Numerical Methods (MTH 4002)

Solution of Nonlinear Equations f (x) = 0

Lecture #05

Prepared By:
Dr. Kumari Kasturi
Assistant Professor
Department Of Electrical Engineering
Siksha „O‟ Anusandhan Deemed to be University
 Outline
 2 Introduction (Solution of Nonlinear Equations f (x) = 0 )

 2.1 Solution of Nonlinear Equations: Bisection

 2.2 Solution of Nonlinear Equations: Regula falsi method

 2.3 Solution of Nonlinear Equations: Newton-Raphson method

 2.4 Solution of Nonlinear Equations: Secant method

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 2.3 Solution of Nonlinear Equations: Newton-
Raphson method
• Newton‟s method (also called the Newton-Raphson
method) is a scheme for finding a numerical solution of
an equation of the form f(x) = 0 where f(x) is
continuous and differentiable and the equation is
known to have a solution near a given point. The
method is illustrated in Figure 2.8.
• The solution process starts by choosing point x1 as the
first estimate of the solution.
• The second estimate x2 is obtained by taking the
tangent line to f(x) at the point (x1, f(x1)) and finding
the intersection point of the tangent line with the x-axis.
• The next estimate x3 is the intersection of the tangent
line to f(x) at the point (x2, f(x2)) with the x-axis, and so
on.

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• Mathematically, for the first iteration, the slope, , of the tangent at point (x1, f(x1)) is given
by:

• Eq.2.7 can be generalized for determining the "next" solution x i+1 from the present solution xi:

• Eq.2.8 is the general iteration formula for Newton‟s method. It is called an iteration formula because
the solution is found by repeated application of Eq.2.8 for each successive value of i.

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2.3.1 Merits and demerits
• The advantage of the method is its order of convergence is quadratic.
Convergence rate is one of the fastest when it does converges.
• Near a root, the number of significant digits approximately doubles with each
step. This leads to the ability of the Newton-Raphson Method to “polish” a root
from another convergence technique.
• The method is very expensive - It needs the function evaluation and then the
derivative evaluation.
• If the tangent is parallel or nearly parallel to the x-axis, then the method does not
converge.
• Usually Newton method is expected to converge only near the solution.

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2.3.3 Finding roots of real positive numbers
• The Newton - Raphson method can be employed to find the roots of
numbers. This procedure is illustrated below.

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END OF THE CLASS

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