Gr 10

Goals
 Distinguish between pure substances & mixtures,
elements & compounds, conductors & insulators,
magnetic & non-magnetic materials

 Describe properties of metals, metalloids & non-metals

 Classify elements in these terms – based on

experimental observations of physical & chemical
properties
 Why are materials important?
 Write down three reasons why materials matter.

 Spacesuits for astronauts

 Homes that are better equipped for extreme temperatures
 Transport options
 Sport equipment
Classifying Matter
 Substances classified by properties in order to
understand how matter behaves
Pure Substances
 Made of one type of substance eg. Sugar

 Every crystal of sugar made from same type of particle

 Also known as a single substance eg. Single element or

single compound

 Classified into two main groups: elements and

compounds
Elements
 Simplest type of pure substance – cannot be broken down
by chemical reactions into simpler form

 About 90 naturally occurring elements and about a dozen

produced artificially

 Normally unstable and short-lived

 Elements found on Periodic Table

 Eg. Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) etc

Compounds
 Pure substance made from two or more elements
bonded in a fixed ratio by chemical reaction

 Chemical composition is fixed (constant ratio)

 Can be broken down into simpler substances by

chemical reaction

 Eg. Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2)

 Mixtures
 Impure substances consisting of two or more different
substances physically blended together in any proportions

 Eg. Sand and stone used when building

 Can be physically separated by sieving it

 Mixed physically and not chemically bonded

 They keep their physical properties

Mixtures
 Can be HOMOGENEOUS – uniform (all constituents
are in same phase)

 Eg. Sugar in water

 Can also be HETEROGENEOUS – non-uniform

(constituents are different phases)

 Eg. Oil and water mixture

 Microscopic view of substances
 Smallest particle in element is an atom

 All substances made of atoms

 Atoms bond with each other to form different substances

 Purity of substances
 Melting point can be used to determine purity of substances

 Melting point – constant temperature at which solid changes

to its liquid form

 Pure substances each have a characteristic melting point,

which coincides with its freezing point

 Temperature remains constant while pure substance change

phase
Purity of Substances
 Impure substances melt at a range of temperatures eg.
paraffin wax melt through a range of temp from 34°C
to 60°C

 Melting point differs from freezing point

Boiling points
 Temperature at which pure substances boils

 Condensation point is the temperature at which

vapor(gas) condenses to become a liquid

 Pure substance our boiling point and condensation

point is the same

 Solution consisting of a mixture will boil at two

different temperatures