THE AMERICAN

COLONIAL RULE
THE TREATY OF
PARIS
THE TREATY OF PARIS
 THE TREATY OF PARIS
◦ The Americans came as friends and promised to help the Filipinos restore
their freedom.
◦ American policy changed when the Treaty of Paris was signed on
December 10, 1898.
◦ They refused to recognize the Philippine independence declared by
Aguinaldo on June 12, 1898, and turned colonial ruler of the new republic
in exchange of USD 20, 000, 000 paid to the Spanish government.
◦ Aguinaldo allowed the United States to establish a political administration
in the Philippines.
◦ Military governor- generals were assigned to different places.
◦ During the military rule, the American military commander governed the
Philippines for the President of the United States of America.
THE AMERICAN
MILITARY
GOVERNMENT
 THE AMERICAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT
◦ Achievements of the American Military Government
◦ The pacification of the war-ravaged country;
◦ The laying down of the foundation of American rule;
◦ The opening of public schools with American soldiers as first teachers; and
◦ The holding of the first municipal election in Baliwag, Bulacan on May 7,
1899.
◦ Then the First Philippine Commission called the Schurman Commission
was sent by the United States; and after visiting some places in the
Philippines
 THE AMERICAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT
◦ Then the First Philippine Commission called the Schurman Commission
was sent by the United States; and after visiting some places in the
Philippines, the Commission recommended the following:
◦ The establishment of a territorial form of government with a legislature of two
houses – the lower house to be elective, the upper house to be half elective
and half appointive;
◦ The withdrawal of military rule in the pacified areas;
◦ The organization of an autonomous local government;
◦ The opening of free elementary schools; and
◦ The appointment of Filipinos of high ability and good character to important
government offices.
THE SECOND
PHILIPPINE
COMMISSION
THE SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
◦ In 1900, the Second Philippine
Commission called the Taft
Commission was sent by US President
William McKinley in preparation for the
establishment of a civil government.
 THE SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
◦ The US President issued the Magna Carta of the Philippines which
embodied the basic democratic principles underlying the American
policy.
◦ The Commission was reminded that the government established in the
Philippines is not designed for our satisfaction or for the expression of our
theoretical views, but for the happiness, peace, and prosperity of the
people of the Philippines.
◦ The first law passed by the commission was an Act Appropriation of PHP
2,000,000 for the construction and repair of roads and bridges.
 THE SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
◦ Under the Taft Commission, the Filipinos were given greater participation
in the government.
◦ Local government was completely controlled by Filipinos.
◦ The municipal and provincial executive were elected by qualified voters.
◦ Various key positions in the government were opened to Filipinos.
◦ Filipinos were given more and more appointments in accordance with
the policy enunciated in the first Civil Service Law of 1900.
THE SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
◦ William Howard Taft, later President of
the United States, was appointed the
first civilian governor- general, replacing
the Military Governor, General Arthur
MacArthur in 1901.
 THE SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
◦ As governor- general, William Howard Taft was vested with executive
powers and served as head of the Philippine Commission, a body
appointed by THE U.S. President that served as an executive cabinet and
held legislative powers.
◦ New laws to set up the fundamentals of a national government,
including a judicial system, legal code, civil service, and police force
were passed by the United States.
◦ The elections were held for municipal and provincial governments, and
political and bureaucratic positions were opened to Filipinos.
◦ An elected Legislative Assembly became the lower house of a
bicameral legislature in 1907
 THE SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
◦ The Philippine Commission composed of appointed members formed
the upper house.
◦ In 1916, an elected Senate replaced the Commission.
◦ Policies regarding monetary, military, and foreign matters were controlled
by the U.S. Congress and the U.S. President.
◦ The bills passed by the new legislature became law upon approval by
the governor-general.
THE PHILIPPINE
BILL OF 1902
 THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
◦ The first U.S. Congressional Act concerning the government of the
Philippines was the passage of the Philippine Bill of 1902.
◦ The bill provides
◦ The extension of the Bill of Rights to the Filipino people, except the right of jury
trial;
◦ The appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to Washington;
◦ The establishment of an elective Philippine Assembly after the proclamation of
complete peace and two years after the publication of a census;
◦ The retention of the Philippine Commission as the upper house of the
legislature, with the Philippine Assembly acting as the lower house; and
◦ The conservation of the natural resources of the Philippines for the Filipinos.
 THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
◦ In order o keep the independence sentiment of the people alive and to
counteract the pro-American activities of the Federal Party, Governor
Henry Clay Ide lifted the ban against pro-independence political parties
in July 1906.
◦ Radical nationalists founded the Partido Independista Immediatista/
Immediate Independence Party.
◦ The Conservative nationalist preferring early independence to immediate
independence organized the Union Nacionalista.
◦ The two nationalist parties united under the name Partido Nacional
Progresista, formerly the pro-American Federal Party.
 THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
◦ The two political parties, namely Partido Nacionalista and Partido
Nacional Progresista, clashed for the first time in the elections of July 30,
1907, for the seat in the First Philippine Assembly.
◦ The issue was immediate independence.
◦ The Partido Nacionalista dominated the country with its slogan
immediate, absolute, and complete independence and won by a
landslide majority.
THE GABALDON
LAW
 THE GABALDON LAW
◦ The first bill passed by the Philippine Assembly was the Gabaldon Law,
which appropriated one million pesos for the building of barrio schools.
◦ Pursuant to the Philippine Bill of 1902, the Filipino people were
represented in the American Congress by two resident commissioners.
◦ The resident commissioners were defenders of Filipino interests in
America.
◦ They took part in the debates in the House of Representatives of the U.S.
Congress, but they could not vote.
◦ In November 1912, the Democratic Party, which was sympathetic to the
Filipino aspiration for independence, came into power in the U.S.
THE GABALDON LAW
◦ Francis Burton Harrison became the new
governor- general of the Philippines.
◦ The Filipino people came to enjoy more
autonomy.
◦ President Woodrow Wilson appointed
five Filipinos to the Commission.
◦ Filipinos obtained control of the
Philippine Commission.
 THE GABALDON LAW
◦ In 1902, Congress gave a discount of 25 percent on the regular American
tariff in favor of Philippine exports.
◦ In 1909, the Payne-Aldrich Act was promulgated, establishing partial free
trade between the U.S. and the Philippines.
◦ Full free trade was established with the passage of the Underwood-
Simmons Act in 1913.
◦ It made the Philippines economically dependent on the U.S. Agricultural
development was neglected in favor of producing products that were
needed for export such as sugar, copra, abaca, and coffee.
 THE GABALDON LAW
◦ Governor-General Harrison was a champion of Filipino rights and liberties.
◦ He adopted the policy of Filipinizing the Philippine government –
replacing the American officials and employees with Filipinos.
◦ The Jones Law of 1916 was passed.
◦ The preamble of the Jones Law states America’s promised that
independence would be granted to the Philippines as soon as a stable
government shall be established theirein.
 THE THIRD
PHILIPPINE
COMMISSION
THE THIRD PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
◦ The Third Philippine Commission
was the Woods-Forbes Mission.
◦ In 1920, the Republican Party
won the elections in the U.S. and
Warren G. Harding became the
President.
◦ He wanted to know the
conditions in the Philippines and
appointed a special mission
composed of Gen. Leonard
Wood and William Cameron
Forbes.
 THE THIIRD PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
◦ For four months, it toured the archipelago, conduction conferences in
449 cities and towns.
◦ After completing its work, the mission returned to the U.S. and submitted
a report to Pres. Harding.
◦ The report recommended the postponement of the grant of Philippine
independence because the Filipinos were not ready for it.
 THE THIIRD PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
◦ Leonard Wood returned to Manila as the governor- general on October 5, 1921.
◦ He aroused the anger of the Philippine Legislature and the Filipino leaders by his
anti- Filipino sentiments.
◦ He opposed the independence aspiration of the people and vetoed many bills
passed by the Philippine Legislature.
◦ He abolished the democratic privileges given to the Filipinos by Gov. Harrison.
◦ The hostile relationship between Wood and the Filipino leaders erupted into a
Cabinet Crisis where the cabinet members resigned form the Council of State.
◦ Wood formed the Cavalry Cabinet or Khaki Cabinet composed of U.S cavalry
officers.
◦ He governed the country without cooperation of the Philippine Legislature.
 GOVERNOR
GENERAL FRANK
MURPHY
GOVERNOR GENERAL FRANK MURPHY
◦ In 1932, the Democratic Party returned
to power in America, President Franklin
D. Roosevelt gave the Philippines a
good and able governor-general –
Frank Murphy.
 GOVERNOR GENERAL FRANK MURPHY
◦ He was the last American Governor-General.
◦ He stressed the promotion of human welfare and happiness.
◦ He humanized the penal code by introducing the probation system and the
indeterminate sentence and by revising the parole system.
◦ He created the position of public defenders to the defend the poor in courts.
◦ He helped the Filipinos in their campaign for independence.
◦ Free Trade with America was also introduced which fostered the commercial
expansion of the Philippines.
 EDUCATION
DURING THE
AMERICAN
COLONIAL RULE
 EDUCATION DURING THE AMERICAN COLONIAL
RULE
◦ Education during the American colonial rule was no longer the privilege
of a few rich families, which was a practice during Spanish colonial rule.
◦ It had become the right of all people, rich and poor, to be educated.
◦ The educational system emphasized the democratic traditions and the
practical applications of law and principles.
◦ Coeducation was established.
◦ The growth of education was shown by the unprecedented increase in
number of schools, teachers and students.
◦ It propagated the English language.
◦ As a result, there was an increased percentage in Filipino literacy.
REORGANIZATION
OF THE SUPREME
COURT DURING
THE EARLY
AMERICAN PERIOD
REORGANIZATION OF SUPREME COURT
◦ The Americans arrived in the Philippine
shore in 1898.
◦ On May 1, 1898, the U.. Asiatic
Squadron led by Commodore George
Dewey destroyed the Spanish forces in
the historic Battle of Manila Bay.
◦ Governor- General Basilio de San
Agustin, in order to get the support of
prominent Filipinos in the Spanish-
American War, signed a gubernatorial
decree on May 9, 1898.
 REORGANIZATION OF SUPREME COURT
◦ The decree, creating a Consultative Assembly, named the following
prominent Filipinos
Cayetano Arellano Joaquin Gonzales
Maximino Paterno Antonio B. Bautista
T.H. Pardo de Tavera Manuel Genato
Gregorio Araneta Isaac Fernando Rios
Juan Rodriguez Bonifacio Arevalo
Ariston Bautista Jose Luna
Jose Lizada Ricardo Esteban Baretto
Teodoro Gonzales Pantaleon Garcia
Pedro Serrano
◦ Doble Cara or duplicity became a popular political and diplomatic game.
 REORGANIZATION OF SUPREME COURT
◦ American duplicity was working well when Commodore George Dewey
sent a representative to President Emilio Aguinaldo during the
declaration of the Philippine Independence.
◦ At the same time, the U.S. Government accepted the terms of payment
for the Spaniards to surrender to the Americans after the Mock Battle of
Manila on August 13, 1898.
◦ They knew fully well that Philippine Independence was declared two
months earlier.
 REORGANIZATION OF SUPREME COURT
◦ On June 12, 1898, between four and five in the afternoon, Aguinaldo, in
the presences of a crowd – a crowd consisting of different nationalities,
proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite.
◦ Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, author of the Declaration, read the Act of
the Declaration of Independence.
◦ The Americans, putting aside said declaration, assumed as the colonial
master of the archipelago.
◦ The Filipino freedom fighters resisted.
◦ The Republic had no choice but to face another war – a losing war.
◦ The Americans, almost certain in its hold of the Islands, started to rule the
country amidst Filipino resistance that lasted up to 1902 and beyond.
CAYETANO
ARELLANO
CAYETANO ARELLANO
◦ He was born in Orion Bataan on March
2, 1847.
◦ His parents were Servando Arellano, a
Spanish overseer of the friars’ estate
and an official of Tobacco Monopoly,
and Crisfora Lonzon.
◦ As a working student, he finished
primary and secondary school at the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran.
◦ He obtained his Bachelor of Philosophy,
Bachelor of Theology in 1862 and
Bachelor of Laws in 1879 degrees in
University of Santo Tomas.
 CAYETANO ARELLANO
◦ Cayetano Arellano never supported the Philippine Revolution.
◦ He helped in the drafting of the Constitution of the Philippine Republic;
but also supported the Americans in establishing the U.S. Government in
the Islands.
◦ The first act of General Wesley Merrit, first US Military Governor of the
Philippines was to declare that existing municipal, civil and criminal laws
be enforced.
◦ These laws did not counter the purpose of the American Colonial
Government in the Islands, the Americas therefore needed an expert in
Spanish laws to help them establish their colonial government.
◦ They found Cayetano Arellano as the man who could do the job.
◦ Arellano accepted the invitation of Merrit.
 CAYETANO ARELLANO
◦ During the Spanish regime, Arellano held various public offices such as
special judge in recalling the politico-military governor of Tarlac; a
Magistrate Suplente of the Audencia Territorial de Manila in 1886 and
1891; member od the City Council of Manila in 1887-1889; and in 1893, he
served as a member of the provincial convention to discuss provisions of
the Maura Law.
◦ He was a member of the law faculty of the University of Santo Tomas
when he joined the Philippine Revolutionary Government in late 1898.
◦ He took his oath of office in October 1, 1898 but was not so keen in
helping the newly proclaimed Republic.
◦ He advised Aguinaldo that he should accept American sovereignty in the
Islands.
THE SUPREME
COURT
 THE SUPREME COURT
◦ The Supreme Curt and the Courts of the capital were organized in May
1899.
POSITION NAME
President of the Supreme Court Don Cayetano Arellano
Civil Branch Don Manuel Araullo
Magistrates Colonel Crowder and Gregorio Araneta
Criminal Branch Don Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
Did not assume office
Don Julio Llorente
Attorney General Don Florentino Torres
Asst. Attorneys Tomas G. del Rosario and Antonio
Constantino
 THE SUPREME COURT
◦ The Court of First Instance of the capital were also organized.
POSITION NAME
Judge for Intramuros Don Jose Basa Enriquez
Judge for Quiapo Don Basilio Ragalado Mapa
Judge for Binondo Don Antonio Majarreis
Judge for Tondo Don Hipolito Magsalin

POSITION NAME
Prosecutor for Intramuros Lucio Villareal
Prosecutor for Quiapo Don Jose Rodriguez
Prosecutor for Binondo Don Perfecto Gabriel
Prosecutor for Tondo Don Jose Ner
 THE SUPREME COURT
◦ The early phase of American rule continued to use Spanish laws.
◦ These were replaced by a series of legislative acts.
◦ General Order No. 58 served as the Code of Criminal Procedure.
◦ General Order No. 68 constituted the Law on Marriage.
◦ The legislative actions in the administration of justice in the Philippines
under American sovereignty.