FERRANTI EFFECT

➢ In a long transmission line with high voltage or extra high voltage system,
during no load or light load condition, the receiving end bus voltage is higher
than the sending end bus voltage. This is called Ferranti effect.
➢ The effect is due to the line capacitances. The capacitors produce a capacitive
current and when this current flows across the internal inductance of the line,
the receiving end voltages gets increased. There will be a small voltage drop
due to the line resistance.
➢ During no load condition, the receiving end current is zero. The line
capacitance gets the voltage and injects reactive power to the system which
flows through the series line inductors. At no load, the inductor consumes
very less reactive power thus increasing the voltage in the receiving end.

➢ In the above figure, the receiving end voltage is greater than the sending
end voltage. This is called Ferranti effect.

Methods to reduce Ferranti effect

➢ Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)
➢ Adding Shunt Reactor

ADDING SHUNT REACTOR

➢ A shunt reactor is an essential component in reactive power compensation,

particularly in power systems. Reactive power is the power consumed by
inductive and capacitive elements in the system.
 ➢ In power systems, especially in long transmission lines, capacitive elements
cause reactive power to flow into the system. This capacitive reactive power
can lead to voltage rise issues, line instability, and inefficient power
transmission. Shunt reactors are specifically used to compensate for
capacitive reactive power, which is caused by long transmission lines and
capacitive loads.

How to Select Shunt Reactor in ETAP simulation menu → Select the Static Load
→ Make the real power and power factor is zero →Maintain or improve the
Reactive power to maintain the bus voltage within the permissible limit.

➢ In above figure, by adding shunt reactor the receiving end voltage becomes
lesser than sending end voltage. Thus, Ferranti effect is reduced.

SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING (SIL)

➢ SIL is defined as the maximum load (at unity power factor) that can be
delivered by the transmission line when the loads terminate with a value
equal to surge impedance (Zs) of the line.

➢ It is the maximum load connected in the transmission line for which total
reactive power generated (Capacitive VAR) is equal to total reactive power
consumed (Inductive VAR). So as to maintain an exact balance of reactive
 power consumption (by series inductance of line) and generation (by shunt
capacitance of line).

Where,
L - inductance of transmission line
C -capacitance of transmission line.

➢ Also when we observed the line voltage vs. length curve of the transmission
line (as shown in the below figure), we concluded different voltage profiles
for loading the line in different conditions.

➢ If the loading is equal to SIL, then the voltage profile of the line is Flat.

➢ If the loading is greater than SIL, then the line has an inductive nature.
➢ If the loading is less than SIL, then the line has a capacitive nature.