1. Experiments related to a pendulum.

a. To find the length of the pendulum:

i. Keep the rule as close to the pendulum as possible.
ii. Place the set square at the center of pendulum
iii. View perpendicular to the scale.

b. To find the period of a pendulum, why should we always take more than one
oscillation?
i. The error spreads over more oscillations.
ii. the percentage of uncertainty is reduced.
iii. Human reaction error is reduced

c. Length of the pendulum is always measured from the

point of suspension to the point of oscillation.

d. For set up experiments to investigate if the time period T gets affected by:-

time period T gets affected Additional apparatus Precaution to be taken

by when using the apparatus

i. Mass of the bob balance Check for zero error (the

pointer must be at zero
before placing the bob on the
pan)

ii. diameter Micrometer screw gauge

iii. Length of the pendulum Meter rule View perpendicular to the

scale.

2. Experiments related to finding the

diameter of a sphere.

Make the setup as seen in the diagram.

Diameter of the sphere = 3.5 - 2

Precautions:
i. Keep the blocks parallel to each other.
 ii. View perpendicular to the scale.

For accuracy: Repeat the experiment by rotating

the sphere and take measurements. Take an
average.

If the sphere is too small and if there is a

possibility of it not being uniform, then use
multiple spheres of the same kind. Divide the
length by the number of spheres to find the average diameter.

3. Experiments related to finding the volume of

A. an irregular solid (displacement method).

Precautions while taking the volume readings:

i. View perpendicular to the scale, (by doing so parallax error is
avoided)
Ii. Read the lower meniscus, (difference between the volume
reading of the upper and lower meniscus is very small
iii. Use a cylinder with more graduations to get accurate volume
readings.

B. A regular solid.
i. Measure the length, height and the breadth from different places and take an average.
ii. Keep the rule parallel to the edge.

4. Experiments related to moment

i. How to make sure the rule is horizontal.

- Use a set-square between the stand
and the rule
- Measure the distance between the
rule and the base from the two
ends. Check if both distances are
equal, then rule is horizontal.

ii. How to find the center of a load

- FInd the length and
breadth of the load, and
half it. Now find the
horizontal center of the
rule where the load is to be
placed. Align the 2 center
points.
-
 iii. How to balance the rule?
- Place the rule on the pivot without any load on it. Shift the rule slight to the right and to
the left so that it tilts a bit. Place it at the midpoint of these two distances.

5. Experiments related to spring

- How to find the length of the spring accurately
i. Align the set square at the base of the spring as shown in fig.1.1
ii. Keep the rule as close as possible to the spring.

- Explain why lo(length of the spring) is not measured to point X on

the spring
i. The rings don't extend like the spring.

- Suggest one source of inaccuracy while carrying out the

experiments using a spring balance or a spring
i. Rule is not uniform / weight is not evenly distributed
ii. force meter/ pointer of the force meter not at zero in the start
iii. Load values are not exact.

6 Experiments related to Heat.

A. What precautions need to be taken when taking temperature readings?
i. Statement: Read perpendicular to the scale.
Reason: to avoid parallax error
ii. Statement: Stir the liquid before taking the reading
Reason: to ensure that all the liquid is at the same temperature.
iii. Statement: wait till the thermometer reading stops rising
Reason: this will help record the maximum temperature of the liquid
iv. Statement: Ensure that the thermometer does not touch the sides or the base of the beaker.
Reason: temperature of the surface of the beaker will be different to that of the liquid.

Use the following points depending on the requirement of the question

For heat setups:

Key variables to be kept constant
i. Room temperature
ii. Initial temperature of the liquid / sand etc
iii. volume of the liquid used.
When beakers or insulation material is used
i. Material / size of the beaker
ii. Thickness / density of the insulation material.

If a heater is used:
i. Amount of heat supplied
ii. distance between the heater and the beaker.

7. Experiments related to light.

A. Ray trace experiments
1. Precautions to be taken:
i. View the base of the pins
ii. Draw thin lines
iii. Place the pins as far as possible / more than 5cm apart.
iv. Ensure the pins are at right angles to the ray trace sheet.
v. Use sharp pencil
vi. Use thin pins.

B. What can be the possible limitations or difficulty

i. Placing the pins vertical to the ray trace sheet.
ii. Measuring small angles
iii. Placing the pins in the correct positions

For lens experiments

Precaution that will ensure reliable results. Also explain what might be the effects of not taking
this precaution.

i.precaution: Conduct the experiment in a dark room.

consequence: The image may not be distinct / clear.
ii. precaution: Keep the lens and object at the same height.
consequence:The image might not appear on the screen.
iii.precaution: The lens, object and screen, must be perpendicular.
consequence: image must be distorted.
iv.precaution:Fix the rule to the bench.
consequence:It may move and give wrong results of u and v.

1. Measure the size of the image from the back side of the screen.
ii Factors that will limit the range of the object distance.
i. Image is virtual
ii. Image is too small to measure
-

The lens must be in a fixed position.

Shift the screen slightly forward or backwards to get a clear image.
For electricity:
What could be a possible source of inaccuracy in the experiment?(When crocodile clips are
used for connections)
The current supply may not be continuous.
The crocodile clips may not be making proper contact with the wire.