Gr 10

Definition
 Systematic classification of all elements

 Arranged in order of increasing atomic number (Z)

 Elements are arranged so that elements with similar

properties are in one group

 Divided into 3 main groups – metals, non-metals and

metalloids
Arrangement
 Groups – vertical columns where elements have the
same number of valence electrons

 Valence electrons – electrons in outer energy level

 Number at top are group numbers (1 – 18)

Position of elements
 Groups 1 & 2 have 1 and 2 valence e- respectively

 Groups 13 – 18 have valence e- same as 2nd digit of

group number

 Periods – rows across periodic table

 Period number – indicates number of energy level

where valence e- appear
Metals
 70 Metals in nature

 Found on left hand side of periodic table

 Have similar physical properties

 Shiny lustre
 Relatively high density
 Good electrical conductors
 Good conductor of heat
 Relatively high melting & boiling point
 Few have magnetic properties eg. Iron, cobalt & nickel
Metals
 React in characteristic way

 Most metals solids at room temperature

 Have high melting and boiling points

Metalloids
 Have properties of both metals and non-metals

 Solids at room temp but is not malleable nor ductile

 At room temp offer great resistance when conducting

electric current

 When reacting in chemical reactions with metals

behave like non-metals and vice versa
Non-metals
 Physical properties opposite to metals

 Dull and good insulators

 Do not conduct electric current or heat (exception is

graphite)

 Many are gases at room temp

 Very low melting and boiling points

Periodicity and Trends in PT
 Periodicity – repetition of similar properties eg.
Number of valence electrons

 Other trends include:

 Atomic Radius
 Melting & Boiling Points
 Ionisation Energy
 Electron Affinity
 Electronegativity
Atomic Radius
 Mean distance from the nucleus of atom to border of
outermost energy level

 Increases from top to bottom within group

 Decreases from left to right – number of protons

increase making attraction between nucleus &
electrons stronger
Melting & Boiling points
 Increase across a period up to group 14

 From group 15 it drops and decrease to end of period

 Decrease going from top to bottom down a group

 Some elements are exceptions to this trend eg Mg in

Group 2
Ionisation Energy
 Energy needed per mole to remove electrons from
atoms in the gaseous phase

 Measured in kJ.mol-1

 First ionisation energy increases from left to right

across the period

 Related to atomic radius

Ionisation Enegy
 Decreases from top to bottom within a group

Element First Ionisation Energy

(kJ.mol-1)
Li 520
Na 496
K 419
Rb 408
Cs 376
Electron Affinity
 Amount of energy released when electron is attached
to an atom or molecule to form a negative ion

 High electron affinity – more likely atoms of element

will attract electrons

 Electron affinity increases from left to right across a

period

 Noble gases do not fit trend

Electronegativity
 Tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding
electrons

 Linus Pauling drew up scale

 Generally increases from left to right across a period