Lecture 6 - Diffusive Mass Transport: Outline

Outline
ENVE 322
Transport Processes in • Diffusive mass transport
Environmental Engineering § Fick’s First Law
§ Thermodynamics of Diffusion
§ Diffusion Coefficient
Lecture 6 – Diffusive Mass Transport
§ Diffusion Coefficient Calculations
§ Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion
ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022 1
Learning objectives
If you learned the topic, you should be able to:
Diffusive Mass Transport
• define diffusion Diffusive transport at the molecular level can take
• list the parameters that will have an impact on place under steady or unsteady conditions in
diffusive mass transport homogeneous (gases and water) or heterogeneous,
• write Fick’s first law of diffusion i.e., multiphase (soils, sediments and biofilms)
• define characteristic distance and characteristic engineered and natural environmental systems.
diffusion time
Qualitatively, random motion of fluid molecules
• calculate diffusion coefficient using empirical causes a net movement of species from regions of
equations
high concentration to regions of low concentration.
• write and use Fick’s second law equation with This phenomenon is known as molecular
appropriate boundary conditions
diffusion.
ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022
2 3
Diffusive Mass Transport (cont.) Diffusive Mass Transport
Molecular (ordinary) diffusion is caused by random motion of fluid Unlike advective transport, diffusive transport causes the mass to
molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low spread out and dilute over time with negligible net movement of its
concentration; i.e., caused by the concentration gradient. center of mass. However, advection moves the mass from one
position in space to another without any mixing or dilution but with
net movement of its center of mass.
Figure 1:

4 5
Diffusive Mass Transport Diffusive Mass Transport
The rate of diffusive mass transport depends on The larger the concencentration differences, the shorter
the distance over which the concentration differences
l concentration difference occur, the smaller the molecular size and mass of
l the distance the species travel from high to species, higher the temperature and the lower the
low concentartion density of the media, the higher the rate of diffusive
l molecular properties of species, especially mass transport.
size and mass Molecular diffusion is much slower in water than in air
l temperature and density of the media because of much higher density of water; also it is much
through which diffusion of species occur. slower in porous media than in water because the
volume available for diffusion is significantly limited by
the pore volume.
6 7
Diffusive Mass Transport (Fick’s First Law ) Diffusive Mass Transport
The diffusive mass transport rate under steady-state Introducing the proportionality constant, the diffusion
conditions can be quantified using Fick’s First Law of coefficient D (L2/T), and expressing the concentration gradient
diffusion. According to Fick’s First Law, the rate of as derivative (i.e., taking the limit as ∆x becomes infinitesimally
transport by diffusion, i.e., the diffusive mass flux Jdif small), we can write the Fick’s First Law of diffusion in 1−D as
(M/L2T) is directly proportional to the concentration dC
J dif = - D
gradient (i.e., concentration difference, ∆C, over a dx
distance, ∆x, along the mass transport direction), Generalization to 3−D yields
æ ¶C ¶C ¶C ö
DC J dif ( x, y, z ) = - Dçç + + ÷÷ = - D(ÑC )
J dif a - è ¶x ¶y ¶z ø
Dx So, the above equations indicate that diffusive mass flux
where ‘−’ sign indicates the diffusive mass flux is in the occurs in the direction of concentration gradient at a rate that is
direction of decreasing concentration. proportional to its magnitude.
8 9
If Ax (L2) is the area normal to the mass transport Significance of Diffusion

(x-) direction (i.e., in the y-z plane), the diffusive Diffusion is a slow process. The characteristic distance a
mass discharge (transport) rate, Mdif=AxJdif, can molecule (or a particle) will travel by diffusion in time t is given
by
be expressed as
x » 2 Dt
dC So, a gas molecule with diffusion coefficent of 0.1 cm2/s can be
M dif = Ax J dif = - Ax D
dx expected to move a characteristic distance of about 5 mm in a
second, 3 cm in a minute, 30 cm in an hour.
where Mdif has dimensions of mass per time,
Molecules in water, with diffusion coefficient lower by a factor
M/T.
of 10−4, will travel only 1 percent as far on these time scales.

10 11
Significance of Diffusion Significance of Diffusion

Similarly, we can speak of characteristic diffusion time required for a The characteristic time required for the liquid to completely
molecule to diffuse through some distance L evaporate (volatilize) from a reservoir open to air (i.e., a gasoline
pool spilled on a pavement) is obtained as the total mass of liquid
t dif » L2 / 2 D
contained in the reservoir, Mliq, divided by diffusive mass discharge
For L ~ 5 cm and D ~ 0.1 cm2/s, tdif ~ 2 min. Mdif :
M liq rV rV
tdif is a good estimate for the characteristic time required to establish t dif » = =
M dif J dif A - D(DC / Dx) A
a steady-state concentration profile.
With conditions held steady for a time t >> tdif , the diffusive flux from where ρ is the liquid density; V is the liquid volume; A is the interfacial
a free liquid body open to air will approach a steady value as long as area available for diffusion; and ∆C/∆x is concentration gradient
the liquid sorce is present and open to air. accros the stagnant boundary layer.

12 13
Significance of Diffusion Significance of Diffusion

The evaporative diffusion process across a
Another useful perspective gained by comparing simple form
liquid-air interface occur through a stagnant
atmospheric boundary (air) layer of thickness
of Fick’s Law with simple advective flux, i.e.,
∆x=d between the liquid and a well mixed DC
J dif = - D Þ J adv = vC
atmospheric air layer above it, where the Dx
concentration of chemical would be zero. The If a species concentration decreases from C to zero over some
concentration right at he liquid-air intarface, distance ∆x, then diffusion causes mass transport at a rate
i.e., Dx » 0 would be equal to saturation vapor equivalent to advection at a velocity D/∆x.
pressure, pvp,of chemical at a temperature T;
thus C=(MW)pvp/RT. The tyical value of d is Given the small values of D for air, especially for water and
about 2 to 3 mm. porous media, it is seen that the effective diffussive velocity is
Stagnant boundary layer between very small, except when the conecentration changes by a large
Let’s solve Problem 6.1. a liquid and atmospheric air fractional amount over a very small distance.
14 15
Significance of Diffusion
Significance of Diffusion At a small distance at the interface, called boundary layer,
diffusion is the only dominant mechanism conveying the
Although molecular diffusion is a slow process, it
chemicals.
plays a very important role in contaminant transport
There can be no fluid advection at the interface in the
and fate. It is particularly important, for example at direction normal to the interface.
interfaces between This is important because contaminants may be removed
l two fluids such as liquid-gas, or from a fluid either by deposition or other transformation
l solid-fluid interfaces, such as solid-liquid or solid- processes that occur at the interfaces.
gas. Often the rate of transport to the interface governs the
overall removal rates.
Let’s see Problem 6.2.
16 17
CONTINUED
1.1 Impact of transport and transformation of the Diffusive Mass Transport (Thermodynamics of Diffusion)
pollutants
Chemical potential: A thermodynamic state function at constant

temperature and pressure
Local chemical potential of some chemical species in an ideal
solution is shown in the Figure.
Figure 2: One dimensional

diffusion problem showing
chemical potential changes in
Subsurface soil gas-to-indoor air Conceptual illustration of vapor a small region
migration routes are intrution from groundwater
contamination
• Utility conduits
• Sewers
• Diffusion through vadose zone soils
18 19
Diffusive Mass Transport (Thermodynamics of Diffusion) Diffusive Mass Transport (Thermodynamics of Diffusion)
Even though, the spatial variations are not linear, we can assume
By simplifying, we can obtain (Eq. 3):
that the variations in chemical potential is linear since we are
examining a differential element æ dµ ( x ) ö
dw = ç ÷dx
The differential work required to change the chemical potential of è dx ø
1 mol of solute from µ(x) to µ(x+ dx) is given by (Eq.1) From the mechanics theory, work is equal to a force acting
through a distance, or dw = -Fdx
dw = µ ( x + dx ) - µ ( x ) Imagine that chemical potential has been changed by some kind
Or since we are considering a differential region (Eq. 2), of general force, we can set (Eq. 4):
dµ
- Fdx = dx
é æ dµ ( x ) ö ù dx
dw = ê µ ( x ) + ç ÷dx ú - µ ( x ) Hence (Eq. 5)
ë è dx ø û -F =
dµ
dx
20 21
Diffusive Mass Transport (Thermodynamics of Diffusion) Diffusive Mass Transport (Thermodynamics of Diffusion)
For an ideal solution, the chemical potential is expressed as The units of Force acting on a 1 mol of solute, F, are
(Eq. 6) force/mol.
µ = µ 0 + RT ln C If we multiply F by molar concentration C (mol/L3), we get at
Where R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, C the unit volume force acting on the solute.
is the solute concentration (mol/L3), and µo is the chemical The flux of solute (moles per unit area per time) passing
potential at standard temperature and pressure. through the dotted source in Figure 2 should then be
Substituting Eq. 6 into Eq. 5, we can get that (Eq. 7) proportional to the product of F and C.
Hence we conclude that (Eq. 9)
d
F = - RT(ln C )
dx dC
Taking the derivative, we obtain (Eq. 8) J µ CF = - RT
1 dC
dx
F = - RT
C dx
22 23
Diffusive Mass Transport (Thermodynamics of Diffusion) Diffusive Mass Transport (Diffusion Coefficient)
Equation 9: Predictions of diffusive flux in environmental media depend on

dC the selection of appropriate diffusion coefficient, D.
J µ CF = - RT
dx Measurement of D under experimental conditions is possible.
This equation predict that the flux of matter in the region of When reliable measurement is not available, the diffusion
concentration gradient dC/dx should have a linear dependence on the coefficient can be estimated using theoretically derived
concentration gradient. equations
The equation also predicts that a positive flux (and/or mass transport)
should be in the direction of decreasing concentration (i.e., J will be The kinetic theory of gases is the starting point for estimating
positive if dC/dx is negative). mutual diffusion coefficients in binary-gas systems
Equation 9 says that mass transport due to molecular diffusion should It is also sometimes possible to estimate the diffusion
occur from left to right, or “down the concentration gradient” in Figure 2 coefficient of one compound, based on diffusion coefficient
If we look at Figure 1, direction of transport of two gasses (to the right of a similar compound
for the white gas, to the left for the black gas) is also predicted by Eq. 9.

24 25
Diffusive Mass Transport (Diffusion Coefficient) Diffusive Mass Transport (Diffusion Coefficient)
At ordinary environmental temperatures, most Measured Diffusion Coefficients for Species in Air at 1 atm.
chemical species exhibit a molecular diffusion Species Formula Temperature, oC D (cm2 s-1)
coefficent in the order of about Ammonia NH3 0 and 25 0.216 and 0.280
Benzene C6 H6 0 and 25 0.077 and 0.096
l 0.2 cm2/s
in air, Carbon dioxide CO2 0 and 25 0.138 and 0.164
Ethanol C2H5OH 0 and 40 0.102 and 0.147
l 10-5 cm2/s in water, and Hydrogen H2 0 0.611
l 10-2 cm2/s or less in porous media, depending Methane CH4 0 0.196
on air and/or water content (i.e., fluid saturation Nitrogen N2 0 0.130

Oxygen O2 0 and 25 0.178 and 0.206
level of porous media. Toluene C7 H8 0 and 25 0.071 and 0.086
Water H2 O 0 and 25 0.219 and 0.260

26 27
Diffusive Mass Transport (Diffusion Coefficient) Diffusive Mass Transport (Diffusion Coefficient Calculations)
FSG method (empirical method) (Eq. 23)

Measured Diffusion Coefficients for Species in Water. Used to estimate the diffusion of a gas (A) in another gas medium (B),
Species Formula Temperature, oC D (cm2 s-1) e.g.,air
Ammonia NH3 20 1.76X10-5 10 -3 T 1.75 M r
Benzene C6 H6 25 1.02X10-5
D AB =
p(V A1 / 3 + VB1 / 3 ) 2
Carbon dioxide CO2 20 and 25 1.77X10-5 and 2.00X10-5
Ethanol C2H5OH 15 and 25 1.00X10-5 and 0.84X10-5 T is the absolute temperature (K), p is the pressure (atm), VA is the
Hydrogen H2 25 and 30 5.85X10-5 and 5.42X10-5 molar volume of gas (cm3/mol) (Table 1), VB is the molar volume of air
(20.1 cm3/mol), and Mr is a function of the molar mass of the gas and
Methane CH4 20 0.85X10-5 air (Eq. 24)
Nitrogen N2 25 and 40 1.90X10-5 and 2.83X10-5 m A + mB
Oxygen O2 25 and 40 2.60X10-5 and 3.33X10-5 Mr =
Ethylbenzene C8H10 25 0.81X10-5 m AmB
Air 25 2.00X10-5
here mA is the molar mass of the gas and mB is the molar mass of the
Vinyl chloride C2H3Cl 25 1.34X10-5 air (28.97 g/mol)

28 29
Diffusive Mass Transport (Diffusion Coefficient Calculations) Diffusive mass Transport (Diffusion Coefficient Calculations)
The Stokes-Einstein Equation

Table 1. Atomic Data Used in Calculating VA Used to estimate diffusion coefficients of large spherical ions,
molecules, and particles in water and other liquids as well as
diffusion coefficient of spherical aerosol particles whose
diameters are significantly greater than the air mean free path
10 -3 T 1.75 M r (Eq. 25)
D AB =
p(V A1 / 3 + VB1 / 3 ) 2 kT kT
D AB = =
f 3pµd
m A + mB
Mr = Where DAB refers to diffusion coefficient of species A in fluid B, f is
m AmB the friction factor, k is the Boltzmann constant (1.381x10-23 J/K at 1
atm, 25oC), T is the absolute temperature, µ is the absolute
Let’s solve Problem 6.3. viscosity, and d is the ionic or particle diameter.
30 31
Diffusive Mass Transport (Diffusion Coefficient Calculations) Diffusive Mass Transport (Diffusion Coefficient Calculations)
The Wilke-Chang Equation

The Stokes-Einstein Equation
Used to estimate diffusion coefficient in water and
Note that friction factor in Eq. 25 derives from the other solvents (Eq. 27)
Stokes drag on sphere, that is (Eq. 26)
(y B mB )1 / 2 T
FD = (3pµd )v = fv D AB = 7.4 ´ 10 -8
µV A0.6
f = (3pµd ) / Cc where mB is the molar mass of solvent, T is the
where v is the velocity of the sphere, and Cc is absolute temperature (K), µ is the absolute viscosity
known as the Cunningham slip function which (10-2 gcm-1s-1), VA is the molar volume of the solute
used as slip correction in air. (cm3/mol), and yB is the association parameter ( yB =
2.6 for water)
32 33

(Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion) (Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion)
Accumulation of mass Diffusive Diffusive

within the = Mass - Mass ± Reactions
We apply the law of conservation of mass to a material A,
control volume Inputs Outputs we get
¶C A
DxDyDz = ( J dif , A, x - J dif , A, x + Dx )DyDz + ( J dif , A, y - J dif , A, y + Dy )DxDz + ( J dif , A, z - J dif , A, z + Dz )DxDy
¶t
± rA DxDyDz.
Dividing by DxDyDz yields
¶C A ( J dif , A, x - J dif , A, x + Dx ) ( J dif , A, y - J dif , A, y + Dy ) ( J dif , A, z - J dif , A, z + Dz )

J dif = -D
dC = + + ± rA
J dif ( x, y, z ) = - D (ÑC ) dx ¶t Dx Dy Dz
ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVEEnve

322 Spring
322 2022
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34 35
(Applications of Diffusive Transpot Equations)
(Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion) 1-D steady diffusion of nonreactive chemicals through a
finite layer.
Taking the limit as Dx, Dy, and Dz → 0 results in
These types of problems, with fixed concentration at
¶C A æ ¶J dif , A, x ¶J dif , A, y ¶J dif , A, z ö both boundaries, applicable include
= -çç + + ÷÷ ± rA
¶t è ¶x ¶y ¶z ø l mass transfer to a surface,
dC l interfacial mass transfer,
With J dif , A, x = - D , and similary for Jdif,A,y and Jdif,A,z yields
dx l diffusive samplers for measuring gas phase
the 3-D diffusive mass transport equation as concentrations (e.g., air pollution).
¶C A æ ¶ 2C A ¶ 2C A ¶ 2C A ö 1-D steady diffusion of reactive chemicals through finite
= Dçç + + ÷ = D Ñ 2C A
2 ÷
( )
¶t è ¶ x 2
¶y 2
¶z ø layers
For 1-D, the Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion, ¶C A = D ¶ C A ± r
2
l Vapor phase biological teratment (biofiltration of)
with reaction term, takes the form ¶t ¶x 2 A
VOCs, and
36 37

(Applications of Diffusive Transpot Equations) (Applications of Diffusive Transpot Equations)
1-D steady diffusion of nonreactive chemicals through a

1-D steady diffusion of nonreactive chemicals through a finite layer.
finite layer.
The applicable governing equation, with ¶C A / ¶t = 0 and d 2C
=0 C(0)=C0 and C(L)=CL
rA=0, is 2 dx 2
d C
=0 The above equation can be directly integrated twice to yield
dx 2
which is a second-order ODE; two BCs are required. C(x) = Ax + B
Fixed concentrations at the edges of the layer (x=0 and where A and B are arbitrary constants of integration to be
x=L) are expressed as determined from the BCs, substitution of which yields
C(0)=C0 and C(L)=CL C L -C 0 x
B=C0 and A = → C ( x) = C0 + (C L - C0 )
L L
ENVE 322 Spring 2022 38 ENVE 322 Spring 2022 39

(Applications of Diffusive Transpot Equations) (Applications of Diffusive Transport Equations)
1-D steady diffusion of nonreactive chemicals through a 1-D transient diffusion of nonreactive chemicals from an
finite layer. instantaneous local source (pulse input).
In some applications, we are interested in Jdif, which can One practicle application of this type of problems are related to
be derived by substituting the dC(x)/dx into Fick’s First diffusion of an instantaneously injected pulse of nonreactive
Law as chemical through the fluid in a tube, where the concentration is
dC d x C - C0 uniform along the tube cross-section but varies along the axis.
= (C0 + (C L - C0 ) ) = L
dx dx L L Consider stationary fluid, unbounded in x-direction, and chemical
initially absent in the fluid. A fixed quantity of species A, MA, (i.e.,
dC C - C0 mass per cross-sectional area normal to x) is injected at t=0 and
J dif = - D = -D L Þ Fick’s first law of diffusion
dx L permitted to migrate by diffusion both in the +x and −x directions
In steady-state case, the diffusive flux is constant but not in y- and z-directions.
throughout the layer.
ENVE 322 Spring 2022 40 ENVE 322 Spring 2022 41

(Applications of Diffusive Transpot Equations)
(Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion)
1-D transient diffusion of nonreactive chemicals from an ¶C A ¶ 2C A

instantaneous local source (pulse input). =D C A ( x,0) =M Ad ( x) C A (-¥, t ) = C(¥, t ) = 0
¶t ¶x 2
The appropriate material balance equation, with rA=0 and
The solution for t>0 of the above equation (Fick’s Second Law of
relevant ICs and BCs, is
Diffusion) subject to the given ICs and BCs is
¶C A ¶ 2C A IC: C A ( x,0) =M Ad ( x) MA æ - x2 ö
=D C A ( x, t ) = expçç ÷÷ with 2 Dt = s 2 we obtain
¶t ¶x 2 4pDt è 4 Dt ø
BCs: C A (-¥, t ) = C A (¥, t ) = 0 CA 1 æ - x2 ö
º f ( x) = expçç ÷÷
s 2p è 2s
2
MA ø
Where is known as Dirac delta function and is defined as
d ( x) = 1 for x=0 and d ( x) = 0 for x ¹ 0 , which is a pulse input. The right hand side of this equation describes the normal probability
distribution, f(x), with mean zero and standad deviation σ. Note that as
BCs state that concentrations must remain zero at an infinite discussed, s º x » 2Dt is the characteristic distance (i.e.,spatial standard
distance from the injection point. deviation) that a chemical travels by diffusion in time t.
42 43
The figure presents CA(x,t)/MA Note that with time, peak

distribution with x for different diminishes as s º x increases,
times. The solution is but the shape of concentration
symmetric at about x=0. Since distribution remains Gausian
there is no advection, the about its center of mass. Given
center of mass of the released the properties of normal
chemical remains fixed distribution, the figure shows
(unmoved) at the injection point that all the mass is contained
x=0. within ± 3s º ±3 x .
Diffusion from a plain source. The Diffusion from a plain source. The
different curves are for different different curves are for different
Dt = x 2 / 2 = s 2 / 2 values. Dt = x 2 / 2 = s 2 / 2 values.

44 45

MA æ - x2 ö C 1 æ - x2 ö MA æ - x2 ö C 1 æ - x2 ö
C A ( x, t ) = expçç ÷÷ with 2 Dt = s 2 we obtain A º f ( x) = expçç 2 ÷÷ C A ( x, t ) = expçç ÷÷ with 2 Dt = s 2 we obtain A º f ( x) = expçç 2 ÷÷
4pDt è 4 Dt ø MA s 2p è 2s ø 4pDt è 4 Dt ø MA s 2p è 2s ø
Note that, using the definition 2 Dt = s , the solution of the transient
2
D can be calculated from D=σ2/2t where σ2 is the spatial variance
diffusion equation for a pulse input resembles the equation of normal (square of the standard deviation) of the chemical concentration
probability distribution with mean zero and standad deviation σ. This distribution [L2 ], and t is the time since pulse injection. Given the
anaology imply that there is a close relationship between the diffusion properties of normal distribution, 0.61Cmax gives the concentration at a
coefficent D and the spatial standart deviation of concentration distance one standart deviation away from the point of peak
distribution due to diffusion. concentration.

46 47
1-D transient diffusion of nonreactive chemicals in a semi-infinite 1-D transient diffusion of nonreactive chemicals in a semi-infinite
medium with constant boundary concentration (continuous medium with constant boundary concentration (continuous input).
input).
One practicle application of this type of problems is related to
gas absorbtion at liquid-gas inteface. Here at the interface, at ¶C A ¶ 2C A
=D
x=0, the concentration is unchanging in time, CA=CoA. ¶t ¶x 2
IC:
The appropriate material balance equation, with rA=0, and C A ( x,0) = 0
relevant ICs and BCs, is BCs:
¶C A ¶ 2C A C A (0, t ) = CoA ; C A (¥, t ) = 0
¶t
=D
¶x 2 IC: C A ( x,0) = 0 Þ C A = CoA erfcæçç x ö÷÷
Solution æ x ö
è 2 Dt ø
BCs: C A (0, t ) = CoA ; C A (¥, t ) = 0
Þ C A = CoA erfcçç ÷÷
è 2 Dt ø
48 49

(Multiphase Diffusion)
In heterogeneous environmental systems, molecular diffusion

may occur through a multiphase porous matrix. A typical
example for this is the diffusion of chemical vapors through the
vadose zone soils that may consists of air, water, pure chemical
liquid and solids. The diffusion coefficient in soil pore filled with
phase j, Ds,j, under these conditions will depend upon the
phase content, q j , and the tortuosity factor, t , to modify the
pure phase diffusion coefficient, Dj, as follows:
Ds , j =q jtD j
where the numeric value of the factor q jt is always less than 1
and ranges from 0.5 to 0.01 for laboratory studies.
ENVE 322 Spring 2022
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Lecture 6 - Diffusive Mass Transport: Outline

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ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022 1

ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022

Diffusive Mass Transport Diffusive Mass Transport

Diffusive Mass Transport Diffusive Mass Transport

If Ax (L2) is the area normal to the mass transport Significance of Diffusion

ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022

Significance of Diffusion Significance of Diffusion

ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022

Diffusive Mass Transport Diffusive Mass Transport

Significance of Diffusion Significance of Diffusion

 Chemical potential: A thermodynamic state function at constant

Figure 2: One dimensional

 Equation 9: Predictions of diffusive flux in environmental media depend on

ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022

on air and/or water content (i.e., fluid saturation Nitrogen N2 0 0.130

ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022

 FSG method (empirical method) (Eq. 23)

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 The Stokes-Einstein Equation

 The Wilke-Chang Equation

Diffusive Mass Transport Diffusive Mass Transport

Accumulation of mass Diffusive Diffusive

Dividing by DxDyDz yields

¶C A ( J dif , A, x - J dif , A, x + Dx ) ( J dif , A, y - J dif , A, y + Dy ) ( J dif , A, z - J dif , A, z + Dz )

ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVEEnve

Diffusive Mass Transport Diffusive Mass Transport

1-D steady diffusion of nonreactive chemicals through a

ENVE 322 Spring 2022 38 ENVE 322 Spring 2022 39

Diffusive Mass Transport

1-D transient diffusion of nonreactive chemicals from an ¶C A ¶ 2C A

The figure presents CA(x,t)/MA Note that with time, peak

ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022

Diffusive Mass Transport Diffusive Mass Transport

ENVE 322 Spring 2022 ENVE 322 Spring 2022

Diffusive Mass Transport

In heterogeneous environmental systems, molecular diffusion

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Chemical potential: A thermodynamic state function at constant

Equation 9: Predictions of diffusive flux in environmental media depend on

FSG method (empirical method) (Eq. 23)

The Stokes-Einstein Equation

The Wilke-Chang Equation