Probability and statistics

Lab 6
Use of standard deviation
• Empirical Rule

• Chebyshev’s Theorem
a. Empirical Rule
For a bell shaped distribution approximately:
The percentage of values that lie within an interval estimate in a normal
distribution: 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the values lie within one, two, and three
standard deviations of the mean, respectively.
Example
The age distribution for a sample of 5,000 persons is bell-
shaped with a mean of 40 years and standard definition of 12
years. Determine the approximate percentage of people who
are 16 to 64 years old.
Solution 95%

𝑥ҧ = 40 𝜎 = 12

16 28 40 52 64
b. Chebyshev’s Theorem

For any number k greater than 1, at least (1 – 1/k²) of the data

values lie within k standard deviations of the mean.

The theorem gives the minimum proportion of the data which must lie
within a given number of standard deviations of the mean
 1 3
• If k = 2 1- 2 = =75%
2 4

1 8
• If k = 3 1- 2 = =88.9%
3 9

1 15
• If k = 4 1- 2 = =93.75%
4 16
Example
The average systolic blood pressure for 4000 women
who were screened for high blood pressure was found to
be 187 with a standard deviation of 22. Using
Chebyshev’s theorem, find at least what percentage of
women in this group have a systolic blood pressure
between 143 and 231.
Solution
μ = 187 and σ = 22

𝑥−μ
X= μ + k σ So , K=
σ

μ = 187 231
Solution

-2σ 2σ

μ = 187 231

Percentage = 1-(1/22 ) = 0.75 = 75%

Measures of position
• Quartiles and Interquartile Range
• Percentiles and Percentile Rank
IQR = Interquartile range = Q3 – Q1
Example 1
The following are the ages (in years) of nine employees of an
insurance company:
47 28 39 51 33 37 59 24 33
a) Find the values of the three quartiles. Where does the age of
28 fall in relation to the ages of the employees?
b) Find the interquartile range.
 Solution
a) Values less than the median Values greater than the median

24 28 33 33 37 39 47 51 59

28 + 33 47 + 51
Q1 =
2 Q2 = 37 Q3 =
2
= 30.5 = 49

The age of 28 falls in the lowest 25% of the

ages.
Solution
b)
IQR = Interquartile range = Q3 – Q1
= 49 – 30.5
= 18.5 years
Example 2
The following data give the numbers of driving citations
received during the last three years by 11 drivers.
5 8 15 26 10 18 3 12 6 14 11
a. Find the values of the three quartiles.
b. Where does value 3 fall in relation to these quartiles?
c. Find the interquartile range.
Solution
a)1) arrange the values
3 5 6 8 10 11 12 14 15 18 26
2)Find median
3 5 6 8 10 11 12 14 15 18 26
𝑄2

3) Find median of the lower half

3 5 6 8 10 11 12 14 15 18 26
𝑄1 𝑄2
Solution
4) Find median of the upper half
3 5 6 8 10 11 12 14 15 18 26
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3

b) The value of 3 falls in the lowest 25% of the driving citations.

Solution
c)
IQR = Interquartile range = Q3 – Q1
= 15 - 6
= 9 driving citations
Percentiles and Percentile Rank
• Quartiles are a type of percentile. The first quartile (Q1, or the
lowest quartile) is the 25th percentile, meaning that 25% of the
data falls below the first quartile.
To find the position:

 kn 
Pk = Value of the   th term in a ranked data set
 100 
k = number of the percentile
n = sample size.
Finding Percentile Rank of a Value
Example

Find the value of the 42nd

percentile.

Give a brief interpretation

of the 42nd percentile.
Solution
The data arranged in increasing order as follows:

The position of the 42nd percentile is

kn (42)(12)
= = 5.04th term
100 100
Solution

Pk = 42nd percentile = 11 = $11 billion

approximately 42% of these 12 companies had 2008

profits less than or equal to $11 billion.
Example

Find the percentile rank for

$14 billion profit of
Petrobras.
Solution
In this data set, 8 of the 12 values are less
than $14 billion.

8
Percentile rank of 14 =  100 = 66.67%
12
Box-and-whisker plot
A plot that shows the center, spread, and skewness of a
data set.
Example
The following data are the incomes for a sample of 12 households.

75 69 84 112 74 104 81 90 94 144 79 98

Construct a box-and-whisker plot for these data.

Solution
69 74 75 79 81 84 90 94 98 104 112 144

Median = (84 + 90) / 2 = 87

Q1 = (75 + 79) / 2 = 77
Q3 = (98 + 104) / 2 = 101
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 101 – 77 = 24
 Solution
1.5 x IQR = 1.5 x 24 = 36
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 36 = 77 – 36 = 41
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 36 = 101 + 36 = 137

So 144 is an outlier
Solution
PROBABILITY
observations are called that outcomes
Venn diagram
s
P(A) P(B)
Tree diagram

tree diagrams for the experiment of tossing a coin twice.

Example
Suppose we randomly select two workers from a company
and observe whether the worker selected each time is a
man or a woman.
Write all the outcomes for this experiment.
Draw the Venn and tree diagrams for this experiment.
Solution

4 possible outcomes
Simple and Compound Events
• Event : collection of one or more of the outcomes of an experiment.
• Simple event : event that includes one and only one of the (final)
outcomes denoted by Ei
Ex:
E1 = (MM), E2 = (MW), E3 = (WM), and E4 = (WW)
• Compound event : collection of more than one outcome for an
experiment
Ex:
Let A be the event that at most one man is selected. Hence, the event
A is given by A = {MW, WM, WW}
Example

Find the sample space for the gender of the children if a

family has three children. Use B for boy and G for girl.
Solution
Thanks