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Gesamtausgabe Bd 91 Ergänzungen und Denksplitter IV

ABTEILUNG HINWEISE UND AUFZEICHNUNGEN Martin Heidegger
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Utetheisa pulchella (Linn.). Farafra, 20/4/12.

Noctuidæ
Chloridea nubigera (Herrsch.). Camp IX, Libyan Desert, 5/4/12.
Euxoa spinifera (Hubn.). Kairowin Hattia, Farafra, 12/4/12.
Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.). Bu Gerara, 4/4/12.
Cirphis loreyi (Dup.). Bu Gerara, 3/4/12.
Athetis flava (Oberth.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17/3/12.
Laphigma exixua (Hubn.). Camp IX, 4/4/12; Bu Gerara, 3-4/4/12;
Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17/3/12.
Phytometra gamma (Linn.). Kairowin Hattia, Farafra, 12/4/12. Camp
XI, Farafra, 6/4/12; Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17/3/12.
Leucanitis kabylaria (Bang, Haas.). Kairowin Hattia, Farafra, 10-
12/4/12.
Hypoglaucitis benenotata moses (Stdgr.). Kairowin Hattia, Farafra,
12/4/12.
Anumeta hilgerti (Rothsch.). Kairowin Hattia, Farafra, 12/4/12.

Pyralidæ
Ommatopteryx ocellea (Haw.). Camp XII, 17/4/12.
Syria Kingi (Rothsch.). (spec. nov.) Fifteen miles south of Bir
Kairowin, 14/4/12.
Syria variabillis (Rothsch.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17-23/3/12; Camp II,
23/3/12.
Syria Libyca (Rothsch.). (spec. nov.) Kairowin Hattia, Farafra,
12/4/12.
Heterographis adustella (Rag.). Kairowin Hattia, Farafra, 12/4/12.
Heterographis verburii (Butl.). Camp II, 23/3/12.
Heterographis samaritanella (Zell.). Kairowin Hattia, Farafra,
12/4/12.
Heterographis conversella (Led.). Camp II, 23/3/12.
Nomophila noctuella (Schiff). Camp IX, Libyan Desert, 4/4/12; Bu
Gerara, 3-4/4/12; Camp XI, Farafra, 6/4/12; Camp XII, 7/4/12;
Camp IV, 25/3/12; Camp V, 26/3/12; Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17/3/12.

Pyraustidæ
Cornifrons ulceratalis (Led.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17/3/12; Camp II,
23/3/12.
Noctuelia floralis (Hmpsn.). Camp II, 23/3/12.

II. IDENTIFIED AT SOUTH KENSINGTON

TINEINA

Gelechiadæ
Aproærema mitrella (Wlsm.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17-18/3/12; Camp II,
Libyan Desert, 23/3/12; Negeb er Rumi, Libyan Desert, 4/4/12.
Seven specimens. (Tests J. H. Durrant.)
Phthorimæa eremaula (Meyr). Dakhla Road, Libyan Desert, 26/3/12;
Bu Gerara, Libyan Desert, 2-4/4/12. Three specimens. (Tests J. H.
Durrant.)

Plutellidæ
Plutella maculipennis (Crt.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 16-23/3/12; Camp II,
Libyan Desert, 23/3/12; Dakhla Road, Libyan Desert, 26/3/12; Bu
Gerara, Libyan Desert, 3-4/4/12; Negeb er Rumi, Libyan Desert,
4/4/12; Farafra Depression, Libyan Desert, 6/4/12; south of Bir
Kairowin, 10/4/12. Fifty-three specimens. (Tests J. H. Durrant.)

Tineidæ
Trichophaga abruptella (Wlstn.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17-18/3/12. Two
specimens. (Tests J. H. Durrant.)

DIPTERA

Mycetophilidæ
Macrocera (?) nana (Macq.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 20-23/3/12. Three
specimens. (Tests F. W. Edwards.)

Chironomidæ
Chironomus tripartitus (Kieff). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17-23/3/12. Two
specimens. (Tests F. W. Edwards.)

Syrphidæ
Syrphus corollæ (Fabr.). Bu Gerara, Libyan Desert, 2-4/4/12. Two
specimens. (Tests E. E. Austen.)

Muscidæ
Musca analis (Macq.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 16-20/3/12. Four
specimens. (Tests E. E. Austen.)
Musca angustifrons (Thoms.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 16-18/3/12. Two
specimens. (Tests E. E. Austen.)

TACHINIDÆ

Sarcophaginæ
Disjunctis nuba (Wied.). Bu Gerara, Libyan Desert, 4/4/12. One
specimen. (Tests E. E. Austen.)

Anthomyidæ
Fannia canicularis (L.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 16/3/12. One specimen.
(Tests E. E. Austen.)
 Trypetidæ
Urellia stellata (Fuessl.). Abu Harag, Libyan Desert, 26/3/12. One
specimen. (Tests E. E. Austen.)

PLANIPENNIA

Chrysopidæ
Chrysopa vulgaris (Schneider). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17/3/12; Camp II,
Libyan Desert, 23/3/12; Dakhla Road, Libyan Desert, 26/3/12; Abu
Harag, Libyan Desert, 26/3/12; Bu Gerara, Libyan Desert, 2-
3/4/12; Negeb er Rumi, Libyan Desert, 4/4/12. Twenty-five
specimens. (Tests H. Campion.)

HEMIPTERA

Reduviidæ
Reduvius palliles (Klug). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 18/3/12. One specimen.
(Tests C. J. Gahan.)

Jassidæ
Chlorita flavescens (Fabr.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 20/3/12. Three
specimens. (Tests F. Laing.)

COLEOPTERA

Carabidæ
Stenolophus marginatus (Dej.). Camp II, Libyan Desert, 23/3/12.
One specimen. (Tests G. J. Arrow.)

Dermestidæ
Dermestes frischi (Kug.). Bu Gerara, Libyan Desert, 2/4/12. One
specimen. (Tests G. J. Arrow.)
 Scarabæidæ
Aphodius hydrochæris (F.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17/3/12. One
specimen. (Tests G. J. Arrow.)
Aphodius granulifrons (Fairm.). Camp II, Libyan Desert, 23/3/12.
One specimen. (Tests G. J. Arrow.)
Aphodius sp (?). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 20/3/12. One specimen. (Tests
G. J. Arrow.)

Tenebrionidæ
Ocnera hispida (Forsk.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 20/3/12. One specimen.
(Tests K. G. Blair.)

ORTHOPTERA

Gryllidæ
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.). Meir, Dirut, Egypt, 17-21/3/12. Two
specimens. (Tests B. Uvarov.)
 APPENDIX III

ROCK INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE LIBYAN DESERT

T HE graffiti shown in the accompanying plates were collected in

the Libyan Desert. The majority of them occurred on the Gubary
road, between the oases of Kharga and Dakhla, or in the hattia
through which this road runs, immediately before entering the oasis
of Dakhla, in its south-east corner.
In many places these rock scribings were extraordinarily
numerous. It is no exaggeration to say that at some of the
recognised halting-places on the Gubary road, where it is the custom
for caravans to rest during the midday heat, or at the end of the
day’s journey, the rocks are so thickly covered with graffiti that it is
almost impossible to walk without treading on them.
The collection does not pretend to be in any way a complete one,
for the signs were mostly copied during a hurried journey in the hot
weather of 1909; there are consequently a considerable number that
have been overlooked.
Unfortunately most of them are cut on the flat horizontal stones by
the roadside; so it was impossible to tell which was their right way
up, as that would obviously depend upon the position with regard to
them occupied at the time by the man who cut them. Some of them,
however, were on more or less vertical surfaces, so that there could
be no doubt as to their correct positions.
Where any of the others have been compared with signs
previously reported from a different locality, from which they differed
only by their position, the angle through which they have to be
turned, to make their position correspond with the signs with which
they are compared, is intended to be taken in a clockwise direction.
 Those scribings that did not occur on the Gubary road, or in the
hattia, were found in the following localities:—

Nos. 230-238 in the northern part of Kharga Oasis, near ’Ain el

Hagar. They were mostly taken from the mouth of a shaft, cut
vertically into a horizontal tunnel, excavated through the rock below
to act as an infiltration gallery, to bring the water from the subsoil
through which it ran to the surface at a lower level.
(Large-size)
 No. 219 was found on a loose block of stone at the foot of a
ruined mud tower in Dakhla Oasis, near Bir ’Ain Sheykh Mufta, about
three kilometres to the south-east of Smint el Kharab.
Nos. 221-228 occurred cut on a small stone ruin known as Qasr el
Kadabya, about five kilometres to the south of the village of Tenida,
in Dakhla Oasis.
No. 224 was seen, at the foot of the wall by a doorway, in a small
stone building at the well of ’Ain Amur, on the more northerly road
from Kharga to Dakhla oases.
In addition to the graffiti shown in the plates, a large number of
rough drawings were seen, which want of time, unfortunately, did not
allow me to copy. Many of them were of subjects that did not admit
of reproduction. Among the remainder were hunting and battle
scenes, drawings of a few boats, or ships—one of which was
obviously intended to represent a dahabya—and, in addition to
numerous pictures of camels, those of horses, mules or donkeys
were unexpectedly numerous, considering the small use that is
made of these beasts in that part of the desert.
Among the animals shown in the hunting scenes were several
ostriches, which, though found in the Sudan, are quite unknown at
the present time in the district where the graffiti were seen. In
addition, horned game were represented in a few places; but it was
impossible to determine the species which were intended to be
represented.
In the battle scenes, the men were armed with bows, shields,
spears and swords. I saw no guns to indicate modern drawings, or
shangamangers that might have pointed to a Sudan origin.
The figures in every case were cut on the surface of the Nubian
sandstone, a substance that is easily scratched with a knife. A
portion of some of the figures given in the plates is shown by means
of a dotted line, intended to show that the part thus outlined is
uncertain, owing to the rock having been chipped, or to some other
cause.
 The Gubary road, where most of the graffiti were found, runs near
the foot of a scarp that shelters it to a great extent from the strongly
predominant northerly winds. But considering the amount of erosion
that takes place during the frequent sandstorms from this quarter,
after making all allowance for the sheltered position of the rocks
upon which these inscriptions occur, their sharp-cut appearance was
remarkable, seeming to indicate that they do not date from a very
remote period.
Nos. 217 and 218, however, were an exception. These two
inscriptions were cut one above the other, about five feet above
ground level, on a vertical surface facing about north-west. The rock
at this point may perhaps have been unusually soft, but both
inscriptions showed most distinct signs of weathering.
 (Large-size)

No. 217 appears to be of special interest, as it seems to be written

partly in primitive Arabic characters and partly in some script, such
as Tifinagh, making use of dotted letters. Inscriptions of this bilingual
character have also been found in the Twat group of oases, in the
Western Sahara, at Ulad Mahmud, in the Gerara District.[26]
The uncertainty as to the correct position of most of these graffiti,
combined with the simple forms that so many of them show and the
rough manner in which they have been drawn, renders comparisons
with other drawings perhaps dangerous, and in any case requires
more expert knowledge than that possessed by the present writer.
But the following notes upon them may perhaps be of interest.
Many of the drawings are unquestionably tribal camel brands, as
an Arab can often be seen cutting his wasm, or brand, on the ground
during a halt, in the same manner as a white man will write his
name.
These wasms are probably of great antiquity, and are said by the
Arabs who use them to date from pre-Mohammedan times. They are
used by the bedawin in a manner analogous to the heraldry of
medieval Europe. Each tribe has its own brand, the junior branches
and offshoots of the clan adopting the original wasm with a
difference, recalling the “marks of cadency” in heraldry.
I was able, with the assistance of my men, to identify the following
brands:—
The circle seen in No. 27 is a wasm of the Hamamla tribe shown
in No. 80 and, with the added stroke, may constitute the brand of
one of its subdivisions.
No. 29 is the wasm of the Khana tribe.
No. 37 of the Jebsia.
No. 43 that of the Zowia. It is curious that this, one of the most
fanatical tribes that have been converted to the tenets of the
Senussia, should make use of the emblem of Christianity as their
badge.
No. 44 may be the brand of the Zoazi tribe that appears in No.
168, and also perhaps in No. 114.
 No. 48, in the position shown, is the wasm of the Ulad ben Miriam,
or, if turned as it appears in No. 158, of a Maghrabi tribe known as
the Malif.
 (Large-size)

No. 75 was said to be the brand of another Maghrabi tribe, the

name of which I was not able to learn.
 No 85 is the mark of the Amaim, which may be also represented
by Nos. 157 and 174.
No. 86, if turned through 180 degrees, would be the wasm of an
Arab tribe from Moab, whose name I could not ascertain.
No. 87 may perhaps be inverted and intended to be the brand of
the Reshaida—a dotted circle surmounted by a cross. Possibly No.
170, though the circle is represented by a square and the figure is
also inverted, may also stand for this wasm.
The Reshaida are an offshoot of the Awazim, whose brand—a
circle and cross, without the “cadency mark” of the dot—appears in
No. 166, with a line added to it on the left-hand side. Reference will
be made to this additional line below. Possibly Nos. 98 and 124 are
also meant for this Awazim brand.
No. 109 is the wasm of the Orfilli tribe.
No. 156 that of the Hassun, said to be an offshoot of a tribe,
whose name I could not ascertain, that have the mark Y for their
brand.
Nos. 172 and 173 are both brands of the well-known Bisharin
tribe.
No. 177 is the mark of the Harb tribe.
No. 179 of the Hawerti tribe.
No. 234 was said by my men to be the brand of a tribe sprung
from another clan whose wasm may be shown in Nos. 73 and 112,
but they were ignorant of the names of both of the tribes.
Many of the other marks shown in the plates are probably derived
from these wasms. The bedawin Arabs are nearly always illiterate,
but are accustomed to communicate with each other by marks
scratched on the ground in the same way that gypsies make use of a
“patteran.” See p. 180 ante.
Such marks, for instance, as No. 50, derived from the Malif wasm,
and 171 and 183, from the brand, are very possibly produced in
this way.
 Many of the simpler signs occurred repeatedly, and in addition the
group shown in No. 2 was seen twice, and that in No. 14 several
times, while the combination No. 25 in one place was repeated no
less than thirty-three times in three horizontal lines. Similar marks to
those No. 95 occurred in several places, generally in groups of three,
placed as shown in the plate.
No. 18, the seal of Solomon, is not uncommonly seen in the rock
inscriptions of the Western Sahara. It takes several forms, each of
which may have a dot in the centre, thus: . Its commonest form
seems to be that shown in No. 18, but sometimes one of the
triangles of which it is composed is drawn with a heavier line than
the other, thus: . It is also represented in at least one case-on the
Col de Zanaga, in the Figuig district—surrounded by a waved line
producing a kind of rosette . In addition to these forms, the false
seal of Solomon, or five-pointed star, constructed by a continuous
line is also seen in this district, but I did not happen to come
across it in the Libyan Desert. These signs are all much used by the
native magicians.
(Large-size)
 No. 88 was apparently the tracing of a leathern sandal and was
lifesize. The outline of both shod and unshod feet, sometimes the
right foot being traced and at others the left, were of not infrequent
occurrence. They are also found in the Western Sahara at Qasr el
Jaj Ahmer, in the Geryville district, and at Guebar Rashim. The
outlines of hands also occur; but I did not see any of the latter in the
Libyan Desert.

Of the other signs, the mark which occurs, in combination with

others, in Nos. 14 and 244, has also been found on the temple of
Soleb, in the midst of an inscription. The sign , No. 74, also
appears here.[27]
Nos. 42, 43 and 49 were reported by the late Mr. Oric Bates from
Marmarica.[28] So, too, were Nos. 63 and 71, if turned through 180
degrees. The small circle that appears as No. 80, and in combination
with other signs in Nos. 9, 27, and in several of the groups shown in
the plates, and also No. 162, if turned through a right angle, also
figure in this collection. Among which, too, is the sign which may
be identical with the mark in the inscription given as No. 219.
In some of the inscriptions found at the Gara esh Shorfa, in the
Aulef district of Tidikelt in the Twat group of oases, the vowel dot
(tagherit) of the Libyco-Berber script is often enclosed by a line that
forms a kind of loop round it, recalling the cartouche frequently used
in modern Tifinagh writing to surround the different words of a
sentence; the is also sometimes enclosed in the same manner,
the letters when thus treated having the following appearance: ,
. The right-hand signs of No. 63 and No. 132, No. 146 and
several other of the graffiti shown in the plates may perhaps be
examples of this practice, which also is very possibly illustrated by
the sign that occurs in No. 219. The cartouche treatment
appears in No. 245.
 Some of the more complicated signs may only be idle scratchings;
drawings, for instance, such as No. 34 are often to be seen upon
blotting pads, being made by some writer during the intervals of his
composition. But such signs as Nos. 16, 142, 148, 149 and 153
recall the curious ligatured monograms sometimes used by the
modern Tawarek in their writings, or the cryptograms, mentioned by
Duveyrier and H. Barth, that the Tawarek women sometimes amuse
themselves by inventing, that can only be deciphered by those to
whom they have imparted the key.[29]
The circles in Nos. 203, 211 and 212 represent small cups about
two inches in diameter and were used perhaps for some game such
as harubga, or possibly for divination in the manner described by
Mohammed et Tounsi.[30] Somewhat similar groups of cups have
been found in the Twat Oasis group at ’Ain Guettara, and also in the
Geryville district, at El Jaj Mohammed and Shellala Dahrania.
Nos. 224—the left-hand portion—242 and 243 probably represent
human beings. In 224 the five fingers of two hands and the long hair
in the star like a mark above them occur in several other undoubted
drawings of figures that were seen, but are not shown in the plates. It
is, however, doubtful whether it is the feet or the hands that are
represented in Nos. 242 and 243. Among the figures that are not
given in the plates, several appeared in which the hair was
represented by dots instead of the lines in No. 224.
Rough drawings of camels were often seen. They are shown in
Nos. 193 and 196, and possibly also Nos. 194, 195 and 131 are
intended to show them. Nos. 193 and 195 may perhaps represent
camels carrying a travelling tent, such as are used by wealthy
women, and sometimes also by men on a journey. No. 193 may
possibly represent a beast with two humps, though these, of course,
are never seen in North Africa. No. 196 apparently carries a rider,
mounted on a riding saddle. Among other creatures appearing in the
plates, No. 210 is presumably a man being swallowed by a
crocodile.
Rough drawings of camels, of a very similar type to those here
reproduced, have been found by Lieut.-Col. Tilho in the oasis of
Harda, in Borku; and I came across others myself in a cave, near
Marsa Matru, on the North Egyptian coast. The latter were found in
conjunction with drawings of a cannon being fired and of a paddle-
wheel steamer, which appeared to be contemporaneous, so
evidently they were of a comparatively recent date.
The drawings of ostriches and the fragments of their shells which
are often to be found in the Libyan Desert, even in the
neighbourhood of the Egyptian oases, has been held to show that
they once existed wild in this part of the desert. But the argument is
by no means conclusive; ostrich eggs used frequently to be brought
from the Sudan by the old slave-trading caravans, who used them as
food, and the drawings no more show that ostriches inhabited this
part than the pictures of boats show that dahaybas once sailed over
the desert in the neighbourhood, say, of Dakhla Oasis. The
occurrence of these, and of drawings of antelopes and other wild
animals, merely show that some of the travellers who used these
roads came from districts where the creatures they represented
could be seen.