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FLB24#11 - Ląstelių Signalai
FLB24#11 - Ląstelių Signalai
RECEPTORIUS
NO
Fermentai
sintezuojantys antrines ADENILATŲ CIKLAZĖ FOSFOLIPAZĖ C GUANILATŲ CIKLAZĖ
signalines molekules
cAMP DAG, IP3 cGMP
2nd messenger Ca2+
Fermentai fosforilinantys
citozolio baltymus PKA PKC PKG
NO dujos kaip signal tarpininkas
➢ NO difunduoja į lygiuosius
raumenis, jungiasi prie
guanililciklazės (gamina
cGMP) ir skatina lygiųjų
raumenų atsipalaidavimą –
kraujo pritekėjimą;
➢ Vaistai nukreipti į šį
mechanizmą – nitroglicerinas
(substratas NO sintezei),
viagra (slopina fosfodiesterazę)
Regulation of contractility of arterial smooth muscle by nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP. Nitric oxide is synthesized in endothelial cells in response to
acetylcholine and the subsequent elevation in cytosolic Ca2. NO diffuses locally through tissues and activates an intracellular NO receptor with
guanylyl cyclase activity in nearby smooth muscle cells. The resulting rise in cGMP leads to activation of protein kinase G (PKG), relaxation of the
muscle, and thus vasodilation. The cell-surface receptor for atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) also has intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity (not shown);
stimulation of this receptor on smooth muscle cells also leads to increased cGMP and subsequent muscle relaxation. PPi pyrophosphate.
Membranos receptorių klasės
Three classes of cell-surface receptors. (A)
Ion-channelcoupled receptors (also called
transmitter-gated ion channels), (B) G protein-
A. Jonų kanalai coupled receptors, and (C) enzyme-coupled
receptors. Although many enzyme-coupled
receptors have intrinsic enzymatic activity, as
shown on the left in (C), many others rely on
B. G baltymą jungiantys receptoriai associated enzymes, as shown on the right in
(C). Ligands activate most enzymecoupled
receptors by promoting their dimerization,
which results in the interaction and activation
C. Receptoriai, turintys fermentinį of the cytoplasmic domains.
aktyvumą:
FLB_2023 9
Jonų kanalai
➢ Jonų kanalų funkcijos:
B. Reguliuoja membranos
elektrinį potencialą, kuris
priklauso nuo jonų gradiento
(sukurto pompų ir nešiklių);
C. Reguliuoja sekreciją,
raumenų susitraukimą
pernešdami Ca2+ į citozolį.
FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE CHANNELS. A, Transport of salt and water across an epithelium by
water channels in both the apical and basolateral membranes, a Na+ channel in the apical
membrane, and a Na+ pump in the basolateral membrane. B, Regulation of membrane potential. The
triangle represents the concentration difference of K+ across the membrane. The zigzag arrow
represents the membrane potential, negative inside. C, Ca2+ signaling in secretion.
Jonų kanalai
Nobelio premija 2003 m.
Bakterijos
Streptomyces
lividans K jonų
kanalas
✓ Įtampos valdomi; Structure of ion channels. Most ion channels consist of three to six subunits that are arranged like a rosette in the
✓ Ligando valdomi;
plane of the membrane. The channel can be made up of (1) identical, distinct subunits (homo-oligomer); (2) distinct
subunits that are homologous but not identical (hetero-oligomer); or (3) repetitive subunit-like domains within a single
polypeptide (pseudo-oligomer). In any case, these subunits surround the central pore of the ion channel. Note that
each subunit is itself made up of several transmembrane segments.
Vartai
Selekty-
Įtampą vumo
jaučiantis filtras
domenas
VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL. Crystal structure of the Kv1.2 K+ channel with β2-subunits from rat brain. A, Ribbon diagram of two of the four α-subunits and two of the four β subunits viewed from the side. Each of
the four α-subunits contributes an S5 helix, P loop, and S6 helix to form a channel similar to KcsA. Helices S1 through S4 form a separate domain connected to the channel domain by the S4–S5 linker helix. Movements of the S4
helix in response to the membrane potential pull the channel gate open and closed. The N-terminal T1 domains of each α-polypeptide are located in the cytoplasm, interacting with the tetrameric β-subunit. B, Ribbon
diagram viewed from outside the cell, illustrating the central channel domains and the peripheral voltage-sensing domains. C, Side view of a space-filling model of three of the four subunits, showing K+ ions (blue), one above the
membrane, four in the selectivity pore, and one in the vestibule. D, Spacefilling model with an artist’s conception of the N-terminal “ball-and-chain” plugging the open gate of an inactivated channel.
FLB_2023 13
Įtampos valdomi jonų kanalai
➢ Ramybės būsenoje
įtampos valdomi jonų
kanalai yra uždaryti; At the resting potential, voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed. When
the membrane is depolarized, conformational changes open the
voltage-gated channel.
S4 segment
➢ Pasikeitus membranos
potencialui, pakinta kanalo
konformacija ir jis atsidaro.
Gating of voltage-dependent potassium channels. The conventional model for channel gating. This relies on the charged S4
segments moving, in relation to the channel protein, across the membrane in a manner similar to a peg in a hole. Either this
motion, or a rotational movement, was thought to be sufficient to cause channel opening.
FLB_2023 14
Ląstelės plazminės membranos potencialas
Elektrocheminis gradientas
Efflux of K+
Action
potential
Threshold
VgSC open
Na+ influx
Cell is at rest
Impermiable to Na+
Hiperpolarized
membrane
FLB_2023
Three conformational status of vgSC
Impermeable to Na+, but Permeable to Na+, which influx Impermeable to Na+, cannot
can be activated if RMP down gradient, membrane be activated until RMP is
depolarizes depolarizes to +30 mV restored; stops AP
Inactive (refractory period)
VgKC
Restoration of
Restoration of electric gradien
chemical gradient
FLB_2023 18
Where is VgSC and VgKC found?
➢ Lokalūs anastetikai
prailgina neaktyvią Na+
kanalų būseną, blokuoja
naujų signalų sklidimą,
nejaučiamas skausmas.
Inactive VgSC
Axon
Lokalūs anastetikai
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. A, A scanning electron micrograph of a motor nerve and the skeletal muscle cells that 21
it innervates. B, An electron micrograph of a thin section of a frog neuromuscular junction.
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. C, Excitatory synaptic transmission. The nerve action potential opens voltage-gated calcium channels. Entry of Ca2+ triggers
fusion of a synaptic vesicle containing acetylcholine (ACh) with the plasma membrane. ACh binds and opens postsynaptic channels on the muscle cell, which
trigger an action potential. D, Recovery includes ACh hydrolysis, recycling of synaptic vesicle membranes, and loading of synaptic vesicles with new ACh.
Ligando valdomi jonų kanalai
➢ Dalyvauja signalo perdavime
tarp nervinių ląstelių arba tarp
neuronų ir raumens ląstelių;
➢ Ekstraląstelinių ligandų
valdomi jonų kanalai:
➢ Intraląstelinių ligandų
valdomi jonų kanalai:
Nicotine
Curare
Ligando valdomi jonų kanalai
Nikotininiai acetilcholino receptoriai
FLB_2023 25
Ligando valdomi jonų kanalai
Gaba, glicino, glutamato
➢ Glutamato receptoriai –
gausu smegenyse, lemia
Na+ ir K+ kanalų atidarymą,
skatina ląstelės jaudrumą. Jų
sutrikimas lemia psichines ligas.
GLUTAMATE-GATED ION CHANNEL. A, Domain organization of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)–type glutamate
receptor with the glutamate-binding domain between a and b and four predicted transmembrane segments, M1 to M4. M2 is a P loop oriented toward
the cytoplasm. B, Ribbon diagrams of the atomic structure of the inactive AMPA-A channel with each of the four identical subunit polypeptides a different
color. Space-filling models show a competitive antagonist bound to the glutamate binding site. The side view shows the three domains. Note that the
cytoplasmic domains of the blue and green subunits are oriented vertically, but that the yellow and red subunits swap their amino terminal domains. Top
views show that the cytoplasmic domains have twofold symmetry, a dimer of dimers, while the transmembrane domains have fourfold symmetry.
FLB_2023
GABA ir glutamato receptoriai
FLB_2023 28
Kanalų blokatoriai
➢ Fugu – nuodingiausia
žuvis pasaulyje;
➢ Tetrodotoxinas paralyžuoja
skeleto raumenis blokuodamas
natrio kanalus.
FLB_2023 29
Antrinių signalinių molekulių valdomi jonų kanalai
Rianodino receptorius. domain. B, Ribbon diagram of a model of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) gated channel based on the
homologous transmembrane elements of the TRPV1 channel and a structure on the cytoplasmic cyclic nucleotide
binding domain that crystalized as a tetramer.
FLB_2023 30
Antrinių signalinių molekulių valdomi jonų kanalai
cAMP valdomi jonų kanalus
➢ Uoslės receptoriaus Olfactory receptor neurons. (A) A section of olfactory epithelium in the nose. Olfactory receptor neurons possess modified cilia, which project from
ligandas yra kvapų the surface of the epithelium and contain the olfactory receptors, as well as the signal transduction machinery. The axon, which extends from the
opposite end of the receptor neuron, conveys electrical signals to the brain when an odorant activates the cell to produce an action potential. In
molekulės – iki 300 Da. rodents, at least, the basal cells act as stem cells, producing new receptor neurons throughout life, to replace the neurons that die. (B) A scanning
electron micrograph of the cilia on the surface of an olfactory neuron.
FLB_2023 31
Antrinių signalinių molekulių valdomi jonų kanalai
cAMP valdomi jonų kanalus
FLB_2023 35
Šiandien paskaitoje
1. Membranos receptoriai
2. Jonotropiniai receptoriai
3. G baltymą jungiantys receptoriai
4. Receptoriai turintys fermentinį aktyvumą
5. Alternatyvūs genų raiškos reguliacijos būdai
6. Citoplazminiai arba branduolio receptoriai
Signaliniai keliai keičiantys genų raišką
(e) Cytoplasmic
(nuclear) receptors
➢ Genų raišką reguliuoja
įvairūs signaliniai keliai
veikiantys per receptorius:
a) Receptoriai turintys
fermentinį aktyvumą; Hidrofobic
hormones
b) Su G baltymu binds to
sąveikaujantys cytoplasmic or
nuclear
receptoriai;
receptors
c) Baltymų subvienetų
disociacja nuo baltymų
kompleksų;
Transcription
d) Baltymo-receptoriaus activation or
dalies nuskėlimas; repression
ląstelę perduoda per G baltymus. human β2-adrenergic receptors illustrating the differences in the conformation brought about by binding the
ligand, adrenaline. The structure of active receptor bound to a trimeric G-protein is nearly identical. The N-
terminal segment outside and the C-terminal segment inside the cell are modeled.
FLB_2023 38
Su trimeriniu G baltymu sąveikaujantys receptoriai
➢ C-galo domenas išsidėstęs citoplazmoje The general architecture of class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Shown are the three extracellular loops (ECL1-3) and the N-
terminus in the EC region and the three intracellular loops (ICL1-3) and the C-terminus in the IC region. The seven transmembrane (TM) helices
FLB_2023 40
Su trimeriniu G baltymu
sąveikaujantys receptoriai
➢ GPCR receptoriai jungia įvairaus dydžio
ligandus nuo 40 Da (Ca2+) iki 100 kDa:
How a rise in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration can alter gene transcription. The binding of an How GPCRs increase cytosolic Ca2+ and activate protein kinase C. The activated GPCR stimulates the plasma-membrane-bound phospholipase
extracellular signal molecule to its GPCR activates adenylyl cyclase via Gs and thereby increases cAMP C-β (PLCβ) via a G protein called Gq. The α subunit and βγ complex of Gq are both involved in this activation. Two second messengers are produced
when PI(4,5)P2 is hydrolyzed by activated PLCβ. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) diffuses through the cytosol and releases Ca2+ from the ER by
concentration in the cytosol. This rise activates PKA, and the released catalytic subunits of PKA can then enter
binding to and opening IP3-gated Ca2+-release channels (IP3 receptors) in the ER membrane. The large electrochemical gradient for Ca2+ across
the nucleus, where they phosphorylate the transcription regulatory protein CREB. Once phosphorylated, CREB this membrane causes Ca2+ to escape into the cytosol when the release channels are opened. Diacylglycerol remains in the plasma membrane and,
recruits the coactivator CBP, which stimulates gene transcription. In some cases, at least, the inactive CREB together with phosphatidylserine (not shown) and Ca2+, helps to activate protein kinase C (PKC), which is recruited from the cytosol to the cytosolic
protein is bound to the cyclic AMP response element (CRE) in DNA before it is phosphorylated (not shown). face of the plasma membrane. Of the 10 or more distinct isoforms of PKC in humans, at least 4 are activated by diacylglycerol.
GPCR aktyvinami efektoriai
➢ Adenilato ciklazės: ➢ Fosfolipazės:
✓ Žinduoliuose 9 izoformos – AC1-9; ✓ Žinoma 11 izoformų;
✓ Skiriamos 3 klasės: ✓ Skiriamos 4 klasės: β, γ, δ, ε
o Gα ir Gβγ reguliuojamos;
o Gα ir Ca2+ reguliuojamos;
o Ca2+/CaM reguliuojamos.
➢ GPCRs sąveikaujantys su Gq
gali aktyvinti PLCβ ir PKC;
FLB_2023 45
Šiandien paskaitoje
1. Membranos receptoriai
2. Jonotropiniai receptoriai
3. G baltymą jungiantys receptoriai
4. Receptoriai turintys fermentinį aktyvumą
5. Alternatyvūs genų raiškos reguliacijos būdai
6. Citoplazminiai arba branduolio receptoriai
Fermentinį aktyvumą turintys receptoriai
FLB_2023 47
Receptorinė Receptoriai Receptorinės
tirozino kinazė susieti su TK S/T kinazės
Ligandas Ligandas Ligandas
P P
PI3K RAS
PDK1 Erk
Transkripcijos
Akt Latentiniai TF STAT SMAD veiksniai
↑IŠGYVENIMAS ↑PROLIFERACIJA Citokinų receptoriai ↓PROLIFERACIJA
Receptorinė Receptoriai Receptorinės
tirozino kinazė susieti su TK S/T kinazės
Ligandas Ligandas Ligandas
P P
PI3K RAS
PDK1 Erk
RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES. Domain architecture of nine of the 20 families of receptor (R) tyrosine kinases, with ribbon models of several domains. The globular domain of the EphB2 receptor is a β sandwich with a ligand-binding site that includes the exposed loop on the front of this model (see PDB file
1IGY). The extracellular part of the insulin-like growth factor consists of two similar β-helical domains connected by cysteine-rich domains (see PDB file 1IGR). The cytoplasmic kinase domain from the insulin receptor is similar to most typical kinases (see PDB file 1IRK). Kinase inserts and C-terminal extensions
contain tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Receptor names: Axl, receptor for the growth factor Gas6; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; EphR, receptor for ephrin membrane-bound ligands in the nervous system, the largest class of receptor tyrosine kinases; FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor; Met, receptor
for hepatocyte growth factor; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; RET, a cadherin adhesion receptor; TrkA, receptor for nerve growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor. Domain names: CAD, cadherin; F3, fibronectin-III; Ig, immunoglobulin.
Receptorinių tirozino kinazių ligandai
Nobelio premija 1986 m.
Scientific
American 1979
Gyvačių nuoduose
didelis kiekis NGF
The classical biological assay for the measurement of NGF which was developed by Rita Levi-
Montalcini. Sensory ganglion dissected from chick embryo is cultured in the presence of extract to be
measured. Nerve fibre outgrowth from the chick ganglion is determined after 24 hours. The lowest
"for their discoveries of concentration of the extract which causes a halo of nerve fibre outgrowth (right hand side figure)
contains 1 biological unit of NGF. This is equivalent to a concentration of approximately 10 nanograms
➢ Ligando jungimasis prie receptoriaus formuoja dimerą – citoplazminiai domenai fosforilina vienas kitą,
kas lemia pilną receptoriaus aktyvaciją ir sukuria jungimosi vietas intraląsteliniams signaliniams baltymams;
Activation of RTKs by dimerization. In the absence of extracellular signals, most RTKs exist as monomers in which the internal kinase domain is inactive. Binding of ligand brings two monomers together to form a dimer. In most cases, the close proximity in the dimer leads the two kinase domains to phosphorylate each other,
which has two effects. First, phosphorylation at some tyrosines in the kinase domains promotes the complete activation of the domains. Second, phosphorylation at tyrosines in other parts of the receptors generates docking sites for intracellular signaling proteins, resulting in the formation of large signaling complexes that can
then broadcast signals along multiple signaling pathways. Mechanisms of dimerization vary widely among different RTK family members. In some cases, as shown here, the ligand itself is a dimer and brings two receptors together by binding them simultaneously. In other cases, a monomeric ligand can interact with two receptors
simultaneously to bring them together, or two ligands can bind independently on two receptors to promote dimerization. In some RTKs—notably those in the insulin receptor family—the receptor is always a dimer, and ligand binding causes a conformational change that brings the two internal kinase domains closer together.
Receptorinių tirozino kinazių aktyvinimas
➢ Dimerizacijos mechanizmai:
✓ Dimerinis ligandas suartina dvi RTK;
✓ Monomerinis ligandas sąveikauja su dviem RTK;
✓ Du ligandai nepriklausomai jungiasi su dviem receptoriais;
✓ RTK pats yra dimeras – ligando jungimasis lemia konformacinius pokyčius ir suartina kinazinius domenus.
SUBUNIT DIMERIZATION MECHANISMS FOR ACTIVATING RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES. A, KIT receptor for stem cell factor (SCF). (Note that this is not the SCF Skp1-Cullin-F box ubiquitin E3 ligase that is important for cell cycle regulation.) In the absence of SCF, receptor
monomers diffuse in the plasma membrane. Binding of an SCF dimer brings together two receptor molecules, bringing into proximity their cytoplasmic kinase domains. This allows for transphosphorylation of their activation loops and creation of phosphotyrosine binding sites for the
Src homology 2 (SH2) and phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains of downstream signal transduction proteins. B, Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In the absence of EGF, intramolecular interactions preclude dimerization. EGF binding changes the conformation of the
extracellular domains allowing dimerization of two receptors, bringing together two cytoplasmic kinase domains. One kinase domain binds and activates the other, which creates phosphotyrosine binding sites for SH2 and PTB domains of downstream signal transduction proteins.
Citozolio baltymų jungimasis prie fosfotirozino
➢ Kai kurios RTK naudoja papildomus baltymus tyrosines 1009 and 1021, for example, prevents the binding and activation of PLCγ, so that receptor activation no longer stimulates the
inositol phospholipid signaling pathway. The locations of the SH2 (red) and SH3 (blue) domains in the three signaling proteins are indicated.
(Additional phosphotyrosine docking sites on this receptor are not shown, including those that bind the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Src and
(adapterius), leidžiančius pritraukti dar didesnį two adaptor proteins.) It is unclear how many signaling proteins can bind simultaneously to a single RTK.
P P
PI3K RAS
PDK1 Erk
FLB_2023 56
MAP kinazių kaskada
MAPK – mitogen-activated protein kinase
✓ MAPKKK (Raf)
✓ MAPKK (Mek) reik
✓ MAPK (Erk)
FLB_2023 59
MAP kinazių kaskada
Ląstelės ciklas
Mitogen stimulation of cellcycle entry. Mitogens bind to cell-surface receptors to initiate intracellular signaling pathways. One of the major pathways involves activation of the small GTPase Ras, which activates a MAP kinase cascade, leading to increased expression of numerous immediate early genes, including the gene
encoding the transcription regulatory protein Myc. Myc increases the expression of many delayedresponse genes, including some that lead to increased G1-Cdk activity (cyclin D– Cdk4), which triggers the phosphorylation of members of the Rb family of proteins. This inactivates the Rb proteins, freeing the gene regulatory
protein E2F to activate the transcription of G1/S genes, including the genes for a G1/S-cyclin (cyclin E) and S-cyclin (cyclin A). The resulting G1/S-Cdk and S-Cdk activities further enhance Rb protein phosphorylation, forming a positive feedback loop. E2F proteins also stimulate the transcription of their own genes, forming
another positive feedback loop.
MAP kinazių kaskados įvairovė
Four mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. The pathways are arranged vertically. The levels of the pathways are arranged horizontally with the nuclear compartment at the bottom.
Dual-specificity protein kinases phosphorylate S/T and Y residues. B, Positive and negative feedback loops along a generic MAP kinase pathway. K, kinase; TF, transcription factor.
FLB_2023 61
MAP kinazių kaskados pabaiga
Receptorinė Receptoriai Receptorinės
tirozino kinazė susieti su TK S/T kinazės
Ligandas Ligandas Ligandas
P P
PI3K RAS
PDK1 Erk
The generation of phosphoinositide docking sites by PI 3-kinase. PI 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring on carbon atom 3 to generate the
phosphoinositides shown at the bottom of the figure (diverting them away from the pathway leading to IP3 and diacylglycerol). The most important
phosphorylation (indicated in red) is of PI(4,5)P2 to PI(3,4,5)P3, which can serve as a docking site for signaling proteins with PI(3,4,5)P3-binding PH
domains. Other inositol phospholipid kinases (not shown) catalyze the phosphorylations indicated by the green arrows.
RTK signalo perdavimas per PI3K
FLB_2023 65
RTK signalo perdavimas per PI3K
Prie aktyvintų RTK jungiasi PDK1 (phosphoinositide Akt dar vadinamas PKB
dependent protein kinase 1) (protein kinase B)
PI3K ir fosforilina PIP2 –
susidaro PIP3
P P
PI3K RAS
PDK1 Erk
FLB_2023 68
Su tirozino kinazėmis asocijuoti receptoriai
Prie receptoriaus
fosfotirozinų jungiasi STAT,
kuriuos fosforilina ir
aktyvina JAK
Fosforilintas STAT
disocijuoja ir formuoja
homo- ar heterodimerus
keliaujančius į branduolį ir
aktyvinančius genų
taikinių raišką
CYTOKINE JAK KINASE/SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION (STAT) SIGNALING PATHWAY. A, Cytokine binds a preformed receptor dimer, changing
arrangement of the JAK tyrosine kinases bound to the cytoplasmic domains of the receptor. B, Active JAKs phosphorylate each other and tyrosines on the receptor. C, The SH2 (Src
homology 2) domain of the latent transcription factor STAT binds a receptor phosphotyrosine. D, JAK phosphorylates the STATs, which then dissociate from the receptor. E, Growth factor
receptor tyrosine kinases can also activate STATs. F, STATs form active dimers by reciprocal SH2-phosphotyrosine interactions. G, The STAT dimer enters the nucleus. H, The STAT
dimer activates the expression of various genes. One of these genes encodes SOCS1, which creates negative feedback by inhibiting further STAT activation. JAK, just another kinase.
Citokinų receptoriai ir JAK-STAT signalinis kelias
➢ Žinomos keturios JAK kinazės – JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 ir Tyk2;
P P
PDK1 Erk
➢ Receptoriaus aktyvinti
(fosforilinti) Smad (R-Smads)
disocijuoja nuo receptoriaus ir
jungiasi su Smad4 (co-Smad);
The Smad-dependent signaling
pathway activated by TGFβ. The
TGFβ dimer promotes the assembly of
R-SMAD disocijuija
nuo receptoriaus ir
jungiasi su
Co-SMAD
Trimerinis SMAD
kompleksas keliauja
į branduolį ir
aktyvina arba
slopina specifinių
genų-taikinių
raišką
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-β/SMAD SIGNALING PATHWAY. A, Binding of a TGF-β dimer assembles a complex consisting of two RII receptors and two RI receptors. B, RII phosphorylates
and activates RI. C, An autoinhibited R-SMAD binds RI in a complex with the adapter SARA. D, RI kinase phosphorylates R-SMAD, which promotes its dissociation from RI. E, A co-SMAD binds an R-SMAD
dimer to form an active trimer. F, The SMAD trimer enters the nucleus. G, The SMAD trimer associates with other DNA-binding proteins to activate or inhibit transcription of specific genes.
Receptorinės histidino kinazės
Seniausios receptorinės kinazės
➢ Bakterijos žiuželio sukimąsi pagal laikrodžio rodyklę aktyvina su chemoreceptoriais sąveikaujanti
histidino kinazė, kuri fosforilina baltymą CheY, o šis sąveikauja su žiuželiu – lemia bakterijos
judėjimą link mitybinių medžiagų; nesąveikaujant – sukasi prieš laikrodžio rodyklę.
SIGNALING DURING BACTERIAL CHEMOTAXIS. Drawing of the signaling system under three conditions. A, Absence of aspartate. Ligand-free Tar (1) allows CheA to phosphorylate CheY and CheB (3). Constant dephosphorylation of CheYp drives a cycle of phosphorylation (2). The steady-state concentration
of CheYp keeps the motor partially saturated (4). The partially saturated motor turns counterclockwise 90% of the time (runs [thick arrow]) and clockwise 10% of the time (tumbles [thin arrow]) (5). B, Rapid response to the presence of aspartate. Aspartate binding turns off Tar (1). Constant dephosphorylation
depletes CheYp on a time scale of tens of milliseconds (2). CheY dissociates from the motor (4). The motor, without CheYp, rotates counterclockwise, so the bacterium runs continuously (5). C, Slower, adaptive response to the presence of aspartate. Inactive CheA stops phosphorylating CheB, allowing
dephosphorylation of CheBp on a time scale of seconds; this inactivation of CheB and the higher affinity of CheR for inactive Tar result in higher methylation of Tar (1). Even with bound aspartate, methylated Tar is partially active, allowing phosphorylation of CheA (2). CheY is phosphorylated (3). CheYp rebinds
the motor (4). The flagella turn clockwise part of the time, returning to the steady-state frequency of runs and tumbles (5).
Šiandien paskaitoje
1. Membranos receptoriai
2. Jonotropiniai receptoriai
3. G baltymą jungiantys receptoriai
4. Receptoriai turintys fermentinį aktyvumą
5. Alternatyvūs genų raiškos reguliacijos būdai
6. Citoplazminiai arba branduolio receptoriai
Delta-Notch signalinis kelias
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Delta-Notch signalinis kelias
The processing and activation of Notch by proteolytic cleavage. The numbered red arrowheads indicate the sites of proteolytic cleavage. The first proteolytic processing
step occurs within the trans Golgi network to generate the mature heterodimeric Notch receptor that is then displayed on the cell surface. The binding to Delta on a neighboring
cell triggers the next two proteolytic steps: the complex of Delta and the Notch fragment to which it is bound is endocytosed by the Deltaexpressing cell, exposing the
extracellular cleavage site in the transmembrane Notch subunit. Note that Notch and Delta interact through their repeated EGF-like domains. The released Notch tail migrates
into the nucleus, where it binds to the Rbpsuh protein, which it converts from a transcriptional repressor to a transcriptional activator.
Wnt/β-katenino signalinis kelias
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (A) In the absence of a Wnt signal, β-catenin that is not bound to cell–cell adherens junctions (not shown) interacts with a degradation
complex containing APC, axin, GSK3, and CK1. In this complex, β-catenin is phosphorylated by CK1 and then by GSK3, triggering its ubiquitylation and degradation in
CK1 – Casein Kinase 1 proteasomes. Wnt-responsive genes are kept inactive by the Groucho co-repressor protein bound to the transcription regulator LEF1/TCF. (B) Wnt binding to Frizzled and
LRP clusters the two co-receptors together, and the cytosolic tail of LRP is phosphorylated by GSK3 and then by CK1. Axin binds to the phosphorylated LRP and is inactivated
GSK3 – Glycogen Synthetase Kinase 3 and/or degraded, resulting in disassembly of the degradation complex. The phosphorylation of β-catenin is thereby prevented, and unphosphorylated β-catenin accumulates
and translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to LEF1/ TCF, displaces the co-repressor Groucho, and acts as a coactivator to stimulate the transcription of Wnt target genes.
APC – Adenomatous Polyposis Coli The scaffold protein Dishevelled is required for the signaling pathway to operate; it binds to Frizzled and becomes phosphorylated (not shown), but its precise role is unknown.
Hedgehog signalinis kelias
Ci – Cubitus interruptus
and activates the transcription of Hedgehog target genes. Many details in the pathway
are poorly understood, including the role of Fused.
TNF/NFκB signalinis kelias
nereikia transkripcijos veiksnys islaisvinamas is inhibuojancio kompleskso ir patenka i branduoli
The activation of the NFκB pathway by TNFα. Both TNFα and its receptors are trimers. The binding of TNFα causes a rearrangement of the clustered cytosolic tails of the
IKK – IκB kinase kinase receptors, which now recruit various signaling proteins, resulting in the activation of a protein kinase that phosphorylates and activates IκB kinase kinase (IKK). IKK is a heterotrimer
composed of two kinase subunits (IKKα and IKKβ) and a regulatory subunit called NEMO. IKKβ then phosphorylates IκB on two serines, which marks the protein for ubiquitylation
IκB – inhibitor of NFκB and degradation in proteasomes. The released NFκB translocates into the nucleus, where, in collaboration with coactivator proteins, it stimulates the transcription of its target genes.
Transkripcijos veiksnių aktyvinimas
notch receptoroius ir ranskipcijos veiksnys
A. Tiesioginis
signalinės molekulės
jungimasis su
transkripcijos
veiksniu
C. Išlaisvinant
latentinius
transkripcijos
veiksnius iš
slopinančių baltymų
kompleksų
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AS TARGETS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. External signals are transmitted by a variety of pathways that eventually impinge on transcription factors. A, Steroid hormones diffuse through the cell membrane and
bind to the hormone receptor in the cytoplasm (estrogen) or, more commonly, the nucleus. Hormone binding induces a conformational change that renders the receptor competent to activate transcription. B, Ligands bound to the extracellular surface of seven-
helix receptors initiate a pathway that leads to the activation of protein kinase A, which then moves to the nucleus, where it phosphorylates transcription factor CREB (cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP] response element–binding). (C, catalytic subunit of
protein kinase A [PKA]; R, regulatory subunit of PKA that is dissociated from C by binding cAMP [R is shown smaller than actual size].) C, In a third strategy, constitutively active transcription factors are kept sequestered in the cytoplasm until a signaling
pathway is activated. In this example, the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is bound to an inhibitor called IκB (inhibitor of nuclear factor κB). Activation of the pathway leads to phosphorylation of IκB, which targets the inhibitory subunit for destruction
by the proteasome. The free NF-κB is transported to the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of target genes.
Šiandien paskaitoje
1. Membranos receptoriai
2. Jonotropiniai receptoriai
3. G baltymą jungiantys receptoriai
4. Receptoriai turintys fermentinį aktyvumą
5. Alternatyvūs genų raiškos reguliacijos būdai
6. Citoplazminiai arba branduolio receptoriai
Signalo perdavimas per branduolio receptorius
FLB_2023 87
Signalo perdavimas per branduolio receptorius
88
Signalo perdavimas per branduolio receptorius
FLB_2023 89
Signalo perdavimas per branduolio receptorius
Steroidiniai hormonai – estrogenų atsakas
nereik
FLB_2023 90
KLAUSIMAI?