NHBC Standards 2024 5

Chapter
5.1
Substructure and
ground bearing floors
This chapter gives guidance on meeting the
Technical Requirements and recommendations for
substructures (excluding foundations), including:
substructure walls, ground bearing floors where
infill is no deeper than 600mm, and installation of
services below the damp proof course (DPC).
5.1.1 Compliance 01
5.1.2 Provision of information 01
5.1.3 Transfer of loads 01
5.1.4 Ground conditions 01
5.1.5 Services and drainage 02
5.1.6 Ground below fill 03
5.1.7 Fill below floors 03
5.1.8 Infill up to 600mm deep 04
5.1.9 Materials used for fill 04
5.1.10 Harmful or toxic materials 04
5.1.11 Regulatory solutions 05
5.1.12 Walls below DPC 05
5.1.13 Durability 06
5.1.14 Mortar 07
5.1.15 Wall ties 07
5.1.16 Blinding 07
5.1.17 Ground floor slab and concrete 07
5.1.18 Laying the ground-bearing floor slab 08
5.1.19 Damp proof course 08
5.1.20 Damp proofing concrete floors 09
5.1.21 Thermal insulation 09
5.1.22 Installation of insulation 10
5.1.23 Further information 10
For figure reference tables in this chapter, please go to the end of the chapter
1 Substructure and ground bearing floors I 2024
Chapter 5.1
5.1.1 Compliance Also see: Chapter 2.1
Substructures and ground-bearing floors shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Substructures and ground-bearing floors that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Ground-bearing floors may only be used where the depth of infill is less than 600mm deep and properly compacted.
5.1.2 Provision of information

Designs and specifications shall be produced in a clearly understandable format, include all relevant
information and be distributed to appropriate personnel.
Design and specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers,
and include the following information:
z plan dimensions and levels which should be related z information on proposed underground services,
to benchmarks including points of entry to the building
z the required sequence and depth of trench backfill where z detailing of service penetrations through the substructure,
relevant to the design of the walls below the DPC including support of the structure above details of junctions
z details of trench backfill, infill and void formers between the DPM, DPC and tanking
z work required to maintain the integrity of DPCs and z details of underfloor, floor edge and cavity insulation
damp proof membranes (DPMs) z details of ground hazards and mitigation measures.
5.1.3 Transfer of loads Also see: Chapters 4.1, 4.3, 5.2 and 6.1
5.1
Substructures and ground-bearing floors shall ensure that loads are supported and transferred to the
foundations, or ground, without undue movement.
The design of the substructure should take account of findings from the site investigation. Where infill deeper than 600mm is
needed, a suspended floor should be used.
Load-bearing partitions should have proper foundations and not be supported off ground-bearing floors. In Scotland, sleeper walls
should not be built on ground-bearing floors.
5.1.4 Ground conditions Also see: Chapters 4.1, 4.2, 5.2, 10.1 and BRE Report 211
Substructure and ground-bearing floors shall not be adversely affected by ground conditions, and take
account of:
a) ground hazards d) effect of sloping ground on depth of infill and
b) bearing capacity of the ground wall construction
c) nature of the ground e) site works and construction.
Ground hazards
Hazards likely to affect substructure and ground-bearing floors include contaminated materials, waterlogged ground and
chemicals, particularly sulfates.
Where it is necessary to reduce the entry of hazardous gas, which should be identified in the site investigation, such precautions
should be acceptable to NHBC.
Bearing capacity
Ground-bearing floors may not be suitable where the bearing capacity and nature of the ground varies, even where the depth of
infill is less than 600mm. Special measures may be needed to restrict settlement, such as the use of suspended floor construction.
Nature of the ground

Where there is shrinkable soil, expansive materials or other unstable soils, suspended floor construction may be necessary.
Shrinkable soils are classified as those which contain more than 35% fine particles (silt and clay) and which have a Modified
Plasticity Index of 10% or more. A soil testing laboratory should be consulted to verify the Plasticity Index of the soil.
2024 I Substructure and ground bearing floors 2
Chapter 5.1
The effect of sloping ground

Sloping ground may require steps in the substructure and possibly different floor levels.
Where more than 600mm of infill is required at any point in a self-contained area, the floor over the whole of that area must be of
suspended construction.
Construction on steep slopes may involve walls below DPC level acting as retaining walls and should be designed by an engineer
where (H) is greater than four times (T) or H exceeds 1m.
z (H) = height difference between floor/ground levels z (T) = the total thickness of the retaining wall.
T
Figure 1: Substructure on sloping ground
T
t1 t2
H greater
H than 4 x T
suspended floor
where the infill is
more than 600mm
where cavity
fill is omitted
T = t1 + t2
5.1
Site works and construction
Special precautions may be needed to prevent damage to the substructure from site operations on adjoining ground such as
ground treatment, or surcharging due to infill.
5.1.5 Services and drainage Also see: Chapters 5.3, 5.4, 6.2 and 8.1
Substructure and ground-bearing floors shall be installed to:
a) adequately protect existing services and ground b) have suitable surface and subsoil drainage
water drainage c) make allowance for drainage and other services.
Adequately protect existing services and ground water drainage

All existing services should be located and identified before Figure 2: Diversion of existing services
work commences. During dry periods it can be difficult to
determine if ground water drains are active, so where they are
severed or disturbed, they should be reconnected to a
suitable outfall.
Existing active groundwater drainage should be retained to land drains
diversion diverted to
minimise the risk of flooding. Water from these drains may suitable
require diverting. outfall
Where existing services conflict with the proposed foundations

or substructure, and they are to remain, they should be
protected or diverted and remaining voids filled with concrete
or grout. Where they are no longer active and are not needed,
they should be disconnected and removed.
Surface water and subsoil drainage

Surface and/or subsoil drainage may be needed on sites where there is a risk of waterlogging.
Walls which act as retaining walls may require land drains, hardcore fill and suitable outlets to dispose of any subsoil water that
collects behind the wall.
Ground or paths adjoining the home should:
z slope away at a slight fall z generally be at least 150mm below the DPC.
Chapter 5.1
Make allowance for drainage and other services

Design information should include all necessary details relating to the proposed underground services.
Drain pipes passing through or under the building may require flexible connections or other means of accommodating
differential movement.
Pipes passing through substructure walls should accommodate movement by:
z a 50mm clearance all round, or z bedded pipes, connected on both sides of the wall with
z a sleeve, with 50mm clearance all round and suitably flexible joints located as close as is feasible to the outside
sealed, or, face of the wall but at a maximum of 150mm from the face
of the wall.
Flexible joints should be made in accordance with the pipe manufacturer’s recommendations.
Figure 3: Pipes bedded in walls with flexible joints Figure 4: Pipes passing through a lintelled opening Figure 5: Backfill around pipes within openings
150mm
max.
150mm
max. 3D
600mm 600mm
max. max. minimum
50mm space
around pipe
opening masked
on both sides
flexible joint flexible joint
5.1
lintel granular backfill around pipe
pipe passing through lintelled opening

pipe bedded in walls
Where required, they should be arranged so that future access can be obtained without affecting structural stability.
When unidentified services, ducts, cables or pipes are exposed, advice should be sought from local offices of statutory
undertakings and service supply companies.
5.1.6 Ground below fill

Ground below fill shall be adequately prepared to provide consistent support to the fill and the
ground-bearing slab without undue movement.
Ground-bearing floor slabs may only be built on ground where:
z the ground is suitable to support floor loads and any z all topsoil containing vegetation and organic matter,
other loads including tree roots, has been removed
z there is a suitable and even bearing surface.
5.1.7 Fill below floors

Fill, including made ground, trench backfill and infill below ground-bearing floor slabs shall provide full and
consistent support to ground-bearing slabs.
Where more than 600mm of infill is required at any point within Figure 6: Infill under slab and backfill in trenches
a self-contained area, or the bearing capacity and nature of the

ground varies, the floor over the self-contained area should be
of suspended construction.
Infill under slabs and backfill in trenches should be properly
placed and mechanically compacted to form a stable mass in
layers not exceeding 225mm. Concrete may be used as an
alternative to backfill in trenches.
properly compacted
infill and backfill
Chapter 5.1
5.1.8 Infill up to 600mm deep Also see: Chapter 5.2
Infill beneath ground-bearing floors shall be a maximum of 600mm deep.
Ground-bearing slabs are not acceptable where infill exceeds 600mm in depth.
Where the design requires in excess of 600mm of infill at any point within a self-contained area, the floor construction over the
whole of that area is required to be independent of the fill and capable of supporting:
z self-weight z other imposed loads.
z non load-bearing partitions
Generally this should be achieved with the use of a suspended slab. See Chapter 5.2.
5.1.9 Materials used for fill Also see: Chapter 4.6, BRE DG 522 ‘Hardcore for supporting ground floors of buildings’
Materials used for fill shall be suitable for the intended use and, unless appropriate precautions are taken,
free from hazardous materials. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) sources of fill materials b) hazardous materials.
Fill should be:

z well graded z able to pass a 150mm x 150mm screen in all directions.
z inert and contain no hazardous materials
Fill containing either expansive materials or chemicals is not acceptable for the support of ground-bearing slabs.
5.1
The following types of fill should not be used unless written permission has been obtained from NHBC:
z material obtained from demolition z on wet sites, or sites with a high water table, crushed
z furnace ashes and other products of combustion or broken bricks which have S1 designation according
z colliery shale and any other residue from mineral extraction to BS EN 771.
z slags
Sources of fill material

Where the material is of a stable and uniform type, and from one source, it may only be necessary to check its suitability once.
Where material is variable, or from a number of sources, it should all be suitable, and regular inspections and/or testing may
be required.
Where industrial waste is permitted as fill material, it is essential that sufficient testing is carried out to ensure suitability.
Where material is obtained from stockpiles, check the material is uniform. Different forms of stockpiling can affect particle
size/grading. The outside of a stockpile may be weathered and may not be the same as unweathered material.
Hazardous materials
The following fill materials require testing to ensure their suitability for use with ground-bearing slabs or as backfill to
associated trenches:
z reactive materials z materials that cause noxious fumes, rot, undue settlement or
z organic materials damage to surrounding materials
z toxic materials z acid wastes.
z materials that include sulfates, eg gypsum
5.1.10 Harmful or toxic materials Also see: BRE DG 522 ‘Hardcore for supporting ground floors of buildings’
Harmful or toxic materials present in the fill or in the ground shall be identified to the satisfaction of NHBC
and not affect the performance of the substructure and ground-bearing slab.
Precautions should be taken by either:
z ensuring that made ground and fill materials are free from z designing the construction to contain, resist and prevent
harmful or toxic substances, or the adverse effects of such materials, using means
acceptable to NHBC.
Tests for sulfate content should comply with the recommendations of BRE Special Digest 1 Third Edition by a suitably qualified
person who has a detailed knowledge of the:
z material being tested z proposed conditions of use.
Chapter 5.1
The samples tested must be representative of the material, so it may be necessary to collect multiple samples to
identify characteristics.
Where there are likely to be harmful levels of sulfate:
z the floor slab should be of an appropriate mix to resist z the concrete blocks in substructure walls should be sulfate
sulfate attack or be protected by an impervious layer of 1200 resistant and suitable for the fill and ground conditions
gauge (0.3mm) polyethylene sheet, or 1000 gauge (0.25mm) z the mortar should be sulfate resisting to comply with
where it complies with Technical Requirement R3. This may BS EN 1996-1-1.
also serve as a DPM
Fill containing expansive materials or chemicals is not acceptable for use as infill or backfill.
5.1.11 Regulatory solutions

Use of recycled or secondary materials shall comply with the relevant waste regulatory requirements.
Table 1: Regulatory solution for fill, including recycled and secondary materials
Location Materials used on Regulatory solution
England and Wales Site of origin CL:AIRE Code of Practice
Other sites and less than 5000t Registration under a U1 exemption with the EA is required at the
receiving site
Other sites and over 5000t Ensure that the supplier has followed the WRAP protocol
Northern Ireland Any site Registration under a paragraph 19 exemption with the SEPA/NIEA is
and Scotland required at the receiving site
5.1
EA: Environment Agency NIEA: Northern Ireland Environment Agency

CL:AIRE: Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments SEPA: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
5.1.12 Walls below the DPC Also see: Chapters 6.1 and 6.2
Substructure and walls below the DPC shall be suitably constructed. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) construction of walls acting as temporary b) concrete cavity fill.
retaining walls
Construction of walls acting as temporary retaining walls

Backfill should be placed in layers of equal thickness to both sides of the substructure walls, so that compaction on one side is not
more than one layer ahead of the other. Where backfill is placed and compacted on one side of the foundation trench before the
other side is backfilled, the wall will be acting as a temporary retaining wall.
In such cases, the wall should either be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5 or the thickness
(T) should be as indicated in Table 2.
Figure 7: Substructure walls acting as temporary retaining walls

T
t1 t2 T
D D
where cavity
fill is omitted backfill placed after
T = t1 + t2 concrete cavity fill
fill compacted equally
on both sides
Chapter 5.1
Table 2: Acceptable D:T of temporary retaining walls

Depth (D) of filled trench Minimum thickness (T) of wall leaf supporting fill
Up to 1100mm 200mm
1100-1400mm 300mm
1400-1700mm 400mm
1700-2000mm 500mm
This guidance is only applicable to the temporary condition and where problems such as hydrostatic pressure are not present.
Concrete cavity fill

A minimum 225mm clear cavity below the DPC should be maintained. When specialised foundations are used, including those for
timber framed buildings, the minimum clear cavity depth may be reduced to 150mm below the DPC, provided that weepholes and
other necessary measures are taken to ensure free drainage. For further guidance see Clause 4.4.13.
5.1.13 Durability Also see: Chapters 4.3, 6.1 and BS EN 1996-1-1

Substructure and walls below the DPC shall be capable of supporting their intended loads and, where
necessary, be resistant to frost action, sulfates and other harmful or toxic materials. Issues to be taken
into account include:
a) brickwork b) blockwork.
Frost damage occurs on saturated masonry exposed to freezing conditions. Bricks, blocks and mortars located 150mm above and
below ground level are the most likely to be damaged by frost.
5.1
Masonry walls below the DPC should be designed and constructed as described in Chapter 6.1 ‘External Masonry Walls’.
Recommendations for the design strength of bricks, masonry blocks and mortars are given in BS EN 1996-1-1.
Brickwork
Bricks should be of suitable durability, especially in the outer leaf below the DPC, or where they could be frozen when saturated.
Bricks used in retaining walls should be suitable for the exposure and climate, as recommended by the manufacturer.
Clay bricks should comply with BS EN 771, which classifies bricks according to their durability designation (F) and to the content
of active soluble salts (S).
F0 Not freeze/thaw resistant and should not be used externally

F1 Moderately freeze/thaw resistant
F2 Freeze/thaw resistant
S1 Normal active soluble salts
S2 Low active soluble salts
Generally, bricks are designated to F1,S2 or F1,S1. If in doubt as to suitability, bricks of F2,S2 or F2,S1 should be specified, or the
manufacturer consulted and written confirmation obtained in relation to:
z geographical location z location in the structure.
Calcium silicate bricks for use below DPC should be at least compressive strength class 20.
Blockwork
Concrete blocks for use below the DPC should meet BS EN 771 and one of the following:
z minimum density of 1500kg/m3, or z assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
z minimum compressive strength of 7.3N/mm , or 2
Where it is necessary to resist sulfate attack and ensure adequate durability, blocks made with sulfate-resisting cement and/or a
higher than normal cement content should be used.
Where there is doubt regarding the suitability of the block, particularly where acids or sulfates occur, written confirmation of its
suitability should be obtained from the manufacturer in relation to:
z geographical location z location in the structure.
Chapter 5.1
5.1.14 Mortar Also see: Chapter 6.1

Substructure and walls below DPC level shall use mortar which is suitable for the location and intended use.
Issues to be taken into account include:
a) mortar mix b) sulfate resistance.
Mortar mix
Mortar should comply with the design and should take account of the strength, type and location of the masonry. The selection of
mortar for use below the DPC should follow the recommendations given in BS EN 1996-1-1.
The use of proprietary mortars and admixtures should:
z account for the type of masonry unit and its location z only be used in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
For non-clay bricks or blocks, mortar should be used in accordance with the brick manufacturer’s recommendations.
Sulfate resistance
Cements which resist sulfates should be used where:
z sulfates are present in the ground, ground water or masonry z recommended by the brick manufacturer.
In such cases, cements which resist sulfates to BS EN 197 should be used.
5.1.15 Wall ties

5.1
Substructure and walls below the DPC shall use wall ties suitable for their intended use.
Wall ties should comply with BS EN 845-1 or be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Where cavity insulation batts or slabs start below DPC level, the vertical and horizontal spacing of wall ties should be compatible
with the spacing to be used above DPC level.
5.1.16 Blinding
Blinding shall provide a suitable surface for the materials above.
Infill should be sufficiently blinded to receive the concrete, and DPM where required, using the minimum thickness necessary to
give a suitable surface.
Concrete blinding may be needed where voids in the fill could result in loss of fines from the blinding. Where hardcore fill is used,
smooth blinding, eg sand or other suitable fine material, is essential to avoid puncturing a sheet DPM.
Where the ground floor is to be reinforced, blinding should be firm and even, to give good support for the reinforcement and to
maintain the design cover using reinforcement stools, where appropriate.
5.1.17 Ground floor slab and concrete Also see: Chapter 3.1
Ground-bearing floors shall be of adequate strength and durability, and use concrete mixed and reinforced
as necessary to support floor loads safely and resist chemical and frost action.
Ground-bearing concrete floor slabs should be at least 100mm thick, including monolithic screed where appropriate.
Chapter 5.1
5.1.18 Laying the ground-bearing floor slab Also see: Chapters 3.1 and 9.3
Ground-bearing floors shall be reasonably level and effectively impervious to moisture.
All underfloor services and ducts should be installed and tested Figure 8: DPM/DPC protected during installation of a concrete slab
before concreting, where appropriate. DPM protected

by a board
Care should be taken to ensure that all joints and junctions
between DPMs, wall DPCs or tanking in substructure walls are
undamaged, especially while the concrete for the ground slab is
being poured.
5.1.19 Damp proof course Also see: Chapters 5.4, 6.1 and 6.3
Damp proof courses shall adequately resist moisture from reaching the inside of the building. Issues to be
taken into account include:
a) positioning of DPCs b) DPC materials.
Positioning of DPCs
5.1
DPCs should be:
z positioned a minimum of 150mm above external finished z of the correct width and fully bedded
ground or paving level z either welded or lapped by 100mm minimum
z linked with any DPM z impermeable.
Figure 9: DPC at least 150mm above finished ground level

Figure 10: Stepped DPC levels on sloping sites
membrane linked
with a stepped DPC
DPC level floor level
150mm
DPC level
ground level 150mm
min.
concrete cavity fill
Where homes are ‘stepped’ on a sloping site, care should be taken to link DPCs and DPMs so that all parts of each home
are protected.
DPC materials
Acceptable materials for DPCs include:
Bitumen based materials BS 6398
BS EN 14967
Polyethylene, (should not be used below BS 6515

copings, in parapets or for tanking) BS EN 14909
Proprietary materials Technical Requirement R3
DPCs and flexible cavity trays should be of the correct dimensions. At complicated junctions, preformed cavity trays of the correct
type and shape should be used.
Chapter 5.1
Brick DPCs are only suitable to resist the upward movement of moisture and should:
z consist of two courses of engineering bricks, z be bedded and jointed in a 1:¼:3, cement:lime:sand,
laid broken bond or equivalent, mortar.
5.1.20 Damp proofing concrete floors

Ground-bearing floors shall resist the passage of moisture to the inside of the home.
Ground-bearing concrete floor slabs should be protected against ground moisture by providing a continuous damp proof
membrane (DPM). The DPM should:
z have sealed laps of at least 300mm wide z take account of possible differential movement.
z link with wall DPCs to form an impervious barrier to prevent
moisture reaching the interior of the dwelling
Care should be taken not to trap moisture when a combination of damp proofing and vapour control layers are used.
When the DPM is located below the slab, a blinding layer of Figure 11: 225mm clear cavity below DPC
sand should be provided to fill voids in the hardcore and to

DPC laps DPM
minimise the risk of puncturing the membrane.
A clear cavity of at least 225mm below the DPC should be
maintained. When specialised foundations are used, including
those for timber framed buildings, this depth may be reduced
to 150mm below the DPC where weepholes are provided and 225mm
other necessary measures are taken to ensure that the cavity min.
5.1
can drain freely.

Where homes are stepped down a sloping site, the DPCs and
DPMs should be linked so that all parts of each home
are protected. The guidance in Chapter 5.4 ‘Waterproofing
of basements and other below ground structures’ should be
followed where steps between floor slabs are greater concrete cavity fill
than 150mm.
Suitable materials for DPMs include:
z 1200 gauge (0.3mm) polyethylene sheet z bitumen sheet to BS 6398
z minimum 1000 gauge (0.25mm) polyethylene sheet where it z materials that comply with Technical Requirement R3.
complies with Technical Requirement R3
5.1.21 Thermal insulation Also see: Chapters 6.1, 9.3 and BRE Report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’
Ground-bearing floors and walls below the DPC shall be thermally insulated to comply with Building
Regulations and be suitable for the intended use. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) floor insulation c) thermal bridging.
b) wall insulation
Floor insulation
Thermal insulation materials for use below ground-bearing slabs should have:
z appropriate density for the location z low water absorption.
Insulation to be positioned below both the slab and DPM should be resistant to ground contaminants. The following materials are
acceptable for use as insulation:
z expanded polystyrene boards (grade EPS 70) z a proprietary material that complies with
to BS EN 13163 Technical Requirement R3.
Wall insulation
Cavity insulation materials, super lightweight blocks, blocks with face bonded insulation or integral insulation should be:
z manufactured and used to comply with a British Standard z used in compliance with Technical Requirement R3.
and relevant code of practice, or
Chapter 5.1
The thickness of materials for masonry cavity walls should be suitable for the required level of performance, see Clause 6.1.7.
Thermal bridging
The design should ensure that any risk of thermal bridging is minimised, especially at junctions between floors and external walls.
Precautions include:
z extending cavity insulation below floor slab level z facing supporting substructure with insulation
z linking floor and wall insulation – where homes are stepped or staggered, the wall forming
z providing perimeter insulation to floors the step or stagger may require insulation
z particular attention should be paid to ensuring thermal
bridging is addressed at door openings.
5.1.22 Installation of insulation

Installation of thermal insulation shall ensure that the full thermal performance of the floor is achieved.
Insulation boards should be tightly butted together to maintain Figure 12: Protection of perimeter insulation board during
installation of concrete floor
insulation continuity. Where the insulation is turned up vertically
insulation protected
at the edge of the slab, it should be protected whilst the by board
concrete is being poured and tamped.
DPM trimmed to
5.1
avoid bridging
cavity
5.1.23 Further information

z BRE Digest 433.
Figure reference table

Figure reference table 5.1
Fig No Title/Description Clause Page
Figure 1 Substructure on sloping ground 5.1.4 2
Figure 2 Diversion of existing services 5.1.5 2
Figure 3 Pipes bedded in walls with flexible joints 5.1.5 3
Figure 4 Pipes passing through a lintelled opening 5.1.5 3
Figure 5 Backfill around pipes within openings 5.1.5 3
Figure 6 Infill under slab and backfill in trenches 5.1.7 3
Figure 7 Substructure walls acting as temporary retaining walls 5.1.12 5
Figure 8 DPM/DPC protected during installation of a concrete slab 5.1.18 8
Figure 9 DPC at least 150mm above finished ground level 5.1.19 8
Figure 10 Stepped DPC levels on sloping sites 5.1.19 8
Figure 11 225mm clear cavity below DPC 5.1.20 9
Figure 12 Protection of perimeter insulation board during installation of concrete floor 5.1.22 10
Chapter
5.2
Suspended ground floors
Technical Requirements for suspended ground
floors including those constructed from:
z in-situ concrete
z precast concrete
z timber joists.
5.2.1 Compliance 01
5.2.3 Contaminants 01
5.2.4 Proprietary systems 01
5.2.5 Transfer of loads: concrete floors 01
5.2.6 Reinforced concrete 02
5.2.7 Construction of suspended
concrete ground floors 02
5.2.8 Transfer of loads: timber floors 02
5.2.9 Thermal insulation and
thermal bridging 03
5.2.10 Damp proofing and ventilation 03
5.2.11 Floor finishes 04
5.2.12 Floor decking 04
1 Suspended ground floors I 2024
Chapter 5.2
5.2.1 Compliance Also see: Chapters 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.5 and 5.1
Suspended ground floors shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Suspended ground floors that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Ground floors should be constructed as suspended floors where:
z the depth of fill exceeds 600mm z the ground has been subject to vibratory improvement
z there is shrinkable soil that could be subject to movement z ground or fill is not suitable to support ground-bearing slabs.
(See Chapter 4.2 ‘Building near trees’), expansive materials
or other unstable soils

information and be distributed to all appropriate personnel.
Design and specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers, and
include the following information:
z all necessary plan dimensions and levels related to z details of junctions between DPM, DPC and tanking
identified benchmarks z details of underfloor and floor edge insulation and cavity
z details of load-bearing walls insulation, where relevant
z minimum bearing dimensions z span and direction of structural members
z information on all proposed underground services z details of non-loadbearing walls
5.2
z points of entry to the building for services z details of ground hazards and mitigation measures.
z details of trench backfill, infill and void formers
5.2.3 Contaminants Also see: Chapter 4.1, 10.1 and BRE Report 211
Suspended ground floors shall be designed and constructed to ensure that adequate measures are taken
against the adverse effects of ground contaminants, including adequate protection against hazardous gas.
Any contaminants in, or above, the ground should be identified to the satisfaction of NHBC, following the guidance given in the
appropriate British Standard, and precautions against health hazards caused by contaminants should be taken.
Precautions acceptable to NHBC may be necessary to reduce the entry of hazardous gas; such conditions should be identified in
the site investigation.
5.2.4 Proprietary systems

Proprietary suspended flooring systems shall have adequate strength and durability.
Proprietary concrete flooring systems should be designed in accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1. Where a system incorporates
elements which cannot be designed to this standard, eg polystyrene infill blocks, the floor should be assessed in accordance with
Technical Requirement R3.
5.2.5 Transfer of loads: concrete floors Also see: Chapters 4.1, 4.2, 5.2 and BRE Report 211
Suspended ground floors shall be designed and constructed to transmit all loads safely to the supporting
structure without undue movement. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) dead and imposed loads b) end bearings.
Dead and imposed loads

In-situ:
Loads should be calculated in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-1.
Suspended in-situ concrete ground floors should be designed either:
z by an engineer in accordance with z in accordance with BS 8103-1.
Technical Requirement R5, or
2024 I Suspended ground floors 2
Chapter 5.2
Precast:
Loads should be calculated in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-1.
Precast concrete suspended ground floors should be:
z designed by an engineer in accordance with z chosen from the manufacturer’s details which are based on
Technical Requirement R5 recognised standards and codes of practice.
z proprietary systems which have been assessed in
accordance with Technical Requirement R3, or
End bearings
In-situ:
Bearings on supporting walls should be designed either:
z by an engineer in accordance with z in accordance with BS 8103-1.
Technical Requirement R5, or
Precast:
Bearings on supporting walls should be as recommended by the manufacturer, and in no case less than 90mm.
5.2.6 Reinforced concrete Also see: Chapter 3.1
Suspended ground floors shall use suitably mixed and reinforced concrete, which will achieve sufficient
strength to support floor loads safely and be sufficiently durable to remain unaffected by chemical or
frost action.
Guidance for the specification and use of in-situ concrete, additives and reinforcement is contained in Chapter 3.1
5.2
‘Concrete and its reinforcement’.
5.2.7 Construction of suspended concrete ground floors Also see: Chapter 6.4
Suspended ground floors shall be designed and constructed to ensure the safe support of the intended
loads and be reasonably level.
In-situ:
Concreting should be carried out in accordance with:
z the design information z relevant parts of NHBC guidance for concrete,
including Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’.
Precast:
Care should be taken to ensure that DPCs are not damaged or displaced. All sitework for precast concrete floors should be carried
out in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.2.8 Transfer of loads: timber floors Also see: Chapters 4.3 and 6.4
Timber suspended ground floors, including the decking material, shall be designed and constructed to be
suitable for their intended use. Issues to be taken into account include the:
a) support of self-weight, dead and imposed loads and b) safe transmission of loads to the supporting structure
limited deflection c) adverse effects of shrinkage and movement.
Support of self-weight, dead and imposed loads, and limited deflection

Structural timber grades and sizes should be adequate for the spans and imposed loads. Where trimming is necessary,
adequately sized timbers should be used.
Structural timber components should be of a suitable strength class as specified by the designer to BS EN 338. Solid structural
timber should be:
z machine graded to BS EN 14081, or visually graded to BS z dry graded
4978 for softwoods or BS 5756 for hardwoods z marked in accordance with BS EN 14081.
z assigned a strength class based on BS EN 1912 when
visually graded
Further guidance on strength classes for certain timber species can be found in PD 6693.
Engineered wood products such as I-section or metal-web joists should be assessed in accordance with Technical
Requirement R3.
3 Suspended ground floors I 2024
Chapter 5.2
For guidance on floor joist deflection limits, see Clause 6.4.9.
Safe transmission of loads to the supporting structure

Joist hangers should be suitable for:
z the joist width and depth z the loading
z the strength of masonry z providing adequate end bearings to joists.
Sleeper walls should adequately support the floor joists, and joists should be correctly supported at masonry separating walls.
Sleeper walls should not limit ventilation.
Shrinkage and movement

Strutting should be provided where required following the guidance in Clause 6.4.15.
Also see: Chapter 9.3 and
5.2.9 Thermal insulation and thermal bridging BRE Report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’
Suspended ground floors shall be insulated in accordance with Building Regulations to minimise thermal
transmission through the floor and using materials suitable for the location and intended use.
Insulation should be installed to ensure that any risk of thermal bridging is minimised, especially at junctions between floors and
external walls. Thermal bridging precautions include:
z extending cavity wall insulation below floor level z providing perimeter insulation to floors.
Insulation below cast in-situ suspended ground floor slabs should be:
z placed on a suitable, compacted and even substrate z strong enough to support wet construction loads
5.2
z of a material with low water absorption z compatible with any DPM.

z resistant to ground contaminants
Insulation for timber floors may be either insulation quilt or rigid insulation.
Cavity wall insulation should extend below the floor insulation level.
Insulation for use above suspended concrete floors should be in accordance with Chapter 9.3 ‘Floor finishes’.
Particular attention should be paid to ensuring thermal bridging is addressed at door openings.
5.2.10 Damp proofing and ventilation Also see: Chapters 4.2, 5.1, 5.4, 6.1, 6.3 and 9.3
Suspended ground floors shall be designed and constructed to resist the passage of moisture into the
building. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) damp proofing b) ventilation.
Damp proofing
Where DPMs are required, they should be linked with any DPCs in the supporting structure, in order to provide continuous
protection from moisture from the ground or through the supporting structure.
DPMs should be properly lapped in accordance with Chapter 5.1 ‘Substructure and ground-bearing floors’.
In-situ concrete:
Dampness from the ground and supporting structure should be prevented from reaching the floor by using linked DPMs and DPCs
to provide continuous protection.
Where there is a risk of sulfate attack, in-situ or oversite concrete should be protected with polyethylene sheet that is a minimum:
z 1200 gauge (0.3mm), or z 1000 gauge (0.25mm) if assessed in accordance with
Technical Requirement R3.
Precast concrete:
Additional damp proofing may not be necessary where:
z the underfloor void is ventilated in accordance with CP 102 z ground below the floor is effectively drained, if excavated
and DPCs are provided under bearings of precast floors below the level of the surrounding ground.
2024 I Suspended ground floors 4
Chapter 5.2
Where proprietary floor systems are used, adequate moisture-resistant membranes should be installed in accordance with the
Vapour control layers may be necessary to protect floor finishes and, where used, should be positioned in accordance with the
Timber ground floors:
Timber used for suspended ground floors should either have adequate natural durability or be preservative treated in accordance
with Chapter 3.3 ‘Timber preservation (natural solid timber)’, and the ground below the floor covered with:
z 50mm concrete or fine aggregate on a polyethylene z 100mm concrete.
membrane laid on 50mm sand blinding, or
Ventilation
Ventilation should be provided to precast and timber suspended floors. This is generally provided by ventilators on at least two
opposite external walls, with air bricks properly ducted in accordance with Chapter 6.1 ‘External masonry walls’. Where this is
not possible, suitable cross ventilation should be provided by a combination of openings and air ducts. Ventilation should not be
obtained through a garage.
Sleeper walls and partitions should be constructed with sufficient openings to ensure adequate through ventilation. If necessary,
pipe ducts should be incorporated in adjoining solid floors, separating walls or other obstructions.Where underfloor voids adjoin
ground bearing floors, ventilation ducts should be installed.
Void ventilation should be provided to whichever gives the greater opening area:
z 1500mm2 per metre run of external wall z 500mm2 per m2 of floor area.
Ventilators should be spaced at no more that 2m centres and within 450mm of the end of any wall.
5.2
A minimum ventilation void of 150mm should be provided below the underside of precast concrete and timber suspended floors.
On shrinkable soil where heave could take place, a larger void is required to allow for movement according to the volume
change potential.
z high volume change potential – 150mm (300mm total void) z low volume change potential – 50mm (200mm total void).
z medium volume change potential – 100mm
(250mm total void)
Where precast concrete floor planks are used over a DPM laid directly on fill on non-shrinkable soil, the fill should be inert and
non-expansive, raised up to the underside of the floor slab and be well compacted. Where this is carried out, a ventilated void
below the floor is not necessary.
5.2.11 Floor finishes

Finishes to suspended ground floors shall be protected where necessary, against damp, condensation
or spillage.
Guidance for suitable floor finishes is given in Chapter 9.3 ‘Floor finishes’. Care should be taken to prevent trapping any water
spillage below timber floors.
Other floor decking should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 and should be installed in accordance with
manufacturers’ recommendations.
5.2.12 Floor decking

Floor decking shall be suitable for the intended purpose and be correctly installed.
Acceptable installation details and materials used for decking are detailed in Clause 6.4.19.
Chapter
5.3
Drainage below ground
This chapter gives guidance on meeting the Technical
Requirements for foul, surface water and ground water
drainage systems.
This chapter does not apply to the adoption of sewers
under Section 104 agreement of the Water Industry
Act 1991 or the Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968. For
information on standards required for adopted sewers,
contact the local sewerage undertaker and other
relevant authorities.
5.3.1 Compliance 01
5.3.3 Preliminary work 02
5.3.4 Foul and surface water disposal 02
5.3.5 Drainage system performance 03
5.3.6 Ground water drainage 04
5.3.7 Design to avoid damage and
blockages 04
5.3.8 Durability 08
5.3.9 Septic tanks and cesspools 09
5.3.10 Septic tank outputs 10
5.3.11 Surface water soakaways 12
5.3.12 Component requirements 14
5.3.13 Excavation 15
5.3.14 Protection of pipework 15
5.3.15 Laying pipework 16
5.3.16 Protection of work 17
5.3.17 Testing 18
1 Drainage below ground I 2024
Chapter 5.3
Definitions for this chapter

For the purposes of this chapter, the following definitions apply:
Access point Provision to access a sewer or drain for maintenance or inspection and includes any manhole,
inspection chamber or rodding eye
Curtilage The area of land around a building, or group of buildings, which is for the private use of the
occupants of the buildings
Freeboard The distance between the design water level and the top of a structure, provided as a
precautionary safety measure against early system failure
Gully Assembly to receive water for discharge into a drainage system
Infiltration system Are systems that are specifically designed to promote infiltration of surface water or treated effluent
into the ground. There are many different types of drainage components which can be used to
facilitate infiltration. Some of these include soakaways, infiltration trenches, infiltration basins and
drainage fields for use in wastewater treatment
Inspection chamber Structure with a removable cover constructed on a drain or sewer that permits the introduction of
cleaning and inspection equipment from surface level, but does not provide access for personnel
Local authority Includes an authority acting in any relevant capacity:
including a Local Planning Authority (LPA), Lead Local Flood Authority (LLFA) or SuDS Approval
Body (SAB)
Manhole Structure with a removable cover constructed on a drain or sewer to permit entry by personnel
Manhole top Upper part of a manhole or inspection chamber consisting of a frame and cover and/or grating
Private drain Is a drain used for the drainage of one building or any buildings or yards appurtenant to buildings
within the same curtilage
5.3
Public sewer A sewer for the time being vested in a water company in its capacity as sewerage undertaker
Rising main A sewer through which foul sewage and/or surface water is pumped
Satisfactory outfall or Point of discharge which has been specifically designed to discharge the foul sewage or surface
effective discharge point water and for which there is a legal right to discharge. This can be another sewer or a watercourse
(if there is a legal right to discharge) or an area of land or another infiltration drainage component
Septic tank Is a form of wastewater treatment plant and refers to both traditional in-situ constructed septic
tank as well as prefabricated septic tank (or small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PT)
conforming to BS EN 12566
5.3.1 Compliance Also see: Chapter 2.1
Drainage systems shall comply with the Technical Requirements.

Below ground drainage that complies with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
All drainage schemes require the approval of the building control authority. Local sewerage undertakers may impose additional
requirements and restrictions. Both should be consulted early, especially where the drainage system is to be adopted under a
Section 104 agreement of the Water Industry Act 1991 or Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968. The system may need to be inspected
and tested by the sewerage undertaker, as well as by the local authority, building control authority and NHBC.
Satisfactory outfall disposal is essential where a septic tank or equivalent sewage treatment plant is installed. In England and
Wales, Environment Agency consent may be required to discharge effluent from a septic tank or equivalent sewage treatment
plant. In Northern Ireland, the NIEA should approve proposals; in Scotland, the local authority and, where appropriate, the river
purification authority should approve proposals.
Ground conditions may preclude the use of septic tanks or equivalent sewage treatment plant in some locations. In all cases,
NHBC will require evidence of a satisfactory percolation test where infiltration drainage system is being installed.
For surface water discharge into a watercourse, the permission of the Environment Agency is required in England and Wales.
A ‘consent to discharge’ is required from the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland. In Scotland, the local authority
and, where appropriate, the river purification authorities should be consulted.
In all cases:
z relevant local authorities should be consulted and z NHBC will require evidence of a satisfactory percolation
appropriate permissions sought before sitework begins test where a septic tank or equivalent sewage treatment
plant is being installed.
2024 I Drainage below ground 2
Chapter 5.3
Table 1: Guide to relevant authority

Septic tank discharge Surface water discharge into a watercourse
England and Wales Environment Agency
DEFRA
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Environment Agency
Scotland Local authority Local authority
River purification authority River purification authority
Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

Design and specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers,
z proposed drain layout z results of percolation tests where treated effluent disposal is
z invert levels and locations of existing sewers through field drains or surface water through soakaways
z junctions z length of field drains and their layout (including details of
z ground floor levels of homes trench width as this is critical to the functioning of
z external finished levels
the system)
z depth of field drains
z inspection and access points
z details of drains or sewers intended for adoption
z method of disposal of both foul and surface water
5.3
z details of soakaways (including size or volume and
z position of any septic tank or cesspool in relation to
adjacent buildings surrounding details).
5.3.3 Preliminary work

Drainage systems shall be checked on site to ensure that the design can be achieved.
Check that the following are as specified in the design:
z invert levels and locations of existing sewers z external finished levels.
z ground floor levels of homes
Percolation tests should be verified where treated effluent disposal is through field drains. The length of any field drains specified
in the design should be accommodated within the site boundaries.
5.3.4 Foul and surface water disposal Also see: BS EN 752, Clause 5.3.11 and BRE Digest 365
Drainage systems shall be designed in accordance with relevant codes and standards to convey foul
effluents and surface water satisfactorily to an appropriate outfall. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) connections to sewers d) compatibility with other systems
b) connections to surface water disposal systems e) capacity of private sewers
c) rights of connection to disposal systems f) treatment plants for more than one home.
Connections to sewers
Connections to public sewers require the agreement of the responsible authority, which should be consulted as to the type and
position of the connection.
Connections to private sewers require the agreement of the owners of the sewer. This should be obtained as part of the
design process. Where the private sewer subsequently discharges into a public sewer, the local sewerage undertaker should be
notified of the proposal.
Chapter 5.3
Connections to surface water disposal systems

Surface water drainage is generally required to be separated from foul water drainage. Where permitted, surface water may be
discharged into the main public surface water drains or directly into natural watercourses, ponds or soakaways, as appropriate.
Surface water should not discharge to:
z septic tanks z separate foul sewers.
z cesspools
For large or complicated homes, the volume of surface water to be disposed should be calculated in accordance with
BS EN 12056-3.
Rights of connection to disposal systems

A legal right must exist when connecting drains to an outfall.
Compatibility with other systems

The drainage system should be compatible with the main surface water manhole
sewerage system:
z with separate systems for foul water and surface water interceptor
z with separate systems where foul water is connected to the foul manhole
main sewer, while surface water disposal is by soakaways or
other suitable means, or
z as a combined system.
Where the sewerage undertaker permits surface water drains

to be connected to a foul water system:
5.3
public combined
z an interceptor should be installed on the surface water side of sewer
the foul sewer junction, or
z trapped gullies should be used.
Where ground water drains are connected to surface water

drains, there should be a silt trap on the ground water side of
the junction.
Capacity of private sewers

Private drainage systems should be:
z in accordance with BS EN 752 z sufficient to cope with the intended capacity.
Where an existing private drainage system is to be extended, or where the capacity is to be increased, sufficient investigation,
measurement and calculation should be undertaken to ensure that all parts of the private system are of adequate capacity.
Treatment plants for more than one home

Small sewage treatment works for more than one home should be designed in accordance with BS EN 12566.
Discharge from the waste water treatment plant should be:
z sited at least 10m away from water courses and homes z designed by a suitably qualified engineer.
5.3.5 Drainage system performance Also see: Chapter 4.1, 8.1, BRE Report 211 and BRE Report 212
Drainage shall be suitably located and prevent health hazards. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) ventilation of drainage systems c) siting of septic tanks and cesspools
b) prevention of gases entering the home d) pumped systems.
Ventilation of drainage systems

Ventilation of drains is normally achieved by ventilating discharge stacks.
Air admittance valves which comply with Technical Requirement R3 may be used in some homes to prevent trap seal siphonage.
An open vent is generally required at the head of common drainage systems, and where the discharge pipe is the only vent for a
septic tank or cesspool.
Chapter 5.3
Prevention of gases entering the home

Where special precautions are necessary (eg sealing drains where they enter the building) to reduce the entry of gases such as
radon or landfill gas, such precautions should be acceptable to NHBC.
Siting of septic tanks and cesspools

Septic tanks and cesspools should be:
z a minimum of 7m from homes z a maximum of 30m from vehicular access to permit emptying.
In Scotland, a minimum distance of 5m from homes and boundaries is acceptable for septic tanks.
Pumped systems
Where a gravity system is not possible, pumped systems may have to be used and should be designed in accordance with
BS EN 752 and BS 6297. The installation should include:
z a holding tank of sufficient volume to contain 24 hours of z suitable equipment housing.
domestic effluent based on 120L/150L per head per day
z a suitable warning system providing visual and/or audible
signals to indicate malfunction
5.3.6 Ground water drainage

Ground water drainage shall convey excess ground water to a suitable outfall. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) layout of pipes b) pipe construction.
5.3
Layout of pipes
Where ground water drainage is required, depending on the site contours and ground conditions, it may be designed as:
z a natural system z a fan-shaped system
z a herringbone system z a moat system.
z a grid system
Pipe construction
Pipe perforations should be holes or slots to suit the nature of the ground.
Ground water drain systems connected to foul, surface water or combined drains should discharge into the drain through a
catchpit. Where suitable, ground water drainage may discharge into a soakaway, preferably through a catchpit or
into a watercourse.
Also see: Chapter 4.2, BS EN 476,

5.3.7 Design to avoid damage and blockages BS EN 13598-1 & 2 and SFA-7
Drainage systems shall minimise the risk of damage and blockage. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) ground stability e) access and connections
b) pipe runs f) drainage covers and gully grids
c) pipe sizes g) ground water
d) gradients h) flooding.
Ground stability
Proper allowance should be made for ground movement.
Pipes should have flexible joints and additional precautions taken to prevent leakage where required. Where ground movement
could be significant, for example in made-up ground or clay soils, the following issues should be taken into account:
z the use of flexible pipes and flexible joints z a support system designed by an engineer in accordance
z design gradients that are steeper than the minimum with Technical Requirement R5
requirements for flow rate and pipe size z conditions where ground movement is likely to adversely
affect the drain.
In non-uniform or saturated soils where movement at the trench bottom can be expected, soft spots should be removed and
replaced with suitable material. Immediately after excavation, the protective blinding should be placed in the trench bottom.
Chapter 5.3
Pipe runs
Pipe runs should be designed to maintain a self-cleansing velocity (0.7 m/s). They should be as straight as practicable with
minimal changes of direction. Bends should only occur in, or next to, inspection chambers and manhole covers. Curves should
be slight so that blocked pipes can be cleared.
Pipe sizes
Pipe sizes should be designed for the maximum peak load in accordance with BS EN 752.
Ground water drains and soakaways should be designed with sufficient capacity for normal weather conditions.
Gradients
Design gradients should:
z be as even as practicable z where peak flows exceed 1.0L/second, the gradients in
z where flows are less than 1.0L/second, gradients for Table 2 may be used:
100mm diameter pipes should not be flatter than 1:40
Table 2: Minimum gradients
Pipe diameter (mm) Minimum gradient
100 1:80
150 1:150
Where peak flows are greater than 1.0L/second, 100mm pipes should serve a minimum of one WC and 150mm pipes should
serve a minimum of five.
Access and connections

5.3
To ensure that every length of drain can be rodded, the design

should include appropriately located access points, such as:
z rodding eyes
z access chambers
z inspection chambers
z manholes.
access chamber
inspection chamber
manhole
All access points should be located as shown in the design information and should:
z be accessible for rodding and cleaning z not cross boundaries or kerb lines.
Inspection chambers and manholes should:

z be of sufficient size for the depth of invert, and z the invert depth for the fitting or chamber should not
exceeded those given in Table 3.
Chapter 5.3
Table 3: Minimum dimensions for access fittings and inspection chambers

Type Depth to invert Internal sizes Cover sizes
from cover Length x width Circular Length x width Circular (mm)
level (m) (mm x mm) (mm) (mm x mm)
Rodding eye As drain but Same size as pipework(1)
min. 100
Small access fitting 150 dia. 0.6 or less, 150 x 100 150 150 x 100(1) Same size as access fitting
150 x 100 except where
Large access fitting 225 x 100 situated in a 225 x 100 225 225 x 100(1) Same size as access fitting
chamber
Shallow inspection chamber 0.6 or less 225 x 100 190(2) – 190(1)
1.2 or less 450 x 450 300(4) Min. 430 x 430 310
Deep inspection chamber Greater than 1.2 450 x 450 300(5) - 450 Max. 300 x 300(3) Access restricted to max. 350(3)
Notes
1 The clear opening may be reduced by 20mm in order to provide further support for the cover and frame.
2 Drains up to 150mm.
3 A larger clear opening cover may be used in conjunction with restricted access. The size is restricted for health and safety reasons to deter entry.
4 300mm diameter Inspection chamber complying with BS EN 13598-1.
5 300mm diameter Adoptable Inspection chamber complying with BS EN 13598-2 may be used up to depth of 2m.
Table 4: Minimum dimension for manholes

Type Size of largest pipe (DN) (mm) Minimum internal dimensions(1) Min. clear opening size(1)
Rectangular Circular diameter (mm) Rectangular Circular
length and length and diameter
width (mm) width (mm) (mm)
5.3
Manhole up to Equal to or less than 150 750 x 675(7) 1000(7) 750 x 675(2) NA(3)
1.5m deep to 225 1200 x 675 1200 1200 x 675(2)
soffit 300 1200 x 750 1200
Greater than 300 1800 x (DN+450) The larger of 1800 or (DN+450)
Manhole Equal to or less than 225 1200 x 1000 1200 600 x 600 600
greater than 300 1200 x 1075 1200
1.5m deep 375-450 1350 x 1225 1200
to soffit Greater than 450 1800 x (DN+775) The larger of 1800 or (DN+775)
Manhole shaft(4) Steps(5) 1050 x 800 1050 600 x 600 600
greater than Winch(6) 900 x 800 900 600 x 600 600
3.0m deep to
soffit pipe Ladder(5) 1200 x 800 1200
Notes
1 Larger sizes may be required for manholes on bends or where there are junctions.
2 May be reduced to 600 x 600 where required by highway loading restrictions and subject to a safe system of work being specified.
3 Not applicable due to working space needed.
4 Minimum height of chamber in shafted manhole 2m from benching to underside of reducing slab.
5 Minimum clear space between ladder or steps and the opposite face of the shaft should be approximately 900mm.
6 Winch only; no steps or ladders, permanent or removable.
7 The minimum size of any manhole serving a sewer, ie, any drain serving more than one home, should be 1200mm x 675mm rectangular or 1200mm diameter.
8 Tables 3 & 4 have been reproduced from Tables 11 and 12 of Approved Document H by permission of HMSO.
Inspection chambers and manholes may be one of the following types:

z open, half-round section channel with suitable benching z closed access, where covers have to be removed to gain
access to the pipe.
Side branches to inspection chambers and manholes should discharge into the main channel no higher than half pipe level.
Connections should be made obliquely in the direction of flow.
slow radius bends proprietary manhole

Chapter 5.3
Traditional construction
The minimum specification for traditional manholes and inspection chambers is as follows:
Base Minimum 100mm concrete
Walls Brick, blockwork or concrete should be appropriate for the ground conditions
100mm minimum thickness is suitable for depths up to 0.9m where no vehicular traffic loads are
encountered and there is no ground water pressure
Elsewhere, 200mm minimum thickness should be provided
Rendering Where required, rendering should be applied to the external faces of the wall
Benching Benching should be steel trowelled to provide:
z a smooth finish
z rounded corners
z a fall of not less than 1:12
Clay bricks for manholes should comply with BS EN 771 and:

z be of low active soluble salt content z have a minimum compressive strength of 48N/mm2.
5.3
Engineering bricks are also suitable.

Concrete bricks for manholes should:
z comply with BS EN 771 z have a minimum crushing strength of 48N/mm2 with a
minimum cement content of 350kg/m3 for foul drainage.
Calcium silicate bricks should comprise strength class 20 or above for foul drainage situations.
Proprietary systems
Proprietary systems should be:
z in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 z installed in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions.
Proprietary manholes should not be used at a depth greater than the manufacturer’s instructions.
Adaptors, couplers and sealing rings should be:
z installed correctly and in accordance with the z treated using the lubricants and solvents specified.
manufacturer’s instructions
Drainage covers and gully grids

Manhole covers and gully grids should be of the correct type for the proposed location in accordance with Tables 5 and 5a.
Manhole covers used within buildings should be airtight and mechanically secured. Covers used for septic tanks, cesspits and
settlement tanks should be lockable.
Manholes should be constructed or installed at the correct level so that the covers will align with the adjacent ground.
Gullies should be adequately:
z bedded z square and kerbed.
z set level
Table 5: Type of covering and grid required for inspection and manhole covers and frames
Group 1 Areas which can only be used by pedestrians and cyclists
Group 2 Footways, pedestrian areas and comparable areas, car parks or car parking decks
Group 3 For gully tops installed in the area of kerbside channels of roads which when measured from the kerb edge,
extend a maximum of 0.5m into the carriageway and a maximum of 0.2m into the footway
Group 4 Carriageways of roads, including pedestrian streets, hard shoulders and parking areas, and suitable for all
types of road vehicles
Proprietary items, eg covers to plastic manholes, should be in accordance with manufacturers’ recommendations.
Chapter 5.3
Table 5a: Gully grids in carriageways

Grade B For use in carriageways of roads with cars and slow-moving normal commercial vehicles
Grade A class 2 For use in carriageways of roads
Grade A class 1 For use in carriageways of roads (gully grids of permanent non-rock design)
Ground water
Foul and surface water drainage systems should prevent the ingress of ground water.
Flooding
Where there is a risk of flooding, the advice of the relevant river authority should be followed.
5.3.8 Durability Also see: Chapter 3.1 and 6.1
Drainage systems shall be adequately durable and protected against damage. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) loads from foundations d) drainage under buildings
b) bedding of pipes e) chemicals in ground and ground water.
c) loads from overlying fill and traffic
Loads from foundations

Drains should be located so that foundation loads are not transmitted to pipes. Where drainage trenches are near foundations:
z foundation bottoms should be lower than z the drain should be re-routed to increase separation.
5.3
adjacent trenches, or
Where the bottom of a drainage trench is below foundation level, the trench should be filled with concrete to a suitable level.
A = less than 1m A = more than 1m
B
B is within A-150mm
from the bottom of foundation
Bedding of pipes
Bedding should be in accordance with Clause 5.3.15.
Loads from overlying fill and traffic

Special protection may be required where pipes are near the ground surface or where they could be damaged by the weight of
backfill or traffic load from above.
For flexible pipes, and where greater safety is needed, the bedding class and grading of backfill should comply with
BS EN 13242, BS EN 1610 and BS EN 752.
When using proprietary systems assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3, pipes should be
supported accordingly.
Chapter 5.3
Drainage under buildings

Pipework support should take account of the ground conditions and ensure that the drainage is not adversely affected by
ground movement.
Pipework under suspended floors should not be supported on ground or fill that is susceptible to movement without adequate
provision being made to:
z maintain minimum design gradients z protect against leakage.
z protect against backfall
Where drains are located beneath raft foundations or where ground movement is likely, the design of the pipework and support
system should be carried out by a suitably qualified engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
See Clause 5.3.14 for ‘Pipework passing through substructure walls’.
Chemicals in ground and ground water

Where the ground or ground water contains sulfates, concrete and masonry work may require special precautions.
5.3.9 Septic tanks and cesspools

Septic tanks and cesspools shall be correctly installed and be suitable for their intended use. Issues to be
a) capacity c) permeability of septic tanks and cesspools
b) access and ventilation d) connections to septic tanks and cesspools.
A septic tank is a form of treatment plant and requires a suitable outfall for treated effluent discharge, which is agreed with the
5.3
relevant authority.
A cesspool is a tank which stores effluent and has to be emptied periodically.
Capacity
The capacity of the septic tank should be based on the number of people it will serve, using the formula: C = 180P + 2000
C = Capacity of tank in litres. Minimum 2700L.
P = Design population/potential occupancy. Minimum four occupants.
Cesspools are required to be at least 18m3 capacity per two users (plus another 6.8m3 per each extra user). A 45-day holding
capacity calculated at 150 litres/head/day should be provided.
Access and ventilation

Septic tanks and cesspools should:
z be covered and ventilated z have the access points with lockable covers and no
z be provided with access points for inspection, emptying, dimension less than 600mm.
de-sludging and cleaning
The inlet and outlet of a septic tank should be provided with access for inspection.The inlet of a cesspool should be provided with
access for inspection. Cesspools should have no openings except the inlet, the vent and the inspection access.
Permeability of septic tanks and cesspools

Septic tanks and cesspools should be impermeable to their contents and to subsoil water. They should be constructed of
brickwork, concrete, glass reinforced concrete, glass reinforced plastics or steel.
Brickwork should be of engineering bricks, laid in cement mortar at least 220mm thick. In-situ concrete should be at least
150mm thick.
Connections to septic tanks and cesspools

The entry flow velocity should be restricted to reduce disturbance in the tank. Where the drain into the septic tank is less than
150mm in diameter; it should have a gradient no steeper than 1:50 for at least 12m.
Rodding and cleaning facilities should be provided at the connection with the tank.
Chapter 5.3
5.3.10 Septic tank outputs Also see: BS 6297
Septic tanks shall have suitable drainage connections. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) outfall d) field drains
b) flow velocity e) underdrains.
c) soakaways for septic tanks
Outfall
The designer should ensure at an early stage that consent for discharge will be given, or select an alternative method of
drainage. Certain locations and ground conditions may preclude the use of proprietary septic tanks. Septic tank sewage systems
should have:
z satisfactory outfall disposal z placement that accounts for topography and ensures that
water is drained away from the building.
Where a septic tank drainage system is to be installed, NHBC requires:
z evidence of a satisfactory percolation test z copies of relevant consents and approvals before
work commences.
Flow velocity
A dip pipe should be provided with:
z the top limb rising above scum level, and z the bottom limb extending about 450mm below top
water level.
Soakaways for septic tanks
5.3
Soakaways in porous subsoils
A soakaway may be used where the outfall from a proprietary septic tank is to discharge to a porous subsoil at a level above that
of the winter water table. Soakaway constructions generally consist of an excavation filled with brick bats or other large pieces
of inert material, or unfilled but lined, eg with dry laid brickwork or precast concrete (porous or perforated) rings, from which the
effluent may percolate into the surrounding ground. Proprietary septic tanks should be assessed in accordance with Technical
Requirement R3.
Soakaways which are not filled should be covered by a slab incorporating an inspection cover.
The size of the soakaway should be determined as described in this chapter and the area of the bottom of the soakaway should
equal the area of trench bottom in Chart 1 below.
Where the porous strata is overlaid by less permeable subsoil, a borehole may be permitted by the appropriate authority on
obtaining a discharge consent.
Where soakaways are to be used, the use of tertiary treatment unit may be required to minimise the amount of suspended solids
in the treated wastewater and use of grease trap to part cleanse kitchen wastewater, upstream of a packaged treatment plant
may also be necessary to minimise the risk of fat clogging up the soakaway system.
Where a geotextile wrapped cellular soakaway is the desired outfall for a single unit treatment plant or a proprietary septic tank,
it should be designed for the discharge from the treatment plant to flow via silt trapped chamber before entering the soakaway.
The chamber should be regularly maintained (together with the treatment plant) to ensure suspended particles discharge into the
soakaway are minimised.
Soakaways in less porous subsoils
In less porous subsoils, a sub-surface irrigation system may be used, which should be designed:
z using approved means to determine the percolation rate z according to the area of sub-surface drainage from which
the length of land drain can be found, determined by the
following procedure.
Percolation test procedure for septic tanks:
Step 1 Excavate a hole 300mm square and 250mm deep below the proposed invert level of the land drain
Step 2 Fill with water to depth of 250mm. As an aid, mark a stick 250mm from one end,
place in the hole and fill to the mark. Allow the water to drain away overnight
Step 3 Refill to a depth of at least 250mm and note the time taken (in seconds) to drain away completely
Step 4 Repeat the exercise two more times and calculate the average of the three results, as follows:
percolation value (s) = time to drain away (seconds)
depth of water (mm)
The results of the percolation test should be used in accordance with Table 6 to determine a suitable method of drainage.
Chapter 5.3
Table 6: Suitable methods of drainage

Percolation value (s) Suitability for less porous subsoils
Up to 100 Chart 1 to determine the field drain trench area
Chart 2 to determine the pipe length to provide this area
100 to 140 As above, but underdrains are also necessary
Over 140 The soil is unsuitable for field drains
Table 7: Capacity based on potential occupancy

Number of persons/bed spaces Minimum capacity (litres)
<4 2700
4 2720
5 2900
6 3080
7 3260
8 3440
9 3620
10 3800
Chart 1: Field drains trench area

240
230 9 persons
220
210
5.3
200 8 persons
190
180
Field drain trench area (m2)
7 persons
170
160
150 6 persons
140
130
120 5 persons
110
100 4 persons
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percolation value
Chart 2: Field pipe length

800 300 wide
750
700
650
600
550
450 wide
Linear pipe length (m)
500
450
400 600 wide
350 750 wide
300 900 wide
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Drain trench floor (m2)
Chapter 5.3
Field drains
Field drains should be:
z sited according to topography, ensuring that water is z laid on a 150mm bed of clinker, clean gravel or broken
drained away from the building stone (20mm–50mm grade) and trenches filled to a level
z formed with perforated pipe, laid at least 500mm below 50mm above the pipe and covered with strips of plastic
the surface material to prevent entry of silt
z laid in trenches with a uniform gradient less than 1:200 with z backfilled with as dug material.
undisturbed ground 2m wide between trenches and at least
8m from any building and 10m from any water course
Where the level of the water table is expected to rise in the winter months to within 1m of the field drain invert, it is not
acceptable to use subsurface irrigation.
Underdrains
Where underdrains are necessary, drainage trenches should
be constructed a minimum of 600mm deeper than the pipe soil, gravel or 300-600mm
level specified in the design. other topping
tar paper
The lower part of the drainage trenches should be filled with
300mm
pea gravel. A second system of drainage pipes should be laid broken tile as
cover to joint
on the bottom of the trenches to convey surplus drainage to an
outfall in a surface ditch or watercourse.
sand and
gravel
600mm
5.3
drain
600mm
5.3.11 Surface water soakaways Also see: BRE Digest 365
Soakaway drainage shall be sited and constructed to provide adequate short term storage for surface water
and adequate percolation into the surrounding ground. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) soakaway location b) soakaway design.
Soakaway location
Soakaways should be:
z built on land lower than, or sloping away from, buildings z in soil of low permeability, only be provided where no
z sited at least 5m from the foundations of a building alternative system is available.
z sited to take account of topography, ensuring that water is
drained away from the building
Soakaway design
NHBC will require a percolation test for a soakaway, PVC sheet or
concrete blinding
especially where there is:
z doubt about the ground,
z a large quantity of run-off into the soakaway which may
swamp the ground.
Where the ground is free draining and granular, a test may not
be necessary.
In soil, chalk and fill material subject to modification or effective depth
instability, the advice of a specialist geotechnologist should be D
sought regarding the siting and suitability of soakaways.
diameter D
Chapter 5.3
Small soakaways
Small soakaways are holes filled with granular material, eg broken brick, crushed rock or gravel, with particle size
10mm to 150mm.
PVC sheet or concrete blinding should be laid over the fill to prevent topsoil being washed down into the soakaway.
Large soakaways
Large soakaways consist of a pit lined with dry jointed or honeycomb brickwork.
Alternatively, precast perforated concrete rings or segments may be laid dry and surrounded with granular material.
Large soakaways should be designed in accordance with BRE Digest 365, and the volume calculated to ensure suitable capacity
including checking appropriate time to emptying half the storage volume.
Percolation test procedure for small surface water soakaway
The rate at which water will disperse into the ground depends on the permeability of the ground, which varies with soil type.
The percolation test provides an assessment of how the ground drains.
The following test procedure and design approach may be adopted where the soakaway is for a single dwelling development
with a total drained area of less than 100m2.
As the test hole can be used as part of a soakaway, it should be:
z dug in a place that could be used as a soakaway z to the same depth as the proposed drain.
z at least 5m from the foundations of a building
Percolation test procedure for surface water soakaways

Step 1 Bore a hole 150mm in diameter with an auger, to a depth of one metre
5.3
Step 2 Fill with water to depth of 300mm. As an aid, mark a stick 300mm from one end, place in the hole and fill up to
the mark. It takes approximately 5.5 litres to fill a volume of this size
Step 3 Observe the time taken in minutes for the water to soak away
Step 4 Where possible, the test should be repeated and the average time used
Step 5 A second group of tests are carried out after the hole has been bored out to a depth of two metres, still using a
300mm depth of water
Step 6 Where the soil appears to become more permeable with depth, it may be useful to deepen and retest the bore in
one-metre stages
Design of soakaway
The relationship between the diameter or effective depth required for a soakaway, to suit a given collection area, eg roof or
paved surface, and the average time (T) resulting from the test is shown in the graph below.
The diameter and effective depth below invert level are assumed to be the same dimension (D).
Example
Test time (T) = 900 minutes
Plan area to drain = 150m2
Chapter 5.3
From the graph below, the diameter and effective depth of the soakaway (D) are both 2.8m.
400
300
D = diameter and effective depth

Plan area drained (m2)
200 D
=
3.5
m
D = 2.8
150
D
=3
.0m
100 D=
2.5
m
D= D=
1.5 2.0m
m
D=
1.0m
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400
900 Time (T) in minutes
Where the ground is of low permeability; dig separate soakaways to drain smaller but distinct parts, for example:
z one side of a roof to one soakaway z the driveway or yard to a third soakaway.
z the other side to a second soakaway
5.3
Where the permeability of the ground increases with depth; tests in the deepened trial holes will give shorter percolation times.
It may be more cost effective to build a smaller soakaway at a greater depth below the surface.
5.3.12 Component requirements

Drainage systems shall be constructed with materials that ensure satisfactory service over the life of
the system.
Components in accordance with the following standards will generally be acceptable:
BS 65 ‘Specification for vitrified clay pipes, fittings and ducts, also flexible mechanical joints for use solely with surface
water pipes and fittings’
BS 437 ‘Specification for cast iron drain pipes, fittings and their joints for socketed and socketless systems’
BS 4660 ‘Thermoplastics ancillary fittings of nominal sizes 110 and 160 for below ground gravity drainage and sewerage’
BS 4962 ‘Specification for plastics pipes and fittings for use as subsoil field drains’
BS 5911 ‘Precast concrete pipes, fittings and ancillary products’
BS EN 124 ‘Gully tops and manhole tops for vehicular and pedestrian areas’
BS EN 295 ‘Vitrified clay pipe systems for drains and sewers’
BS EN 476 ‘General requirements for components used in drains and sewers’
BS EN 588 ‘Fibre cement pipes for sewers and drains’
BS EN 877 ‘Cast iron pipes and fittings, their joints and accessories for the evacuation of water from buildings.
Requirements, test methods and quality assurance’
BS EN 1401-1 ‘Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage – Unplasticised poly (vinyl
chloride) (PVC-U)’
BS EN 1916 ‘Concrete pipes and fittings, unreinforced, steel fibre and reinforced’
BS EN 12566-1 ‘Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PT. Part 1: Prefabricated septic tanks’
BS EN 13101 ‘Steps for underground man entry chambers. Requirements, marking, testing and evaluation of conformity’
BS EN 13476 ‘Plastic piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage. Structured wall piping systems
of unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). Parts 1, 2 & 3.’
BS EN 13598-1 ‘Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage. Unplasticized poly
(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). Specifications for ancillary fittings including
shallow inspection chambers’
BS EN 13598-2 ‘Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage. Unplasticized poly (vinyl
chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). Part 2: Specifications for manholes and
inspection chambers’
Chapter 5.3
5.3.13 Excavation
Excavations shall ensure that the invert levels and gradients required by the design are achieved. Issues to
be taken into account include:
a) setting out dimensions c) width of trenches.
b) depth of trenches
Setting out dimensions

When setting out:
z discrepancies in dimensions, and ground conditions z drain runs and depths should be set out from benchmarks
which require design modification, should be reported previously checked and verified
to the designer z resulting variations should be recorded and distributed to
all concerned.
Depth of trenches
Excavate to the depths specified in the design.
Where any trench is excavated lower than the designed bottom level, it should be refilled to the designed level.
Fill material should be:
z granular material, or z concrete mix GEN1 or ST ½, (not for field drains).
Hard spots should be undercut and removed so that local stress points under pipes are avoided. Soft spots should be filled with
suitable well-compacted material.
Width of trenches
5.3
Trenches should be as narrow as possible within working limits and allow a minimum 150mm working space on each side of
the pipe.
5.3.14 Protection of pipework Also see: Chapter 4.3 and 5.1
Drainage systems shall have pipework adequately protected against damage. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) pipes passing through substructure walls c) movement joints.
b) pipework under finishes
Pipes passing through substructure walls

Where drains pass through structural elements; allowance should be made to accommodate movement.
Pipes passing through substructure walls should accommodate movement by:
z a 50mm clearance all round z bedded pipes, connected on both sides of the wall with
z a sleeve, with 50mm clearance all round and suitably flexible joints located as close as is feasible to the outside
sealed, or face of the wall but at a maximum of 150mm from the face
of the wall.
Flexible joints should be made in accordance with the pipe manufacturer’s recommendations.
150mm 150mm
max. max.
600mm max. 600mm max.

50mm space
around pipe
opening masked
on both sides
flexible joint
pipe passing through

lintelled opening pipe bedded in walls
Chapter 5.3
Pipework under finishes

Where drains pass under roads and drives, the final compaction should be sufficient to prevent later settlement.
Rigid pipes less Should have:
than 1.2m below z where necessary, a minimum 100mm concrete encasement
road surface z movement joints formed with compressible board at each socket or sleeve joint face
z flexible joints which remain flexible.
Flexible pipes less Should be protected by:
than 0.9m below z concrete bridging slabs, or
road surface z surrounded with concrete reinforced as appropriate
Garden areas Where flexible pipes are not under a road and have
less than 600mm cover, where necessary they
should have:
cover less
z concrete paving slabs laid as bridging above the than
pipes, and 600mm
z a minimum 75mm of granular material between the

top of the pipe and underside of the slabs
75mm
100mm
Movement joints
5.3
Where rigid pipes are to be encased in concrete,
movement joints should be:
z provided around the spigot next to the socket either at
5m maximum intervals or at each joint
z 13mm thick compressible board.
pipe encased in 13mm compressible

100mm min. board
concrete all round movement joint
5.3.15 Laying pipework

Pipework shall be laid to the designed lines and gradients. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) bedding b) sidefill and backfill.
Bedding
Pipes should be firmly supported throughout their length and bedded as specified in the design to resist loads from overlying fill
and traffic.
Where pipework is installed under a suspended floor and is supported on ground or fill where movement is likely to occur,
additional provisions may be required. See Clause 5.3.8.
Bricks, blocks or other hard material should not be used as temporary supports to achieve the correct gradients, as they may
create hard spots which can distort the completed pipe run.
Pipes should be either:
z bedded on granular material, minimum 100mm deep, or z laid directly on the trench bottom, where the trench bottom
can be accurately hand trimmed with a shovel but is not so
soft that it puddles when walked on.
For 150mm diameter and 100mm diameter drains, a bed and surround granular material like pea gravel in accordance with Table
8 (to a thickness of 100mm all round the drain) will be acceptable for drains under gardens, paths and drives.
Proprietary systems should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 and supported in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations. Some proprietary systems permit a minimum of 50mm depth of bedding in
certain circumstances.
Depressions should be formed where necessary in the trench bottom to accommodate pipe joints.
Chapter 5.3
Pipe bedding, including the bedding material, should be in

accordance with:
z BS EN 13242
z BS EN 1610
z BS EN 752.
Bedding material and specification should be in accordance with Table 8. Backfill and bedding that includes recycled or
pipe supported on pipe supported on a
secondary materials should conform to the appropriate regulatory requirements for
trench waste, as defined
bottom bedin
of the Waste
granular Framework
material
Directive 2008.
Table 8: Bedding size
Nominal pipe size Bedding material complying with BS EN 13242
110mm flexible pipes 4/10mm pipe bedding gravel
100mm rigid pipes
160mm flexible pipes 2/14mm pipe bedding gravel
150mm rigid pipes
Sidefill and backfill

Sidefill and backfill should be placed as soon as the pipes have been bedded, jointed and inspected.
Sidefill should be either granular material or selected backfill material from the trench excavation, free from:
z stones larger than 40mm z frozen material
z clay lumps larger than 100mm z vegetable matter.
5.3
z timber
Backfill should be well compacted and placed in layers no deeper than 300mm. Mechanical compacting should only be used
when compacted backfill is over 450mm above the crown of the pipe.
two layers hand compacted

before mechanical compaction
150mm
above pipe
5.3.16 Protection of work

Drainage systems shall be suitably protected from damage by construction work.
Damaged drainage will not be accepted, and it is
recommended that:
z no heavy loading or underground work is permitted above, or
near, unprotected drainage
z dumpers, trucks, fork lifts or other heavy vehicles are not
driven along, or near, pipe runs.
Chapter 5.3
5.3.17 Testing
All foul and surface water drainage systems shall be adequately watertight, and tested where appropriate.
Inspection and testing should be arranged when required by:
z the local authority z NHBC.
z the sewerage undertaker
Before backfilling, visual inspections are required and the builder is advised to test. When the home is handed over, the system
must be in full working order and free from obstruction.
5.3
Chapter
5.4
Waterproofing of
basements and other
below ground structures
Technical Requirements for the waterproofing of
basements and other structures below, or near to,
ground level.
5.4.1 Compliance 02
5.4.3 Waterproofing 03
5.4.4 Ground conditions 03
5.4.5 Structural stability 04
5.4.6 Design considerations 04
5.4.7 Waterproofing systems 06
5.4.8 Handling, storage and protection 09
5.4.9 Buried podiums 10
For figure reference tables in this chapter, please go to the end of the chapter
1 Waterproofing of basements and other below ground structures I 2024
Chapter 5.4
Introduction
This chapter includes guidance for walls, floors and foundations below, or near to, ground level that are intended to
prevent the passage of water from the ground (including from sources such as run-off, burst pipes etc) entering the
building near to or below ground level.
Guidance for the following types of waterproofing systems is included in this chapter:
z Type A waterproofing barriers z Type C drained cavity construction.
z Type B structurally integral construction
Constructions that are at risk of coming into contact with water and generally require waterproofing include:
z basements z storage or plant rooms
z semi-basements z service ducts, or similar, that are connected to the
z below ground parking areas below ground structure
z lift pits z stepped floor slabs where the retained ground is greater
z cellars than 150mm.
Types of construction that, depending on the findings of a risk assessment, may require waterproofing include:
z external walls where the lowest finished floor level is z voids caused by split levels.
less than 150mm higher than the external ground level
Typical examples of construction types:
Waterproofing should be provided where due to the construction details and the
ground conditions, there is a risk of contact with ground water (see Table 1)
Waterproofing is required
5.4
Figure 1: Basement Figure 2: Retained ground and semi-basement Figure 3: Lift pit
The external ground is raised H = any point where the ground

above the internal floor for the depth varies is above the finished floor level lift
perimeter of the building
Figure 4: Stairs adjacent to the structure Figure 5: Stepped floor slabs where the retained Figure 6: Raised external ground levels
ground is greater than 150mm
stairs waterproofing required to walls

waterproofing required to walls and/or floors where there is a
where retained ground is risk of contact with ground water
greater than 150mm
Also see Chapter 6.2 `External
Timber Framed walls'.
Figure 7: Buried podium Figure 8: Raised podium Figure 9: Retaining walls forming lightwells
The below ground waterproofing

must have continuity with waterproofing
Figure 10: Split levels to the raised podium that itself should
have continuity with the superstructure
damp proofing. Also see Chapter 7.1
'Flat roofs and balconies'.
Buried podium. Guidance for roof
coverings, including green roofs,
can be found in
Chapter 7.1 ‘Flat roofs and balconies’
structures adjacent to voids

where water may accumulate
2024 I Waterproofing of basements and other below ground structures 2
Chapter 5.4
Definitions for this chapter

For the purposes of this chapter the following definitions apply:
Cavity drain Semi-flexible sheet designed to form a cavity that intercepts water penetrating the structure and directs
membrane it to a suitable drainage point
See Type C drained cavity construction
Combined system For the purposes of this chapter, a combined system includes:
z Type A and Type B
z Type A and Type C
z Type B and Type C
It does not include Type A and Type A of different performance characteristics as recognised in
BS 8102
Ground barrier A barrier used to resist the ingress of moisture and/or hazardous gases into the building
Lowest finished floor The top surface of the lowest finished floor, including lift pit floors, car park surfaces and other similar
level surfaces Excluding coverings such as carpet and tiles
Retained ground In this chapter retained ground levels are taken from the top of the retained ground to the lowest
finished floor level
Type A fully bonded Type A barrier that forms part of a composite structural wall, including liquid applied and cementitious
barrier systems
Typically, when membranes, they will prevent water from tracking from a defect in the membrane to a
crack/joint in the structure
Post-applied sheet membranes are not considered to be fully bonded barriers for the purposes
of this chapter
Type A post applied A sheet membrane applied to the completed structure typically with hot or cold adhesive
5.4
membrane
Type A A waterproofing barrier applied to the structural element being waterproofed, also known as tanking
waterproofing
barrier
Type B structurally Where the water-resistant properties of the retaining structure provide waterproofing to the building
integral construction This chapter provides specific guidance for the use of Type B concrete systems cast in- situ,
with or without water resisting admixtures. The principles are applicable to other Type B systems
listed in BS 8102
Type C drained Construction that incorporates a cavity, generally formed with a cavity drain membrane
cavity construction Water is removed from the cavity via a managed drainage system
Waterproofing A suitably qualified person co-ordinating the team involved in the design of waterproofing to basements
design specialist and other below ground structures
Waterproofing A fully assessed and certified system of compatible materials and components used to provide
system waterproofing. These are normally considered to be Type A, B or C as defined above
Also see: Chapter 2.1, BS 8102 and The Basement Information Centre ‘Guidance Document
5.4.1 Compliance - Basements for Dwellings’ and ‘Basements: Ground Gases and Structural Waterproofing’
Basements and other below ground structures shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Waterproofing of basements and other below ground structures, including foundations, walls and floors that complies with the
guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.

Design and specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and/or suppliers
z a full set of current drawings z an installation method statement detailing the
z details of joints, junctions and service penetrations. sequence of works
Complex details should be considered and presented in z a ground condition report
three dimensions z third-party certifications
z the manufacturer’s information, including relevant parts of z details of the waterproofing design specialist.
the system design manual
Design and specification information should be provided to NHBC at least eight weeks in advance of the works starting on site,
in accordance with NHBC Rules.
Chapter 5.4
5.4.3 Waterproofing Also see: BS 8102

The design of waterproofing systems shall be undertaken by a suitably qualified person and be appropriate
for the specific performance required. Items to be taken into account include:
a) waterproofing design b) risk-based design.
Waterproofing design
Waterproofing systems should be designed by a waterproofing design specialist. Designers who have successfully completed
the Certified Surveyor in Structural Waterproofing (CSSW) qualification available from the Property Care Association (PCA) are
generally acceptable to NHBC. An alternative demonstration of competence may be acceptable, subject to successful review.
The waterproofing design specialist should be appointed in the early design stages to co-ordinate with other designers, including
the engineer, and to ensure satisfactory integration of the waterproofing system.
Risk-based design
Waterproofing should be appropriate to the risk, and generally assume exposure to a full height of water during the design life of
the building.
Combined systems should be used where:
z a Grade 3 environment is needed, and z the wall retains more than 600mm.
Alternatively, where the builder has demonstrated that the water table is permanently below the underside of the lowest floor slab,
a Type B structurally integral concrete system is acceptable without further protection from a combined system.
5.4
The following Types of waterproofing are acceptable where a Grade 1b environment is needed and more than 600mm of ground
is retained:
z Type A fully bonded barrier z Type C
z Type B z a combined system.
5.4.4 Ground conditions Also see: Chapter 4.1
The waterproofing system shall take account of ground conditions.
The ground conditions should be fully considered by the engineer and waterproofing design specialist in the design of the
waterproofing system.
NHBC may request investigation and a report of the ground conditions where the below ground waterproofed structure:
z retains more than 600mm of ground, measured from the top z comprises more than 15% of the perimeter of an individual
of the retained ground to the lowest finished floor level building (eg terraced homes, apartment blocks and detached
garages), measured on plan.
The ground conditions report should take into account appropriate investigations, as described in Table 1.
Table 1: Investigation of ground conditions
Further investigation Guidance and information
Desk study, including review of: www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods
z ground water, lost rivers and flooding issues www.bgs.ac.uk/geology-projects/groundwater-research/
z flood potential of the site groundwater-data/
z available ground water data www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate/uk-climate
z SuDS impact assessment climate-change.data.gov.uk
z flood risk assessment Historical Publications Ltd ‘The Lost Rivers of London’
z topography of the site
by Nicholas Barton
z effects of adjacent surface finishes
Contaminated or aggressive ground and/or Testing required where there is the potential for chemically
ground water conditions aggressive ground and/or ground water
Water level change, including potential for flash flooding Identifying likely fluctuations and short-term flooding events
and waterlogging
Impact assessment of ground water flow where the Interpretative report by a qualified engineer, hydrologist or
construction is likely to have a ‘damming’ effect hydrogeologist to include:
z assessment of the direction of ground water flow
z damming effects on the ground water regime
z damming effect of adjacent structures
Chapter 5.4
Where it is necessary to establish the water table, a detailed hydrogeological assessment should be undertaken by a suitably
qualified engineer, and include:
z long-term water level monitoring over at least one year to z information based on a suitable number of boreholes
capture seasonal fluctuations monitored at intervals of three months or less.
z short-term flooding events that typically occur during
autumn and spring
5.4.5 Structural stability Also see: Chapters 4.1, 4.2 and 5.1
Elements forming a waterproofing structure below ground including: foundations, walls and floors,
shall adequately resist movement and be suitable for their intended purpose. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) site conditions d) movement
b) structural design e) design co-ordination.
c) durability
Site conditions
Parts of the building constructed below ground level that form the structural elements of usable spaces should be designed by an
engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5 where they are retaining more than 600mm. Issues that should be taken
into account include:
z characteristics of the site z hazards.
z ground conditions
5.4
Structural design
The structure should be designed to take account of all imposed loads and actions, including:
z ground movement z buoyancy
z lateral forces from ground water, retained ground and z loading from other parts of the building
ground surcharge loads z temporary loading conditions.
Durability
The structure should be designed to be sufficiently durable against site hazards, including:
z chemicals z cyclical wet-dry conditions.
z frost action
Movement
Movement within the structure should be limited to the capacity of the waterproofing system’s resistance to such movement,
ensuring that the designed level of watertightness is achieved. Detailed guidance for the limitation of movement should be
provided where appropriate.
Movement joints in below ground waterproofed structures should be avoided. Where it is necessary to provide movement joints,
the design should ensure satisfactory in-service performance, including watertightness. Such joints should be accessible for
maintenance, and not permanently concealed by other structural elements of the building.
Design co-ordination
Structural design should be co-ordinated with the design of the waterproofing.
5.4.6 Design considerations Also see: Chapters 5.1, 5.2. 5.3 and 6.3
The waterproofing of all elements, including walls, floors and foundations, forming below ground structures
shall be suitable for intended use. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) grade of waterproofing protection d) joints, abutments and service penetrations
b) waterproofing systems, materials and components e) steps and level changes.
c) interface with the above ground structure
Grade of waterproofing protection

Waterproofing systems should be designed to resist the passage of water and moisture to internal surfaces.
The waterproofing grade should be appropriate for the proposed use of the internal space and the equipment located within.
Chapter 5.4
Table 2: Waterproofing grades

Grade Description Generally required for:
Grade 3 No water ingress or damp areas is Habitable accommodation
acceptable. Ventilation, dehumidification
or air conditioning necessary; appropriate
for the intended use
Grade 2 No seepage is acceptable. Damp areas Non-habitable areas, such as car parks, storage or plant rooms where the
as a result of internal air moisture/ internal finishes are not readily damaged by moisture
condensation are tolerable; measures (Some water ingress may occur where openings are provided in car parks,
might be required to manage water eg for ventilation. To minimise potential for standing water, refer to Chapter
vapour/condensation 9.1 ‘A consistent approach to finishes’. Car parks should be provided with
Grade 1b No seepage. Damp areas from internal drainage to a suitable outfall)
and external sources are tolerable
Grade 1a Seepage and damp areas from internal Retaining walls typically used to form external lightwells
and external sources are tolerable, where (Drainage may be required to deal with seepage)
this does not impact on intended use
Where there is doubt about potential use, minimum Grade 3 protection should be considered in the waterproofing design.
Waterproofing systems, materials and components

Components forming the waterproofing system should be predefined and assessed to demonstrate suitable performance.
The assessment should recognise waterproofing may extend or continue across different substrates and/or other materials,
products or building systems, or that materials and components may be interchangeable between systems. To ensure performance
will be maintained checks should be undertaken on chemical and adhesive compatibility before installation. Manufacturers often
5.4
have material compatibility data that can be referred to, however undertaking on-site tests prior to full application are recommended
to verify predicted suitability. Substrates should be suitably primed, prepared, dried, cured, cleaned of dirt, dust or other debris
and/or protected in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions throughout the site works.
The design information and documentation should detail waterproofing systems, materials and components in accordance with the
Proprietary waterproofing systems, materials and components should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Interface with the above ground structure

Waterproofing should extend at least 150mm above the external Figure 11: Ground level interface
ground level and connect with the superstructure damp proofing.
This can generally be achieved by linking the below ground
waterproofing system to a continuous cavity tray.
The connection between the below and above ground
waterproofing should be bonded and formed with
appropriate materials. DPC
habitable area
Where the waterproofing is linked to the above ground structure
via a cavity tray, the materials should:
z compress to form a watertight seal
cavity tray
z be capable of taking the load.
Bitumen-based materials in accordance with BS 6398 or external

waterproofing
suitable materials assessed in accordance with
Technical Requirement R3 should be used.
Joints, abutments and service penetrations

The design of waterproofing systems should include the correct Details of how junctions and abutments are formed should be
method and detailing to form joints, abutments and service provided to site personnel. Proprietary components that are
penetrations, including those between: part of, or compatible with, the waterproofing system should be
used for complex joints, abutments and service penetrations.
z the waterproofing system and superstructure damp proofing
z horizontal and vertical waterproofing
z system components.
The manufacturer should confirm compatibility between different

materials where they are used to form joints.
Chapter 5.4
Figure 12: Service entry
lintel to
bridge recess
recess in
basement wall
drain connection
Penetrations through the waterproofing should be avoided where possible. Where penetrations cannot be avoided, the design
should detail the method of waterproofing to ensure that it is watertight and durable.
Penetrations, including those for wall ties, services and drainage systems, should:
z be suitably separated to allow for proprietary seals to be z account for differential settlement and movement between
correctly installed the structure/finishes and services.
Steps and level changes
5.4
Situations where steps and level changes occur within buildings are not uncommon and it is often necessary to consider where
normal damp proofing arrangements are likely to become ineffective, resulting in a need for waterproofing to be applied.
Issues to be taken into account include:
z nature of both the substructure and superstructure z ground conditions and hydrology
constructions and their resistance/susceptibility to liquid z inclusion of subsurface drainage
water and/or water vapour. For example, use of timber or z provision and continuity of damp proofing to walls and/or
light gauge steel framed superstructures, requirements for floors, interface with the above ground structure (particularly
drained and/or vented cavities, ability for timber sole plates to relevant should hazardous gases be present)
breathe, inclusion of insulation(s) z relationship between internal and external ground levels
z height difference between finished floor levels z continuation at returns, possibly of a different construction
z height of soil retention and/or presence of voids type (for example a change from solid to cavity walls or from
z robustness of damp proofing or waterproofing concrete to masonry construction). Such situations should be
solution(s) proposed considered in three dimensions.
z accessibility for repair
Also see: Chapters 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, BS 8102 and The Concrete Centre ‘Concrete basements
5.4.7 Waterproofing systems Guidance on the design and construction of in-situ concrete basement structures’
The waterproofing shall be suitable for intended use and installed in accordance with the design. Items to be
a) Type A waterproofing barriers c) Type C drained cavity
b) Type B structure, integral d) ancillary components.
Appropriate sequencing of work will enable logical and timely construction of the waterproofing system and prevent unnecessary
damage to completed elements of work. Installation should be undertaken in accordance with the design and the installation
method statement detailing the sequence of works.
Chapter 5.4
Type A waterproofing barrier

Type A systems generally accepted by NHBC when assessed Figure 13: Type A system
in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 include:

external waterproofing
z post applied membrane (hot or cold adhesive) with protection
z liquid-applied membranes
z geosynthetic (bentonite) clay liners
z mastic asphalt to BS EN 12970
z cementitious systems
z pre-applied fully bonded systems
z proprietary systems or products assessed in accordance
with Technical Requirement R3.
Plain polyethylene sheet should not be used as a
waterproofing system.
In addition to key characteristics typically declared on product marking or technical literature, when assessing Type A system
suitability it could also be important to consider its crack bridging ability and/or resistance to aggressive exposure environments
(eg to UV, chemicals or hazardous gases) depending on the system’s location, the substrate to which it’s applied and the
substrate’s potential performance under load (eg for there to be cracking, a potential for cracks to generate and for these to
be dynamic).
Only fully bonded systems assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 for the specific purpose should be
used internally.
5.4
Design at junctions and corners should account for proprietary components and be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations. Waterproofing barriers should return at corners to prevent water tracking behind.
The substrate to which the Type A system is to be applied should be clean, free from debris and prepared in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations. Bonded sheet membranes should only be applied directly to masonry substrates that are
smooth and have flush pointed joints.
Type A waterproofing should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions by operatives:
z who are suitably qualified or have been trained by the z who are fully aware of the design and the manufacturer’s
manufacturer or supplier, and recommendations for installation.
Completed waterproofing should be protected by:
z protection board, or z carefully placed backfill material.
The manufacturer’s recommendations for climatic conditions at the time of installation should be followed.
Type B structure, integral construction, concrete and application

Structural design should be undertaken by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5. The design of in-situ
Type B concrete systems should be in accordance with:
z BS EN 1992-1-1 z Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’.
z BS EN 1992-3
Type B systems acceptable to NHBC include:

z in-situ concrete with or without water resisting admixtures z precast concrete systems assessed in accordance with
and crack widths limited by design Technical Requirement R3.
z in-situ high-strength concrete with crack widths limited by
design and post-construction crack injections
BS 8102 contains advice on the relationship between tightness z the Quality Scheme for Ready-Mixed Concrete (QSRMC), or
classes given in BS EN 1992-3 and grades of performance z the BSI Kitemark scheme.
given in BS 8102 for Grades 1a and 1b. Specialist advice
Other suppliers may be accepted if they operate to a standard
should be sought where other Type B systems are specified.
acceptable to NHBC.
Ready-mixed concrete should be of sufficient strength and
durability, and from a supplier operating under a quality control
system acceptable to NHBC such as:
Chapter 5.4
Figure 14: Type B system
water resisting
reinforced concrete
The concrete mix should be agreed between the engineer and the waterproofing design specialist, and:
z achieve the necessary robustness, z be suitable for the environmental exposure and
durability and waterproofing ground conditions.
Type B waterproofing should be installed:
z by suitably qualified operatives who are fully aware of the z in accordance with the design.
requirements for placing concrete and reinforcement and for
installing ancillary components used in Type B systems
5.4
The line, level and position of formwork and reinforcement should be checked prior to concrete placement to ensure that it is in
accordance with the design.
Penetrations from tie bars etc should be made good in accordance with the design.
Where joints are formed in concrete, surfaces should be clean and free of excessive laitance. Hydrophilic strips should be
protected from water before the joint is formed.
Quality management systems and quality audits should be used to record and monitor the placement of concrete on site.
Monitoring records should be supplied to NHBC as requested.
Design details for reinforced concrete structures should include:
z concrete specification z type and position of reinforcement
z the type of concrete z the method of making good holes in the concrete formed for
z concrete strength shutter bolts and tie bars
z proportion of any admixture z positioning of structural elements
z proposals for limiting crack widths z appropriate tolerances for the line and level of
z consideration of temporary support to the formwork structural elements.
Joints between components, including day work joints, should be durable and made watertight with appropriate waterstops or
hydrophilic strips. Kickers cast monolithically as part of the slab should be used to form the joint between floors and walls.
Concrete with admixtures
Where the design of in-situ concrete waterproofing includes admixtures:
z the ratio of admixture to concrete specified in the design z suitable quality management systems and quality
should take account of the recommendations of the audits should be used to record and monitor the
admixture supplier and requirements of the batching of admixture. This is best achieved by using
independent assessment ready-mixed concrete (see Clause 3.1.5).
z the reinforcement should be used to control crack widths,
which should be in accordance with the design, but not be
greater than 0.3mm max. for flexural cracks and 0.2mm
max. for cracks that pass through the section
Admixtures should be:
z independently assessed, in accordance with Technical z used strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s
Requirement R3 recommendations and requirements of the
z assessed according to the intended use independent assessment.
Chapter 5.4
Concrete without admixtures

Where the design of in-situ concrete waterproofing does not include admixtures:
z high-strength concrete may be specified in order to achieve z the reinforcement should be used to control crack widths,
the necessary level of waterproofing, but post-construction which should be in accordance with the design, but not be
crack injection may be required in order to deal with cracking greater than 0.2mm max. for both flexural cracks and for
induced by increased thermal and shrinkage strains cracks that pass through the section
z a minimum section thickness of 250mm should be used in
the design.
Type C drained cavity construction
Type C systems that include a cavity drain membrane which forms a waterproof barrier are acceptable to NHBC when assessed in
accordance with Technical Requirement R3. Where a Type C system is formed using a drained masonry cavity wall, the guidance
in BS 8102 should be considered. Particular care should be taken if adopting Type C systems on contaminated sites to ensure no
pathways are introduced that could present a risk or risks to the end user(s) and/or that systems are suitably chemically resistant;
specialist advice should be sought.
Type C systems should be designed to include a drainage system that adequately disposes of water to a suitable outlet, either by
gravity or through a sump and pump. The drainage channel, sump and pump should include appropriately located access points
for servicing and maintenance. To prevent backflow, the drainage system should be fitted with a one-way valve. Also, in areas
which are susceptible to flooding the guidance in BS 8102 concerning inclusion of a flood loop should be considered.
Type C waterproofing should be installed in accordance with
Figure 15: Type C system
the manufacturer’s instructions by operatives:
z who are suitably qualified or have been trained by the
5.4
manufacturer or supplier continous

drained
z who are fully aware of the design and the manufacturer’s cavity
recommendations for installation
z using the fixings recommended by the manufacturer.
Pump systems should operate automatically and include:

z a primary pump
z a secondary pump with battery or generator backup
z a suitable audio or visual alarm that indicates pump failure.
Further guidance on multi-level and inverted cavity drain

drainage sump
systems can be found in BS 8102. discharging to
suitable outlet
Ancillary components
Ancillary components should be assessed as part of the waterproofing system. Alternatively, an assessment of compatibility and
satisfactory performance should be provided for materials and products that are interchangeable between different systems.
Ancillary components include:
z preformed junctions and corners z waterstops
z reinforcement z hydrophilic strips.
5.4.8 Handling, storage and protection

Waterproofing materials, products and systems shall be handled, stored and protected in a satisfactory
manner to prevent damage, distortion, weathering or degradation. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) handling and storage b) protection from ongoing works.
Handling and storage

Materials, products and systems should be transported, lifted, handled and stored in accordance with the
Chapter 5.4
Protection from ongoing works

Design should consider the risk of damage caused by ongoing works. Details of suitable protection measures should be
specified in the design and include:
z fixing of other components, such as skirtings, wall ties and wall linings
z protection of the waterproofing from backfilling.
Proprietary products and systems should be protected and tested before backfilling occurs.
Also see: Chapter 7.1, 10.1, BS 8102 and

5.4.9 Buried podiums PCA’s Best Practice Guidance ‘Podium Decks and Buried Roofs’
Buried podiums shall be protected by adequate waterproofing and drainage.
A buried podium forms a below ground roof to an area of basement that extends beyond the outline of the main building or buildings
above. The waterproofing layer must link with damp proofing in any abutting walls. In most cases, the waterproofing should extend
to DPC level or a minimum of 150mm above finished external ground level.
The make-up of the waterproofing layer and subsequent toppings that could include sustainable green, biodiverse (brown) or blue
roofs, and provisions for drainage, should be co-ordinated at the planning stage. Guidance on the design, detailing and construction
of sustainable roof and associated drainage systems (SuDS) is covered in Chapter 7.1.
Provisions should be made to ensure the waterproofing layer and drainage system will not be susceptible to damage or obstruction
from tree/vegetation root activity or structural movement. Drainage design should prevent ponding or accumulated/retained water
unless part of a proprietary rainwater attenuation system (also see below).
5.4
Structural designs should allow for loadings from emergency, maintenance or other vehicular traffic access, mature planting/trees
and/or saturated ground, as applicable. Further allowance should be taken of accumulated/retained water where blue roofs are
adopted, or it is otherwise predicted by design (but kept to an absolute minimum), for example in the case of a drainage system
temporary service fault or blockage prior to overflow provisions, land drainage or another water relieving strategy becoming active.
Figure reference table

Figure reference table 5.4
Fig No Title/Description Clause Page
Figure 1 Basement 5.4 1
Figure 2 Retained ground and semi-basement 5.4 1
Figure 3 Lift pit 5.4 1
Figure 4 Stairs adjacent to the structure 5.4 1
Figure 5 Stepped floor slabs where the retained ground is greater than 150mm 5.4 1
Figure 6 Raised external ground levels 5.4 1
Figure 7 Buried podium 5.4 1
Figure 8 Raised podium 5.4 1
Figure 9 Retaining walls forming lightwells 5.4 1
Figure 10 Split levels 5.4 1
Figure 11 Ground level interface 5.4.6 5
Figure 12 Service entry 5.4.6 6
Figure 13 Type A system 5.4.7 7
Figure 14 Type B system 5.4.7 8
Figure 15 Type C system 5.4.7 9
Effective from 01/24 V208b 01/24

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Chapter

5.1.1 Compliance Also see: Chapter 2.1

5.1.2 Provision of information

Nature of the ground

The effect of sloping ground

Adequately protect existing services and ground water drainage

Where existing services conflict with the proposed foundations

Surface water and subsoil drainage

Make allowance for drainage and other services

lintel granular backfill around pipe

pipe passing through lintelled opening

5.1.6 Ground below fill

5.1.7 Fill below floors

a self-contained area, or the bearing capacity and nature of the

5.1.8 Infill up to 600mm deep Also see: Chapter 5.2

Infill beneath ground-bearing floors shall be a maximum of 600mm deep.

Fill should be:

Sources of fill material

5.1.11 Regulatory solutions

EA: Environment Agency NIEA: Northern Ireland Environment Agency

Construction of walls acting as temporary retaining walls

Figure 7: Substructure walls acting as temporary retaining walls

Table 2: Acceptable D:T of temporary retaining walls

Concrete cavity fill

5.1.13 Durability Also see: Chapters 4.3, 6.1 and BS EN 1996-1-1

F0 Not freeze/thaw resistant and should not be used externally

5.1.14 Mortar Also see: Chapter 6.1

In such cases, cements which resist sulfates to BS EN 197 should be used.

5.1.15 Wall ties

Ground-bearing floors shall be reasonably level and effectively impervious to moisture.

before concreting, where appropriate. DPM protected

Figure 9: DPC at least 150mm above finished ground level

DPC level floor level

concrete cavity fill

Polyethylene, (should not be used below BS 6515

Proprietary materials Technical Requirement R3

5.1.20 Damp proofing concrete floors

sand should be provided to fill voids in the hardcore and to

can drain freely.

5.1.22 Installation of insulation

5.1.23 Further information

Figure reference table

Suspended ground floors shall comply with the Technical Requirements.

5.2.2 Provision of information

5.2.4 Proprietary systems

Dead and imposed loads

5.2.6 Reinforced concrete Also see: Chapter 3.1

Support of self-weight, dead and imposed loads, and limited deflection

For guidance on floor joist deflection limits, see Clause 6.4.9.

Safe transmission of loads to the supporting structure

Shrinkage and movement

z of a material with low water absorption z compatible with any DPM.

5.2.11 Floor finishes

5.2.12 Floor decking

Definitions for this chapter

5.3.1 Compliance Also see: Chapter 2.1

Drainage systems shall comply with the Technical Requirements.

Table 1: Guide to relevant authority

5.3.2 Provision of information

5.3.3 Preliminary work

Connections to surface water disposal systems

Rights of connection to disposal systems

Compatibility with other systems