri txana " tìmeyp
" lu tsyal a mìn.: [] P F ph. The gunship’s main weakness is the rotor system.
>
kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe: ["k'E.tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t'E] LN,P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase:
the tail and ears also speak; body language is important "

46
ma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Newey
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely
ne kllte: ["nE "kl.tE] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)
"
nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself
nga läpivawk nìno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with?
ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t'EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. don’t worry, may your heart be
calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society?
ngaru oeyä lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague
>
ngaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru tsul."fæ] P F ph. to your the mastery
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me
nga z(ol)a’u ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where are you from?
ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you?
>
ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k'E.tsE l·u "wE.Ru] P F,JC ph. Na’vi idiom: “your tail is mine!”,
you’re going down!
nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato: [] P F ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the
leaders are the most beautiful
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
" sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: []
oe ’olongokx mì P F ph. I was born in a
town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar)
oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honor
oeru syaw (fko) Txewì: [] P F ph. my name is Txewì
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] P F ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t'o.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery
oeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch fish
pefya nga fpìl: [] P F ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?)
pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] P F ph. yours, I should thank you
rutxe läpivawk nì’it: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone!
säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!”
seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k'El sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations
smon nìprrte’: [smon nI."pr.tEP^] P F ph. nice to know you
"
srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: [] P F ph. are you good at Na’vi?
srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?
srefereiey nìprrte’: [] P F ph. looking forward to it
sre fwa sngap zize’: [] P F ph. as quickly as possible (Na’vi idiom: before the hellwasp stings)
stum ke: [stum kE] P F ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.)

47
taronyut yom smarìl: ["ta.Ron.jut j·om smaR.Il] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter”, a
totally botched situation, chaos
tì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] P F ph. in my opinion
tì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr.æ] P F ph. forever, until the end of time
"
tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: [] P F ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?
tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: [] P F ph. what do you do in your free time?
tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: [] P F ph. I was completely swamped at work
tìkxey ngaru: [tI."k'Ej "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re wrong
tìomummì oeyä: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.jæ] P F ph. to my knowledge
tìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re right
tokx eo tokx: ["tok' "E.o "tok'] P F ph. face to face, in person
tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: [] P F ph. what does X mean?
>
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say
tsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: [] P F ph. may I interrupt a moment?
tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: [] P F ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that
further?
txìm a’aw ke tsun hiveyn mì tal mefa’liyä.: [] LN,P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: One butt
cannot sit on the backs of two direhorses.; You can’t take two positions or sit on the fence; you
need to decide.
>
txo ke nìyo’ tsakrr nìyol: [t'o kE nI."yoP tsa."kr nI."yol] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “If you
can’t be flawless, at least be brief" "
txon lefpom: [t'on lE."fpom] P F ph. good night, peaceful night
X-(ì)ri peral: [] P F ph. what does X mean?
X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: [] P F ph. how do you say X in Na’vi?
Yewla!: ["jEw.la] P F conv. Bummer! That’s a shame! What a shame!
za’u nì’eng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] P F ph. share an interest in common
zola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr.tEP] P F ph. come pleasurably, welcome
"

48
G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet
’ tìFtang k KeK s Sä
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsä
ä Ä m MeM u U
e E n NeN v Vä
ew EW ng NgeNg w Wä
ey EY o O y Yä
f Fä p PeP z Zä
h Hä px PxePx
i I r ReR
ì Ì rr ’Rr

49
H Inflections
Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.
arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.
asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .): Oel tsp«asy»ang
palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.
>
ats: [a.ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2 (INFR .): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j] LN future tense verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I will hunt the
yerik.
äng: [æ.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).
Optionally, when «äng» occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised,
giving «eng». For example, Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute s«eng»i oe.
äp: [æ.p] P F reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL .): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.
ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS .): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused
him to die.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oeyä swizaw nìngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.
iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
iyev: [i.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.
ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), deri-
ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.
ìm: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.
ìrm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.
ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

50
ìsy: [I.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.
ìy: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron.
I will hunt the yerik soon.
ìyev: [I.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Na’viyä,
l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

–ä: [æ] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of yä)
(GEN .): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–it: [it^] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ìl: [Il] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of l) (ERG .): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
–l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ru) (DAT.): eltur tìtxen si
intriguing
–ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet
ngaru tìng. I give food to you.
–t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat
kame. I see you.
–ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.
–y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
–ya: [ja] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.
–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of ä) (GEN .): Oel
yeiom Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:
may look like –eyä)

Other Inflections

This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of
the meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,
where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they
can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech
that aren’t specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.

51
–a–: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean
tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.
–an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.
ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.
–e: [E] P F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.
fì–: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
–fkeyk: [fkEjk^] P F (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr?
What’s the condition of the river today?
fne–: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra–: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
kaw–: [kaw] P F not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went.
–lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
munsna–: [mun.sna] P F (pro.) pair for nouns (PAIR): munsnahawnven a pair of shoes
–nay: [naj] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down
in some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc.: . .
–o: [o] P F (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone
for years.
pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw?
–pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
pxe+: [p'E] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)
sna–: [sna] P F prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro.
otherwise. : snanantang a pack of viperwolves Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groups
or sets. Use sästarsìm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person.
>
tsa–: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel tse’a tsanantangit. I see that nantang.
>
tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.
>
–tsyìp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.
Come here, little daughter.
–ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule
of living together.
–vi: [vi] P F partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they change
the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.
>
ketsuk–: [kE.tsuk^] P F (pro.) not able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Swaw lamu
ketsuktswa’ The moment was unforgettable
le–: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.
–nga’: [NaP^] P F adjective deriving affix ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil.
nì–: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for
adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate
adjective or relative clause)

52
sä–: [sæ] P F instrumental noun deriving affix Sänumeri oe nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [s·i] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I
home make in Hometree.)
tì–: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.
tì– –us–: [tI us] P F (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching
is interesting.
>
tsuk–: [tsuk^] P F (pro.) able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Fìioang lu tsukyom. This
animal is edible / can be eaten.
>
–tswo: [tswo] P F (pro.) suffix that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to perform
the action of the verb: Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur rolo’a nìtxan. His ability to fight greatly
impressed all the warriors.
–tu: [tu] P F person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.
–yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

53
I Non-Frommerian Words
These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in the
extant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. They are, for the most part, spu-
rious inventions for the Activist’s Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. None
of these words were run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensus
is that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not
know what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use
is highly discouraged. Many of them flout Na’vi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints.
Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below.

’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]

Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipa-
ni
Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan name
ar’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant
Beyda’amo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warri-
or of the Tipani
chan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]
lenay’ga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatory
animal
Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Lungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the
Tipani
m’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]
ASG n. shield

ASG n. stone jar

chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from
P’ah s’ivil chey rack)
Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-
briPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradles
everyone
Malimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
malmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stone
Marali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
mas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]
ASG mother loom

Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masP-
kit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to all
of us
Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-
sEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.
the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personal
name)
feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-
ket
Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
Gro’lryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of caves
Hukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Ikalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
iveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba-
by sling
k’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleep
Kaoliä Tei: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i] G prop.n. the plains
of Goliath
> >
Koo Tsura: [ko: tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-
lage
Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the
Tipani
Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai
Maweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male
Na’vi
Mekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
Mendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
meresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or
[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher,
bola, lit. nothing to see
mesh’kai huru: [mESPkai huRu] P N D n. cooking
pot
mreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pit
Mukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
kami
na’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-
se lead, lit. face pull
Naalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Nera’nak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the
Tawkami
nikt’chey: [niktPtshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.
small bit of food, packed lunch
nivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (de-
rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewya
cradles everyone)

54
Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Oloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of
the Tipani
Omati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
omati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue
flute
Onantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
Otamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
P’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. perso-
nal belongings rack
pxtxawng: [p't'awN] JC n. douchebag
Rai’uk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the Anurai
Raltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the
Tipani
Sänume: [sæ.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahìk of the Ti-
pani (derived from sänume teaching)
Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
kami
shah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from
Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable under
Na’vi phonotactic rules)
su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or
[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran
sumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hulEh] ASG slee-
ping outside of the group " lage
sumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf plate
Swawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
t’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen-
dulum drum
Ta’antasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus,
rocky place on Pandora
Tan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Tasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the
Lì’ona
55
Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w.
from taw sky and kame see)
Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani village
Tipani: [ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. a clan
tìtakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from
takuk strike)
tmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-
tern, from food here
>
Tsa’law: [tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
>
Tsaro: [tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
>
Tsmuke: [tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani village
txei: [t'E.i] G n. plain
u’imi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendant
U’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG
prop.n. a clan
>
Ukamtsu: [u.kam.tsu] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
>
ulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariPtsEj
makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of the
tree look to each other for strength, or many
branches together are strong
ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-
si] ASG n. leaf plate
Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-
Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
utral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n.
push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utu
mauti push fruit)
utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit,
push fruit
Va’erä Ramunong: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN] G
prop.n. Vaderas Hollow
Vayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village
J The Changelog
Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...

• 13.01 - Added glosses to äo- , io- and nìwin, per Paul.

• 13.00 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, September 30, 2013. srese’a and weyn marked
as vtr. (Not really worthy of a major revision increment, but I ran out of decimals! :)
-Markì)

• 12.9961 - Corrected entry for -tu by removing (pro.) reference since it’s not.

• 12.996 - Corrected example in sä- (Other inflectional morphology)

• 12.995 - Added nìkemweypey and kelemweypey per email from Paul to Blue Elf.

• 12.994 - Corrected a bunch of URLs in the preface. Thanks to Blue Elf!

• 12.993 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, July 31, 2013. vm. tag retired. Irregular ver-
sion increment, pending major revision coming soon.

• 12.992 - Clarified distinction between sämok and tìmok

• 12.991 - Clarified grammatical note on transitivity in the dictionary preface.

• 12.99 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, June 30, 2013 and wokau

• 12.985 - Various corrections suggested by Plumps. See: http://forum.learnnavi.org/website-

info/the-dictionary-part-ii/msg586654/#msg586654

• 12.984 - nume marked as intransitive.

• 12.983 - Fixed IPA for tìng mikyun (spelling) and ewku (infix position), corrected fngä’
(was missing glottal stop at the end), removed quotes from words definition fields becau-
se it breaks stuff in projects/mobile app

• 12.982 - Deleted –a– affix from main block because it’s already in Inflections appendix;
Fixed definition of frato, thanks to Blue Elf.

• 12.981 - Fixed IPA for ’ekxinum and ’ekxinumpe. Irayo ma Neytiri!

• 12.98 - Moved all prefix. entries out of Main Block and into the Inflections appendix.

• 12.973 - Changed all instances of ques. part of speech to inter. for consistency.

• 12.972 - Added ’ekxinumpe, which was previously missing. Thanks to Blue Elf for spot-
ting it.

• 12.971 - Corrected tsakrr and zel as adverbs.

• 12.97 - Added counterfactual conditionals zun and zel from naviteri.org, April 30, 2013

• 12.96 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, April 25, 2013

• 12.95 - Corrected definition of fnetxum. Thanks to Blue Elf.

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