FLUIDS Complete PDF

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FLUIDS MECHANICS
IDEAL FLUID (also called Perfect Fluid) is one that is incompressible and has no viscosity. Ideal
fluids do not actually exist, but sometimes it is useful to consider what would happen to an ideal
fluid in a particular fluid flow problem in order to simplify the problem.
MASS DENSITY
It is a representation of the amount of mass (or the

number of particles) of a substance, material or object in
relation to the space it occupies
SI unit: kg/m³
Relative density
Relative density is density of an object in terms of the density of another reference object.
Relative density is defined as the ratio between density of the object and density of the
reference object. Hence, it is a dimensionless quantity, and has no measuring unit.
For solids and liquids – Reference object is water at 4 Degree Celcius
For gases- Air at NTP i.e. 1.29 Kg/m^3

Specific weight
The specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is the weight per unit volume of a material. The symbol of
specific weight is γ (Gamma )
VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE

VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH PRESSURE

DENSITY OF THE MIXTURE (EQUAL MASS PROPORTIONS)

DENSITY OF THE MIXTURE (EQUAL VOLUME PROPORTIONS)

PRESSURE
Pressure is the force on an object that is

spread over a surface area
• At a point pressure acts in all directions and a definite direction is not associated with it. So pressure is a
tensor quantity
• In a liquid at same level, the pressure will be same at all points, if not, due to pressure difference the
liquid cannot be at rest. This is why the height of liquid is the same in vessels of different shapes
containing different amounts of the same liquid at rest when they are in communication with each other
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH

PASCAL’S LAW
The external static pressure applied on a confined liquid is distributed or transmitted evenly
throughout the liquid in all directions
PASCAL’S LAW DERIVATION

HYDRAULIC LIFT
HYDROSTATIC PARADOX
The pressure at a certain horizontal level in the fluid is

proportional to the vertical distance to the surface of the
fluid
MERCURY BAROMETER
OPEN TUBE MANOMETER

Variation of pressure in ACCELERATED container

IF IN ABOVE CASE THE A FIXED LID IS USED TO COVER THE CONTAINER
CASE-1 WHEN LIQUID JUST TOUCHES THE TOP SURFACE

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ACCELERATED CONTAINER’S DUAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCE

ARCHEMEDES PRINCIPLE
Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force (upthrust) that is exerted on a body immersed in
a fluid, whether fully or partially, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces
ARCHEMEDES PRINCIPLE
CAVITY CONCEPT
F
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F2 –F1
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The Critical Reynolds Number Is 2000. If The Reynolds Number

<2000, The Flow Is Laminar And If Reynolds Number >2000
Then The Flow Is Turbulent
PROOF OF BERNOULLI'S THEOREM

APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

By the means of motion of a piston P in a cylinder C high speed

air is passed over a tube T dipped in liquid L to be sprayed. High
speed air creates low pressure over the tube due to which
liquid (paint, scent, insecticide or petrol) rises in it and is then
blown off in very small droplets with expelled air.
Working of Aeroplane
The wings of the Aeroplane are having tapering as shown in

figure. Due to this specific shape of wings when the Aeroplane
runs, air passes at higher speed over it as compared to its lower
surface. This difference of air speeds above and below the
wings, in accordance with Bernoulli's principle, creates a
pressure difference, due to which an upward force called '
dynamic lift' ( = pressure difference × area of wing) acts on the
plane. If this force becomes greater than the weight of the
plane, the plane will rise up.
APPLICATION OF EJECTING FORCE ON CONTAINER

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Q. A hemispherical Bowl of radius R has a small hole at the bottom it at t=0 the water started to pour
out how long will it take to empty the bowl.
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TIME TAKEN FOR EMPTYING THE CONTAINER

TIME TAKEN FOR EMPTYING THE CONTAINER

When a body moves through a fluid, the fluid in contact with

the body is dragged with it
The magnitude of the viscous force depends on the shape and

size of the body, its speed and the viscosity of the fluid
The viscous force opposing the motion of the sphere is

DENSITY OF FLUID VARYING WITH DEPTH

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When a body moves through a fluid, the fluid in contact with

the body is dragged with it
The magnitude of the viscous force depends on the shape and

size of the body, its speed and the viscosity of the fluid
The viscous force opposing the motion of the sphere is

DENSITY OF FLUID VARYING WITH DEPTH

SURFACE TENSION
Intermolecular Force.
The force of attraction or repulsion acting between the molecules are known as intermolecular force. The nature
of intermolecular force is electromagnetic
The property of a liquid due to which its free surface tries to have
minimum surface area and behaves as if it were under tension
some what like a stretched elastic membrane is called SURFACE
TENSION.
Surface tension of a liquid is measured by the force acting per unit length on either side of an imaginary line drawn on
the free surface of liquid, the direction of this force being perpendicular to the line and tangential to the free surface
of liquid. So if F is the force acting on one side of imaginary line of length L, then T = (F/L)
For Surface tension of a liquid :

Force Due to Surface Tension

Factors Affecting Surface Tension.

Surface Energy.
If a rectangular wire frame ABCD, equipped with a sliding wire LM

dipped in soap solution, a film is formed over the frame. Due to the
surface tension, the film will have a tendency to shrink and thereby,
the sliding wire LM will be pulled in inward direction. However, the
sliding wire can be held in this position under a force F, which is equal
and opposite to the force acting on the sliding wire LM all along its
length due to surface tension in the soap film.
Surface Energy.
If a rectangular wire frame ABCD, equipped with a sliding wire LM

dipped in soap solution, a film is formed over the frame. Due to the
surface tension, the film will have a tendency to shrink and thereby,
the sliding wire LM will be pulled in inward direction. However, the
sliding wire can be held in this position under a force F, which is equal
and opposite to the force acting on the sliding wire LM all along its
length due to surface tension in the soap film.
If T is the force due to surface tension per unit length, then F = T x 2l

If the work is not done by an external source then internal energy of liquid decreases, subsequently temperature
decreases. This is the reason why spraying causes cooling.
Formation of Bigger Drop.

Formation of Bigger Drop.
Excess Pressure
Due to the property of surface tension a drop or bubble tries to contract and so
compresses the matter enclosed. This in turn increases the internal pressure which
prevents further contraction and equilibrium is achieved. So in equilibrium the
pressure inside a bubble or drop is greater than outside and the difference of
pressure between two sides of the liquid surface is called excess pressure
LIFETIME OF A BUBBLE
LIFETIME OF A BUBBLE
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FORCE BETWEEN THE TWO PARALLEL PLATES

FORCE BETWEEN THE TWO PARALLEL SLITS

SHAPE OF MENISCUS
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TUBE OF INSUFFICIENT LENGTH

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DETTACHING OF A BUBBLE
DETTACHING OF A BUBBLE
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and the rate of change in momentum of the 25% of the liquid
which comes back with same speed.
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A glass capillary tube is of the shape of truncated cone with
an apex angle Alpha so that its two ends have cross-
sections of different radii. When dipped in water vertically,
water rises in it to a height h, where the radius of its cross-
section is b. If the surface tension of water is S, its density is
r, and its contact angle with glass is thetha, the value of h
will be ( g is the acceleration due to gravity)
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A glass capillary tube is of the shape of truncated cone with
an apex angle Alpha so that its two ends have cross-
sections of different radii. When dipped in water vertically,
water rises in it to a height h, where the radius of its cross-
section is b. If the surface tension of water is S, its density is
r, and its contact angle with glass is thetha, the value of h
will be ( g is the acceleration due to gravity)
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(2)
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(2)
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A soap bubble is being blown at the end of very narrow tube of
radius b. Air (density r) moves with a velocity v inside the tube
and comes to rest inside the bubble. The surface tension of the
soap solution is T. After sometime the bubble, having grown to
radius r separates from the tube. Find the value of r . Assume
that r b > > so, that you can consider the air to be falling
normally on the bubble’s surface . (2003, 4M)
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A soap bubble is being blown at the end of very narrow tube of
radius b. Air (density r) moves with a velocity v inside the tube
and comes to rest inside the bubble. The surface tension of the
soap solution is T. After sometime the bubble, having grown to
radius r separates from the tube. Find the value of r . Assume
that r b > > so, that you can consider the air to be falling
normally on the bubble’s surface . (2003, 4M)
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An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in such a way that a

length of 8 cm extends above the mercury level. The open end
of the tube is then closed and sealed and the tube is raised
vertically up by additional 46 cm. What will be length of the air
column above mercury in the tube now? (Atmospheric
pressure = 76 cm of Hg) (2014 Main)
(a) 16 cm (b) 22 cm (c) 38 cm (d) 6 cm
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An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in such a way that a

length of 8 cm extends above the mercury level. The open end
of the tube is then closed and sealed and the tube is raised
vertically up by additional 46 cm. What will be length of the air
column above mercury in the tube now? (Atmospheric
pressure = 76 cm of Hg) (2014 Main)
(a) 16 cm (b) 22 cm (c) 38 cm (d) 6 cm
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❖ Physics : FLUIDS

It is a representation of the amount of mass (or the

For solids and liquids – Reference object is water at 4 Degree Celcius

For gases- Air at NTP i.e. 1.29 Kg/m^3

VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE

VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH PRESSURE

DENSITY OF THE MIXTURE (EQUAL MASS PROPORTIONS)

DENSITY OF THE MIXTURE (EQUAL VOLUME PROPORTIONS)

Pressure is the force on an object that is

VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH

PASCAL’S LAW DERIVATION

The pressure at a certain horizontal level in the fluid is

OPEN TUBE MANOMETER

Variation of pressure in ACCELERATED container

IF IN ABOVE CASE THE A FIXED LID IS USED TO COVER THE CONTAINER

CASE-1 WHEN LIQUID JUST TOUCHES THE TOP SURFACE

ACCELERATED CONTAINER’S DUAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCE

The Critical Reynolds Number Is 2000. If The Reynolds Number

PROOF OF BERNOULLI'S THEOREM

APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

By the means of motion of a piston P in a cylinder C high speed

The wings of the Aeroplane are having tapering as shown in

APPLICATION OF EJECTING FORCE ON CONTAINER

TIME TAKEN FOR EMPTYING THE CONTAINER

TIME TAKEN FOR EMPTYING THE CONTAINER

When a body moves through a fluid, the fluid in contact with

The magnitude of the viscous force depends on the shape and

The viscous force opposing the motion of the sphere is

DENSITY OF FLUID VARYING WITH DEPTH

When a body moves through a fluid, the fluid in contact with

The magnitude of the viscous force depends on the shape and

The viscous force opposing the motion of the sphere is

DENSITY OF FLUID VARYING WITH DEPTH

For Surface tension of a liquid :

Force Due to Surface Tension

Factors Affecting Surface Tension.

If a rectangular wire frame ABCD, equipped with a sliding wire LM

If a rectangular wire frame ABCD, equipped with a sliding wire LM

If T is the force due to surface tension per unit length, then F = T x 2l

Formation of Bigger Drop.

FORCE BETWEEN THE TWO PARALLEL PLATES

FORCE BETWEEN THE TWO PARALLEL SLITS

TUBE OF INSUFFICIENT LENGTH

An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in such a way that a

An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in such a way that a

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