Unit – 2

CS Disha Deshpande Rai

Employment Opportunities for students

Top Commerce Career Options:

There are a plethora of amazing careers that you can explore in
the vast and growing field of Commerce. And it is not a must that
all the happening careers are for those who took courses after
12th commerce with math. In fact, there are an equal number of
opportunities that are available for those who have taken or are
going to take courses after 12th commerce without math. Let us
see some of the top ones and how you might be able to start
exploring them for yourself:

1. Chartered Accountant (CA)

If you’re analytical, carry exceptional reasoning skills, and are
accurate with numbers, then accountancy may be your calling. As
a chartered accountant, you can be involved in a diverse set of
roles and responsibilities ranging from financial analysis and
reporting to budget management to evaluation and auditing to tax
consulting and so on.

2. Investment Banker
Investment banking has been among the sought-after careers for
ages. This work type is high risk and demanding in terms of time
commitment. You will be helping various clients ranging from
governments to corporations, and institutions to raise capital and
complete mergers and acquisitions. Students can pursue
the Business Analyst Certification Training Course to lay some
basic foundation for this career option.

3. Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)

A chartered financial analyst (CFA) is one of the most revered
career options in finances and is recognized worldwide, once the
designation is given by the CFA institute to the candidate. To be a
charter holder, candidates are required to pass three really
difficult examinations, have a bachelor's degree, and acquire at
least 4 years of relevant work experience.

4. Actuary
If you have a knack for mathematics, statistics, and business
management, you can easily enter this field and create value in
the business world. Your day-to-day might include financial
modeling and risk analysis of property loss, disability, or other
probable problems that could impact the company. Being an
actuary is one of the best careers in commerce and is not only
diverse but also comes with the flexibility of either working
independently or with an established organization.
5. Cost Accountant
As a cost accountant, your job will entail but not be limited to
responsibilities such as profitability analysis, budget
preparation, data collection, coordinating physical inventory
counts, and so on. In a nutshell, you will help companies and
make sure that their money spent is well-planned and worth it by
propagating cost-efficiency.

6. Company Secretary (CS)

A company secretary’s work can include important tasks such as
advising the board to facilitate legal, statutory, and regulatory
requirements, filing company tax returns, and so on. The best part
of this career option is that any student from any of the streams
can apply for the foundation program after clearing their 12th-
grade examinations, and clearing the three stages of
examinations. This can easily qualify as one of the best courses
after 12th commerce with a high salary.

7. Personal Financial Advisor

Personal Financial Advisors are financial experts who help their
clients with their short-term and long-term financial goals. Their
advice can range from property investments, tax, insurance, taxes
to retirement. To be successful, personal financial advisors need
to have a great understanding of investment markets and should
have a knack for identifying the best stocks, bonds, or funds for
their respective clients.

8. Research Analyst
One can aspire to become a research analyst in operations,
economics, finance, and equity, amongst others. To enter this
field, you would require a bachelor’s degree in a specific field of
research such as marketing, finance, or economics although
a Master of Business Administration Course after a few years of
work experience can also enrich your career.

9. Marketing
After completing their 12th grade, commerce students can seek
entry-level marketing jobs and opportunities to gain experience
and eventually move up the ranks in their field. There are plenty
of marketing jobs with small businesses, especially those that
focus on digital marketing, a field that is up-coming and going
strong. The easiest way to enter this segment would be to
undertake a Certificate Program in Digital Marketing and at a later
date, once your graduation has been completed, then even take
a PG course in the same to further your prospects in the segment.

10. Entrepreneurship
This is unarguably the most attractive career path in current
times, where you set up your own business and sell your products
or services to retail or business consumers. This article here will
help you understand how you can go about cost-effectively
promoting your product or service.

-: Commercial Enterprises :-
Meaning of Commercial Enterprises:
A commercial enterprise combines the word commerce and
enterprise. Together, commercial enterprise refers to a business
whose primary objective is profit while engaging in legitimate
large-scale purchasing and selling activities.
The term “enterprise” is one of the most generic words used to
characterize a business. Generally, an enterprise is an organized
group of people and systems that cooperate to accomplish
common goals. Nonprofit organizations and small businesses are
considered enterprises under this definition. A more precise
definition of enterprise necessitates that all departments and
personnel within the organization work cooperatively to
accomplish goals.

 What are some examples of commercial

enterprises?
Commercial enterprises include, but are not confined to, the
following:
(a) food and beverage services
(b) car rental to Airport guests, visitors, FBO operators, and other
Airport users
(c) retail sale of apparel and other personal products.
 What are the different types of commercial
property?
What is a commercial building and how is it classified? You may
not be aware that each type of building in the commercial property
market is made up of five main categories, where each use of
these buildings vary.
These five categories include:
 Offices
 Retail – retail stores, shopping centres, shops
 Industrial – warehouses, factories
 Leisure – hotels, pubs, restaurants, cafes, sport facilities
 Healthcare – medical centres, hospitals, nursing homes

 Business enterprise meaning:

To understand the meaning of the term business enterprise, you first have
to understand the difference between a social enterprise and a business
enterprise.
A social enterprise involves helping others without receiving a
commercial benefit in return. On the other hand,
a business enterprise consists of producing goods or services in exchange
for commercial and financial benefits.
A business provides goods and services to what we
call customers. Goods refer to physical goods that usually go through a
production process. This may involve bicycles, chocolate, or whatever
item you pay to receive.

Other businesses provide services instead of physical goods; this involves

intangible products, such as a private lesson from a math teacher or
personal trainer.

 Types of business enterprises

There are many types of business enterprises providing a wide variety of
services or products. Business enterprises can be classified into three main
categories, according to the production stage:

 Business Enterprise: Primary sector

The primary sector involves businesses that are at the beginning of the
production processes. These businesses make sure that the raw materials
are created and produced to be used later by other companies.

Primary companies are mostly made of business-to-business (B2B)

models, where you have one business supplying to the other. For example,
oil exploration companies produce oil that retail companies sell, or other
businesses use for production processes. Restaurants use agricultural goods
produced by this sector to provide meals to their customers.

 Business Enterprise: Secondary sector

The secondary sector consists of business enterprises at the second step of the
production process. These businesses use raw materials produced from the primary
sector to develop into new goods and services. For example, car manufacturers use
raw materials to build new cars, which they later supply to customers.

 Business Enterprise: Tertiary sector

The tertiary sector involves business enterprises concerned with providing services
to individuals.
Examples of companies in the tertiary sector include banks that help individuals get
loans or airline companies that enable one to fly around the world.

Keep in mind that a business enterprise can offer goods, services, or both. You could
buy a car provided by Tesla, go to a travel agency for your next trip to Europe, or go
to a restaurant and receive goods and services combined.
 Different Types of Financial Institutions:

In today’s financial services marketplace, a financial

institution exists to provide a wide variety of deposit, lending, and
investment products to individuals, businesses, or both. While
some financial institutions focus on providing services and
accounts for the general public, others are more likely to serve
only certain consumers with more specialized offerings.
The types of financial institutions range from banks and credit
unions to investment banks and brokerage firms, to mortgage
lenders. To know which financial institution is most appropriate for
serving a specific need, learn about the different types of
institutions and their purposes.

1. Central Banks
Central banks are the financial institutions responsible for
overseeing and managing all other banks. In the United States,
the central bank is the Federal Reserve Bank (Fed), which is
responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising and
regulating financial institutions.
Individual consumers do not have direct contact with a central
bank. Instead, large financial institutions work directly with the
Fed to provide products and services to the general public.

2. Retail and Commercial Banks

Traditionally, retail banks offered products to individual
consumers, while commercial banks worked directly with
businesses. Today, most large banks offer deposit accounts,
loans, and limited financial advice to both consumers and
businesses. Products offered at retail and commercial banks
include checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit
(CDs), personal and mortgage loans, credit cards, and business
banking accounts.

3. Credit Unions
A credit union is a type of nonprofit financial institution providing
traditional banking services and is created, owned, and operated
by its members.

Historically, credit unions used to serve a specific and shared

demographic group, also known as the field of membership. The
commonality might be based on employer, a geographic area, or
membership in another type of group. Today, many have
loosened membership restrictions and are open to the general
public with minimal requirements, such as joining a nonprofit
organization for a small fee.

4. Savings and Loan (S&L) Associations

Savings and loan associations provide individual consumers with
checking accounts, personal loans, and home mortgages.
Financial institutions are owned by their customers or community.
A savings and loan is a type of thrift that is required by law to
produce a certain number of loans secured by residential real
estate, but the aim of most savings and loans is to lend for
residential mortgages.

5. Investment Banks
Investment banks are financial institutions that provide services
and act as an intermediary in complex transactions—for instance,
when a startup is preparing for an initial public offering (IPO), or
when one company is merging with another. They can also act as
a broker or financial advisor for large institutional clients such as
pension funds.

6. Brokerage Firms
Brokerage firms assist individuals and institutions in buying and
selling securities among available investors. Customers of
brokerage firms can place trades of stocks, bonds, mutual
funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and some alternative
investments.

7. Insurance Companies
Financial institutions that help individuals transfer the risk of loss
are known as insurance companies. Individuals and businesses
use insurance companies to protect against financial loss due to
death, disability, accidents, property damage, and other
misfortunes. These companies can also include the self-insurance
programs of other financial institutions such as a savings and loan
holding company.
 Public Enterprises Meaning:
Public Sector Enterprises are an essential part of the Indian
economy. These consist of public services and enterprises that
benefit all India’s citizens. The public sector enterprises are
businesses owned and controlled by the government.

The government either wholly or partially owns the enterprises.

These enterprises help the government participate in the
economic activities of the country. The Central or the state
governments can manage public Sector Undertakings. When
managed by the state government, it is known as the Central
Public Sector undertaking. However, when owned and operated
by a state, it is known as the state-level public sector
undertakings.

 Public Sector Enterprises:

Public Sector Enterprises are a significant part of the Indian
economy which comprises the public services and enterprises. An
organisation owned by the government is called a public sector
enterprise. This organisation can be a corporation, statutory
corporation or a nationalised bank. The people that work in these
organizations are government employees.
The organizations owned and managed by the government are
known as Public Sector Enterprises or Public Sector
Undertakings. It can be held either by the Central Government or
one state government.

In India, there are 365 public sector undertakings. Some of these

PSUs come under the control of some of the ministers of the
Parliament, like the Railways.
In this article, you will learn and understand the meaning of Public
Sector Enterprises in the country. Additionally, you will
understand their role in the economy and public sector
enterprises examples.
Classification Of Public Sector
Enterprises:
Departmental
Undertakings

Non-Departmental
Undertakings

Financial Institutions

In the PSU’s there are three main sectors, which are:

1. Departmental Undertakings: These are organised,
financed and controlled by the government. The department is
under the control of a minister from the Parliament. Some
examples of departmental undertaking are the Indian Railways
and Indian Post.

2. Non-Departmental Undertakings: These are

government companies and subsidiaries of the government.
Additionally, these refer to statutory companies set up under
special enactments of the Parliament and State Legislature. A few
examples of non-departmental undertakings are Oil and Gas
Corporations and Road Transport Corporations.

3. Financial Institutions: These are enterprises like

commercial banks, investment banks and brokerage firms.
Examples of financial institutions are the State Bank of India and
Unit Trust of India.

Objectives Of Public Sector Enterprises:

The main objective of the public sector enterprise is to help the
benefit of the citizens. However, besides that, there are other
objectives of a public sector enterprise, like:

1. It helps in creating an industrial base in the country.

2. PSU’s help in generating a better quality of employment.
3. They develop the basic foundation in the country.
4. Public Sector Enterprises helps in providing resources to the
government.
5. They help reduce inequalities and accelerate the country’s
economic growth and development.

Role Of Public Sector Enterprises:

The public sector enterprises play a significant role in the
upliftment of the country’s economic conditions. Here are some of
how the public sector enterprises play a role in the economy:

1. Capital Formation: The Public Sector has been one of the biggest
reasons for the generation of capital in the Indian economy. A
large amount of the money generated in the economy is because
of the public sector.
2. Employment Opportunities: The Public Sector has brought about
a significant change in the employment sector of the economy. It
provides the citizens with many employment opportunities in
various sectors of the economy. These opportunities help in the
upliftment of the citizens and the economy.
3. Development of Regions: Public Sector Undertakings majorly
consist of factories and plants that can boost the different regions’
socio-economic development. The inhabitants of the parts benefit
from the establishment of these.
4. PSUs. They benefit in ways like facilities like electricity, water
supply and township.

Problems In The Public Sector

Enterprises:
While the PSU aims to help in the development of the country. It
is not a sector that doesn’t face problems. Hence, here are the
issues which the Public Sector Enterprises face:

 Inappropriate and Wrong Investment decisions

 Incorrect Pricing Policies
 Excessive Overhead Costs
 Obsolete Technology
 Overstaffing
 Trade Unions
 Lack of Accountability

 Current Central Government Naukri

Updates 2023
If you are a 12th pass or graduate and looking for Sarkari Naukri

in Central government to start their career with a good salary,

then you are in the right place. We are posting all kinds of latest

central recruitment notifications released by various PSU (SAIL,

BHEL, BSNL, HAL, IOCL, HPCL, BPCL, ONGC, and numerous

others) SBI, Canara Bank, IDBI bank requirements. Apart from

these, you can check all RRB Vacancies, Indian Army, Navy, and

airforce job details are available. Jobseeker can check all

information regarding the available post e.g. selection process,

exam syllabus, and age limit for central government jobs in India.

Upcoming Central Govt Jobs 2023 List

Recruitment Board Post Details

Staff Selection Combined Graduate Level

Commission Exam-2023

Combined Higher
Staff Selection
Secondary (10+2) Exam-
Commission
2023

Union Public Service

UPSC CDS Exam (II)
Commission

Union Public Service

NDA & NA Exam
Commission

Mining Sirdar, Overman,

Coal India Ltd
Manager