‭ALL‬‭THE‬‭GRAMMAR‬

‭PRESENT‬‭TENSES‬

‭-‬ ‭PRESENT‬‭SIMPLE‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭Habits,‬‭routines‬‭and‬‭permanent‬‭situations‬
‭-‬ ‭opinion,‬‭feelings,‬‭thoughts,‬‭states‬‭and‬‭sense‬
‭-‬ ‭Things‬‭that‬‭are‬‭always‬‭true‬
‭-‬ ‭For‬‭future‬‭timetables‬‭(train‬‭times,‬‭etc)‬
‭-‬ ‭Adverbs‬‭and‬‭expressions‬‭of‬‭frequency‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭Positive:‬ ‭S+V‬‭infinitive‬‭(s)‬
‭-‬ ‭Negative:‬‭S+don’t/doesn’t+V‬‭infinitive‬
‭-‬ ‭Question:‬‭Do/Does+S+V‬‭infinitive‬

‭-‬ ‭PRESENT‬‭CONTINUOUS‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭For‬‭actions‬‭in‬‭progress‬‭in‬‭the‬‭present‬
‭-‬ ‭temporary‬‭situations‬
‭-‬ ‭For‬‭future‬‭arrangements‬‭/‬‭appointments‬
‭-‬ ‭NOT‬ ‭with‬‭stative‬‭verbs:‬‭feelings,‬‭thoughts,‬‭states‬‭and‬‭senses.‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭Positive:‬ ‭S+is+V‬‭ing‬
‭-‬ ‭Negative:‬‭S+isn’t+V‬‭ing‬
‭-‬ ‭Question:‬‭Is+S+V‬‭ing‬

‭-‬ ‭SUBJECT‬‭&‬‭OBJECT‬‭QUESTIONS‬
‭-‬ ‭SUBJECT‬‭QUESTIONS‬
‭-‬ ‭The‬‭answer‬‭is‬‭the‬‭subject,‬‭the‬‭question‬‭doesn’t‬‭have‬‭a‬‭subject‬
‭so‬‭we‬‭don’t‬‭use‬‭the‬‭interrogative‬‭structure.‬
‭-‬ ‭Question‬‭word‬‭+‬‭main‬‭verb‬‭+‬‭(complement)?‬
‭-‬ ‭Who‬‭gave‬‭you‬‭this‬‭present?‬‭-‬‭Grandma‬

‭-‬ ‭OBJECT‬‭QUESTIONS‬
‭-‬ ‭The‬‭answer‬‭is‬‭the‬‭object,‬‭so‬‭the‬‭question‬‭has‬‭a‬‭subject‬‭and‬‭we‬
‭follow‬‭the‬‭interrogative‬‭structure.‬
‭-‬ ‭QW‬‭+‬‭auxiliary‬‭verb‬‭+‬‭subject‬‭+‬‭main‬‭verb‬‭+‬‭(complement)?-‬
‭-‬ ‭What‬‭did‬‭grandma‬‭give‬‭you?‬‭-‬‭A‬‭present‬

‭-‬ ‭PRESENT‬‭PERFECT‬‭SIMPLE‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭Present‬‭situations‬‭that‬‭started‬‭in‬‭the‬‭past‬
 -‭ ‬ ‭ ast‬‭experiences,‬‭without‬‭specifying‬‭exactly‬‭when‬‭they‬‭took‬‭place‬
P
‭-‬ ‭Experiences‬
‭-‬ ‭Recent‬‭events‬‭that‬‭have‬‭connection‬‭with‬‭the‬‭present‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭Subject‬‭+‬‭have‬‭/‬‭has‬‭+‬‭verb‬‭in‬‭participle‬‭(ED/‬‭3rd‬‭column)‬
‭-‬ ‭Subject‬‭+‬‭haven’t/‬‭hasn’t‬‭+‬‭verb‬‭in‬‭participle‬‭(ED/‬‭3rd‬‭column)‬
‭-‬ ‭?‬‭(Wh-‬‭question‬‭words)‬‭+‬‭Have/Has‬‭+‬‭Subject‬‭+‬‭verb‬‭in‬‭participle‬
‭(ED/‬‭3rd‬‭column)‬

‭-‬ ‭PRESENT‬‭PERFECT‬‭CONTINUOUS‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭Repeated‬‭actions‬‭that‬‭affect‬‭the‬‭present‬
‭-‬ ‭A‬‭recent‬‭repeated‬‭activity‬‭that‬‭is‬‭relevant‬‭now‬
‭-‬ ‭An‬‭explanation‬‭for‬‭something‬‭by‬‭referring‬‭to‬‭a‬‭past‬‭action‬‭/‬‭event‬
‭-‬ ‭IT‬‭FOCUSES‬‭ON:‬
‭-‬ ‭how‬‭long‬‭something‬‭has‬‭been‬‭happening:‬‭the‬‭idea‬‭of‬‭a‬‭very‬‭long‬‭time‬
‭or‬‭a‬‭repeated‬‭action.‬
‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭S+‬‭have/‬‭has‬‭+‬‭BEEN‬‭+‬‭verb‬‭ING‬
‭-‬ ‭S+‬‭haven’t‬‭/‬‭hasn’t‬‭+‬‭BEEN‬‭+‬‭verb‬‭ING‬
‭-‬ ‭(Wh-‬‭question‬‭word)‬‭+‬‭Have/‬‭Has‬‭+‬‭Subject‬‭+‬‭BEEN‬‭+‬‭verb‬‭ING?‬

‭PAST‬‭TENSES‬

‭-‬ ‭PAST‬‭SIMPLE‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭Finished‬‭actions‬
‭-‬ ‭Repeated‬‭actions‬‭and‬‭things‬‭that‬‭happened‬‭one‬‭after‬‭another‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭past.‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭S+Verb‬‭2‬‭column/ED‬
‭-‬ ‭S+didn’t+verb‬‭2‬‭column/ED‬
‭-‬ ‭Did+S+Verb‬‭Infinitive?‬

‭-‬ ‭PAST‬‭CONTINUOUS‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭Actions‬‭in‬‭progress‬‭at‬‭a‬‭time‬‭in‬‭the‬‭past.‬
‭-‬ ‭We‬‭also‬‭use‬‭the‬‭past‬‭continuous‬‭to‬‭describe‬‭a‬‭scene,‬‭especially‬‭at‬‭the‬
‭start‬‭of‬‭a‬‭story.‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭S+was/were+verb‬‭ing‬
‭-‬ ‭S+Wasn’t/Weren’t+Verb‬‭ing‬
 ‭-‬ ‭ e‬‭use‬‭the‬‭past‬‭continuous‬‭when‬‭an‬‭action‬‭is‬‭interrupted‬‭or‬
W
‭unfinished‬

‭-‬ ‭PAST‬‭SIMPLE-PAST‬‭CONTINUOUS‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭We‬‭often‬‭use‬‭the‬‭past‬‭simple‬‭and‬‭the‬‭past‬‭continuous‬‭together‬‭for‬
‭actions‬‭that‬‭happened‬‭at‬‭the‬‭same‬‭time.‬‭We‬‭use‬‭the‬‭past‬‭continuous‬
‭for‬‭the‬‭longer‬‭action‬‭and‬‭the‬‭past‬‭simple‬‭for‬‭the‬‭shorter‬‭action.‬

‭-‬ ‭USED‬‭TO‬‭vs‬‭WOULD‬
‭-‬ ‭USED‬‭TO:‬‭past‬‭habits‬‭and‬‭STATES‬‭for‬‭the‬‭distant‬‭past‬
‭-‬ ‭WOULD:‬‭past‬‭habits‬‭for‬‭the‬‭distant‬‭past‬

‭-‬ ‭PAST‬‭PERFECT‬
‭-‬ ‭USE‬
‭-‬ ‭states‬‭or‬‭actions‬‭that‬‭happened‬‭before‬‭other‬‭events‬‭in‬‭the‬‭past.‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭S+‬‭had+‬‭verb‬‭in‬‭participle:‬‭ED‬‭or‬‭3rd‬‭column‬
‭-‬ ‭S+‬‭hadn’t‬‭+‬‭verb‬‭in‬‭participle:‬‭ED‬‭or‬‭3rd‬‭column‬
‭-‬ ‭(WH‬‭question‬‭word)‬‭+‬‭Had+‬‭S+‬‭verb‬‭in‬‭participle:‬‭ED‬‭or‬‭3rd‬‭column?‬

‭-‬ ‭PAST‬‭PERFECT‬‭vs‬‭PAST‬‭SIMPLE‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭We‬‭use‬‭the‬‭past‬‭perfect‬‭simple‬‭with‬‭the‬‭past‬‭simple‬‭when‬‭we‬‭talk‬
‭about‬‭two‬‭actions‬‭in‬‭the‬‭past.‬
‭-‬ ‭We‬‭use‬‭the‬‭past‬‭perfect‬‭for‬‭the‬‭action‬‭that‬‭happened‬‭first.‬
‭-‬ ‭We‬‭use‬‭the‬‭past‬‭simple‬‭for‬‭the‬‭most‬‭recent‬‭action.‬‭We‬‭can‬‭use‬‭when‬
‭+‬‭past‬‭simple.‬
‭-‬ ‭Example:‬‭I‬‭was‬‭happy‬‭(the‬‭situation)‬‭because‬‭I’d‬‭sorted‬‭out‬‭the‬
‭problem‬‭of‬‭the‬‭missing‬‭cat‬‭(the‬‭reason)‬

‭-‬ ‭PAST‬‭PERFECT‬‭CONTINUOUS‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭We‬‭use‬‭the‬‭past‬‭perfect‬‭continuous‬‭to‬‭talk‬‭about‬‭states‬‭or‬‭actions‬‭that‬
‭continued‬‭up‬‭until‬‭other‬‭events‬‭in‬‭the‬‭past.‬‭(it‬‭focuses‬‭on‬‭the‬‭duration)‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭S+‬‭had‬‭+‬‭been‬‭+‬‭v‬‭ING‬
‭-‬ ‭S+‬‭hadn’t‬‭+‬‭been‬‭+‬‭v‬‭ING‬
‭-‬ ‭WH‬‭question‬‭word‬‭+‬‭Had+‬‭S+‬‭been‬‭+‬‭v‬‭ING?‬
‭FUTURE‬‭TENSES‬

‭-‬ ‭FUTURE‬‭SIMPLE‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭Use:‬‭to‬‭talk‬‭about‬‭predictions,‬‭opinion,‬‭spontaneous‬‭decisions‬‭and‬
‭promises.‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭S+Will+Verb‬‭Infinitive‬
‭-‬ ‭S+Won’t+Verb‬‭infinitive‬
‭-‬ ‭Will+S+Verb‬‭Infinitive‬

‭-‬ ‭BE‬‭GOING‬‭TO‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭future‬‭plans,‬‭intentions‬‭or‬‭evident‬‭predictions‬

‭-‬ ‭FUTURE‬‭CONTINUOUS‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭An‬‭action‬‭going‬‭on‬‭at‬‭a‬‭specific‬‭time‬‭in‬‭the‬‭future.‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭S+Will+be+V‬‭ING‬
‭-‬ ‭S+Won’t+be+V‬‭ING‬
‭-‬ ‭Will+S+be+V‬‭ING‬

‭-‬ ‭FUTURE‬‭PERFECT‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭to‬‭talk‬‭about‬‭a‬‭completed‬‭action‬‭in‬‭the‬‭future‬

‭-‬ ‭STRUCTURE:‬
‭-‬ ‭S+Will+have/has+Verb‬‭3‬‭column‬
‭-‬ ‭S+Won’t+have/has+Verb‬‭3‬‭column‬
‭-‬ ‭Will+S+Have+Verb‬‭3‬‭column‬

‭REPORTED‬‭SPEACH‬

‭-‬ ‭ SE:‬‭We‬‭use‬‭reported‬‭speech‬‭when‬‭we‬‭want‬‭to‬‭explain‬‭what‬‭somebody‬‭said‬‭using‬
U
‭our‬‭own‬‭words‬

‭-‬ ‭TENSE‬‭CHANGES:‬
‭-‬ ‭Present‬‭simple‬‭to‬‭Past‬‭simple‬
‭-‬ ‭Present‬‭continuous‬‭to‬‭Past‬‭continuous‬
‭-‬ ‭Present‬‭perfect‬‭to‬‭Past‬‭Perfect‬
‭-‬ ‭Past‬‭simple‬‭to‬‭Past‬‭perfect‬
 -‭ ‬ ‭ ast‬‭Continuous‬‭to‬‭Past‬‭perfect‬‭continuous‬
P
‭-‬ ‭Past‬‭Perfect‬‭to‬‭Past‬‭Perfect‬
‭-‬ ‭Future‬‭to‬‭Conditional‬
‭-‬ ‭Can‬‭to‬‭Could‬
‭-‬ ‭May‬‭to‬‭Might‬
‭-‬ ‭Must‬‭to‬‭Had‬‭to‬

‭-‬ ‭OTHER‬‭CHANGES:‬
‭-‬ ‭Now‬‭to‬‭then‬
‭-‬ ‭Today‬‭to‬‭that‬‭day‬
‭-‬ ‭Yesterday‬‭to‬‭the‬‭previous‬‭day‬
‭-‬ ‭Tomorrow‬‭to‬‭ne‬‭following‬‭day‬
‭-‬ ‭Last‬‭week/month/year‬‭to‬‭month/week/year‬‭before‬
‭-‬ ‭Next‬‭week/month/year/‬‭to‬‭The‬‭following‬‭month/week/year‬
‭-‬ ‭Here‬‭to‬‭there‬
‭-‬ ‭This‬‭to‬‭that‬
‭-‬ ‭These‬‭to‬‭those‬
‭-‬ ‭Come‬‭to‬‭go‬

‭CONDITIONALS‬

‭-‬ ‭100%‬‭PROBABILITY‬‭→‬‭ZERO‬‭CONDITIONAL‬‭(CERTAIN)‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭To‬‭talk‬‭about‬‭things‬‭which‬‭are‬‭always‬‭true,‬‭general‬‭ideas‬‭and‬‭scientific‬
‭facts‬

‭-‬ ‭FORM:‬
‭-‬ ‭If‬‭+‬‭Present‬‭Simple,‬‭Present‬‭Simple‬

‭-‬ ‭60%‬‭PROBABILITY‬‭→‬‭FIRST‬‭CONDITIONAL‬‭(POSSIBLE)‬
‭-‬ ‭USE‬
‭-‬ ‭It‬‭describes‬‭something‬‭that‬‭is‬‭possible‬‭in‬‭the‬‭present‬‭or‬‭future.‬‭Also‬‭to‬
‭give‬‭advice‬‭or‬‭to‬‭issue‬‭a‬‭threat.‬

‭-‬ ‭FORM:‬
‭-‬ ‭If‬‭+‬‭Present‬‭Simple,‬‭Future‬‭WILL/‬‭modal‬‭verb‬
‭-‬ ‭10%‬‭PROBABILITY‬‭→‬‭SECOND‬‭CONDITIONAL‬‭(UNLIKELY/‬‭IMAGINARY)‬
‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭It‬‭describes‬‭a‬‭hypothetical‬‭or‬‭imaginary‬‭situation,‬‭but‬‭possible.‬‭It‬
‭refers‬‭to‬‭the‬‭present‬‭or‬‭the‬‭future.‬

‭-‬ ‭FORM:‬
‭-‬ ‭If+‬‭Past‬‭simple,‬‭Subject+would+‬‭verb‬‭infinitive‬

‭-‬ ‭ATTENTION:‬
‭-‬ ‭If‬‭I‬‭were‬‭you…‬‭(to‬‭give‬‭advice!)‬

‭-‬ ‭0%‬‭PROBABILITY‬‭→‬ ‭THIRD‬‭CONDITIONAL‬‭(IMPOSSIBLE)‬

‭-‬ ‭USE:‬
‭-‬ ‭It‬‭describes‬‭any‬‭imaginary‬‭situation‬‭in‬‭the‬‭past.‬‭It‬‭may‬‭had‬‭been‬
‭possible‬‭in‬‭the‬‭past,‬‭but‬‭it‬‭didn’t‬‭happen.‬‭We‬‭can‬‭also‬‭express‬
‭REGRET.‬

‭-‬ ‭FORM:‬
‭-‬ ‭If+‬‭PAST‬‭PERFECT,‬‭Subject‬‭+‬‭would/could‬‭have‬‭+‬‭verb‬‭in‬‭participle‬
 ‭WRITINGS‬

★
‭ ‬‭LETTER‬‭OF‬‭COMPLAINT‬

‭Formal‬‭language,‬‭connectors,‬‭passive‬‭phrases,‬‭present/past‬‭perfect‬

‭INTRODUCTION‬

‭Dear‬‭Sir/Madam‬

I‭‬‭am‬‭writing‬‭to‬‭express‬‭my‬‭strong‬‭dissatisfaction‬‭about‬‭the‬‭hotel‬‭room‬‭that‬‭I‬‭was‬‭given‬‭to‬
‭spend‬‭my‬‭holidays‬‭this‬‭week.‬

‭MAIN‬‭BODY‬

‭ irstly,‬‭I‬‭want‬‭to‬‭inform‬‭about‬‭the‬‭fact‬‭that‬‭I‬‭was‬‭given‬‭a‬‭room‬‭with‬‭share‬‭bathroom‬‭when‬‭I‬
F
‭had‬‭asked‬‭for‬‭an‬‭individual‬‭one.‬‭Although/(However)‬‭any‬‭customer‬‭hasn’t‬‭come‬‭yet,‬‭one‬
‭could‬‭come‬‭at‬‭anytime.‬

‭Furthermore,‬‭t‭h
‬ e‬‭heating‬‭is‬‭not‬‭working‬‭and‬‭the‬‭room‬‭I‬‭was‬‭given‬‭is‬‭freezing.‬

‭ o‬‭make‬‭matters‬‭worse,‬‭I‬‭was‬‭deeply‬‭offended‬‭by‬‭the‬‭receptionist‬‭because,‬‭after‬‭I‬‭had‬
T
‭explained‬‭him‬‭my‬‭problem,‬‭he‬‭refused‬‭to‬‭give‬‭me‬‭another‬‭room.‬‭I‬‭was‬‭disappointed‬‭by‬‭his‬
‭lack‬‭of‬‭kindness.‬

‭CONCLUSION‬

‭ s‬‭you‬‭can‬‭imagine,‬‭I‬‭am‬‭extremely‬‭upset,‬‭I‬‭must‬‭insist‬‭on‬‭a‬‭full‬‭refund,‬‭or‬‭on‬‭a‬‭new‬
A
‭room‬‭immediately.‬‭(I‬‭shall‬‭be‬‭forced‬‭to‬‭take‬‭further‬‭action).‬

‭I‬‭expect‬‭to‬‭hear‬‭from‬‭you‬‭as‬‭soon‬‭as‬‭possible.‬

‭Yours‬‭faithfully,‬

‭Name.‬
★
‭ ‬‭ARTICLE‬

I‭nformal‬‭language:‬
‭-‬‭Rhetorical‬‭questions‬
‭-‬‭Exclamation‬‭marks‬
‭-‬‭Contractions‬
‭-‬‭Phrasal‬‭verbs‬
‭-‬‭Connectors‬
‭-‬‭etc,‬‭so,‬‭cool…‬

‭TITLE‬

‭Holidays‬

‭INTRODUCTION‬

‭ olidays‬‭are‬‭one‬‭of‬‭the‬‭things‬‭that‬‭everybody‬‭wants‬‭and‬‭everybody‬‭waits‬‭impatiently‬‭for.‬‭I‬
H
‭love‬‭holidays‬‭and‬‭need‬‭them‬‭so‬‭bad!‬‭Are‬‭you?‬

‭ONE‬‭THING‬‭I‬‭LIKE‬

‭ ne‬‭of‬‭the‬‭cool‬‭things‬‭about‬‭vacations‬‭is‬‭that‬‭you‬‭don’t‬‭have‬‭to‬‭go‬‭to‬‭school.‬‭Instead,‬‭you‬
O
‭have‬‭a‬‭lot‬‭of‬‭free‬‭time‬‭that‬‭you‬‭can‬‭spend‬‭doing‬‭your‬‭favourite‬‭things,‬‭hanging‬‭out‬‭with‬
‭friends‬‭and‬‭being‬‭with‬‭your‬‭family.‬‭In‬‭holidays,‬‭you‬‭get‬‭relax‬‭and‬‭maybe‬‭if‬‭you‬‭have‬‭the‬
‭chance,‬‭you‬‭travel.‬

‭WHAT‬‭I‬‭LIKE‬‭BEST‬‭&‬‭RECOMMENDATION‬

‭ owever,‬‭the‬‭greatest‬‭thing‬‭is‬‭that‬‭you‬‭don’t‬‭have‬‭to‬‭study‬‭or‬‭doing‬‭your‬‭homework.‬‭You‬
H
‭don’t‬‭get‬‭nervous‬‭for‬‭an‬‭exam,‬‭you‬‭don’t‬‭have‬‭to‬‭worry‬‭about‬‭your‬‭marks‬‭and,‬‭the‬‭most‬
‭important‬‭thing‬‭to‬‭me,‬‭you‬‭don’t‬‭get‬‭stressed.‬
‭My‬‭favourite‬‭holidays‬‭are‬‭the‬‭summer‬‭ones‬‭because‬‭they‬‭are‬‭the‬‭longest‬‭ones,‬‭and‬‭the‬
‭Christmas‬‭ones!‬‭I‬‭really‬‭love‬‭Xmas‬‭:)‬‭Who‬‭doesn’t?‬

‭CONCLUSION‬

‭In‬‭conclusion,‬‭holidays‬‭are‬‭the‬‭best‬‭thing‬‭in‬‭this‬‭world,‬‭you‬‭have‬‭a‬‭lot‬‭of‬‭fun‬‭and‬‭relax!‬
★
‭ ‬‭FOR‬‭AND‬‭AGAINST‬‭ESSAY‬

‭ ormal‬‭language,‬‭connectors:‬‭Firstly,‬‭On‬‭the‬‭one‬‭hand/on‬‭the‬‭other‬‭hand,‬‭To‬‭sum‬‭up‬
F
‭~‬ ‭However,‬‭also,‬‭another‬‭disadvantage,‬‭in‬‭addition‬

‭TITLE‬

‭Internet‬‭filters‬

‭INTRODUCTION‬

‭ owadays,‬‭people‬‭often‬‭use‬‭filters‬‭on‬‭their‬‭photos.‬‭Filters‬‭are‬‭being‬‭use‬‭more‬‭frequently‬
N
‭every‬‭day.‬

‭ARGUMENTS‬‭FOR‬‭THE‬‭SUBJECT‬

‭ irstly,‬‭I‬‭think‬‭that‬‭people‬‭see‬‭themselves‬‭better‬‭with‬‭filters,‬‭that’s‬‭why‬‭they‬‭are‬‭using‬‭them.‬
F
‭In‬‭addition,‬‭there‬‭are‬‭a‬‭lot‬‭of‬‭different‬‭types‬‭of‬‭filters‬‭and‬‭there‬‭will‬‭always‬‭be‬‭one‬‭that‬‭suits‬
‭you‬‭perfectly.‬
‭Another‬‭advantage‬‭is‬‭that‬‭companies‬‭adds‬‭or‬‭special‬‭effects‬‭are‬‭easier‬‭to‬‭make‬‭because‬
‭of‬‭the‬‭filters.‬

‭ARGUMENTS‬‭AGAINST‬‭THE‬‭SUBJECT‬

‭ n‬‭the‬‭other‬‭hand,‬‭filters‬‭are‬‭fake‬‭and‬‭the‬‭people‬‭who‬‭use‬‭them‬‭on‬‭their‬‭face‬‭or‬‭body‬‭are‬
O
‭lying‬‭to‬‭us‬‭and‬‭are‬‭lying‬‭themselves.‬
‭However,‬
‭Another‬‭disadvantage‬‭is‬‭that‬‭filters‬‭can‬‭make‬‭things‬‭look‬‭completely‬‭different,‬‭and‬‭that‬‭is‬
‭kind‬‭of‬‭dangerous.‬‭For‬‭example,‬‭when‬‭you‬‭buy‬‭online,‬‭the‬‭product‬‭may‬‭seem‬‭like‬‭one‬‭thing‬
‭but‬‭be‬‭quite‬‭another.‬

‭CONCLUSION‬

‭ o‬‭sum‬‭up‬‭,‬‭I‬‭think‬‭that‬‭filters‬‭can‬‭really‬‭help‬‭make‬‭films,‬‭series,‬‭TV‬‭programs,‬‭adds,‬‭etc.‬
T
‭However,‬‭they‬‭are‬‭helpfully‬‭make‬‭thing‬‭look‬‭fake‬‭or‬‭look‬‭like‬‭something‬‭that‬‭they‬‭are‬‭not.‬
★
‭ ‬‭REPORT‬

‭TITLE‬

‭Report‬‭on‬‭the‬‭…‬‭Magazine‬

‭INTRODUCTION‬

‭The‬‭aim‬‭of‬‭this‬‭report‬‭is‬‭to‬‭suggest‬‭things‬‭to‬‭do‬‭in‬‭Ciutadella‬‭to‬‭a‬‭group‬‭of‬‭elderly‬‭tourists.‬

‭SIGHTSEEING‬

‭ hey‬‭might‬‭look‬‭for‬‭a‬‭guide‬‭who‬‭explains‬‭them‬‭the‬‭history‬‭of‬‭the‬‭town‬‭while‬‭they‬‭are‬‭walking‬
T
‭through‬‭the‬‭centre‬‭of‬‭Ciutadella.‬‭One‬‭thing‬‭that‬‭they‬‭should‬‭certainly‬‭visit‬‭is‬‭the‬‭Cathedral.‬
‭The‬‭town‬‭is‬‭quite‬‭small,‬‭however,‬‭it‬‭is‬‭really‬‭beautiful‬‭and‬‭people‬‭are‬‭kind‬‭and‬‭friendly.‬
‭Another‬‭thing‬‭they‬‭shouldn’t‬‭miss‬‭is‬‭some‬‭of‬‭the‬‭beaches.‬

‭SHOPPING‬

‭ ince‬‭we‬‭don’t‬‭have‬‭a‬‭shopping‬‭centre‬‭in‬‭Ciutadella,‬‭I‬‭suggest‬‭them‬‭to‬‭buy‬‭in‬‭the‬‭small‬‭local‬
S
‭shops‬‭in‬‭town.‬‭Mango‬‭is‬‭a‬‭popular‬‭clothing‬‭brand,‬‭and‬‭Muy‬‭Mucho‬‭is‬‭a‬‭store‬‭known‬‭because‬
‭of‬‭its‬‭cute‬‭things‬‭for‬‭your‬‭home.‬

‭LUNCH‬

‭ fter‬‭a‬‭long‬‭morning,‬‭they‬‭may‬‭want‬‭to‬‭stop‬‭and‬‭have‬‭lunch.‬‭I‬‭recommend‬‭them‬‭a‬‭restaurant‬
A
‭called‬‭Mostassa‬‭,‬‭it‬‭is‬‭a‬‭burger,‬‭and‬‭it‬‭is‬‭not‬‭very‬‭expensive.‬‭If‬‭they‬‭prefer‬‭to‬‭try‬‭Spanish‬‭food‬
‭such‬‭as‬‭paella‬‭or‬‭seafood,‬‭I‬‭would‬‭suggest‬‭another‬‭restaurant‬‭called‬‭S’Amarador‬‭.‬

‭CONCLUSION‬

I‭n‬‭conclusion,‬‭I‬‭think‬‭that‬‭Ciutadella‬‭is‬‭a‬‭beautiful‬‭town‬‭where‬‭you‬‭can‬‭spend‬‭a‬‭nice‬‭morning‬
‭and‬‭where‬‭you‬‭can‬‭enjoy‬‭a‬‭good‬‭meal.‬
★
‭ ‬‭APPLICATION‬‭FORM/LETTER‬‭OF‬‭APPLICATION‬

‭ seful‬‭words:‬
u
‭be‬‭keen‬‭on‬
‭In‬‭addition,‬
‭as‬
‭university‬‭fees‬
‭Furthermore,‬

‭Dear‬‭Ms‬‭Gracient‬

I‭‬‭am‬‭writing‬‭to‬‭apply‬‭for‬‭your‬‭dance‬‭summer‬‭club.‬‭I‬‭think‬‭I‬‭am‬‭the‬‭right‬‭person‬‭for‬‭the‬
‭leader‬‭role,‬‭because‬‭I‬‭am‬‭keen‬‭on‬‭dancing‬‭and‬‭I‬‭love‬‭spending‬‭time‬‭with‬‭kids.‬‭In‬‭addition,‬‭I‬
‭would‬‭like‬‭to‬‭have‬‭my‬‭own‬‭money‬‭to‬‭pay‬‭the‬‭university‬‭fees,‬‭and‬‭I‬‭think‬‭that‬‭there‬‭is‬‭not‬‭a‬
‭better‬‭way‬‭than‬‭having‬‭a‬‭job‬‭that‬‭includes‬‭doing‬‭the‬‭two‬‭things‬‭I‬‭love.‬

I‭‬‭have‬‭experience‬‭of‬‭working‬‭as‬‭a‬‭babysitter,‬‭since‬‭I‬‭have‬‭been‬‭a‬‭babysitter‬‭for‬‭a‬‭few‬
‭years.‬‭Furthermore,‬‭I‬‭have‬‭always‬‭loved‬‭dancing,‬‭it‬‭is‬‭my‬‭passion.‬‭I‬‭have‬‭been‬‭going‬‭to‬
‭dance‬‭classes‬‭since‬‭I‬‭was‬‭four.‬‭I‬‭think‬‭I‬‭will‬‭be‬‭helpful‬‭because‬‭I‬‭am‬‭good‬‭with‬‭kids‬‭and‬‭I‬
‭love‬‭them.‬

I‭‬‭am‬‭available‬‭to‬‭work‬‭on‬‭weekdays‬‭except‬‭Wednesdays‬‭,‬‭because‬‭I‬‭am‬‭working‬‭as‬‭a‬
‭babysitter.‬‭I‬‭would‬‭be‬‭able‬‭to‬‭work‬‭on‬‭Saturdays‬‭and‬‭Sundays‬‭mornings‬‭too.‬

‭I‬‭look‬‭forward‬‭to‬‭hearing‬‭from‬‭you.‬

‭Yours‬‭sincerely,‬

‭Name‬
★
‭ ‬‭INFORMAL‬‭EMAIL‬

‭Writing‬‭an‬‭email‬‭to‬‭a‬‭friend‬

-‭ 1.‬‭Greeting‬
‭Hi‬‭John,‬
‭Hello‬‭John,‬
‭Dear‬‭John,‬

-‭ ‬‭2.‬‭Opening‬‭paragraph:‬‭introduction‬
‭It’s‬‭nice‬‭/‬‭great‬‭/‬‭good‬‭to‬‭hear‬‭from‬‭you.‬
‭It’s‬‭nice‬‭/‬‭great‬‭/‬‭good‬‭to‬‭read‬‭your‬‭letter.‬
‭I’m‬‭glad‬‭to‬‭hear‬‭your‬‭news.‬
‭I’m‬‭excited‬‭about…‬‭(your‬‭news.)‬
‭It’s‬‭great‬‭to‬‭hear‬‭that…‬
‭I’m‬‭sorry‬‭to‬‭hear‬‭that…‬
‭I’m‬‭really‬‭sorry‬‭to‬‭read‬‭your‬‭news.‬
‭Thanks‬‭a‬‭lot‬‭for‬‭writing!‬
‭It‬‭was‬‭good‬‭to‬‭receive‬‭your‬‭letter.‬
‭Thank‬‭you‬‭very‬‭much‬‭for‬‭your‬‭letter.‬

‭-‬‭Asking‬‭how‬‭they‬‭are‬‭feeling‬
‭Hope‬‭you‬‭are‬‭doing‬‭well.‬
‭How’s‬‭it‬‭going?‬
‭How‬‭are‬‭you‬‭(doing)?‬
‭How‬‭are‬‭things‬‭(going)?‬

‭3.‬‭give‬‭advice:‬
‭-‬ ‭why‬‭don't‬‭you…?‬
‭-‬ ‭you‬‭should/‬‭shouldn’t‬‭/‬‭can‬
‭-‬ ‭it‬‭would‬‭be‬‭good‬‭for‬‭you‬
‭-‬ ‭I‬‭recommend‬‭you‬‭to…‬

‭4.‬‭Closing‬‭paragraph‬
‭Well,‬‭it’s‬‭time‬‭to‬‭say‬‭goodbye.‬
‭Anyway,‬‭I‬‭have‬‭to‬‭go‬‭now.‬
‭Well,‬‭it’s‬‭time‬‭to‬‭go.‬
‭Anyway,‬‭gotta‬‭go.‬
‭I‬‭really‬‭hope‬‭to‬‭hear‬‭from‬‭you‬‭soon.‬
‭I’m‬‭looking‬‭forward‬‭to‬‭hearing‬‭from‬‭you.‬
‭I‬‭hope‬‭you‬‭write‬‭back‬‭soon.‬
‭Make‬‭sure‬‭you‬‭write‬‭back‬‭soon.‬
‭-‬‭Saying‬‭goodbye‬
‭Best‬‭wishes,‬
‭Best,‬
‭Take‬‭care,‬
‭All‬‭my‬‭love,‬
‭Love,‬
‭Lots‬‭of‬‭love,‬
‭See‬‭you‬‭soon,‬
‭Regards,‬

★
‭ ‬‭REVIEW‬‭(book,‬‭film,‬‭TV‬‭series,‬‭musical…)‬

‭Reviews‬‭should‬‭be‬‭interesting‬‭and‬‭informative.‬‭Don’t‬‭forget‬‭the‬‭title!‬
‭Usually,‬‭a‬‭review‬‭should‬‭be‬‭divided‬‭into‬‭4‬‭paragraphs:‬

-‭ ‬‭INTRODUCTION:‬‭it‬‭is‬‭crucial‬‭to‬‭mention‬‭the‬‭title‬‭and‬‭the‬‭names‬‭of‬‭the‬‭director‬‭and‬
‭the‬‭main‬‭actors.‬‭A‬‭mini-summary‬‭of‬‭the‬‭film’s‬‭plot‬‭and‬‭background‬‭information‬‭can‬‭also‬
‭be‬‭included‬‭(genre,‬‭year,‬‭awards‬‭or‬‭nominations,‬‭etc),‬‭but‬‭it‬‭should‬‭not‬‭give‬‭away‬‭too‬
‭much‬‭detail.‬

-‭ ‬‭STORY:‬‭give‬‭a‬‭brief‬‭summary‬‭of‬‭the‬‭plot.‬‭Remember‬‭to‬‭use‬‭present‬‭tense‬‭to‬‭describe‬
‭the‬‭plot‬‭of‬‭a‬‭book‬‭or‬‭a‬‭film.‬‭It’s‬‭better‬‭not‬‭to‬‭spoil‬‭the‬‭ending!‬

-‭ ‬‭ANALYSIS:‬‭PROS/CONS:‬‭what‬‭did‬‭you‬‭like‬‭the‬‭most‬‭/‬‭least?‬‭Evaluate‬‭some‬
‭elements,‬‭like‬‭the‬‭script,‬‭direction,‬‭cinematography,‬‭acting,‬‭soundtrack,‬‭special‬
‭effects...‬‭You‬‭could‬‭also‬‭make‬‭a‬‭comparison‬‭to‬‭similar‬‭films‬‭in‬‭the‬‭same‬‭genre.‬

-‭ ‬‭CONCLUSION:‬‭finish‬‭yor‬‭review‬‭with‬‭your‬‭opinion‬‭and‬‭a‬‭recommendation.‬
‭A‬‭review‬‭will‬‭usually‬‭contain‬‭some‬‭narrative‬‭and/or‬‭descriptive‬‭language.‬‭You‬‭should‬
‭know‬‭what‬‭tone‬‭(light‬‭/‬‭persuasive‬‭/‬‭friendly)‬‭to‬‭adopt.‬‭Use‬‭descriptive‬‭adjectives,‬‭verbs‬
‭and‬‭adverbs‬‭to‬‭make‬‭it‬‭more‬‭interesting.‬

‭USEFUL‬‭VOCABULARY‬‭TO‬‭DESCRIBE‬‭BOOKS‬‭AND‬‭FILMS‬

‭ ction-packed‬
A ‭Full‬‭of‬‭activity‬‭or‬‭exciting‬‭events‬
‭Easy-to-read‬
‭Heavy‬‭going‬ ‭ ifficult‬‭or‬‭boring‬‭to‬‭deal‬‭with‬
D
‭Engaging‬ ‭Pleasant‬‭and‬‭interesting‬
‭Intriguing‬ ‭very‬‭interesting‬‭,‬‭especially‬‭because‬‭of‬‭being‬‭strange‬‭or‬‭mysterious‬

‭Life-like‬ ‭a‬‭life-like‬‭picture‬‭,‬‭model‬‭etc‬‭looks‬‭like‬‭a‬‭real‬‭person‬‭or‬‭thing‬

‭Mysterious‬ ‭ rousing‬‭wonder‬‭or‬‭curiosity,‬‭especially‬‭by‬‭being‬‭difficult‬‭to‬‭understand‬
A
‭or‬‭to‬‭explain‬
‭Predictable‬ ‭Capable‬‭of‬‭being‬‭foretold,‬‭it‬‭happens‬‭in‬‭the‬‭way‬‭that‬‭you‬‭would‬‭expect‬

‭ ar-fetched‬
F I‭mpossible‬‭to‬‭believe‬
‭Gripping‬ ‭Exciting‬‭and‬‭keeping‬‭your‬‭attention‬‭the‬‭whole‬‭time‬
‭Page-turner‬ ‭a‬‭book‬‭that‬‭is‬‭very‬‭interesting‬‭or‬‭exciting‬
‭Realistic‬‭/‬‭unrealistic‬ ‭Relating‬‭to‬‭the‬‭representation‬‭of‬‭objects,‬‭actions‬‭or‬‭social‬‭conditions‬
‭as‬‭they‬‭actually‬‭are‬‭/not‬‭compatible‬‭with‬‭reality‬
‭Thought-provoking‬ i‭nteresting‬‭in‬‭a‬‭way‬‭that‬‭makes‬‭you‬‭think‬‭of‬‭new‬‭ideas‬‭or‬‭that‬‭changes‬
‭your‬‭attitude‬‭to‬‭something‬
‭ xciting‬
E ‭ reating‬‭or‬‭producing‬‭excitement‬
C
‭Fascinating‬ ‭Of‬‭intense‬‭interest‬‭or‬‭attraction‬
‭Moving‬ ‭making‬‭you‬‭feel‬‭strong‬‭emotion,‬‭especially‬‭pity‬‭or‬‭sadness‬
‭Touching‬ ‭making‬‭you‬‭feel‬‭emotional‬‭or‬‭sympathetic‬‭,‬‭for‬‭example‬‭by‬‭being‬‭sad‬

‭ musing‬
A ‭ aking‬‭you‬‭laugh,‬‭entertaining‬‭and‬‭pleasing‬
M
‭Slow-moving‬ ‭Developing‬‭at‬‭a‬‭slow‬‭pace‬
‭ ast-moving‬
F ‭ oving‬‭quickly‬
M
‭Original‬ ‭New‬‭in‬‭a‬‭special‬‭and‬‭interesting‬‭way‬

‭GENRES‬

‭Science‬‭fiction‬‭/‬‭drama‬‭/‬‭action‬‭and‬‭adventure‬‭/‬‭romance‬‭/‬‭mystery‬‭/‬‭horror‬‭/‬‭self‬‭book‬‭/‬
‭History‬‭/‬‭biography‬‭/‬‭fantasy‬‭/‬‭poetry‬‭/‬‭satire‬‭/‬‭thriller‬
★
‭ ‬‭STORY‬

‭ ast‬‭perfect…‬
P
‭All‬‭of‬‭a‬‭sudden‬
‭Immediately‬
‭Suddenly‬
‭After‬‭that‬
‭Out‬‭of‬‭nowhere‬
‭Superlatives‬‭(hilarious,‬‭exciting,‬‭amusing,‬‭thrilling,‬‭unbelievable,‬‭frightening,‬‭quietly,‬
‭peacefully…)‬
★
‭ ‬‭BLOG‬‭ENTRY‬

‭ ARIS,‬‭RESTAURANT‬
P
‭Posted‬‭by‬‭(your‬‭name)‬ ‭on‬‭September‬‭4th,‬‭2023‬

‭ ou‬‭will‬‭never‬‭guess‬‭where‬‭I‬‭have‬‭been‬‭this‬‭week!‬‭In‬‭Paris,‬‭can‬‭you‬‭believe‬‭it?‬‭Me‬‭neither.‬
Y
‭Today‬‭I’d‬‭like‬‭to‬‭share‬‭with‬‭you,‬‭my‬‭honest‬‭opinion‬‭about‬‭the‬‭experience‬‭I‬‭had‬‭at‬‭a‬
‭restaurant‬‭I‬‭went.‬

‭ irstly‬‭,‬‭I‬‭have‬‭to‬‭say‬‭that‬‭it‬‭was‬‭a‬‭lovely‬‭place‬‭where‬‭every‬‭thing‬‭was‬‭so‬‭pretty.‬‭About‬‭the‬
F
‭food,‬‭the‬‭menu‬‭was‬‭delicious.‬‭Besides,‬‭there‬‭was‬‭vegetarian‬‭food‬‭and‬‭a‬‭kid’s‬‭menu,‬‭so‬‭it‬‭is‬
‭a‬‭restaurant‬‭for‬‭everyone.‬‭However,‬‭the‬‭dishes‬‭were‬‭a‬‭bit‬‭tiny,‬‭so‬‭you‬‭had‬‭to‬‭eat‬‭more‬‭than‬
‭two‬‭portions.‬‭I‬‭also‬‭think‬‭that‬‭it‬‭isn’t‬‭a‬‭cheap‬‭place‬‭to‬‭eat.‬‭But,‬‭believe‬‭it‬‭or‬‭not,‬‭the‬‭price‬‭is‬
‭worth‬‭it.‬
‭I’d‬‭like‬‭to‬‭tell‬‭you‬‭more‬‭about‬‭this‬‭restaurant.‬‭The‬‭building‬‭is‬‭in‬‭the‬‭centre‬‭of‬‭Paris,‬‭and‬‭as‬
‭you‬‭can‬‭imagine,‬‭the‬‭views‬‭are‬‭amazing.‬‭If‬‭you‬‭go,‬‭I‬‭recommend‬‭you‬‭to‬‭sit‬‭outside,‬‭you‬‭will‬
‭be‬‭able‬‭to‬‭see‬‭the‬‭beautiful‬‭Eiffel‬‭Tower.‬

‭ ll‬‭in‬‭all,‬‭I‬‭think‬‭that‬‭it‬‭is‬‭such‬‭a‬‭good‬‭place‬‭to‬‭have‬‭lunch‬‭or‬‭dinner,‬‭and‬‭I‬‭strongly‬
A
‭recommend‬‭you‬‭to‬‭go‬‭there.‬

I‭’m‬‭going‬‭to‬‭Spain‬‭in‬‭two‬‭days‬‭:).‬‭You‬‭shouldn’t‬‭miss‬‭my‬‭next‬‭blog!‬
‭Love‬‭you‬‭guys‬‭<3‬
★
‭ ‬‭OPINION‬‭ESSAY‬

‭●‬ I‭MPORTANT:‬ ‭Do‬ ‭not‬ ‭write‬ ‭about‬ ‭advantages‬ ‭or‬ ‭disadvantages‬ ‭or‬ ‭points‬ ‭for‬ ‭or‬
‭against‬‭.‬‭Decide‬‭your‬‭opinion‬‭and‬‭give‬‭reasons‬‭to‬‭support‬‭it.‬
‭●‬ ‭If‬ ‭you‬‭write‬‭too‬‭many‬‭words‬‭it‬‭decreases‬‭your‬‭mark‬‭and‬‭there‬‭are‬‭more‬‭possibilities‬
‭of‬‭making‬‭mistakes.‬

‭ ARAGRAPH‬‭1‬
P
‭Introduce‬ ‭the‬ ‭topic‬ ‭and‬ ‭give‬ ‭your‬ ‭opinion.‬ ‭Say‬ ‭whether‬ ‭you‬ ‭agree‬ ‭or‬ ‭disagree‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬
‭statement.‬

‭ owadays,‬
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‭I‬‭(completely)‬‭agree/disagree‬‭with‬‭...‬
‭I‬‭(dis)agree‬‭with‬‭the‬‭statement,‬‭because‬‭…‬
‭Many‬‭people‬‭say/‬‭believe‬‭that…‬
‭It‬‭is‬‭a‬‭well-known‬‭fact‬‭that‬‭…‬

‭ ARAGRAPH‬‭2‬
P
‭Give‬‭a‬‭first‬‭reason‬‭to‬‭support‬‭your‬‭opinion‬‭and‬‭an‬‭example‬‭of‬‭it.‬

‭ irstly,...‬
F
‭Personally,‬‭I‬‭believe‬‭that…‬
‭I‬‭strongly‬‭believe‬‭that....‬
‭For‬‭example/‬‭for‬‭instance,...‬

‭ ARAGRAPH‬‭3‬
P
‭Give‬‭a‬‭second‬‭reason‬‭to‬‭support‬‭your‬‭opinion.‬

‭ econdly,..‬
S
‭From‬‭my‬‭point‬‭of‬‭view,‬‭....‬
‭For‬‭example/‬‭for‬‭instance,...‬
‭In‬‭addition‬‭to‬‭that,‬‭I‬‭believe‬‭that‬

‭ ARAGRAPH‬‭4‬
P
‭Summarize‬‭your‬‭ideas‬‭and‬‭repeat‬‭your‬‭opinion‬‭using‬‭different‬‭words.‬‭Never‬‭introduce‬‭a‬
‭new‬‭reason‬‭in‬‭this‬‭paragraph.‬

I‭n‬‭conclusion,...‬
‭To‬‭sum‬‭up,‬‭it‬‭is‬‭clear‬‭to‬‭me‬‭that…‬