AGR3506

AGR3506
Principles of Crop Science

Plant Propagation
Outlines
• Plant Propagation
• Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
• Seed Dormancy, Germination, Testing
• Asexual/Vegetative propagation
• Natural
• Artificial
• Micropropagation
• Seed Processing and Certification
Plant Propagation
• Process of multiplying the numbers of a species, perpetuating a species,
or maintaining the youthfulness of a plant
• Produce new and better breeds of plants faster
• Can reproduce exact duplicates of desirable plants
• Can increase quality of plants
• 2 methods of propagation
• Sexual – by seed
• Asexual – by vegetative parts such as leaves, stems or roots
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Plant propagation
• Asexual or vegetative reproduction
• Multiplication or perpetuation of any plant for many
vegetative parts as plant other than seed
• Sexual reproduction
• Multiplication of plants by using seed
Sexual reproduction
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
• Involves the union of the pollen (male) with the egg (female) to
produce a seed
• Advantages:
• Easiest and least expensive method
• Seed propagation is only mean of diversity particularly in the selection of
chance seedlings
• Seedling plants are long lived, productive and have greater tolerance to
adverse soil and climatic conditions and diseases
• Makes feasible to propagate plants like papaya and coconut in which
asexual means of propagation is not common.
• Hybrids can only be developed by sexual means
• Seed - source for production of rootstocks for asexual propagation
• Seeds can keep for longer duration for future use • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
What is seed ?
• A matured ovule that consisting of an embryonic plant together with a
store of food, all surrounded by a protective coat
• The formation of seed completes the process of reproduction in seed
plants
• Made up of three parts:
• Outer seed coat - protects the seed
• Endosperm - food reserve
• Embryo - young plant itself
• Importance:
• Basic input in agriculture upon which other inputs are applied
• Utilize all the resources and realized a • Plant Propagation
reasonable output to the grower • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Types of seed
• Open Pollinated (OP)
• Produce seed that closely resemble the parent
• OP varieties are a result of combining parents that are genetically similar
• Heirloom – Non-hybrid/open-pollinated
• Varieties that have been passed down from generation to generation (>50 years old
is generally considered an heirloom)
• Hybrid (F1)
• Result of a controlled crossing of inbred, genetically distinct parent populations
• Seed saved from F1’s will appear very different from their parents, only a few plants
will look like the original
• GMO Varieties
• Varieties in which genes have been inserted into the DNA of the host variety.
• The genes that are transferred are often from different • Plant Propagation
species, genera, or even kingdoms • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
• (e.g. Bt genes → from bacteria (can produce toxin)) • Seed Dormancy, Germination, Testing
• Natural
• Artificial
Seed Choices
• Annuals
• Plants that require only one growing season to produce seed and complete their
life cycle
• Tomato, beans
• Biennials
• Plants that require two growing seasons to produce seed and complete their life
cycle
• Carrot, onion
• Perennials
• Plants that live more than two years, usually producing flowers and seeds from the
same root year after year
• Mango, papaya • Plant Propagation
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Seed dispersal and germination
Seed dormancy
• A state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under
environmental conditions normally favourable for gemination
• Seeds of most plants germinate when they provide favourable
environmental conditions such as moisture, air, temperature and proper
sequence of light and darkness
• 2 types of seed dormancy:
• Primary dormancy
• Dormancy which develops when the seed is attached to the plant and exists when first
harvested
• Most common and can be subdivided into exogenous and endogenous dormancy
• Secondary dormancy
• Seeds are released from a plant that is in a
• non-dormant state, but later become dormant
• Thermodormancy and conditional • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
sunflower (Helianthus L.), carrot (Daucus carota), (Lactuca sativa) is
inhibited if they are exposed to high temperatures during water • Natural
imbibition (germination) • Artificial
Seed dormancy
• Exogenous dormancy
• Due to factors outside the embryo
• Lack of condition which is essential to germination process such as water, light and
temperature
• Usually related to physical properties of the seed coat
• 3 factors responsible for exogenous dormancy - water, gases and mechanical
restriction
• Seeds show water impermeability = hard seeds. It is caused by genetic and
environmental factors
• Impermeability increase with decreases in seed moisture content and seeds do not
become impermeable until their moisture content decreases to about 14%
• May be due to the presence of a cuticle and a well-developed layer of palisade cells
• Impermeability to gas due to the seed coat. It allows water to permeate but not
oxygen. Dormant seeds are less
permeable to oxygen thus retarding the aerobic • Plant Propagation
metabolism required for germination • Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Seed dormancy
• Endogenous dormancy - caused by conditions within the embryo itself
• Physiological
• Seeds cannot germinate unless they have received a dormancy breaking treatment
• Drying, photodormancy, thermodormnacy
• Morphological
• Found in seeds with underdeveloped embryo that must differentiate before germinating
• Immature embryo
• Morphophysiological
• Physiological dormancy developed in seeds with underdeveloped embryos
(morphological dormancy)
• Seeds require dormancy-breaking treatments as well as a period of time to develop fully
grown embryos
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Breaking of seed dormancy
• Dormancy in seeds is broken in two ways:
• By altering the restraint of seed covering
• By increasing the embryo’s growth potential
• Methods of breaking seed dormancy:
• Scarification
• Involve breaking, scratching or softening the seed coat so that water can
enter to stimulate the germination
• Acid scarification – seeds covered with concentrated sulfuric acid
• Mechanical scarification – seeds were dubbed with sandpaper or
cracked with hammer to weaken the seed coat
• Hot water scarification – seeds were dipped in hot water (75-100˚C)
• Stratification / vernalisation
• Treating seeds to stimulate germination, e.g. cold treatment.
• Seeds from temperate zone do not germinate unless they are exposed
to chilling temperature, e.g. winter wheat • Plant Propagation
• Hormonal • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
• Using abscisic acid and gibberellins • Seed Dormancy, Germination, Testing

• Natural
• Artificial
Seed germination
• Emergence and development from the seed embryo of those essential
structures which for the kind of seed being tested, indicate the ability to
develop into a normal plant under favorable condition in soil or
emergence of radicle and plumule through seed coat
• Requirement for germination:
• External – water, temperature, oxygen, light or darkness
• Internal – seed vitality, genotype, seed maturation, seed dormancy
• Types of seed germination
• Epigeal
• Hypogeal
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Seed germination | Types
Epigeal
• Aboveground germination
• Cotyledons are raised above the ground where they
continue to provide nutritive support to the growing points
during germination
• Hypocotyls begins to elongate in an arch that breaks
through the soil, pulling the cotyledon and enclosed
plumule through the ground and projecting them into the
air during root establishment
• Cotyledons open, plumule growth continues and
cotyledons wither and fall
• Characteristic of bean and pine seeds and is considered • Plant Propagation
more primitive than hypogeal germination • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Seed germination | Types
Hypogeal
• Belowground germination
• Cotyledons or comparable storage organs remain
beneath the soil while the plumule pushes upward
and emerges above the ground during
germination
• Epicotyl is rapidly elongating structure
• Cotyledons or comparable storage organs
continue to provide
nutritive support to the growing points
• Characteristic of pea seeds, all grasses (corn) • Plant Propagation
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Germination stage
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Germination testing
• Principles:
• To assess seed quality or viability
• To predict performance of the seed and seedling in the field
• To obtain information about the planting value of the seed sample
• To compare the performance potential of the different seed lots
• General purposes:
• Sowing
• Labelling
• Seed certification
• Seed Act and Law Enforcement
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Seed Testing
• Determine the standards of a seed, physical purity, moisture,
germination and thereby enabling the farming community to get quality
seeds
• Objectives:
• To determine their quality for planting
• To identify seed quality problems and their probable cause
• To determine the need for drying and processing and specific procedures that
should be used
• To determine if seed meets established quality standards or labelling specifications
• To establish quality and provide a basis for price and consumer discrimination
among lots in market
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Asexual / Vegetative
reproduction
Asexual or Vegetative Propagation
• Multiplication that does not involve the seed cycle - clonal propagation
• Using vegetative structures such as stem, root and leaf - contain buds or
develop buds and roots and grow into new individuals
• Useful in raising several commercial crops (fruit, vegetable, plantation,
cash and ornamentals)
• Some plants propagated vegetatively are more resistant to diseases and
can be used as propagules
• Promotes combination of desirable clones
• Helps to avoid or overcome the long juvenile periods of shrubs and
trees → will produce fruit faster
• Produce numerous plants in limited time and space
• Very high rate of success • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
Propagule: a vegetative structure that can • Natural
become detached from a plant and give rise • Artificial
to a new plant, e.g. a bud, sucker, or spore. • Seed Processing and Certification
3 types of plant propagation:
• Natural
• Modifies structures – runner, stolon, offset, sucker, crowns
• Specialized structures – bulb, rhizome, corm, tuber, tuberous root
• Primarily modified plant parts specialized for food storage
• Second function of these specialized organs is that of vegetative
reproduction
• Artificial
• Cutting, budding, grafting, layering
• Most of the vegetative parts have the capacity for regeneration
• Involves mitotic cell division and hence plants propagated
vegetatively reproduce by means of DNA replication of all genetic
information of parent plant
• Tissue culture in aseptic condition • Plant Propagation
• Purpose: • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
• Mass production of plantlets (clonal propagation) • Asexual/Vegetative propagation
• Natural
• Pathogen-free plantlets • Artificial
Vegetative propagation - natural
• Corm
• Swollen base of a stem axis enclosed by dry scale leaves
• Solid stem structure with nodes and internodes
• Bulk of corm is storage tissue composed of parenchyma
• Apex of corm - terminal shoot bud - develop into leaves and flowering shoot
• Axillary buds - produced at each of the nodes.
• Adventitious roots - produced from base of corm. Eg: Colocasia, Gladiolus, yam
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
• Tuber
• Storage or propagative organ produced in one growing
season, remains dormant & starts new growth producing
new shoots
• Modified stem - develops below ground by swelling of
underground stem
• Tuber has all parts of a typical stem – nodes represented by
eye on the surface, consisting of one to several small buds,
protected by a leaf scar
• Division of tubers are done with a sharp knife before
planting
• When adventitious roots are initiated, buds grow out to
produce new plants.
• Eg: Potato • Plant Propagation
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
• Rhizome
• Specialized stem structure in which main axis - grows
horizontally just below ground surface
• Appears segmented and is composed of nodes and
internodes
• Leaf-like sheath is attached at each node enclosing the
stem – expands to form foliage leaves
• When leaves and sheath disintegrate, a scar is left at
node
• Eg: turmeric, ginger, etc.
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
• Tuberous root
• Thick tuberous roots produced by certain perennials
• Have internal and external features of a typical root
• Differ from stem tuber in that they lack nodes and inter nodes
• Buds are formed only at the crown and new roots at the opposite end. Eg: Sweet
potato, Dahlia, etc
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
• Runner
• Specialized stem - develops from the axil of leaf at the crown of a
plant, grows horizontally along the ground and forms a new plant at
one of the nodes
• Rooted daughter plants are separated and transplanted.
• Eg: Strawberry
• Stolon
• Horizontally growing stems - produce adventitious roots when in
contact with soil. Eg: Bermuda grass
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
• Offset
• Lateral shoots or branches, shortened and thick with rosette
like appearance which develop from main stem
• Removed by cutting them close to main stem. Eg: Date
palm, pineapple, etc.
• Sucker
• Shoot which arises on a plant from below ground, from an
adventitious bud on a root
• Dug out and cut from the parent plant for separation. Eg:
Murraya (curry leaf), Raspberry, etc
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Vegetative propagation - artificial
Cutting
• Portion of stem, root or leaf is cut from the parent plant – placed
under favorable environmental conditions and induced to produce
roots and shoots
• Produce a new independent plant- identical to the parent plant
• Root cutting, leaf cutting
• Advantages:
• Most important means of propagating ornamental shrubs,
evergreens, fruits, and vegetable crops
• Widely used commercially in green house propagation
• Many new plants can be started in a limited space from a
few stock plants
• Inexpensive, rapid and simple
• No problem of compatibility with root stocks or of poor graft union
• Greater uniformity due to absence of variation • Plant Propagation
• Parent plant reproduced exactly with no genetic change • Sexual Reproduction

• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Stem cutting
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Budding
• Utilizes only one bud and a small section of bark with or without
wood
T budding
• Method depends on bark’s slipping ability (easy separation of bark
from wood)
• Should be done at the beginning of new growth, do not select weak,
less vigorous, diseased branches
• Budding results in stronger union than grafting
• It makes more economical use of propagating wood than grafting
I budding
• Each bud is potentially capable of producing a new plant
• Simple and practiced in young plants or small branches of large
plants.
• Widely used in producing nursery stock of ornamentals, fruits, etc
• Should be done when plant is in active growth • Plant Propagation
• Different types of budding include – T,I,H, chip, patch, etc • Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Steps in budding technique

Layering
• Method of propagation where the adventitious roots are made to
form on a stem while it is still in contact or attached to mother plant
• Rooted-layered stem is detached to become a new plant growing on
its own roots
• It is natural means of reproduction in plants like strawberries,
chlorophytum, gooseberry, etc
• Can be induced artificially in many kinds of plants
• Advantages:
• Method of propagation – naturally in some plants – Strawberry , Adiantum,
Hydrocotyl, etc
• To propagate plants where cuttings do not root easily • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
• Less cost and labor required in layering • Seed Dormancy, Germination, Testing
• Used to produce large sized plants in a short time • Natural
• Artificial
• Only minimum propagating facilities are required. • Micropropagation
Types of layering
• Types of layering:
• simple, tip, air, mount, trench
Tip Layering Simple Layering Mound Layering Compound Layering
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Types of layering
• Factors affecting layering
• Nutrition : Stem is attached to plant during rooting – so gets continous supply of
water and minerals through intact xylem
• Stem treatment: Cutting, twisting, etc. on the under surface of stem – so that more
hormones and nutrients concentrate near the point of treatment and rooting occurs
their
• Light extrusion: Light should be eliminated from part of stem where roots are to
develop – blanching or etiolation
• Use of root promoting substances: Like IBA, NAA, IAA etc – applying such powder
on the girdled part of the stem – in contact with soil
• Other conditions : Rooting depends on supplying continuous moisture, good
aeration and moderate temperature
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Grafting
• Grafting - art of connecting two pieces of living plant tissues - they unite,
grow and develop as one plant
• The two pieces are – stock and scion
• Stock
• Also called root stock or under stock – it is the lower portion of the graft develops root
system of the grafted plant
• It may be a seedling, rooted cutting or a layered plant
• Scion
• Short pieces of detached shoot containing several dormant buds
• Upper portion of graft from which new stem and branches grow out
• It should be of a desired cultivar free from diseases
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
• Advantages (grafting):
• Useful when cutting, layers, division and other asexual
methods not satisfactory
• Used for obtaining special forms of plant growth
• For repairing damaged parts of trees
• Will enable the top working (changing cultivars) of
established plants
• To speed up reproductive maturity of seedlings
• Types of grafting – whip, splice, side, approach
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Types of graft
Methods of grafting
1. Simple splice graft 4. Cleft graft

2. Tongue graft 5. Side cleft graft
3. Whip graft
Micropropagation
Micropropagation
What is micropropagation?
• The practice of rapid clonal propagation by using modern
techniques such as tissue culture.
• Clonal propagation:
• Multiplication of genetically identical individual by
asexual methods → regeneration from somatic cell or
organs)
• Traditional clonal propagation = cutting, layering,
grafting etc.
• Low number of clones can be generated
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Micropropagation
What is micropropagation? (cont’d)
• Micropropagation is rapid, continuous and efficient
• Specialized equipment, facilities, and technically trained
personnel are required
• Steps can be taken to obtain and maintain certified pest-
free plants
• Cost effective if large numbers of a given clone are
produced
• Widely used for orchids, banana, ferns, many interior
foliage plants, rootstocks, etc.
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
in vivo
Micropropagation Inside living
organism
Advantages (over conventional clonal propagation)

i. Relatively short time and space to produce a large number
of plants
ii. Require small piece of plant tissues to start the propagation
iii. Faster multiplication rate
iv. Applicable to plant species with difficult in vivo propagation
v. Can be done all year round
vi. Can continue having virus-free plant stock (from virus-free
culture) – less quarantine for export
vii. Plantlets are free of microorganism infestation • Plant Propagation
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Plants amenable to micropropagation
• Flowering pot plants – Orchids, Begonia, African violets
• Interior foliage plants - ferns, Syngonium, Ficus, Diffenbachia
• Woody ornamentals - red maples, Rhododendrons, Nandina
• Forest trees - Poplar, birch, loblolly pine
• Fruit trees - apple, cherry, pear (many rootstocks)
• Vegetable crops - potato, celery, tomato, onion (male sterile)
• Plantation crops - banana, date palm, coffee
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Micropropagation stages
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Tissue culture
In vitro (Latin):
• The culture and maintenance of plant cells, tissues or organs within the glass
(explants) in sterile, nutritionally (synthetic media) and
environmentally (controlled) supportive conditions (in vitro)
• What are the condition in vitro?
• Free from competition (sterile → free from pathogens)
• Supplied nutrients
• A controlled environment
• When culture in vitro, condition needs to be fulfilled;
• Chemicals
• Physicals;
• Culture vessel
• Growth medium; essential mineral ions; additional of organic
supplements such as amino acids and vitamins and carbohydrates
(sucrose etc) • Plant Propagation
• External environments: light (quality and duration), temperature, pH, • Seeds
gaseous environment, osmotic pressure • Asexual/Vegetative propagation
• Natural
• Artificial
Types of tissue culture
Tissue culture allows the production of many identical plants (plantlets) that are disease free • Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Types of development in tissue culture (in vitro)
• Proliferation of axillary buds from shoot tip cultures
• Differentiation of adventitious shoots from leaves, stems, or roots
• Formation and proliferation of somatic embryos
• Seed germination - orchids
• Development of haploid plants from anthers or ovules
• Protoplast fusion and somatic hybrid development
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Tissue culture techniques | carrot
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Seed Processing and
Certification
Seed Production
• Production of genetically pure and otherwise good quality pedigree → require high
technical skills and large financial investment
• Strict attention is required in seed production to maintain genetic purity and other good
qualities of seeds
• Seed production must be carried out under standardized and well-organized condition
• Importance:
• Multiplication of superior varieties
• Availability of superior varieties to masses
• Maintenance of genetic purity
• Supply high quality seeds
• Seeds have high germination rate, vigour and viability • Plant Propagation
and physical purity • Seeds
• Maintains the excellent health status of seed • Asexual/Vegetative propagation
• Natural
• Artificial
Seed processing
• The quality improvement of harvested seed includes several operations
starting from harvesting of seed crop until its marketing
• Objectives of seed processing:
• To improve seed quality through removal of adulterants, non-seed material, broken
seeds
• To maintain seed viability and vigour
• To make seed handling easy
• To increase real value of seed
• Real value = [Purity (%) x Germination (%)] / 100
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Steps in seed processing
Harvest fresh
Moisture
seed from Drying Pre-cleaning
testing
field
Grading
Seed Seed
(gravity Fine cleaning
packaging treatment
separation)
• Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Methods used for seed processing
• Seed drying
• Reduction in seed moisture content and maintain seed viability and vigour for longer
period during storage
• Natural drying (sun) and artificial drying (bag, box and bin driers)
• Seed cleaning
• Separation of physical impurities or removal of non seed material
• Wet and dry cleaning
• Seed grading
• Removal of under sized / under weight seeds from seed lot
• Grading is done on the basis of length, width, thickness, density of seed
• Seed packaging
• Seeds are packed in bags of appropriate quality, size and packaging material
• Moisture-vapour resistance (polythene), permeable (cloth, paper bags) and proof (tin
cans)
• Seed labelling
• Printed information – crop, variety, class of seed, name and address of producer, physical
and genetic purity, moisture, germination rate and date, net content
Seed storage
• The preservation of seeds under controlled environmental conditions which will
prolong the viability of the seeds for long periods
• Factors that affect seed longevity
• Biotic factor - seed type, quality, integrity of the protective seed coat, seed moisture content
• Abiotic factor - temperature, relative humidity (RH), gases, containers and distribution
arrangements in the store
• Types of storage:
• Orthodox type
• Long-term – for the continuation of the seed stocks, last from 30-50 years
• Medium-term – provide solely for the seeds of actively used materials, regular germination and
regeneration tests are required to maintain the viability
• Short-term – working materials frequently requested or used, used as those parents and progenies of
the breeding materials or those with particular characteristics for research purpose to keep in storage
room • Plant Propagation
• Recalcitrant type • Seeds
• Non-storable seed which cannot be stored under low temperature and RH • Asexual/Vegetative propagation
• Natural
• Certain vegetables, cocoa, longan, lychee, mango • Artificial
Seed certification
• A legally sanctioned system to maintain quality of seeds during seed
production, postharvest operation and distribution of seeds
• To maintain and make available to the public high-quality seeds of
genetically pure seeds
• Certified seeds are produced by good farmers using careful quality
control, pedigreed planting stock, field inspections during the growing
season and seed inspection following harvest
• Certification Involves:
• Certified seed produced by elite growers and seedsmen
• Careful quality control system
• Pedigreed planting stock
• Field inspection(s) during the growing season
• Seed inspection(s) following harvest • Plant Propagation
• Ascertains varietal purity • Seeds
• Natural
• Artificial
Production Chain under Seeds Certification Scheme
for Rice in Malaysia
Nucleus
seed
Source: MARDI Parit, Perak

Seed certification scheme
Department of Agriculture under
the Ministry of Agriculture and
Food Industry regulates the
certified seeds in Malaysia
Webpage link: http://www.doa.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/399

Planting material certification scheme in Malysia:
Seed production
• The certification manual are

published as guides and references
for seed producers
• Manual link:
http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resour
ces/perkhidmatan/skim_pensijilan/sp
bt/manual_pengeluaran_biji_benih_s
ah.pdf
The generation scheme of certification
• A four-generation scheme has been devised to do this and each generation is identified by a
special color labeling tag:
• Breeder’s seed
• Directly under the control of the breeder and represents the true pedigree of the variety
• Labeled with a white tag
• Planted to produce foundation seed
• Foundation seed
• Slightly at a larger scale compared to breeders seeds and under control of foundation seed stock organization
• Labeled with white tag
• Planted to produce registered seed
• Certified seed
• Produced from the basic seed by registered growers
• Certified seed I - Identified by blue label and Certified seed II – red label
• Labeled seed
• Identified by a yellow label • Sexual Reproduction
• Seeds
• Used for the imported seed where the exporter of such seed gives • Seed Dormancy, Germination, Testing
necessary information about the seed • Natural
• Artificial
Seed testing associations
Organizations that set the standards for seed testing and can also train and certify seed
analysts.
International Seed Testing Association

Website: https://www.seedtest.org/en/
Objective:
• To develop, adopt and publish internationally agreed standard procedures (Rules) for sampling
and testing seeds.
• To promote uniform application of standard procedures for evaluation of seeds involved in
international trade.
• To award accreditation to laboratories.
• To actively promote research and dissemination of knowledge in seed science and technology,
for the sampling, testing, storing, processing and distribution of seeds.
• To provide international seed analysis certificates and training courses.
• To encourage variety (cultivar) certification.
THANK YOU

AGR3506 - Topic 2 - Plant Propagation

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AGR3506 - Topic 2 - Plant Propagation

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Principles of Crop Science

• Using abscisic acid and gibberellins • Seed Dormancy, Germination, Testing

• Parent plant reproduced exactly with no genetic change • Sexual Reproduction

Steps in budding technique

Tip Layering Simple Layering Mound Layering Compound Layering

1. Simple splice graft 4. Cleft graft

Advantages (over conventional clonal propagation)

Source: MARDI Parit, Perak

Webpage link: http://www.doa.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/399

• The certification manual are

International Seed Testing Association

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